Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:07:10.432Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Staging of Cognition in Psychiatric Illness

from Section 2 - Progress with Clinical Staging

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2019

By
Kelly Allott
Edited by
Patrick D. McGorry  and
Ian B. Hickie
Patrick D. McGorry
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Ian B. Hickie
Affiliation:
University of Sydney
Get access

Summary

While cognitive disturbances are core to psychiatric illnesses, the timing and progression of impairments and whether they fit with a staging model remains an open question. Cognitive deficits can emerge as early neurodevelopmental or trait-based markers of illness, state-based disturbances that co-occur with psychiatric symptoms, and/or may progress over time. In this chapter, a review of the literature on cognitive functioning in major psychiatric disorders within the clinical staging model is presented. Most of the existing research has examined cognition in separate diagnostic groups, but mixed or transdiagnostic studies are included where possible in an attempt to draw on commonalities across psychopathology. Cognition research has dominated the psychosis field for decades, with strong evidence that impairments emerge early and tend to remain relatively stable in individuals. The evidence for progression of cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorder is limited, but the strongest evidence for progression is in mood disorders, where there has been a recent growth of research. Anxiety and eating disorders have also received increasing attention, with evidence of cognitive impairment in cross-sectional studies, but longitudinal research is needed. Given the significant heterogeneity in cognitive functioning between and within psychiatric disorder groups, a staging model of cognition that can be applied transdiagnostically may be the way forward, so that the cognitive profile of the individual informs functional prognosis and the appropriate and individualised delivery of treatments.

Keywords

clinical stagingtransdiagnosticmental disorderscognition
Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical Staging in Psychiatry
Making Diagnosis Work for Research and Treatment
 , pp. 140 - 171
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramovitch, A., Abramowitz, J. S., & Mittelman, A. (2013). The neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1163–1171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adolphs, R. (2009). The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 693–716.Google Scholar
Airaksinen, E., Larsson, M., & Forsell, Y. (2005). Neuropsychological functions in anxiety disorders in population-based samples: evidence of episodic memory dysfunction. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39(2), 207–214.Google Scholar
Allen, K. L., Byrne, S. M., Hii, H., van Eekelen, A., Mattes, E., & Foster, J. K. (2013). Neurocognitive functioning in adolescents with eating disorders: a population-based study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(5), 355–375.Google Scholar
Allott, K., Fisher, C. A., Amminger, G. P., Goodall, J., & Hetrick, S. (2016). Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar? Brain and Behavior, 6(10), e00527.Google Scholar
Allott, K., Proffitt, T.-M., McGorry, P. D., Pantelis, C., Wood, S. J., Cumner, M., & Brewer, W. J. (2013). Clinical neuropsychology within adolescent and young-adult psychiatry: conceptualizing theory and practice. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 2(1), 47–63.Google Scholar
Allott, K., Schafer, M. R., Thompson, A., Nelson, B., Bendall, S., Bartholomeusz, C. F., … Amminger, G. P. (2014). Emotion recognition as a predictor of transition to a psychotic disorder in ultra-high risk participants. Schizophrenia Research, 153(1–3), 25–31.Google Scholar
Alves, M. R. P., Pereira, V. M., Machado, S., Nardi, A. E., & Silva, A. (2013). Cognitive functions in patients with panic disorder: a literature review. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 35(2), 193–200.Google Scholar
Amminger, G. P., Schafer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., Klier, C. M., Schlogelhofer, M., Mossaheb, N., … McGorry, P. D. (2012). Emotion recognition in individuals at clinical high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(5), 1030–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreou, C., & Bozikas, V. P. (2013). The predictive significance of neurocognitive factors for functional outcome in bipolar disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(1), 54–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arango, C., Fraguas, D., & Parellada, M. (2014). Differential neurodevelopmental trajectories in patients with early-onset bipolar and schizophrenia disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(Suppl. 2), S138–S146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arts, B., Jabben, N., Krabbendam, L., & van Os, J. (2008). Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 38(6), 771–785.Google Scholar
Austin, M. P., Mitchell, P., & Goodwin, G. M. (2001). Cognitive deficits in depression: possible implications for functional neuropathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 200–206.Google Scholar
