Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T11:59:41.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part II - Domains of Beliefs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2022

Julien Musolino
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Joseph Sommer
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Pernille Hemmer
Affiliation:
Rutgers University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cognitive Science of Belief
A Multidisciplinary Approach
, pp. 231 - 416
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Barrett, J. L. (2000) Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 2934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, J. L. & Keil, F. C. (1996) Conceptualizing a nonnatural entity: Anthropomorphism in God concepts. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 219247.Google Scholar
Barth, F. (1975) Ritual and knowledge among the Baktaman of New Guinea. Universitetsforlaget, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Baumard, N. & Boyer, P. (2013) Explaining moral religions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 272280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.04.003Google Scholar
Bellah, R. N. (2011) Religion in human evolution: from the Paleolithic to the axial age. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, M. (2008) Why religion is nothing special but is central. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 20552061.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (1994) Cognitive constraints on cultural representations: natural ontologies and religious ideas. In Hirschfeld, L. A., & Gelman, S. (Eds.). Mapping the mind: domain-specificity in culture and cognition (pp. 391411). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. (2001) Religion explained. evolutionary origins of religious thought. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Boyer, P. & Bergstrom, B. (2011) Threat-detection in child development: an evolutionary perspective. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(4), 10341041.Google Scholar
Child, A. B. & Child, I. L. (1993) Religion and magic in the life of traditional peoples. Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Fessler, D. M. T., Pisor, A. C., & Navarrete, C. D. (2014) Negatively-biased credulity and the cultural evolution of beliefs. PLoS One, 9(4), e95167.Google Scholar
Gambetta, D. (2011) codes of the underworld: how criminals communicate. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, J. (1977) The domestication of the savage mind. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goody, J. (1986) The logic of writing and the organization of society. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Guthrie, S. E. (1993) Faces in the clouds. a new theory of religion. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2000) The work of the imagination. Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Harcourt, Alexander H. & de Waal, Frans (Eds.) (1992Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kuran, T. (1998) Ethnic Norms and Their Transformation through Reputational Cascades. Journal of Legal Studies, 27(S2), 623659.Google Scholar
Kurzban, R. & Neuberg, S. (2005) Managing ingroup and outgroup relationships. In Buss, D. M. (Ed.) The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 653675). John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Lawson, E. T. & McCauley, R. N. (1990). Rethinking religion: connecting cognition and culture. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M., Friedman, O., & German, T. P. (2004) Core mechanisms in “theory of mind.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(12), 528533.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Medina, L. F. (2007) A Unified Theory of Collective Action and Social Change. University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2009) Intuitive and reflective inferences. In Evans, J. S. B. T. & Frankish, K. (Eds.). Two minds. dual processes and beyond (pp. 149170). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., and Schaller, M. (2010) Evolutionary Social Psychology. In Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.). Handbook of social psychology, vol. 2. 5th ed. (pp. 761796). John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Pietraszewski, D. (2013) What is group psychology? Adaptations for mapping shared intentional stances. In Banaji, M. R., Gelman, S. A., Banaji, M. R., & Gelman, S. A. (Eds.). Navigating the social world: what infants, children, and other species can teach us (pp. 253257). Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietraszewski, D., Curry, O. S., Petersen, M. B., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (2016) Constituents of Political Cognition: Race, Party Politics, and the Alliance Detection System. Cognition, 140, 2439. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.03.007Google Scholar
Pyysiainen, I. (2001) How religion works. towards a new cognitive science of religion. Brill.Google Scholar
Recanati, F. (2000) The iconicity of metarepresentations. In Sperber, D. (Ed.). Metarepresentations. A multidisciplinary perspective (pp. 311360) Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roth, I. (2007) Imaginative minds. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperber, D. (1996) Explaining culture: a naturalistic approach. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. (1997) Intuitive and reflective beliefs. Mind and Language, 12(1), 6783.Google Scholar
Spiro, M. & D’Andrade, R. G. (1958) A Cross-cultural study of some supernatural beliefs. American Anthropologist, 60(3), 456466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. (1983) From folk-psychology to cognitive science: the case against belief. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2010) Groups in mind: the coalitional roots of war and morality. In Høgh- Olesen, H. (Ed.). Human morality and sociality: evolutionary and comparative perspectives (pp. 191234). Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, N. (2014) Religious credence is not factual belief. Cognition, 133(3), 698715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, H. (2000) Arguments and icons. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woody, E. & Szechtman, H. (2011) Adaptation to potential threat: the evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(4), 10191033.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Akers, R. L. (1990) Rational choice, deterrence, and social learning theory in criminology: the path not taken. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 81(3), 653676.Google Scholar
Alexander, M. (2012) The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.Google Scholar
Aspinwall, L. G., Brown, T. R., & Tabery, J. (2012) The double-edged sword: does biomechanism increase or decrease judges’ sentencing of psychopaths? Science, 337(6096), 846849. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219569Google Scholar
Bastian, B. & Haslam, N. (2006) Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 228235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.003Google Scholar
Bastian, B., Laham, S. M., Wilson, S., Haslam, N., & Koval, P. (2011) Blaming, praising, and protecting our humanity: the implications of everyday dehumanization for judgments of moral status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 469483. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466610X521383Google Scholar
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4 [Computation]. 51. http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.5823Google Scholar
Batson, C. D. (2010). Altruism in humans. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brescoll, V. & LaFrance, M. (2004) The correlates and consequences of newspaper reports of research on sex differences. Psychological Science, 15(8), 515520. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00712.xGoogle Scholar
Cheung, B. Y. & Heine, S. J. (2015) The double-edged sword of genetic accounts of criminality: causal attributions from genetic ascriptions affect legal decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(12), 17231738. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215610520CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowne, D. P. & Marlowe, D. (1960) A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358Google Scholar
Darley, J., Carlsmith, K., & Robinson, P. (2000) Incapacitation and just deserts as motives for punishment. Law and Human Behavior, 24(6), 659683. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005552203727Google Scholar
Dar-Nimrod, I., Heine, S. J., Cheung, B. Y., & Schaller, M. (2011) Do scientific theories affect men’s evaluations of sex crimes? Aggressive Behavior, 37(5), 440449. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20401Google Scholar
De Freitas, J., Cikara, M., Grossmann, I., & Schlegel, R. (2017) Origins of the belief in good true selves. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(9), 634636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.05.009Google Scholar
De Freitas, J., Tobia, K. P., Newman, G. E., & Knobe, J. (2017) Normative judgments and individual essence. Cognitive Science, 41(S3), 382402. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12364Google Scholar
de Vel-Palumbo, M., Howarth, L., & Brewer, M. B. (2019) “Once a sex offender always a sex offender?” Essentialism and attitudes towards criminal justice policy. Psychology, Crime & Law, 25(5), 421439. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1529234Google Scholar
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 518. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (1981) The effects of race, status, and ability on helping behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(3), 192203. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033833Google Scholar
Dreber, A., Rand, D., Fudenberg, D., & Nowak, M. (2008) Winners don’t punish. Nature, 452, 348351. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06723CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunfield, K., Kuhlmeier, V. A., O’Connell, L., & Kelley, E. (2011) Examining the diversity of prosocial behavior: helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy, 16(3), 227247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2010.00041.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunlea, J. P. & Heiphetz, L. (2021a) Language shapes children?s attitudes: Consequences of internal, behavioral, and societal information in punitive and nonpunitive contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 12331251. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001127CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunlea, J. P. & Heiphetz, L. (2021b) Moral psychology as a necessary bridge between social cognition and law. Social Cognition, 39, 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2021.39.1.183Google Scholar
Eberhardt, J. L., Davies, P. G., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2006) Looking deathworthy: perceived stereotypicality of black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychological Science, 17(5), 383386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.xGoogle Scholar
Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. (2004) Seeing black: race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 876893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagan, J. & Meares, T. L. (2008) Punishment, deterrence and social control: the paradox of punishment in minority communities. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6(1), 173229.Google Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. (2009) Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 11491160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149Google Scholar
Gaertner, S. L. & Dovidio, J. F. (1986) The aversive form of racism. In Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 6189). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A. (2003) The essential child: origins of essentialism in everyday thought. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gelman, S. A., Heyman, G. D., & Legare, C. H. (2007) Developmental changes in the coherence of essentialist beliefs about psychological characteristics. Child Development, 78, 757774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01031.xGoogle Scholar
Goff, P. A., Eberhardt, J. L., Williams, M. J., Jackson, M. C. (2008) Not yet human: implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 292306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292Google Scholar
Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014) The essence of innocence: consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526545. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035663Google Scholar
Haslam, N. & Levy, S. R. (2006) Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 471485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205276516Google Scholar
Hayes, A. (2013) Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Heiphetz, L. (2019) Moral essentialism and generosity among children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(12), 20772090. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000587Google Scholar
Heiphetz, L. & Craig, M. A. (2021) Dehumanization and perceptions of immoral intergroup behavior. In Knobe, J, Nichols, S, & Lombrozo, T (Eds.). Oxford Studies in Experimental Philosophy (pp. 155181). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heiphetz, L., Gelman, S. A., & Young, L. (2017) The perceived stability and biological basis of religious beliefs, factual beliefs, and opinions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 156, 8298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiphetz, L., Strohminger, N., Gelman, S. A., & Young, L. L. (2018) Who am I? The role of moral beliefs in children’s and adults’ understanding of identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 210219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.007Google Scholar
Heiphetz, L., Strohminger, N., & Young, L. (2017) The role of moral beliefs, memories, and preferences in representations of identity. Cognitive Science, 41(3), 744767. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12354Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., & McElreath, R. (2010) Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science, 327(5972), 14801484. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182238Google Scholar
Hicks, G. R. & Lee, T. (2006) Public attitudes toward gays and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(2), 5777. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n02_04Google Scholar
Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P. et al. (2006) White Americans’ genetic lay theories of race differences and sexual orientation: their relationship with prejudice toward blacks, and gay men and lesbians. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 7794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059863Google Scholar
Jones, N. (2014) “The regular routine”: proactive policing and adolescent development among young, poor Black men. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2014(143), 3354. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20053Google Scholar
Keller, J. (2005) In genes we trust: the biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 686702. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.686CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, M. W. & Keltner, D. (2013) Social class rank, essentialism, and punitive judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(2), 247261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032895Google Scholar
Kteily, N., Bruneau, E., Waytz, A., & Cotterill, S. (2015) The ascent of man: theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(5), 901931. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000048Google Scholar
Manza, J. & Uggen, C. (2006) Locked out: felon disenfranchisement and American democracy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, J. W. & Heiphetz, L. (2021) “Internally wicked”: investigating how and why essentialism influences punitiveness and moral condemnation. Cognitive Science, 45(6), 128. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12991Google Scholar
McConahay, J. B. (1986) Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. In Dovidio, J. F. & Gaertner, S. L. (Eds.). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91125). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Monterosso, J., Royzman, E. B., & Schwartz, B. (2005) Explaining away responsibility: effects of scientific explanation on perceived culpability. Ethics & Behavior, 15(2), 139158. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1502_4Google Scholar
Newman, G. E., De Freitas, J., & Knobe, J. (2015) Beliefs about the true self explain asymmetries based on moral judgment. Cognitive Science, 39(1), 96125. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12134Google Scholar
Okonofua, J. A. & Eberhardt, J. L. (2015) Two strikes: race and the disciplining of young students. Psychological Science, 26(5), 617624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615570365Google Scholar
Olson, K. R. & Spelke, E. S., (2008) Foundations of cooperation in young children. Cognition, 108(1), 222231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.003Google Scholar
Rhodes, M. & Mandalaywala, T. M. (2017) The development and developmental consequences of social essentialism. WIREs Cognitive Science, 8, 14371455.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M., Leslie, S.-J., Saunders, K., Dunham, Y., & Cimpian, A. (2018) How does social essentialism affect the development of inter-group relations? Developmental Science, 21(1), e12509. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12509Google Scholar
Strohminger, N., Knobe, J., & Newman, G. (2017) The true self: a psychological concept distinct from the self. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 551560. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616689495Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. & Vaish, A. (2013) Origins of human cooperation and morality. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 231255. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143812Google Scholar
Warneken, F. (2018) How children solve the two challenges of cooperation. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 205229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011813Google Scholar
Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2006) Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311(5765), 13011303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121448Google Scholar
Western, B. (2018) Homeward: life in the year after prison. Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Williams, M. J. & Eberhardt, J. L. (2008) Biological conceptions of race and the motivation to cross racial boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 10331047. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1033Google Scholar
Yu, J., Zhu, L., & Leslie, A. M. (2016) Children’s sharing behavior in mini-dictator games: the role of in-group favoritism and theory of mind. Child Development, 87(6), 17471757. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12635Google Scholar

References

Achen, C. H. & Bartels, L. M. (2016) Democracy for realists. Why elections do not produce responsive government. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arceneaux, K. & Vander Wielen, R. J. (2017) Taming intuition. how reflection minimizes partisan reasoning and promotes democratic accountability. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, H. (1992) Lectures on Kant’s political philosophy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bächtiger., A., Dryzek, J. S., Mansbridge, J., et al. (2018) The Oxford handbook of deliberative democracy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barabas., J. (2004) How deliberation affects policy opinions. The American Political Science Review, 98(4), 687701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404041425Google Scholar
Bakker, B. N., Lelkes, Y., & Malka, A. (2020) Understanding partisan cue receptivity: tests of predictions from the bounded rationality and expressive utility perspectives. The Journal of Politics, 82(3), 10611077. https://doi.org/10.1086/707616CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, D. C. (2018) Cognitive deliberation, electoral decision making, and democratic health. Social Science Quarterly, 99(3), 962976. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12475Google Scholar
Baron, J. (2018) Individual mental abilities vs. the world’s problems. Journal of Intelligence, 6(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6020023Google Scholar
Baron, J. (2019) Actively open-minded thinking in politics. Cognition, 188 (August), 818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.004Google Scholar
Bessette, J. (1994) The mild voice of reason: deliberative democracy and american national government. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Birch, S., Allen, N. J., & Sarmiento-Mirwaldt, K. (2017) Anger, anxiety and corruption perceptions: evidence from France. Political Studies, 65(4), 893911. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717691294Google Scholar
Bisgaard, M. (2015) Bias will find a way: economic perceptions, attributions of blame, and partisan-motivated reasoning during crisis. Journal of Politics, 77(3): 849860. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681591Google Scholar
Bisgaard, M. (2019) How getting the facts right can fuel partisan-motivated reasoning. American Journal of Political Science, 63(4): 824839. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12432Google Scholar
Bohman, J. (1996) Public deliberation: pluralism, complexity, and democracy. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bohman, J. & Rehg, W. (1997) What sort of equality does deliberative democracy require? Deliberative democracy: essays on reason and politics. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bolsen, T. & Palm, R. (2019) Motivated reasoning and political decision making. In Oxford research encyclopaedia of politics. Oxford University Press. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.923.Google Scholar
Bolsen, T., Druckman, J. N., & Lomax, F. (2014) The influence of partisan motivated reasoning on public opinion. Political Behavior, 36, 235262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-013-9238-0.Google Scholar
Brader, T. (2005) Striking a responsive chord: how political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2): 388405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.xGoogle Scholar
Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., Hill, S. J., et al. (2015) Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10, 519578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014074Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J. T. & Petty, R. E. (1982) The need for cognitionJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1): 116131https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, S. (1996) Reasonable democracy. Jürgen Habermas and the politics of discourse. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Clifford, S. & Simas, E. N. (2019) How dispositional empathy influences political ambition. The Journal of Politics, 81(3), 10431056. https://doi.org/10.1086/703381Google Scholar
Cohen, A. R., Stotland, E., & Wolfe, D. M. (1955) An experimental investigation of need for cognition. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(2), 291294. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042761Google Scholar
Cohen, G. L. (2003) Party over policy: the dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 808822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.808Google Scholar
Colombo, C. (2018) Hearing the other side? – Debiasing political opinions in the case of the Scottish independence referendum. Political Studies, 66(1), 2342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321717723486Google Scholar
Dahl, R. (1971) Polyarchy: participation and opposition. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, M. H. (1980) A multi-dimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10(85). https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1910) How we think. D.C.Heath & Co Publishers.Google Scholar
Delli Carpini, M. X. & Keeter, S. (1996) What Americans know about politics and why it matters. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. & McGrath, M. C. (2019) The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation. Nature Climate Change, 9(February), 111119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1Google Scholar
Enns, P. K., & McAvoy, G. E. (2012) The role of partisanship in aggregate opinion. Political Behavior, 34(4), 627651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9176-7Google Scholar
Fishkin, J. S. (2009) When the people speak: deliberative democracy and public consultation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fishkin, J. S. (2018) Democracy when the people are thinking: revitalizing our politics through public deliberation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fishkin, J. S. & Luskin, R. (2005) Experimenting with a democratic ideal: deliberative polling and public opinion. Acta Politica 40, 284298. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500121.Google Scholar
Frederick, S. (2005) Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 2542.Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K. & Albertson, B. (2014) Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information. Political Psychology. 35(2), 133164. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12034Google Scholar
Gastil, J. (2008) Political communication and deliberation. SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Gastil, J. (2018) The lessons and limitations of experiments in democratic deliberation. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 14(June), 271291. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113639Google Scholar
Gerber, M., Bächtiger, A., Fiket, I., et al. (2014) Deliberative and non-deliberative persuasion: mechanisms of opinion formation in EuroPolis. European Union Politics, 15(3), 410429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116514528757Google Scholar
Goodin, R. E. (2000) Democratic deliberation within. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 29(1): 81108.Google Scholar
Groenendyk, E. W. (2013) Competing motives in the partisan mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Groenendyk, E. & Krupnikov, Y. (2021) What motivates reasoning? A theory of goal-dependent political evaluation. American Journal of Political Science, 65(1), 180196. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12562Google Scholar
Grönlund, K., Herne, K., & Setälä, M. (2017) Empathy in a citizen deliberation experiment. Scandinavian Political Studies, 40(4), 457480. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12103Google Scholar
Gutmann, A. & Thompson, D. (1996) Democracy and disagreement. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1981) Theory of communicative action, volume 1: reason and the rationalization of society. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1987) The theory of communicative action: volume 2: lifeworld and system: a critique of functionalist reason. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1996) Between facts and norms. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Mason, L., & Aarøe, L. (2015) Expressive partisanship: campaign involvement, political emotion, and partisan identity. American Political Science Review, 109(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000604Google Scholar
Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. (2009) Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 1939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.xGoogle Scholar
Jennstål, J. (2019) Deliberation and complexity of thinking. Using the integrative complexity scale to assess the deliberative quality of minipublics. Swiss Political Science Review, 25(1), 6483. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12343Google Scholar
Johnston, C. D., Lavine, H., & Woodson, B. (2015) Emotion and political judgment: expectancy violation and affective intelligence. Political Research Quarterly, 68(3), 474492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915593644Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M. (2012) Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment & Decision Making, 8(4), 407424.Google Scholar
Kahan, D. M., Landrum, A., Carpenter, K., et al. (2017) Science curiosity and political information processing. Political Psychology, 38( Supplement 1), 179199. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12396Google Scholar
Kalla, J. L. & Broockman, D. E. (2020). Reducing exclusionary attitudes through interpersonal conversation: evidence from three field experiments. American Political Science Review 114(2), 410425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000923Google Scholar
Kam, C. D. (2006) Political campaigns and open-minded thinking. Journal of Politics, 68(4), 931945. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00481.xGoogle Scholar
Kim, N., Fishkin, J. S., & Luskin, R. C. (2018) Intergroup contact in deliberative contexts: evidence from deliberative polls. Journal of Communication, 68(6), 10291051. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy056Google Scholar
Klar, S. (2014) Partisanship in a social setting. American Journal of Political Science, 58(3), 687704. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12087Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480Google Scholar
Leeper, T. J. & Slothuus, R. (2014) Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation. Political Psychology, 35(SUPPL.1), 129156. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12164Google Scholar
Lindell, M., Bächtiger, A., Grönlund, K., et al. (2017) What drives the polarisation and moderation of opinions? Evidence from a Finnish citizen deliberation experiment on immigration. European Journal of Political Research, 56(1), 2345. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12162Google Scholar
Luskin, R. C., Fishkin, J. S., Jowell, R., et al. (2002) Considered opinions: deliberative polling in Britain. British Journal of Political Science, 32, 455487. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123402000194Google Scholar
MacKuen, M., Wolak, J., Keele, L., et al. (2010) Civic engagements: resolute partisanship or reflective deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2), 440458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00440.xGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, J. (1983) Beyond adversary democracy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E. (2000) Emotions in politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 221250.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E. & MacKuen, M. B. (1993) Anxiety, enthusiasm, and the vote: the emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 672685. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938743Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2015) “I disrespectfully agree”: the differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1), 128145. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12089Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2018) Uncivil agreement: how politics became our identity. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Morrell, M. E, (2010) Empathy and democracy. Feeling, thinking and deliberation. Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Mullinix, K. J. (2016) Partisanship and preference formation: competing motivations, elite polarization, and issue importance. Political Behavior, 38(2), 383411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9318-4Google Scholar
Mullinix, K. J. (2018) Civic duty and political preference formation. Political Research Quarterly, 71(1), 199214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917729037Google Scholar
Muradova, L. (2021a) Seeing the other side? Perspective-taking and reflective political judgements in interpersonal deliberation. Political Studies 69(3), 644664. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720916605Google Scholar
Muradova, L. (2021b) Reasoning Across the Divide: Interpersonal Deliberation, Emotions and Reflective Political Thinking. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Leuven (Belgium). https://lirias.kuleuven.be/3377939?limo=0Google Scholar