Balanza-Martinez, V., Rubio, C., Selva-Vera, G., Martinez-Aran, A., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Salazar-Fraile, J., … Tabares-Seisdedos, R. (2008). Neurocognitive endophenotypes (endophenocognitypes) from studies of relatives of bipolar disorder subjects: a systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(8), 1426–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barder, H. E., Sundet, K., Rund, B. R., Evensen, J., Haahr, U., Hegelstad, W. T., … Friis, S. (2013). Neurocognitive development in first episode psychosis 5 years follow-up: associations between illness severity and cognitive course. Schizophrenia Research, 149(1–3), 63–69.Google Scholar
Batty, G. D., Mortensen, E. L., & Osler, M. (2005). Childhood IQ in relation to later psychiatric disorder: evidence from a Danish birth cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 180–181.Google Scholar
Baune, B. T., Fuhr, M., Air, T., & Hering, C. (2014). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder: a review. Psychiatry Research, 218, 261–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaudreau, S. A., & O’Hara, R. (2008). Late-life anxiety and cognitive impairment: a review. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(10), 790–803.Google Scholar
Bechdolf, A., Ratheesh, A., Cotton, S. M., Nelson, B., Chanen, A. M., Betts, J., … McGorry, P. D. (2014). The predictive validity of bipolar at-risk (prodromal) criteria in help-seeking adolescents and young adults: a prospective study. Bipolar Disorders, 16(5), 493–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belleau, E. L., Phillips, M. L., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D. A., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2013). Aberrant executive attention in unaffected youth at familial risk for mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 397–400.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Harrison, B. J., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2013). Cognitive impairment in euthymic major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 43(10), 2017–2026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Lin, A., Wood, S. J., Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., & Pantelis, C. (2014). Cognitive deficits in youth with familial and clinical high risk to psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Bora, E., & Murray, R. M. (2014). Meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 744–755.Google Scholar
Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2013). Theory of mind impairments in first-episode psychosis, individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis and in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 144(1–3), 31–36.Google Scholar
Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2015). Meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder: comparison with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(5), 1095–1104.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Vahip, S., Akdeniz, F., Gonul, A. S., Eryavuz, A., Ogut, M., & Alkan, M. (2007). The effect of previous psychotic mood episodes on cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients. Bipolar Disorders, 9(5), 468–477.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009a). Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009b). Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and affective psychoses: meta-analytic study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(6), 475–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009c). Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 109(1–3), 1–9.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2010). Cognitive impairment in affective psychoses: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 112–125.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., & Berk, M. (2011). Meta-analytic review of neurocognition in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123(3), 165–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourke, C., Douglas, K., & Porter, R. (2010). Processing of facial emotion expression in major depression: a review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(8), 681–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourne, C., Aydemir, O., Balanza-Martinez, V., Bora, E., Brissos, S., Cavanagh, J. T. O., … Goodwin, G. M. (2013). Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128(3), 149–162.Google Scholar
Bowie, C. R., Grossman, M., Gupta, M., Oyewumi, L. K., & Harvey, P. D. (2014). Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: efficacy and effectiveness in patients with early versus long-term course of illness. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 8, 32–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozikas, V. P., & Andreou, C. (2011). Longitudinal studies of cognition in first episode psychosis: a systematic review of the literature. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(2), 93–108.Google Scholar