Muradova, L. & Arceneaux, K. (2021) Reflective Political Reasoning: Political Disagreement and Empathy. European Journal of Political Research. Online https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12490Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2002) Cross-cutting social networks: testing democratic theory in practice. The American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111126.Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2006) Hearing the other side. Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nir, L. (2011) Motivated reasoning and public opinion perception. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(3), 504532. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq076Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. & Mansbridge, J. (2012) Deliberative systems. Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2019) Lazy, not biased: susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188 (July), 3950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011Google Scholar
Price, V., Cappella, J. N., & Nir, L. (2002) Does disagreement contribute to more deliberative opinion? Political Communication, 19, 95112.Google Scholar
Prior, M., Sood, G. & Khanna, K. (2015) You cannot be serious: the impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 489518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014127Google Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002) Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. Journal of Politics, 64(4), 10211044.Google Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P., Civettini, A. J. W., & Emmerson, K. M. (2010) The affective tipping point: Do motivated reasoners ever “get it”? Political Psychology, 31(4), 563593. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.xGoogle Scholar
Robison, J. (2020) Does social disagreement attenuate partisan motivated reasoning? A test case concerning economic evaluations. British Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 12451261. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000315Google Scholar
Robison, J., Leeper, T. J., & Druckman, J. N. (2018) Do disagreeable political discussion networks undermine attitude strength? Political Psychology, 39(2), 479494. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12374Google Scholar
Setälä, M., Grönlund, K., & Herne, K. (2010) Citizen deliberation on nuclear power: a comparison of two decision-making methods. Political Studies, 58(4), 688714. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00822.xGoogle Scholar
Simas, E. N., Clifford, S., & Kirkland, J. H. (2019) How empathic concern fuels political polarization. American Political Science Review 114(1), 258269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000534Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (2011) Rationality and reflective mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1997) Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology 89(2), 342357.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (2000) Individual differences in reasoning: implications for the rationality debate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23 (5), 645726. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00003435Google Scholar
Suiter, J., Farrell, D. M., & O’Malley, E. (2016) When do deliberative citizens change their opinions? Evidence from the Irish Citizens’ Assembly. International Political Science Review, 37(2), 198212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512114544068Google Scholar
Taber, C. S. & Lodge, M. (2016) The illusion of choice in democratic politics: the unconscious impact of motivated political reasoning. Political Psychology. Supplement: Advances in Political Psychology, 37 (S1), 6185. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12321Google Scholar
Tappin, B. M., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) Rethinking the link between cognitive sophistication and politically motivated reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(6), 10951114. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000974Google Scholar
Vegetti, F. & Mancosu, M. (2020) The impact of political sophistication and motivated reasoning on misinformation. Political Communication, 37(5), 678695. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1744778Google Scholar
Wojcieszak, M. E. (2010) “Don’t talk to me”: effects of ideologically homogeneous online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties on extremism. New Media & Society 12(4), 637655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342775Google Scholar
Wojcieszak, M. E. & Price, V. (2010) Bridging the divide or intensifying the conflict? How Disagreement Affects Strong Predilections. Political Psychology, 31(3),315339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00753.xGoogle Scholar

References

Aarøe, L., Petersen, M. B., & Arceneaux, K. (2017) The behavioral immune system shapes political intuitions: why and how individual differences in disgust sensitivity underlie opposition to immigration. The American Political Science Review, 111(2), 277294. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055416000770Google Scholar
Abrajano, M. & Hajnal, Z. L. (2015) White backlash: immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, A. I. & Saunders, K. L. (2008) Is polarization a myth? Journal of Politics, 70(2), 542555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080493Google Scholar
Albertson, B. & Gadarian, S. K. (2015) Anxious politics: democratic citizenship in a threatening world. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alford, J. R., Funk, C. L., & Hibbing, J. R. (2005) Are political orientations genetically transmitted? The American Political Science Review, 99(2), 153167. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051579Google Scholar
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. The Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211235. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211Google Scholar
Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W. et al. (2018) Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – PNAS, 115(37), 92169221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115Google Scholar
Barber, M. & Pope, J. C. (2019). Does party trump ideology? Disentangling party and ideology in America. The American Political Science Review, 113(1), 3854. doi:10.1017/S0003055418000795Google Scholar
Barnes, T. D. & Cassese, E. C. (2017) American party women: a look at the gender gap within parties. Political Research Quarterly, 70(1), 127141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916675738Google Scholar
Bartels, L. (2003) Democracy with attitudes. In MacKuen, M. B., & Rabinowitz, G. (Eds.). Electoral democracy (pp. 4882). University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, B. (2009) The big sort: why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Brader, T. (2005) Striking a responsive chord: how political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.xGoogle Scholar
Brader, T. (2011) The political relevance of emotions: “Reassessing” revisited. Political Psychology, 32(2), 337346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00803.xGoogle Scholar
Bullock, J. G. (2009) Partisan bias and the Bayesian ideal in the study of public opinion. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 11091124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090914Google Scholar
Bullock, J. G. & Lenz, G. (2019) Partisan bias in surveys. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 325342. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-050904Google Scholar
Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., Hill, S. J., & Huber, G. A. (2015) Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 519578. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00014074Google Scholar
Carney, D. R., Jost, J. T., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008) The secret lives of liberals and conservatives: personality profiles, interaction styles, and the things they leave behind. Political Psychology, 29(6), 807840. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00668.xGoogle Scholar
Conover, P. J. & Feldman, S. (1984) Group identification, values, and the nature of political beliefs. American Politics Research, 12(2), 151175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X8401200202Google Scholar
Converse, P. E. (1964) The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Apter, D. E. (Ed.). Ideology and discontent (pp. 206261). Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Cook, J., Linden, S. V. D., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. (2020) Coronavirus, “plandemic” and the seven traits of conspiratorial thinking. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-plandemic-and-the-seven-traits-of-conspiratorial-thinking-138483Google Scholar
Dawson, M. C. (1994) Behind the mule: race and class in African-American politics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dawson, M. C. (2001) Black visions: the roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ditto, P. H. & Lopez, D. F. (1992) Motivated skepticism: use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 568584. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.568Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. (2001) The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political Behavior, 23(3), 225256.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N. & McGrath, M. C. (2019) The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation. Nature Climate Change, 9(2), 111119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1Google Scholar
Edelson, J., Alduncin, A., Krewson, C., Sieja, J. A., & Uscinski, J. E. (2017) The effect of conspiratorial thinking and motivated reasoning on belief in election fraud. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 933946. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917721061Google Scholar
Egan, P. J. (2012) Group cohesion without group mobilization: The case of lesbians, gays and bisexuals. British Journal of Political Science, 42(3), 597-616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000500Google Scholar
Evans, J. S. B. T. & Over, D. E. (1996) Rationality in the selection task: epistemic utility versus uncertainty reduction. Psychological Review, 103(2), 356363. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.356Google Scholar
Feldman, S. (1988) Structure and consistency in public opinion: the role of core beliefs and values. American Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 416440. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111130Google Scholar
Feldman, S. (2013) Political ideology. In Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of political psychology I, 2 ed. (pp. 591626). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, E. A. (1938) Race consciousness among American negroes. The Journal of Negro Education, 7 (1), 3240. https://doi.org/10.2307/2291773Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J., Bail, C. A., Cikara, M. et al. (2020) Political sectarianism in America. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 370(6516), 533536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1715Google Scholar
Fiorina, M. P., Abrams, S. J., & Pope, J. (2006) Culture war? The myth of a polarized America (2nd ed.). Pearson Longman.Google Scholar
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) The nature and origins of misperceptions: understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics: nature and origins of misperceptions. Political Psychology, 38(S1), 127150. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K. & Albertson, B. (2014) Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information. Political Psychology, 53(2), 133164.  https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12034Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K. & Van Der Vort, E. (2018) The gag reflex: disgust rhetoric and gay rights in American politics. Political Behavior, 40(2), 521543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9412-xGoogle Scholar
Gerber, A. S., Huber, G. A., Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Ha, S. E. (2010) Personality and political attitudes: relationships across issue domains and political contexts. The American Political Science Review, 104 (1), 111133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000031Google Scholar
Gilens, M. (1999) Why Americans hate welfare: race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goren, P. (2004) Political sophistication and policy reasoning: a reconsideration. American Journal of Political Science, 48(3), 462478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00081.xGoogle Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009) Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 10291046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141Google Scholar
Graham, M. H. & Svolik, M. W. (2020) Democracy in America? Partisanship, polarization, and the robustness of support for democracy in the united states. The American Political Science Review, 114(2), 392409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000052Google Scholar
Green, D. P., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002) Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Guess, A., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2018) Selective exposure to misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 us presidential campaign. European Research Council.Google Scholar
Hancock, A.-M. (2004) The politics of disgust: the public identity of the welfare queen. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hastie, R. & Park, B. (1986) The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93(3), 258268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.258Google Scholar
Huddy, L. (2013) From group identity to political cohesion and commitment, 2nd ed. In Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.), The oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 737773). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005) Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 593608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00144.xGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S. & Hahn, K. S. (2009) Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 1939. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.xGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, S. & Kinder, D. R. (1987) News that matters. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the united states. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034Google Scholar
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) Affect, not ideology: a social identity perspective on polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405431.  https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs059Google Scholar
Jennings, M. K., Stoker, L., & Bowers, J. (2009) Politics across generations: family transmission reexamined. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 782799. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090719Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, M. & Leal, D. L. (1996) Becoming “Hispanic”: secondary panethnic identification among Latin American-origin populations in the united states. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18(2), 214254. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863960182008Google Scholar
Kalmoe, N. P. & Mason, L. (2019) Lethal mass partisanship: prevalence, correlates, & electoral contingencies. Paper presented at the National Capital Area Political Science Association American Politics Workshop, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Katz, E. & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955) Personal influence: the part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Free Press.Google Scholar
Khanna, K. & Sood, G. (2018) Motivated responding in studies of factual learning. Political Behavior, 40(1), 79101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9395-7Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R. & Kalmoe, N. P. (2017) Neither liberal nor conservative: ideological innocence in the American public. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R. & Sanders, L. (1996) Divided by color: racial politics and democratic ideals. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, G., Schneer, B., & White, A. (2017) How the news media activate public expression and influence national agendas. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 358(6364), 776780. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1100Google Scholar
Kuklinski, J., Cobb, M., & Gilens, M. (1997) Racial attitudes and the new south. Journal of Politics, 59(2), 323349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2998167Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1987) Motivated inference: self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(4), 636647. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.636Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.108.3.480Google Scholar
Ladd, J. M. & Lenz, G. S. (2008) Reassessing the role of anxiety in vote choice. Political Psychology, 29(2), 275296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00626.xGoogle Scholar
Lane, R. E. (1962) Political ideology: why the American common man believes what he does. Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Larry, M. B. (2002) Beyond the running tally: partisan bias in political perceptions. Political Behavior, 24(2), 117150. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021226224601Google Scholar
Lau, R. R. & Redlawsk, D. P. (2006) How voters decide: information processing in election campaigns. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y. et al. (2018) The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 10941096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998Google Scholar
Lee, T. (2008) Race, immigration, and the identity-to-politics link. Annual Review of Political Science, 11(1), 457478. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.051707.122615Google Scholar
Lenz, G. S. (2012) Follow the leader? How voters respond to politicians’ policies and performance. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. S. & Keltner, D. (2001) Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of personality and social psychology, 81(1), 146159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.1.146Google Scholar
Levendusky, M. (2009) The partisan sort: how liberals became democrats and conservatives became republicans. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lien, P.-T. (2001) The making of Asian America through political participation. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2020) The paranoid style in American politics revisited: an ideological asymmetry in conspiratorial thinking. Political Psychology, 42(1), 2351. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12681Google Scholar
Lodge, M., McGraw, K., & Stroh, P. (1989) An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 83 (2), 399420. https://doi.org/10.2307/1962397Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & Mackuen, M. (2000) Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., Vasilopoulos, P., & Foucault, M. (2019) Applying the theory of affective intelligence to support for authoritarian policies and parties. Political Psychology, 40(S1), 109139. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12571Google Scholar
Margolis, M. F. (2018) From politics to the pews: how partisanship and the political environment shape religious identity. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mason, L. (2018) Uncivil agreement: how politics became our identity. The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Masuoka, N. (2006) Together they become one: examining the predictors of pan ethnic group consciousness among Asian Americans and Latinos. Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 9931011.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00412.xGoogle Scholar
McClain, P., Carew, J. D. J., Walton, Eugene Jr., & Watts, C. S. (2009) Group membership, group identity, and group consciousness: measures of racial identity in American politics? Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 471485. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.102452Google Scholar
Metaxas, P. T. & Mustafaraj, E. (2012) Social media and the elections. Science Magazine, 338(6106), 472473. http://cs.wellesley.edu/~pmetaxas/Research/SCIENCE_PREPRINT.pdfGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. M., Saunders, K. L., & Farhart, C. E. (2016) Conspiracy endorsement as motivated reasoning: the moderating roles of political knowledge and trust. American Journal of Political Science, 60(4), 824844. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12234Google Scholar
Mutz, D. C. (2002) Cross-cutting social networks: testing democratic theory in practice. The American Political Science Review, 96(1), 111126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402004264Google Scholar
Oliver, J. E. & Thomas, J. W. (2014) Conspiracy theories and the paranoid style(s) of mass opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 952966. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12084Google Scholar
Phoenix, D. L. (2019) The anger gap: how race shapes emotion in politics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prior, M. (2007) Post-broadcast democracy: how media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prior, M., Sood, G., & Khanna, K. (2015) You cannot be serious: the impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10(4), 489518. https://doi.org/10.1561/100.00014127Google Scholar
Radnitz, S. & Underwood, P. (2017) Is belief in conspiracy theories pathological? A survey experiment on the cognitive roots of extreme suspicion. British Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 113129. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000556Google Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002) Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 10211044. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00161Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. (2006) The role of group consciousness in Latino public opinion. Political Research Quarterly (formerly WPQ), 59(3), 435446. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290605900311Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. & Masuoka, N. (2010) Brown-utility heuristic? The presence and contributing factors of Latino linked fate. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(4), 519531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986310383129Google Scholar
Schaffner, B. F. & Luks, S. (2018) Misinformation or expressive responding? Public Opinion Quarterly, 82(1), 135147. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx042Google Scholar
Sears, D. O., Hensler, C. P., & Speer, L. K. (1979) Whites’ opposition to “busing”: Self-interest or symbolic politics? American Political Science Review, 73(2), 369384. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954885Google Scholar
Stokes, A. K. (2003) Latino group consciousness and political participation. American Politics Research, 31(4), 361378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X03031004002Google Scholar
Stroud, N. J. (2011) Niche news: the politics of news choice. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taber, C. S. & Lodge, M. (2006) Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755769.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.xGoogle Scholar
Thompson, A. C. & Fischer, F. (2021) Members of several well-known hate groups identified at capitol riot. www.propublica.org/article/several-well-known-hate-groups-identified-at-capitol-riot.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009) Selective exposure in the internet age: the interaction between anxiety and information utility. Political Psychology, 30(4), 591. www.propublica.org/article/several-well-known-hate-groups-identified-at-capitol-riot613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00716.xGoogle Scholar
Valentino-Devries, J., Ashford, G., Lu, D., Lutz, E., Matthews, A. L., & Yourish, K. (2021) Arrested in capitol riot: Organized militants and a horde of radicals. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/02/04/us/capitol-arrests.html?referringSource=articleShareGoogle Scholar
Wang, C. & Huang, H. (2020) When “fake news” becomes real: the consequences of false government denials in an authoritarian country. Comparative Political Studies, 54(5), 753778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020957672Google Scholar
White, I. K. & Laird, C. N. (2020) Steadfast democrats: how social forces shape black political behavior. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Yair, O. & Huber, G. A. (2021) How robust is evidence of partisan perceptual bias in survey responses? Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(2), 469492. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfaa024Google Scholar
Zaller, J. R. (1992) The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

References

Abelson, R. P. (1986). Beliefs are like possessions. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 16(3), 223250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1986.tb00078.xGoogle Scholar
Akerlof, G. A. & Dickens, W. T. (1982) The Economic consequences of cognitive dissonance. American Economic Review, 72(3), 307319.Google Scholar
Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. (2020) The welfare effects of social media. American Economic Review, 110(3), 629676. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190658Google Scholar
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017) Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211Google Scholar
Allgeier, A. R., Byrne, D., Brooks, B., & Revnes, D. (1979) The Waffle Phenomenon: negative evaluations of those who shift attitudinally1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9(2), 170182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00802.xGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. (1973) Information and economic behavior. Federation of Swedish Industries.Google Scholar
Barrera, O., Guriev, S., Henry, E., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2020) Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics. Journal of Public Economics, 182, 104123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123Google Scholar
Battigalli, P., Corrao, R., & Dufwenberg, M. (2019) Incorporating belief-dependent motivation in games. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 167(February), 185218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.009Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. (1996) Evil: inside human cruelty and violence. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995) The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. (2013) Groupthink: collective delusions in organizations and markets. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(2), 429462. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds030Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2002) Self-confidence and personal motivation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 871915. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193913Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2003) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The Review of Economic Studies, 70(3), 489520. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpn030Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2006a) Belief in a just world and redistributive politics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(2), 699746. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.699Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2006b) Incentives and prosocial behavior. American Economic Review, 96(5), 16521678. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1652Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2011) Identity, morals, and taboos: beliefs as assets*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(2), 805855. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr002Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2016) Mindful economics: the production, consumption, and value of beliefs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 141164. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.141Google Scholar
Bentham, J. (1789) An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Reprinted 1948. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1978) Whatever happened to the frustration–aggression hypothesis? American Behavioral Scientist, 21(5).Google Scholar
Berns, G. S., Chappelow, J., Cekic, M. et al. (2006) Neurobiological substrates of dread. Science, 312(5774), 754758. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123721Google Scholar
Bishop, B. (2009) The big sort: why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Bodner, R. & Prelec, D. (2003) The diagnostic value of actions in a self-signaling model. In Brocas, I. & Carillo, J. D. (Eds.). The psychology of economic decisions, volume i: rationality and well-being, Vol. 1 (pp. 105126). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brennan, G. & Pettit, P. (2004) The economy of esteem: an essay on civil and political society. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brunnermeier, M. K. & Parker, J. A. (2005) Optimal expectations. American Economic Review, 95(4), 10921118. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825493Google Scholar
Bryden, G. M., Browne, M., Rockloff, M., & Unsworth, C. (2018) Anti-vaccination and pro-CAM attitudes both reflect magical beliefs about health. Vaccine, 36(9), 12271234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.068Google Scholar
Caplin, A. & Leahy, J. (2001) Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 5579. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556347Google Scholar
Carpenter, J. P. & Matthews, P. H. (2003) Beliefs, intentions, and evolution: old versus new psychological game theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26(02), 158159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X03270059Google Scholar
Charness, G. & Rabin, M. (2002) Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 817869. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193904Google Scholar
Chopra, F., Haaland, I., & Roth, C. (2019) Do People Value More Informative News? CESifo Working Paper No. 8026, Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3523530Google Scholar
Compte, O. & Postlewaite, A. (2004) Confidence-enhanced performance. American Economic Review, 94(5), 15361557. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828043052204Google Scholar
Cushman, F. (2015) Deconstructing intent to reconstruct morality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 97103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.06.003Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Beliefs about beliefs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 568570. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076664Google Scholar
Edwards, W. (1982) Conservatism in human information processing (excerpted). In Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (pp. 359369). Cambridge University Press. Original work published 1968.Google Scholar
Eil, D. & Rao, J. M. (2011) The good news-bad news effect: asymmetric processing of objective information about yourself. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 3(2), 114138. https://doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.2.114Google Scholar
Ellsberg, D. (1961) Risk, ambiguity, and the savage axioms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75(4), 643669. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884324Google Scholar
Elster, J. & Loewenstein, G. (1992) Utility from memory and anticipation. In Loewenstein, G., & Elster, J. (Eds.). Choice over time. (pp. 213234). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Epley, N. & Gilovich, T. (2016) The mechanics of motivated reasoning. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 133140. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.133Google Scholar
Eyster, E. (2002) Rationalizing the past: a taste for consistency. Nuffield College Mimeograph.Google Scholar
Falk, A. & Zimmermann, F. (2011) Preferences for Consistency (CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP8519). Working Paper.Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1962) Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93106.Google Scholar
Frith, U. & Frith, C. D. (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 358(1431), 459473. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1218Google Scholar
Ganguly, A. & Tasoff, J. (2016) Fantasy and dread: the demand for information and the consumption utility of the future. Management Science, 63(12), 40374060. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2550Google Scholar
Geanakoplos, J., Pearce, D., & Stacchetti, E. (1989) Psychological games and sequential rationality. Games and Economic Behavior, 1(1), 6079. https://doi.org/10.1016/0899-8256(89)90005-5Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Gaissmaier, W. (2011) Heuristic decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 451482. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346Google Scholar
Golman, R., Gurney, N., & Loewenstein, G. (2021) Information gaps for risk and ambiguity. Psychological Review, 128(1), 86103. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000252Google Scholar