Brewer, W. J., Wood, S. J., Phillips, L. J., Francey, S. M., Pantelis, C., Yung, A. R., … McGorry, P. D. (2006). Generalized and specific cognitive performance in clinical high-risk cohorts: a review highlighting potential vulnerability markers for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(3), 538–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brotman, M. A., Guyer, A. E., Lawson, E. S., Horsey, S. E., Rich, B. A., Dickstein, D. P., … Leibenluft, E. (2008). Facial emotion labeling deficits in children and adolescents at risk for bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 385–389.Google Scholar
Cannon, M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Taylor, A., Murray, R. M., & Poulton, R. (2002). Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(5), 449–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Murray, R. M., Harrington, H., & Poulton, R. (2006). Neuropsychological performance at the age of 13 years and adult schizophreniform disorder: prospective birth cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 463–464.Google Scholar
Cannon, T. D., Huttunen, M. O., Lonnqvist, J., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Pirkola, T., Glahn, D., … Koskenvuo, M. (2000). The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, 369–382.Google Scholar
Castaneda, A. E., Suvisaari, J., Marttunen, M., Perala, J., Saarni, S. I., Aalto-Setala, T., … Tuulio-Henriksson, A. (2011). Cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of young adults with anxiety disorders. European Psychiatry, 26(6), 346–353.Google Scholar
Castaneda, A. E., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Marttunen, M., Suvisaari, J., & Lonnqvist, J. (2008). A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106(1–2), 1–27.Google Scholar
Cavedini, P., Zorzi, C., Piccinni, M., Cavallini, M. C., & Bellodi, L. (2010). Executive dysfunctions in obsessive-compulsive patients and unaffected relatives: searching for a new intermediate phenotype. Biological Psychiatry, 67(12), 1178–1184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comparelli, A., Corigliano, V., De Carolis, A., Mancinelli, I., Trovini, G., Ottavi, G., … Girardi, P. (2013). Emotion recognition impairment is present early and is stable throughout the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 143(1), 65–69.Google Scholar
Conus, P., Ward, J., Hallam, K. T., Lucas, N., Macneil, C., McGorry, P. D., & Berk, M. (2008). The proximal prodrome to first episode mania: a new target for early intervention. Bipolar Disorders, 10(5), 555–565.Google Scholar
Cooper, S. A., Smiley, E., Morrison, J., Williamson, A., & Allan, L. (2007). Mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence and associated factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 27–35.Google Scholar
Correll, C. U., Penzner, J. B., Lencz, T., Auther, A., Smith, C. W., Malhotra, A. K., … Cornblatt, B. A. (2007). Early identification and high-risk strategies for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9(4), 324–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daban, C., Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Balanza-Martinez, V., Salazar-Fraile, J. S., … Vieta, E. (2006). Specificity of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia: a systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(2), 72–84.Google Scholar
Daglas, R., Allott, K., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., Macneil, C. A., Berk, M., & Cotton, S. M. (2016). The trajectory of cognitive functioning following first episode mania: a 12-month follow-up study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(12), 1186–1197.Google Scholar
Daglas, R., Yucel, M., Cotton, S., Allott, K., Hetrick, S., & Berk, M. (2015). Cognitive impairment in first-episode mania: a systematic review of the evidence in the acute and remission phases of the illness. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 3, 9.Google Scholar
Dalili, M. N., Penton-Voak, I. S., Harmer, C. J., & Munafo, M. R. (2015). Meta-analysis of emotion recognition deficits in major depressive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 45(6), 1135–1144.Google Scholar
Daros, A. R., Zakzanis, K. K., & Rector, N. A. (2014). A quantitative analysis of facial emotion recognition in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 215(3), 514–521.Google Scholar
David, A. S., Zammit, S., Lewis, G., Dalman, C., & Allebeck, P. (2008). Impairments in cognition across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders: evidence from a Swedish conscript cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1035–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Garcia Dominguez, M., Viechtbauer, W., Simons, C. J. P., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). Are psychotic psychopathology and neurocognition orthogonal? A systematic review of their associations. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 157–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeJong, H., van den Eynde, F., Broadbent, H., Kenyon, M. D., Lavender, A., Startup, H., & Schmidt, U. (2013). Social cognition in bulimia nervosa: a systematic review. European Psychiatry, 28(1), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demenescu, L. R., Kortekaas, R., den Boer, J. A., & Aleman, A. (2010). Impaired attribution of emotion to facial expressions in anxiety and major depression. PLoS One, 5(12), e15058.Google Scholar