Golman, R., Hagmann, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2017) Information avoidance. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 96135. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20151245Google Scholar
Golman, R., Loewenstein, G., Moene, K. O., & Zarri, L. (2016) The preference for belief consonance. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 165188. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.165Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G. & Buss, D. M. (2000) Error management theory: a new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 8191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.81Google Scholar
Heintz, C., Karabegovic, M., & Molnar, A. (2016) The co-evolution of honesty and strategic vigilance. Frontiers in Psychology, 7,(October), 113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01503Google Scholar
Hertwig, R. & Engel, C. (2016) Homo Ignorans. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 359372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635594Google Scholar
Hsee, C. K. & Kunreuther, H. C. (2000) the affection effect in insurance decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 20(2), 141159. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007876907268Google Scholar
Hsee, C. K. & Rottenstreich, Y. (2004) Music, Pandas, and muggers: on the affective psychology of value. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 2330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.23Google Scholar
Huffman, D., Raymond, C., & Shvets, J. (2019) Persistent overconfidence and biased memory: evidence from managers (Mimeo). Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Jaroszewicz, A. (2020) It does hurt to ask: theory and evidence on informal help-seeking. Doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University. https://doi.org/10.1184/R1/12298328.V1Google Scholar
Jones, E. E. & Berglas, S. (1978) Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: the appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(2), 200206. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616727800400205Google Scholar
Jones, S. C. (1973) Self- and interpersonal evaluations: esteem theories versus consistency theories. Psychological Bulletin, 79(3), 185199. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033957Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies: the endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 193206. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.193Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185Google Scholar
Karlsson, N., Loewenstein, G., & Seppi, D. (2009) The ostrich effect: selective attention to information. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(2), 95115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166–009-9060-6Google Scholar
Kata, A. (2012) Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30(25), 37783789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112Google Scholar
Kernis, M. H., Brockner, J., & Frankel, B. S. (1989) Self-esteem and reactions to failure: the mediating role of overgeneralization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 707714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.4.707Google Scholar
Kinderman, P., Dunbar, R., & Bentall, R. P. (1998) Theory-of-mind deficits and causal attributions. British Journal of Psychology, 89(2), 191204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1998.tb02680.xGoogle Scholar
Klayman, J. & Ha, Y.-W. (1987) Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.211Google Scholar
Kőszegi, B. (2006) Ego utility, overconfidence, and task choice. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(4), 673707. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2006.4.4.673Google Scholar
Kőszegi, B. (2010) Utility from anticipation and personal equilibrium. Economic Theory, 44(3), 415444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199–009-0465-xGoogle Scholar
Kőszegi, B., Loewenstein, G., & Murooka, T. (2022) Fragile self-esteem. The Review of Economic Studies, 89(4), 2026–2060. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdab060Google Scholar
Kreps, D. M., & Porteus, E. L. (1978) Temporal resolution of uncertainty and dynamic choice theory. Econometrica, 46(1), 185200. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913656Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1990) The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480Google Scholar
Lazear, E. P. (2000) Economic imperialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), 99146. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554683Google Scholar
Leary, M. R. & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) The nature and function of self-esteem: sociometer theory. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 162). https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80003-9Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J. (1980) The belief in a just world. In The belief in a just world (pp. 930). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0448-5_2Google Scholar
Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation: the origins of “theory of mind.” Psychological Review, 94(4), 412426. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1987) Anticipation and the valuation of delayed consumption. The Economic Journal, 97(387), 666. https://doi.org/10.2307/2232929Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1992) The fall and rise of psychological explanation in the economics of intertemporal choice. In Loewenstein, G. & Elster, J. (Eds.). Choice over time (pp. 334). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G., & Molnar, A. (2018) The renaissance of belief-based utility in economics. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(3), 166167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562–018-0301-zGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, G., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001) Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267Google Scholar
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 20982109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098Google Scholar
Markus, H. (1977) Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(2), 6378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63Google Scholar
Molnar, A. & Loewenstein, G. F. (2020) The False and the furious: people are more disturbed by others’ false beliefs than by differences in beliefs. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524651Google Scholar
Molnar, A. & Loewenstein, G. (2022) Ideologies are like possessions. Psychological Inquiry, 33(2), 8487. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2022.2065129Google Scholar
Morewedge, C. K., Tang, S., & Larrick, R. P. (2016) Betting your favorite to win: costly reluctance to hedge desired outcomes. Management Science, 64(3), 9971014. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2656Google Scholar
Nickerson, R. S. (1998) Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175Google Scholar
Oster, E., Shoulson, I., & Dorsey, E. R. (2013) Optimal expectations and limited medical testing: evidence from huntington disease. American Economic Review, 103(2), 804830. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.2.804Google Scholar
Pagel, M. (2018) A news-utility theory for inattention and delegation in portfolio choice. Econometrica, 86(2), 491522. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA14417Google Scholar
Perner, J. & Wimmer, H. (1985) “John thinks that Mary thinks that…” attribution of second-order beliefs by 5- to 10-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39(3), 437471. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076512Google Scholar
Prentice, D. A. & Miller, D. T. (1993) Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(2), 243256. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.243Google Scholar
Quispe-Torreblanca, E., Gathergood, J., Loewenstein, G. F., & Stewart, N. (2021) Investor Attention, Reference Points and the Disposition Effect. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3422790Google Scholar
Rabin, M. & Schrag, J. L. (1999) First impressions matter: a model of confirmatory bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(1), 3782. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399555945Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. A. & Nordhaus, W. (2010) Economics (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Google Scholar
Savage, L. J. (1954) The Foundations of Statistics. Wiley.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. (1984) The mind as a consuming organ. In Choice and consequence: Perspectives of an errant economist (pp. 328346). Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., & Dux, P. E. (2015) What do we know about implicit false-belief tracking? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423–014-0644-zGoogle Scholar
Sharot, T. & Garrett, N. (2016) Forming beliefs: why valence matters. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 2533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.11.002Google Scholar
Sicherman, N., Law, K., Lipkin, P., Loewenstein, G. F., Marvin, A., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2021) Information Avoidance and Information Seeking Among Parents of Children with ASD. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 126(3), 249259. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-126.3.249.Google Scholar
Sicherman, N., Loewenstein, G., Seppi, D. J., & Utkus, S. P. (2016) Financial attention. Review of Financial Studies, 29(4), 863897. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhv073Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1759) The theory of moral sentiments. Gutenberg Publishers.Google Scholar
Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (2002) Pragmatics, modularity and mind-reading. Mind & Language, 17(1-2), 323. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00186Google Scholar
Steele, C. M. (1988) The Psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 21 (pp. 261302). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065–2601(08)60229-4Google Scholar
Stigler, G. J. (1961) The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy, 69(3), 213225. https://doi.org/10.1086/258464Google Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. (2001) Republic.com. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sweeny, K., Melnyk, D., Miller, W., & Shepperd, J. A. (2010) Information avoidance: who, what, when, and why. Review of General Psychology, 14(4), 340353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021288Google Scholar
van der Wel, R. P. R. D., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2014) Do people automatically track others’ beliefs? Evidence from a continuous measure. Cognition, 130(1), 128133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.10.004Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. (2005) Why law, economics, and organization? Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 1(1), 369396. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.1.031805.111122Google Scholar
Yariv, L. (2005) I’ll See It When I Believe It – A Simple Model of Cognitive Consistency (Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1352).Google Scholar

References

Allaire-Duquette, G., Foisy, L. M. B., Potvin, P., Riopel, M., Larose, M., & Masson, S. (2021) An fMRI study of scientists with a PhD in physics confronted with naïve ideas in science. Science of Learning.Google Scholar
Associated Press (2014) AP-Gfk poll: confidence in science. The Associated Press.Google Scholar
Au, T. K. F., Chan, C. K., Chan, T. K., Cheung, M. W., Ho, J. Y., & Ip, G. W. (2008) Folkbiology meets microbiology: a study of conceptual and behavioral change. Cognitive Psychology, 57(1), 119.Google Scholar
Baillargeon, R., Needham, A., & DeVos, J. (1992) The development of young infants’ intuitions about support. Early Development and Parenting, 1(2), 6978.Google Scholar
Barlev, M., Mermelstein, S., & German, T. C. (2017) Core intuitions about persons coexist and interfere with acquired Christian beliefs about God. Cognitive Science, 41(S3), 425454.Google Scholar
Bishop, B. & Anderson, C. A. (1990) Student conceptions of natural selection and its role in evolution. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27(5), 415427.Google Scholar
Blancke, S., Hjermitslev, H. H., & Kjaergaard, P. C. (Eds.) (2014) Creationism in Europe. John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Blancke, S., Van Breusegem, F., De Jaeger, G., Braeckman, J., & Van Montagu, M. (2015) Fatal attraction: the intuitive appeal of GMO opposition. Trends in Plant Science, 20 (7), 414418.Google Scholar
Bordelon, C. (2021) Conspiracies attack coroner: families demand COVID-19 diagnoses be removed from loved ones’ death certificates. KOAA News, 5. www.koaa.com/news/coronavirus/conspiracies-attack-coroner-families-demand-covid-19-diagnoses-be-removed-from-loved-ones-death-certificatesGoogle Scholar
Bowler, P. J. (1983) The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian theories in the decades around 1900. John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. (2008) Do people only use 10 percent of their brains? Scientific American.Google Scholar
Caramazza, A., McCloskey, M., & Green, B. (1981) Naïve beliefs in “sophisticated” subjects: misconceptions about trajectories of objects. Cognition, 9(2), 117123.Google Scholar
Carey, S. (2000) Science education as conceptual change. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 1319.Google Scholar
Carey, S. (2009). The origin of concepts. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chi, M. T. H. (2005) Commonsense conceptions of emergent processes: why some misconceptions are robust. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 14(2), 161199.Google Scholar
Clark, D. B., D’Angelo, C. M., & Schleigh, S. P. (2011) Comparison of students’ knowledge structure coherence and understanding of force in the Philippines, Turkey, China, Mexico, and the United States. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 20(2), 2070261.Google Scholar
Clement, J. (1982) Students’ preconceptions in introductory mechanics. American Journal of Physics, 50(1), 6671.Google Scholar
Clement, J. (1993) Using bridging analogies and anchoring intuitions to deal with students’ preconceptions in physics. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30(10), 12411257.Google Scholar
Cope, E. D. (1896) The primary factors of organic evolution. Open Court.Google Scholar
diSessa, A. (1993) Toward an epistemology of physics. Cognition & Instruction, 10(2–3) 105225.Google Scholar
Dunbar, K., Fugelsang, J., & Stein, C. (2007) Do naïve theories ever go away? Using brain and behavior to understand changes in concepts. In Lovett, M. & Shah, P. (Eds.). Thinking with data (pp. 193206). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Eimer, G. H. T. (1898) On orthogenesis and the importance of natural selection in species formations (McCormack, T. J., Trans.). Open Court.Google Scholar
Evans, E. M., Spiegel, A. N., Gram, W. et al. (2010) A conceptual guide to natural history museum visitors’ understanding of evolution. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47(3), 326353.Google Scholar
Fischbein, E., Stavy, R., & Ma-Naim, H. (1989) The psychological structure of naïve impetus conceptions. International Journal of Science Education, 11(1), 7181.Google Scholar
Foisy, L. M. B., Potvin, P., Riopel, M., & Masson, S. (2015) Is inhibition involved in overcoming a common physics misconception in mechanics? Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 4 (1–2) 2636.Google Scholar
Galileo, G. (1632) Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems, Ptolemaic & Copernican. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gopnik, A. & Wellman, H. M. (2012) Reconstructing constructivism: causal models, Bayesian learning mechanisms, and the theory. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 10851108.Google Scholar
Gregory, T. R. (2009) Understanding natural selection: essential concepts and common misconceptions. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2(2), 156175.Google Scholar
Halloun, I. A. & Hestenes, D. (1985) Common sense concepts about motion. American Journal of Physics, 53(11), 10561065.Google Scholar
Heddy, B. C. & Nadelson, L. S. (2012) A global perspective of the variables associated with acceptance of evolution. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 5(3), 412418.Google Scholar