Depp, C. A., Mausbach, B. T., Harmell, A. L., Savla, G. N., Bowie, C. R., Harvey, P. D., & Patterson, T. L. (2012). Meta-analysis of the association between cognitive abilities and everyday functioning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 14(3), 217–226.Google Scholar
Dickinson, D., Ramsey, M. E., & Gold, J. M. (2007). Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 532–542.Google Scholar
DiGangi, J. A., Gomez, D., Mendoza, L., Jason, L. A., Keys, C. B., & Koenen, K. C. (2013). Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 728–744.Google Scholar
Dotson, V. M., Resnick, S. M., & Zonderman, A. B. (2008). Differential association of concurrent, baseline, and average depressive symptoms with cognitive decline in older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(4), 318–330.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. M., & Porter, R. J. (2009). Longitudinal assessment of neuropsychological function in major depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(12), 1105–1117.Google Scholar
Edwards, J., Pattison, P. E., Jackson, H. J., & Wales, R. J. (2001). Facial affect and affective prosody recognition in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 48, 235–253.Google Scholar
Elshahawi, H. H., Essawi, H., Rabie, M. A., Mansour, M., Beshry, Z. A., & Mansour, A. N. (2011). Cognitive functions among euthymic bipolar I patients after a single manic episode versus recurrent episodes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1–2), 180–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faraone, S. V., Seidman, L. J., Kremen, W. S., Toomey, R., Pepple, J. R., & Tsuang, M. T. (2000). Neuropsychologic functioning among the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients: the effect of genetic loading. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 120–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fett, A. K., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M. D., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 573–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, M., Loewy, R., Hardy, K., Schlosser, D., & Vinogradov, S. (2013). Cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in the prodromal and early phases of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 435–463.Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social cognition: from brains to culture (2nd ed.). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P., Deste, G., Smieskova, R., Barlati, S., Yung, A. R., Howes, O., … Borgwardt, S. (2012). Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6), 562–571.Google Scholar
Gale, C. R., Batty, G. D., McIntosh, A. M., Porteous, D. J., Deary, I. J., & Rasmussen, F. (2013). Is bipolar disorder more common in highly intelligent people? A cohort study of a million men. Molecular Psychiatry, 18(2), 190–194.Google Scholar
Gigi, K., Werbeloff, N., Goldberg, S., Portuguese, S., Reichenberg, A., Fruchter, E., & Weiser, M. (2014). Borderline intellectual functioning is associated with poor social functioning, increased rates of psychiatric diagnosis and drug use: a cross sectional population based study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(11), 1793–1797.Google Scholar
Giuliano, A. J., Li, H. J., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Sorenson, S. M., Woodberry, K. A., & Seidman, L. J. (2012). Neurocognition in the psychosis risk syndrome: a quantitative and qualitative review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(4), 399–415.Google Scholar
Glahn, D. C., Almasy, L., Barguil, M., Hare, E., Peralta, J. M., Kent, J. W., … Escamilla, M. A. (2010). Neurocognitive endophenotypes for bipolar disorder identified in multiplex multigenerational families. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 168–177.Google Scholar
Goschke, T. (2014). Dysfunctions of decision-making and cognitive control as transdiagnostic mechanisms of mental disorders: advances, gaps, and needs in current research. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23 (Suppl. 1), 41–57.Google Scholar
Green, M. F., Bearden, C. E., Cannon, T. D., Fiske, A. P., Hellemann, G. S., Horan, W. P., … Nuechterlein, K. H. (2012). Social cognition in schizophrenia, part 1: performance across phase of illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 854–864.Google Scholar
Harvey, P. D. (2014). What is the evidence for changes in cognition and functioning over the lifespan in patients with schizophrenia? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 34–38.Google Scholar
Hasselbalch, B. J., Knorr, U., & Kessing, L. V. (2011). Cognitive impairment in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134(1–3), 20–31.Google Scholar
Hauser, M., Zhang, J. P., Sheridan, E. M., Burdick, K. E., Mogil, R., Kane, J. M., … Correll, C. U. (2017). Neuropsychological test performance to enhance identification of subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis and to be most promising for predictive algorithms for conversion to psychosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(1), E28–E40.Google Scholar