Howe, C., Tavares, J. T., & Devine, A. (2012) Everyday conceptions of object fall: explicit and tacit understanding during middle childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 111(3), 351366.Google Scholar
Jee, B. D., Uttal, D. H., Spiegel, A., & Diamond, J. (2015) Expert-novice differences in mental models of viruses, vaccines, and the causes of infectious disease. Public Understanding of Science, 24(2), 241256.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.Google Scholar
Kaiser, M. K., Jonides, J., & Alexander, J. (1986) Intuitive reasoning about abstract and familiar physics problems. Memory & Cognition, 14(4), 308312.Google Scholar
Kelemen, D., Rottman, J., & Seston, R. (2013) Professional physical scientists display tenacious teleological tendencies: purpose-based reasoning as a cognitive default. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 10741083.Google Scholar
Kim, E. & Pak, S. J. (2002) Students do not overcome conceptual difficulties after solving 1000 traditional problems. American Journal of Physics, 70(7), 759765.Google Scholar
Kim, I. K. & Spelke, E. S. (1999) Perception and understanding of effects of gravity and inertia on object motion. Developmental Science, 2(3), 339362.Google Scholar
Krist, H. (2010) Development of intuitions about support beyond infancy. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 266278.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. (1809) Philosophie zoologique (Elliot, H., Trans.). Haffner.Google Scholar
Legare, C. H. & Gelman, S. A. (2008) Bewitchment, biology, or both: the co-existence of natural and supernatural explanatory frameworks across development. Cognitive Science, 32(4), 607642.Google Scholar
Legare, C. H., Opfer, J., Busch, J. T. A., & Shtulman, A. (2018) A field guide for teaching evolution in the social sciences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(3), 257263.Google Scholar
Legare, C. H. & Shtulman, A. (2018) Explanatory pluralism across cultures and development. In Proust, J. & Fortier, M. (Eds.). Interdisciplinary approaches to metacognitive diversity (pp. 415432). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Masson, M. E., Bub, D. N., & Lalonde, C. E. (2011) Video-game training and naïve reasoning about object motion. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(1), 166173.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982) The growth of biological thought: diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
McCauley, R. N. (2011) Why religion is natural and science is not. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, M. (1983a) Intuitive physics. Scientific American, 248(4), 122130.Google Scholar
McCloskey, M. (1983b) Naïve theories of motion. In Gentner, D. & Stevens, A. L. (Eds.). Mental models (pp. 299324). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016) Science literacy: concepts, contexts, and consequences. The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Science Board (2020) Science and engineering indicators. National Science Foundation.Google Scholar
Nersessian, N. J. (1989). Conceptual change in science and in science education. Synthese, 80(1), 163183.Google Scholar
Novick, L. R., Shade, C. K., & Catley, K. M. (2011) Linear versus branching depictions of evolutionary history: implications for diagram design. Topics in Cognitive Science, 3(3), 536559.Google Scholar
Pobiner, B. (2016) Accepting, understanding, teaching, and learning (human) evolution: obstacles and opportunities. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 159(S61), 232274.Google Scholar
Reiner, M., Slotta, J. D., Chi, M. T. H., & Resnick, L. B. (2000) Naïve physics reasoning: a commitment to substance-based conceptions. Cognition and Instruction, 18 (1), 134.Google Scholar
Renken, M. D. & Nunez, N. (2010) Evidence for improved conclusion accuracy after reading about rather than conducting a belief-inconsistent simple physics experiment. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 792811.Google Scholar
Rutjens, B. T., van der Linden, S., & van der Lee, R. (2021) Science skepticism in times of COVID-19. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 276283.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. (2006) Qualitative differences between naïve and scientific theories of evolution. Cognitive Psychology, 52(2), 170194.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. (2017) Scienceblind: why our intuitive theories about the world are so often wrong. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. (2019) Doubly counterintuitive: cognitive obstacles to the discovery and the learning of scientific ideas and why they often differ. In Samuels, R. & Wilkenfeld, D. (Eds.). Advances in experimental philosophy of science (pp. 97121). Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Calabi, P. (2012) Cognitive constraints on the understanding and acceptance of evolution. In Rosengren, K. S., Brem, S., Evans, E. M., & Sinatra, G. (Eds.). Evolution challenges: Integrating research and practice in teaching and learning about evolution (pp. 4765). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Calabi, P. (2013) Tuition vs. intuition: effects of instruction on naïve theories of evolution. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 59(2), 141167.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Harrington, K. (2016) Tensions between science and intuition across the lifespan. Topics in Cognitive Science, 8(1), 118137.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Legare, C. H. (2020) Competing explanations of competing explanations: accounting for conflict between scientific and folk explanations. Topics in Cognitive Science, 12(4), 13371362.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A., Neal, C., & Lindquist, G. (2016) Children’s ability to learn evolutionary explanations for biological adaptation. Early Education and Development, 27(8), 12221236.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Lombrozo, T. (2016) Bundles of contradiction: a coexistence view of conceptual change. In Barner, D. & Baron, A. (Eds.). Core knowledge and conceptual change (pp. 4967). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Schulz, L. (2008). The relation between essentialist beliefs and evolutionary reasoning. Cognitive Science, 32(6), 10491062.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A., Villalobos, A., & Ziel, D. (2021) Whitewashing nature: sanitized depictions of biology in children’s books and parent–child conversation. Child Development, 92(6), 23562374.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A. & Valcarcel, J. (2012) Scientific knowledge suppresses but does not supplant earlier intuitions. Cognition, 124(2), 209215.Google Scholar
Spelke, E. S. (1994) Initial knowledge: six suggestions. Cognition, 50(1–3), 431445.Google Scholar
Spelke, E. S., Breinlinger, K., Macomber, J., & Jacobson, K. (1992) Origins of knowledge. Psychological Review, 99(4), 605632.Google Scholar
Steinberg, M. S., Brown, D. E., & Clement, J. (1990) Genius is not immune to persistent misconceptions: conceptual difficulties impeding Isaac Newton and contemporary physics students. International Journal of Science Education, 12(3), 265273.Google Scholar
Swift, A. (2017) In US, belief in creationist view of humans at new low. Gallup.Google Scholar
Trundle, K. C., Atwood, R. K., & Christopher, J. E. (2007) A longitudinal study of conceptual change: preservice elementary teachers’ conceptions of moon phases. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(2), 303326.Google Scholar
Villegas, P. (2020). South Dakota nurse says many patients deny the coronavirus exists right up until death. The Washington Post, November 6.Google Scholar
Vosniadou, S. (1994) Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual change. Learning and Instruction, 4(1), 4569.Google Scholar
Vosniadou, S., Ioannides, C., Dimitrakopoulou, A., & Papademetriou, E. (2001) Designing learning environments to promote conceptual change in science. Learning and Instruction, 11(4–5), 381419.Google Scholar
Ware, E. A. & Gelman, S. A. (2014) You get what you need: an examination of purpose-based inheritance reasoning in undergraduates, preschoolers, and biological experts. Cognitive Science, 38(2), 197243.Google Scholar
Weisberg, D. S., Landrum, A. R., Metz, S. E., & Weisberg, M. (2018) No missing link: knowledge predicts acceptance of evolution in the United States. BioScience, 68(3), 212222.Google Scholar
Young, A. G. & Shtulman, A. (2020) How children’s cognitive reflection shapes their science understanding. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1247.Google Scholar

References

Alwan, N. A., Burgess, R. A., Ashworth, S. et al. (2020) Scientific consensus on the COVID-19 pandemic: we need to act now. The Lancet, 396(10260), e71e72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32153-XGoogle Scholar
AVAAZ (2020) Facebook’s algorithm: a major threat to public health. Retrieved from https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/Google Scholar
Balliet, D. (2010) Communication and cooperation in social dilemmas: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54(1), 3957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709352443Google Scholar
Banas, J. A. & Miller, G. (2013) Inducing resistance to conspiracy theory propaganda: testing inoculation and metainoculation strategies. Human Communication Research, 39(2), 184207. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12000Google Scholar
Barnett, M. D., Hale, T. M., & Sligar, K. B. (2017) Masculinity, femininity, sexual dysfunctional beliefs, and rape myth acceptance among heterosexual college men and women. Sexuality & Culture, 21(3), 741753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-017-9420-3Google Scholar
Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2016) Mindful economics: the production, consumption, and value of beliefs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(3), 141164. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.3.141Google Scholar
Berger, E. & Reupert, A. (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: lessons learnt. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 494496. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000722Google Scholar
Bowles, S. (2008) Policies designed for self-interested citizens may undermine “the moral sentiments”: evidence from economic experiments. Science, 320(5883), 16051609. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152110Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. (2020) Paradoxes of populism during the pandemic. Thesis Eleven, 164(1) https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513620970804Google Scholar
Brulle, R. J. (2013) Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of US climate change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change, 122(4), 681694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1018-7Google Scholar
Bruns, A., Harrington, S., & Hurcombe, E. (2020) “Corona? 5G? or both?”: the dynamics of COVID-19/5G conspiracy theories on Facebook. Media International Australia, 177(1), 1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878x20946113Google Scholar
Budescu, D. V., Por, H.-H., & Broomell, S. B. (2012) Effective communication of uncertainty in the IPCC reports. Climatic Change, 113(2), 181200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0330-3Google Scholar
Bukuluki, P., Mwenyango, H., Katongole, S. P., Sidhva, D., & Palattiyil, G. (2020) The socio-economic and psychosocial impact of Covid-19 pandemic on urban refugees in Uganda. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100045Google Scholar
Campbell, T. H. & Kay, A. C. (2014) Solution aversion: on the relation between ideology and motivated disbelief. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 809824. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037963Google Scholar
Cheng, Y., Ma, N., Witt, C. et al. (2021) Face masks effectively limit the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Science, 372(6549), 14391443. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg6296Google Scholar
Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S. et al. (2020) Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 395(10242), 19731987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9Google Scholar
Coates, M. (2020) Covid-19 and the rise of racism. BMJ, 369, m1384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1384Google Scholar
Cook, J. (2020a) Deconstructing climate science denial. In Holmes, D. & Richardson, L. M. (Eds.). Research handbook on communicating climate change. Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Cook, J. (2020b) Using humor and games to counter science misinformation. Skeptical Inquirer, 44(3), 3841.Google Scholar
Cook, J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2016) Rational irrationality: modeling climate change belief polarization using Bayesian networks. Topics in Cognitive Science, 8(1), 160179. https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12186Google Scholar
Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017) Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PLoS ONE, 12(5), e0175799. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175799Google Scholar
Cook, J., van der Linden, S., Maibach, E., & Lewandowsky, S. (2018) The consensus handbook. www.climatechangecommunication.org/all/consensus-handbook/ https://doi.org/10.13021/G8MM6PGoogle Scholar
Crockett, M. J., Kurth-Nelson, Z., Siegel, J. Z., Dayan, P., & Dolan, R. J. (2014) Harm to others outweighs harm to self in moral decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(48), 1732017325. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408988111Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Robinson, E. (2021) Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in the U.S.: Representative Longitudinal Evidence from April to October 2020. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(6), 766773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.008Google Scholar
Danielson, R. W., Sinatra, G. M., & Kendeou, P. (2016) Augmenting the refutation text effect with analogies and graphics. Discourse Processes, 53(5–6), 392414. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853x.2016.1166334Google Scholar
Dawes, R. M. (1980). Social dilemmas. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 169193. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.31.020180.001125Google Scholar
DeVerna, M. R., Pierri, F., Truong, B. et al. (2021) CoVaxxy: a global collection of English-language Twitter posts about COVID-19 vaccines. arXiv.org preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2101.07694Google Scholar
Dickson, E. J. (2020) Anti-vax doctor promotes conspiracy theory that death certificates falsely cite COVID-19. www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/anti-vax-doctor-covid-19-death-certificates-984407/Google Scholar
Diederich, J. & Goeschl, T. (2014) Willingness to pay for voluntary climate action and its determinants: field-experimental evidence. Environmental and Resource Economics, 57, 405429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-013-9686-3Google Scholar
Diethelm, P. & McKee, M. (2009) Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond? European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn139Google Scholar
Dunbar, A. & Jones, N. E. (2021) Race, police, and the pandemic: considering the role of race in public health policing. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(5), 773782. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1851381Google Scholar
Enders, A. M., Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C., & Stoler, J. (2020) The different forms of COVID-19 misinformation and their consequences. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(8). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-48Google Scholar
Evanega, S., Lynas, M., Adams, J., Smolenyak, K., & Insights, C. G. (2020) Coronavirus misinformation: quantifying sources and themes in the COVID-19 “infodemic” (Tech. Rep.). Cornell University.Google Scholar
Every-Palmer, S., Jenkins, M., Gendall, P. et al. (2020). Psychological distress, anxiety, family violence, suicidality, and wellbeing in New Zealand during the COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15(11), e0241658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241658Google Scholar
Farrell, J. (2015) Network structure and influence of the climate change counter-movement. Nature Climate Change, 6(4), 370374. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2875Google Scholar