Hedman, A. M., van Haren, N. E. M., van Baal, C. G. M., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2013). IQ change over time in schizophrenia and healthy individuals: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 146(1–3), 201–208.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12(3), 426–445.Google Scholar
Hermens, D. F., Naismith, S. L., Lagopoulos, J., Lee, R. S., Guastella, A. J., Scott, E. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2013). Neuropsychological profile according to the clinical stage of young persons presenting for mental health care. BMC Psychology, 1(1), 8.Google Scholar
Hetrick, S. E., Parker, A. G., Hickie, I. B., Purcell, R., Yung, A. R., & McGorry, P. D. (2008). Early identification and intervention in depressive disorders: towards a clinical staging model. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77(5), 263–270.Google Scholar
Hoff, A. L., Svetina, C., Shields, G., Stewart, J., & DeLisi, L. E. (2005). Ten year longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning subsequent to a first episode of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 78(1), 27–34.Google Scholar
Holthausen, E. A., Wiersma, D., Sitskoorn, M. M., Hijman, R., Dingemans, P. M., Schene, A. H., & van den Bosch, R. J. (2002). Schizophrenic patients without neuropsychological deficits: subgroup, disease severity or cognitive compensation? Psychiatry Research, 112, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, C., Roman, G., Hart, M. J., & Ensor, R. (2013). Does maternal depression predict young children’s executive function? A 4-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 169–177.Google Scholar
Irani, F., Kalkstein, S., Moberg, E. A., & Moberg, P. J. (2011). Neuropsychological performance in older patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(6), 1318–1326.Google Scholar
Jarros, R. B., Salum, G. A., da Silva, C. T. B., Toazza, R., Costa, M. D., de Salles, J. F., & Manfro, G. G. (2012). Anxiety disorders in adolescence are associated with impaired facial expression recognition to negative valence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(2), 147–151.Google Scholar
Kanakam, N., Raoult, C., Collier, D., & Treasure, J. (2013). Set shifting and central coherence as neurocognitive endophenotypes in eating disorders: a preliminary investigation in twins. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14(6), 464–475.Google Scholar
Kanakam, N., & Treasure, J. (2013). A review of cognitive neuropsychiatry in the taxonomy of eating disorders: state, trait, or genetic? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(1–2), 83–114.Google Scholar
Kapczinski, F., Magalhaes, P. V., Balanza-Martinez, V., Dias, V. V., Frangou, S., Gama, C. S., … Berk, M. (2014). Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force Report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(5), 354–363.Google Scholar
Keefe, R. S. E. (1995). The contribution of neuropsychology to psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 6–15.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2015). IQ and schizophrenia in a Swedish national sample: their causal relationship and the interaction of IQ with genetic risk. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(3), 259–265.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627.Google Scholar
Khandaker, G. M., Barnett, J. H., White, I. R., & Jones, P. B. (2011). A quantitative meta-analysis of population-based studies of premorbid intelligence and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 132(2–3), 220–227.Google Scholar
Khandaker, G. M., Stochl, J., Zammit, S., Lewis, G., & Jones, P. B. (2014). A population-based longitudinal study of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, IQ and subsequent risk of psychotic experiences in adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 44(15), 3229–3238.Google Scholar
Kim, H. S., Shin, N. Y., Jang, J. H., Kim, E., Shim, G., Park, H. Y., … Kwon, J. S. (2011). Social cognition and neurocognition as predictors of conversion to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk. Schizophrenia Research, 130(1–3), 170–175.Google Scholar
Klimes-Dougan, B., Ronsaville, D., Wiggs, E. A., & Martinez, P. E. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent children of mothers with a history of bipolar or major depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 60(9), 957–965.Google Scholar
Klimkeit, E. I., Tonge, B., Bradshaw, J. L., Melvin, G. A., & Gould, K. (2011). Neuropsychological deficits in adolescent unipolar depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(7), 662–676.Google Scholar
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Roberts, A. L., Martin, L. T., Kubzansky, L., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2009). Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders: a test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 50–57.Google Scholar
Kohler, C. G., Hoffman, L. J., Eastman, L. B., Healey, K., & Moberg, P. J. (2011). Facial emotion perception in depression and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Psychiatry Research, 188(3), 303–309.Google Scholar