Fleerackers, A., Riedlinger, M., Moorhead, L., Ahmed, R., & Alperin, J. P. (2021) Communicating scientific uncertainty in an age of COVID-19: an investigation into the use of preprints by digital media outlets. Health Communication, 37(6), 726738. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1864892Google Scholar
Golman, R., Hagmann, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2017) Information avoidance. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 96135. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20151245Google Scholar
Greenaway, C., Hargreaves, S., Barkati, S., Coyle, C. M., Gobbi, F., Veizis, A., & Douglas, P. (2020) COVID-19: Exposing and addressing health disparities among ethnic minorities and migrants. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(7). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa113Google Scholar
Hahn, U. (2020) Argument quality in real world argumentation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(5), 363374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.01.004Google Scholar
Hahn, U. & Harris, A. J. (2014) What does it mean to be biased: motivated reasoning and rationality. In Ross, B. H. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 61 (pp. 41102). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800283-4.00002-2Google Scholar
Hamilton, L. C., Hartter, J., & Saito, K. (2015) Trust in scientists on climate change and vaccines. SAGE Open, 5(3), 113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015602752Google Scholar
Hansson, S. O. (2017) Science denial as a form of pseudoscience. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 63, 3947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 12431248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243Google Scholar
Haug, N., Geyrhofer, L., Londei, A. et al. (2020) Ranking the effectiveness of worldwide COVID-19 government interventions. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 13031312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01009-0Google Scholar
Havey, N. F. (2020) Partisan public health: how does political ideology influence support for COVID-19 related misinformation? Journal of Computational Social Science, 3(2), 319342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00089-2Google Scholar
Hertwig, R. & Engel, C. (2016) Homo ignorans. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(3), 359372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616635594Google Scholar
Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E., & Fielding, K. S. (2018) The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307315. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586Google Scholar
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z. et al. (2021) An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), e2014564118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014564118Google Scholar
Ivanov, B., Parker, K. A., & Dillingham, L. (2020) Inoculation theory as a strategic tool. In The handbook of applied communication research (pp. 1128). Wiley Online Library.Google Scholar
Jamison, A. M., Quinn, S. C., & Freimuth, V. S. (2019) “You don’t trust a government vaccine”: narratives of institutional trust and influenza vaccination among African American and white adults. Social Science & Medicine, 221, 8794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.020Google Scholar
Jern, A., Chang, K.-M. K., & Kemp, A. C. (2014) Belief polarization is not always irrational. Psychological Review, 121(2), 206224. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035941Google Scholar
Johnson, T., Dawes, C., Fowler, J., & Smirnov, O. (2020) Slowing COVID-19 transmission as a social dilemma: lessons for government officials from interdisciplinary research on cooperation. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.31.150Google Scholar
Jolley, D. & Paterson, J. L. (2020) Pylons ablaze: examining the role of 5G COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and support for violence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 628640. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12394Google Scholar
Juanchich, M., Sirota, M., Jolles, D., & Whiley, L. A. (2021) Are COVID-19 conspiracies a threat to public health? Psychological characteristics and health protective behaviours of believers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(6), 969989. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2796Google Scholar
Koessler, A.-K., Ortiz-Riomalo, J., Janke, M., & Engel, S. (2020) Structuring communication effectively for environmental cooperation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3533910Google Scholar
Kramer, A. & Kramer, K. Z. (2020) The potential impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on occupational status, work from home, and occupational mobility. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103442Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S. (2021a) Climate change, disinformation, and how to combat it. Annual Review of Public Health, 42(1), 121. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102409Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S. (2021b) Conspiracist cognition: chaos, convenience, and cause for concern. Journal for Cultural Research, 25(1), 1235. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1886423Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Ballard, T., Oberauer, K., & Benestad, R. (2016) A blind expert test of contrarian claims about climate data. Global Environmental Change, 39, 9197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.04.013Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U. et al. (2020) The debunking handbook 2020. https://sks.to/db2020Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., & Lloyd, E. (2016) The “Alice in Wonderland” mechanics of the rejection of (climate) science: simulating coherence by conspiracism. Synthese, 195(1), 175196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1198-6Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Oberauer, K., Brophy, S., Lloyd, E. A., & Marriott, M. (2015) Recurrent fury: conspiratorial discourse in the blogosphere triggered by research on the role of conspiracist ideation in climate denial. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(1), 142178. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.443Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017) Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the post-truth era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2013) The role of conspiracist ideation and worldviews in predicting rejection of science. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e75637. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075637Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Mann, M. E., Brown, N. J. L., & Friedman, H. (2016) Science and the public: debate, denial, and skepticism. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 4(2), 537553. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i2.604Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S. & Oberauer, K. (2016) Motivated rejection of science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 217222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416654436Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., & Gignac, G. E. (2013) NASA faked the moon landing—therefore (climate) science is a hoax: an anatomy of the motivated rejection of science. Psychological Science, 24(5), 622633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457686Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S. & van der Linden, S. (2021) Countering misinformation and fake news through inoculation and prebunking. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2) 348384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Woike, J. K., & Oberauer, K. (2020) Genesis or evolution of gender differences? Worldview-based dilemmas in the processing of scientific information. Journal of Cognition, 3(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.99Google Scholar
Loomba, S., de Figueiredo, A., Piatek, S. J., de Graaf, K., & Larson, H. J. (2021) Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(3), 337348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1Google Scholar
Lowes, S. R. & Montero, E. (2018) The legacy of colonial medicine in Central Africa. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3138813Google Scholar
Mamié, R., Ribeiro, M. H., & West, R. (2021). Are anti-feminist communities gateways to the far right? Evidence from Reddit and YouTube. 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 139–147. https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462504Google Scholar
Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G.-K. et al. (2011) The ipcc ar5 guidance note on consistent treatment of uncertainties: a common approach across the working groups. Climatic Change, 108(4), 675691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0178-6Google Scholar
McKee, M. & Diethelm, P. (2010) How the growth of denialism undermines public health. BMJ, 341(7786), 13091311. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c6950Google Scholar
McKee, M. & Stuckler, D. (2020) Scientific divisions on COVID-19: not what they might seem. BMJ, 371(8265), m4024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4024Google Scholar
Milinski, M., Semmann, D., & Krambeck, H. J. (2002). Reputation helps solve the “tragedy of the commons.” Nature, 415(6870), 424426. https://doi.org/10.1038/415424aGoogle Scholar
Momplaisir, F., Haynes, N., Nkwihoreze, H., Nelson, M., Werner, R. M., & Jemmott, J. (2021) Understanding drivers of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Blacks. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(10), 17841789. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab102Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, D. M. (2006) Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity: problems with using long words needlessly. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(2), 139156. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1178Google Scholar
Oreskes, N. & Conway, E. M. (2010) Merchants of doubt. Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1993) Governing the commons: the evolutions of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, D., Rahamathulla, M., & Pawar, M. (2020) The impact and implications of COVID-19: an Australian perspective. The International Journal of Community and Social Development, 2(2), 134151. https://doi.org/10.1177/2516602620937922Google Scholar
Patel, S. S., Kalma, J., & Bluman, E. M. (2020) Understanding COVID-19 vaccines and their development. Journal of Bone, 102(20), 17591769. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.01191Google Scholar
Pei, X. & Mehta, D. (2020) #Coronavirus or #Chinese virus?! Understanding the negative sentiment reflected in Tweets with racist hashtags across the development of covid-19. arXiv.org preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.08224Google Scholar
Perry, H. B. (2020) Is access enough? Interrogating the influence of money and power in shaping information. Open Information Science, 4(1), 2938. https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0003Google Scholar
Petersen, E., Koopmans, M., Go, U. et al. (2020). Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(9), e238e244. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30484-9Google Scholar
Readfearn, G. (2016) Revealed: most popular climate story on social media told half a million people the science was a hoax. www.desmogblog.com/2016/11/29/revealed-most-popular-climate-story-social-media-told-half-million-people-science-was-hoaxGoogle Scholar
Reardon, S. (2011) Decrying CIA vaccination sham, Health Workers Brace for Backlash. Science, 333(6041), 395395. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.333.6041.395Google Scholar
Risbey, J. S., Lewandowsky, S., Hunter, J. R., & Monselesan, D. P. (2015) Betting strategies on fluctuations in the transient response of greenhouse warming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (A), 373(2055), 20140463. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0463Google Scholar
Robinson, L. A., Sullivan, R., & Shogren, J. F. (2020) Do the benefits of COVID-19 policies exceed the costs? exploring uncertainties in the age–VSL relationship. Risk Analysis, 41(5), 761770. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13561Google Scholar
Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S. et al. (2020) Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science, 7(10), 201199. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201199Google Scholar
Rutjens, B. T., van der Linden, S., & van der Lee, R. (2021) Science skepticism in times of COVID-19. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 276283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981415Google Scholar
Sakalh-Ugurlu, N. & Glick, P. (2003) Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward women who engage in premarital sex in Turkey. The Journal of Sex Research, 40(3), 296302. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552194Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020) The four horsemen of fear: an integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 4145. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200202.Google Scholar
Schmid, P. & Betsch, C. (2019) Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions. Nature Human Behavior, 3(9), 931939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4Google Scholar
Seifert, C. M. (2002) The continued influence of misinformation in memory: what makes a correction effective? In Ross, B. H. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory, Vol. 41 (pp. 265292). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(02)80009-3Google Scholar
Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020) The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 531537. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201Google Scholar
Smirnov, O. (2019) Collective risk social dilemma and the consequences of the US withdrawal from international climate negotiations. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 31(4), 660676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819875511Google Scholar
Sutton, R. M. & Douglas, K. M. (2020) Agreeing to disagree: reports of the popularity of Covid-19 conspiracy theories are greatly exaggerated. Psychological Medicine, 52(4), 791793. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720002780Google Scholar
The Lancet (2020) The plight of essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 395(10237), 1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31200-9Google Scholar
Thomson, S. & Ip, E. C. (2020) COVID-19 emergency measures and the impending authoritarian pandemic. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa064Google Scholar
Uscinski, J. E., Douglas, K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) Climate change conspiracy theories. In Oxford research encyclopedia of climate science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.328Google Scholar
Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C. et al. (2020) Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-015Google Scholar
van Barneveld, K., Quinlan, M., Kriesler, P. et al. (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic: lessons on building more equal and sustainable societies. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 31(2), 133157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304620927107Google Scholar
van Basshuysen, P., & White, L. (2021) Bad data and flawed models? Fact-checking Winsberg et al.’s case against lockdowns. www.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/blog/2021/01/26/bad-data-and-flawed-models/Google Scholar
van der Linden, S. (2021) Some recommendations for doing high-impact research in social psychological science. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 24(1), 3741. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12463Google Scholar
van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017) Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change. Global Challenges, 1(2), 1600008. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201600008Google Scholar
Vorms, M. & Hahn, U. (2019) In the space of reasonable doubt. Synthese, 198(15), 36093633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02488-zGoogle Scholar
Vraga, E. K. & Bode, L. (2020) Defining misinformation and understanding its bounded nature: using expertise and evidence for describing misinformation. Political Communication, 37(1), 136144. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1716500Google Scholar