Kohler, C. G., Walker, J. B., Martin, E. A., Healey, K. M., & Moberg, P. J. (2010). Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(5), 1009–1019.Google Scholar
Koutsouleris, N., Davatzikos, C., Bottlender, R., Patschurek-Kliche, K., Scheuerecker, J., Decker, P., … Meisenzahl, E. M. (2012). Early recognition and disease prediction in the at-risk mental states for psychosis using neurocognitive pattern classification. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(6), 1200–1215.Google Scholar
Kurtz, M. M., & Gerraty, R. T. (2009). A meta-analytic investigation of neurocognitive deficits in bipolar illness: profile and effects of clinical state. Neuropsychology, 23(5), 551–562.Google Scholar
Kyte, Z. A., Goodyer, I. M., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005). Selected executive skills in adolescents with recent first episode major depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(9), 995–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, K., Lopez, C., Stahl, D., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2014a). Central coherence in eating disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(8), 586–598.Google Scholar
Lang, K., Stahl, D., Espie, J., Treasure, J., & Tchanturia, K. (2014b). Set shifting in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: an exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(4), 394–399.Google Scholar
Lavoie, M. A., Plana, I., Lacroix, J. B., Godmaire-Duhaime, F., Jackson, P. L., & Achim, A. M. (2013). Social cognition in first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 209(2), 129–135.Google Scholar
Lee, J., Altshuler, L., Glahn, D. C., Miklowitz, D. J., Ochsner, K., & Green, M. F. (2013a). Social and nonsocial cognition in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: relative levels of impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 334–341.Google Scholar
Lee, R. S., Hermens, D. F., Porter, M. A., & Redoblado-Hodge, M. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in first-episode major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140(2), 113–124.Google Scholar
Lee, R. S., Hermens, D. F., Redoblado-Hodge, M. A., Naismith, S. L., Porter, M. A., Kaur, M., … Hickie, I. B. (2013b). Neuropsychological and socio-occupational functioning in young psychiatric outpatients: a longitudinal investigation. PLoS One, 8(3), e58176.Google Scholar
Lee, R. S., Hermens, D. F., Scott, J., Redoblado-Hodge, M. A., Naismith, S. L., Lagopoulos, J., … Hickie, I. B. (2014). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological functioning in first-episode bipolar disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 57, 1–11.Google Scholar
Lee, T. Y., Hong, S. B., Shin, N. Y., & Kwon, J. S. (2015). Social cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 164(1–3), 28–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leopold, R., & Backenstrass, M. (2015). Neuropsychological differences between obsessive-compulsive washers and checkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 30, 48–58.Google Scholar
Lewin, A. B., Larson, M. J., Park, J. M., McGuire, J. F., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2014). Neuropsychological functioning in youth with obsessive compulsive disorder: an examination of executive function and memory impairment. Psychiatry Research, 216(1), 108–115.Google Scholar
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lim, J., Rekhi, G., Rapisarda, A., Lam, M., Kraus, M., Keefe, R. S., & Lee, J. (2015). Impact of psychiatric comorbidity in individuals at ultra high risk of psychosis: findings from the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study (LYRIKS). Schizophrenia Research, 164, 8–14.Google Scholar
Lin, A., Reniers, R. L. E. P., & Wood, S. J. (2013). Clinical staging in severe mental disorder: evidence from neurocognition and neuroimaging. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(Suppl. 54), s11–s17.Google Scholar
Lin, A., Wood, S. J., Nelson, B., Brewer, W. J., Spiliotacopoulos, D., Bruxner, A., … Yung, A. R. (2011). Neurocognitive predictors of functional outcome two to 13 years after identification as ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 132, 1–7.Google Scholar
Lopez, C., Stahl, D., & Tchanturia, K. (2010). Estimated intelligence quotient in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Annals of General Psychiatry, 9, 40.Google Scholar
Lopez-Jaramillo, C., Lopera-Vasquez, J., Gallo, A., Ospina-Duque, J., Bell, V., Torrent, C., … Vieta, E. (2010). Effects of recurrence on the cognitive performance of patients with bipolar I disorder: implications for relapse prevention and treatment adherence. Bipolar Disorders, 12(5), 557–567.Google Scholar
Maalouf, F. T., Brent, D., Clark, L., Tavitian, L., McHugh, R. M., Sahakian, B. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2011). Neurocognitive impairment in adolescent major depressive disorder: state vs. trait illness markers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133(3), 625–632.Google Scholar
MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Reichenberg, A., … Hultman, C. M. (2010). Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 109–115.Google Scholar