Ward, B. (2020) Organisers of anti-lockdown declaration have track record of promoting denial of health and environmental risks. www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/organisers-of-anti-lockdown-declaration-have-track-record-of-promoting-denial-of-health-and-environmental-risks/Google Scholar
Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020) COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846848. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30526-2Google Scholar
Wondreys, J. & Mudde, C. (2020) Victims of the pandemic? European far-right parties and COVID-19. Nationalities Papers, 50(1), 86103. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2020.93Google Scholar
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F. et al. (2020) Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 5564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001Google Scholar

References

Alland, A. (2002) Race in mind: race, IQ and other racisms. Palgrave.Google Scholar
American Anthropological Association (AAA)(1998) AAA statement on race. https://bit.ly/2VmQfiNGoogle Scholar
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (1996) AAPA statement on race and racism. https://bit.ly/3iz9DDiGoogle Scholar
American College of Physicians (2010) “Racial and Ethnic Disparities In Health Care.” Position paper. https://bit.ly/31M4P7LGoogle Scholar
American Journal of Human Genetics (2018) The American Society of Human Genetics denounces attempts to link genetics and racial supremacy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 103(5), 636673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.011Google Scholar
American Sociological Association (2005) Race, ethnicity and the health of Americans. www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/images/research/docs/pdf/race_ethnicity_health.pdfGoogle Scholar
Anderson, K. O., Green, C. R., & Payne, R. (2009) Racial and ethnic disparities in pain: causes and consequences of unequal care. Critical Review, 10(12), 11871204.Google Scholar
Aroke, E. N., Joseph, P. V., Roy, A., et al. (2019) Could epigenetics help explain racial disparities in chronic pain? Journal of Pain Research, 12, 701710.Google Scholar
Bamshad, M. & Guthery, S. L. (2007) Race, genetics and medicine: does the color of a leopard’s spots matter? Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 19(6), 613618.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, D. J. (2004) Measuring intelligence: facts and fallacies. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bird, K. A. (2021) No support for the hereditarian hypothesis of the black–white achievement gap using polygenic scores and tests for divergent selection. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 175(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24216.Google Scholar
Bliss, C. (2012) Race decoded. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, J. D. & King, M. L. (2008) Geneticizing disease: implications for racial health disparities. Center for American Progress. www.americanprogress.org/issues/healthcare/reports/2008/01/15/3832/geneticizing-disease-implications-for-racial-health-disparities/Google Scholar
Bryc, K., Auton, A., Nelson, M. R. et al. (2010) Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107(2), 786791. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909559107Google Scholar
Buckles, J. (2001) The success story of gene tests. Genome News Network. www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/08_01/Tay_Sachs_gene_tests.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Burris, H., Bacaraelli, A., Wright, R. et al. (2016) Epigenetics: linking social and environmental exposures to preterm birth. Journal of Pediatric Research, 79(1-2), 136140.Google Scholar
Campbell, M. C. & Tishkoff, S. A. (2008) African genetic diversity: implications for human demographic history, modern human origins, and complex disease mapping. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 9, 403433.Google Scholar
Cerdeña, J. P., & Plaisime, M.V., & Tsai, J. (2020) From race-based to race-conscious medicine: how anti-racist uprisings call us to act. Lancet, 396(10257) pp. 11251128.Google Scholar
Chen, F. et al. (2002) Larger genetic differences within Africans than between Africans and Eurasians. Genetics, 161(1), pp. 269274.Google Scholar
Cobbinah, S. & Lewis, J. (2018) Racism & health: a public health perspective on racial discrimination. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 24, 995998.Google Scholar
Collins, J., David, R., Symmons, R. et al. (2000) Low-income African-American mothers’ perception of exposure to racial discrimination and infant birth weight. Epidemiology, 11(3), 337339.Google Scholar
Davis, James F. (1991) Who is black? One nation’s definition. Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Desalle, R. & Tattersall, I. (2018) Troublesome science: the misuse of genetics and genomics in understanding race. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dickens, W. T. & Flynn, J. R. (2006) Black Americans reduce the racial IQ gap: evidence from standardization samples. Psychological Science, 17 (10), 913920.Google Scholar
Dolan, C., Wicherts, J., van der Maas, H. et al. (2010) The dangers of unsystematic selection methods and the representativeness of 46 samples of African test-takers. Intelligence, 38(1), 3037.Google Scholar
Fagan, J. & Holland, C. (2002) Equal opportunity and racial differences in IQ. Intelligence, 30(4), 361387.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, D. J. (2015) Everyone is African: how science explodes the myth of race. Prometheus.Google Scholar
Fish, J. M., ed. (2002) Race and intelligence: separating science from myth. Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.Google Scholar
Fish, J. M. (2012) The Myth of Race. N.p.Google Scholar
Fuentes, A. (2012) The myth of race. In race, monogamy, and other lies: busting myths about human nature (pp. 70113). University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, A. R., Ojiambo, R., Konstabel, K. et al. (2013) Aerobic capacity, activity levels and daily energy expenditure in male and female adolescents of the Kenyan Nandi sub-group. PLoS One, 8(6), e66552.Google Scholar
Gomez, F., Hirbo, J., & Tishkoff, S. A. (2014) Genetic variation and adaptation in Africa: implications for human evolution and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008524Google Scholar
Goodman, A. H. (1997) Bred in the bone? The Sciences, 37, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-1951.1997.tb03296.xGoogle Scholar
Goodman, A. H., Moses, Y., Jones, J. L. et al. (2012) Race: are we so different? Wiley.Google Scholar
Graves, J. L. (2001) The emperor’s new clothes: biological theories of race at the millennium. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Graves, J. L. (2004) The race myth: why we pretend race exists in America. Dutton.Google Scholar
Guillaumin, Colette. (1995) Racism, sexism, power and ideology. Routledge.Google Scholar
Hamilton, B. (2000) East African running dominance: what is behind it? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 393394.Google Scholar
Harrison, G. P. (2010) Race and reality: what everyone should know about our biological diversity. Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Harrison, G. P. (2015) Good thinking: what you need to know to be smarter, safer, wealthier, and wiser. Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Harrison, G. P. (2018) At least know this: essential science to enhance your life. Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Hefner, J. T. (2009) Cranial nonmetric variation and estimating ancestry*. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54 (5). doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01118.xGoogle Scholar
Hoberman, J. (1997) Darwin’s athletes. Mariner.Google Scholar
Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. et al. (2016) Racial bias in pain assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(16), 42964301.Google Scholar
Hoffman, S. (2006) “Racially-Tailored” medicine unraveled. American University Law Review, 55(395), 397398.Google Scholar
Hughey, M. W. & Goss, D. R. (2015) A level playing field? Media constructions of athletics, genetics, and race. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 661(1), 182211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215588067Google Scholar
Jencks, C. & Phillips, M. (1998) The black-white test score gap: why it persists and what can be done. Brookings, https://bit.ly/3gJ3yThGoogle Scholar
Kelly, T. E., Chase, G., Kaback, M. et al. (1975) Tay-Sachs disease: high gene frequency in a non-Jewish population. American Journal of Human Genetics, 27(3), 287291.Google Scholar
Kerr, Ian B. (2010) The myth of racial superiority in sports. The Hilltop Review, 4(1), 1927.Google Scholar
Lange, A. (2015) “Bones” has been making the same mistake for 10 seasons. Buzzfeed News. www.buzzfeednews.com/article/arianelange/bones-race-forensic-anthropologyGoogle Scholar
Lanz, P. (2000) The concept of intelligence in psychology and philosophy. In Cruse, H., Dean, J., Ritter, H. (Eds.). Prerational intelligence: adaptive behavior and intelligent systems without symbols and logic, Vols 1 and 2 (pp. 1931). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0870-9_3Google Scholar
Lee, S. S., Mountain, J., Koenig, B. et al. (2008) The ethics of characterizing difference: guiding principles on using racial categories in human genetics. Genome Biology, 9(7), 404. https://doi.org/10%2010.1186/gb-2008-9-7-404Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (2005) The fallacy of racial medicine: confusions about human races. GeneWatch, 18(4), 57.Google Scholar
Marks, D. F. (2010) IQ variations across time, race, and nationality: an artifact of differences in literacy skills. Psychological Reports, 106(3), 643664. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.106.3.643-664. PMID: 20712152Google Scholar
Marks, J. (1995) Human biodiversity: genes, race and history. Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Merlino, D. (2011) Magic Johnson and Larry Bird: the rivalry that transformed the NBA. Bleacher Report. https://bit.ly/3fgosZeGoogle Scholar
Mersha, T. B. & Abebe, T. (2015) Self-reported race/ethnicity in the age of genomic research: its potential impact on understanding health disparities. Human Genomics, 9(1), 115.Google Scholar
Morning, A. (2011) The nature of race. University of California Press. Kindle Edition.Google Scholar
Murdoch, S. (2007) IQ: A smart history of a failed idea. Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
National Genome Research Institute (2018) Frequently asked questions about genetic and genomic science. https://bit.ly/384l9BOGoogle Scholar
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2021) How many oceans are there? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/howmanyoceans.htmlGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. (2005) Heredity, environment, and race differences in IQ: a commentary on Rushton and Jensen. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(2), 302310.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. (2009) Intelligence and how to get it. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Olson, S. (2002) Mapping human history. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Omi, M. & Winant, H. (2014) Racial formation in the United States. Routledge.Google Scholar
Panofsky, A., Dasgupta, K., & Iturriaga, N. (2021) How white nationalists mobilize genetics: from genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75, 387398. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24150Google Scholar
Roberts, D. (2011) Fatal invention. The New Press.Google Scholar
Romualdi, C., Balding, D., Nasidze, I. et al. (2002) Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms. Genome Research, 12(4), 602612. DOI: 10.1101/gr.214902Google Scholar
Rotimi, C. N. (2004) Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and “race”? Nature Genetics, 36, S43S47. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1439Google Scholar
Rutherford, A. (2017) A brief history of everyone who ever lived: the human story retold through our genes. Experiment.Google Scholar
Rutherford, A. (2020) How to argue with a racist: what our genes do (and don’t) say about human difference. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Schuster, S., Miller, W., Ratan, A. et al. (2010) Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa. Nature, 463, 943947. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08795Google Scholar
Shenk, David (2010) The genius in all of us. Doubleday.Google Scholar
Smedley, A. & Smedley, B. D. (2005) Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60(1), 1626.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Grigorenko, E. L., & Kidd, K. K. (2005) Intelligence, race, and genetics. American Psychologist, 60(1), 4659.Google Scholar
Sussman, R. (2014) The myth of race: the troubling persistence of an unscientific idea. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Suzuki, L. & Aronson, J. (2005) The cultural malleability of intelligence and its impact on the racial/ethnic hierarchy. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 11(2), 320327.Google Scholar
Tattersall, I. & DeSalle, R. (2011) Race? Debunking a scientific myth. Texas A&M Press.Google Scholar
Templeton, A. R. (1998) Human races: a genetic and evolutionary perspective. American Anthropologist, 100(3), 632650. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632Google Scholar
Templeton, A. R. (2013) Biological races in humans. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 44(3), 262271.Google Scholar
Tishkoff, S. & Kidd, K. (2004) Implications of biogeography of human populations for “race” and medicine. Nature Genetics, 36, S21S27. https://bit.ly/3guqup1Google Scholar
Track and Field News (n.d.) History of Olympic results: high jump – men https://trackandfieldnews.com/olympic-results/history-of-olympic-results-high-jump-men/Google Scholar
Trahan, L. H. & Stuebing, K. K. (2014) The Flynn effect: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(5), 13321360. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037173Google Scholar
Vick, A. D. & Burris, H. H. (2017) Epigenetics and health disparities. Current Epidemiology Reports, 4(1), 3137.Google Scholar
Wagner, J. K., Yu, J.-H., Ifekwunigwe, T. M. et al. (2017) Anthropologists’ views on race, ancestry, and genetics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 162 (2), 318327.Google Scholar
Wells, S. 2002. The journey of man. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wicherts, J. M., Borsboom, D., & Dolan, C. V. (2010) Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 48 (2), 9196.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019) Racism and health: evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 105125.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R. & Sternthal, M. (2010) Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: sociological contributions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51 (S1), s15s27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383838Google Scholar
Williams, J. E. (2016) Decoding racial ideology in genomics. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Witzig, R. (1996) The medicalization of race: scientific legitimization of a flawed social construct. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125 (8) 675679.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2006) Sickle-cell anemia: report by the secretariat. https://bit.ly/3gtLNHlGoogle Scholar
Wrigley-Field, E. (2020) U.S. racial inequality may be as deadly as COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences, 117(36), 2185421856.Google Scholar
Yearby, R. (2018) Racial disparities in health status and access to healthcare: the continuation of inequality in the united states due to structural racism. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77, 11131152. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12230Google Scholar
Yearby, R. (2021) Race based medicine, colorblind disease: how racism in medicine harms us all. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(2), 19-27https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1851811Google Scholar
Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R. et al. (2016) Taking race out of human genetics. Science, 351(6273), 564565. https://bit.ly/2O2bdzGGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×