MacCabe, J. H., Wicks, S., Lofving, S., David, A. S., Berndtsson, A., Gustafsson, J. E., … Dalman, C. (2013). Decline in cognitive performance between ages 13 and 18 years and the risk for psychosis in adulthood: a Swedish longitudinal cohort study in males. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 261–270.Google Scholar
Mann-Wrobel, M. C., Carreno, J. T., & Dickinson, D. (2011). Meta-analysis of neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: an update and investigation of moderator variables. Bipolar Disorders, 13(4), 334–342.Google Scholar
Martinez-Aran, A., Vieta, E., Reinares, M., Colom, F., Torrent, C., Sanchez-Moreno, J., … Salamero, M. (2004). Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 262–270.Google Scholar
Martino, D. J., Samame, C., Ibanez, A., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2015). Neurocognitive functioning in the premorbid stage and in the first episode of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review in Clinical Psychology, 1, 167–195.Google Scholar
McClintock, S. A., Husain, M. M., Greer, T. L., & Cullum, C. M. (2010). Association between depression severity and neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder: a review and synthesis. Neuropsychology, 24(1), 9–34.Google Scholar
McDermott, L. M., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2009). A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1–3), 1–8.Google Scholar
McGorry, P. D., Keshavan, M., Goldstone, S., Amminger, P., Allott, K., Berk, M., … Hickie, I. (2014). Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 13, 211–223.Google Scholar
Mesholam-Gately, R., Giuliano, A. J., Faraone, S. V., Goff, K. P., & Seidman, L. J. (2009). Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 23(3), 315–336.Google Scholar
Metzler, S., Dvorsky, D., Wyss, C., Muller, M., Gerstenberg, M., Traber-Walker, N., … Heekeren, K. (2015). Changes in neurocognitive functioning during transition to manifest disease: comparison of individuals at risk for schizophrenic and bipolar affective psychoses. Psychological Medicine, 45(10), 2123–2134.Google Scholar
Meyer, S. E., Carlson, G. A., Wiggs, E. A., Martinez, P. E., Ronsaville, D. S., Klimes-Dougan, B., … Radke-Yarrow, M. (2004). A prospective study of the association among impaired executive functioning, childhood attentional problems, and the development of bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 461–476.Google Scholar
Micco, J. A., Henin, A., Biederman, J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Petty, C., Rindlaub, L. A., … Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2009). Executive functioning in offspring at risk for depression and anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 26(9), 780–790.Google Scholar
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., … Young, L. J. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 11, 141–168.Google Scholar
Morgan, V. A., Leonard, H., Bourke, J., & Jablensky, A. (2008). Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 364–372.Google Scholar
Motter, J. N., Pimontel, M. A., Rindskopf, D., Devanand, D. P., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Sneed, J. R. (2016). Computerized cognitive training and functional recovery in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 184–191.Google Scholar
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., … Urbina, S. (1996). Intelligence: knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist, 51(2), 77–101.Google Scholar
Niendam, T. A., Bearden, C. E., Johnson, J. K., McKinley, M., Loewy, R., O’Brien, M., … Cannon, T. D. (2006). Neurocognitive performance and functional disability in the psychosis prodrome. Schizophrenia Research, 84(1), 100–111.Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Watkins, E. R. (2011). A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 589–609.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, K., & Newman, E. F. (2014). Neuropsychological impairments in panic disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 268–284.Google Scholar
O’Toole, M. S., & Pedersen, A. D. (2011). A systematic review of neuropsychological performance in social anxiety disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 65(3), 147–161.Google Scholar
Ohmuro, N., Matsumoto, K., Katsura, M., Obara, C., Kikuchi, T., Hamaie, Y., … Matsuoka, H. (2015). The association between cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms in at-risk mental state: a comparison with first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 162(1–3), 67–73.Google Scholar
Oldershaw, A., Hambrook, D., Stahl, D., Tchanturia, K., Treasure, J., & Schmidt, U. (2011). The socio-emotional processing stream in anorexia nervosa. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 970–988.Google Scholar
Olley, A., Malhi, G. S., Mitchell, P. B., Batchelor, J., Lagopoulos, J., & Austin, M. P. (2005). When euthymia is just not good enough: the neuropsychology of bipolar disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(5), 323–330.Google Scholar
Olvet, D. M., Burdick, K. E., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2013). Assessing the potential to use neurocognition to predict who is at risk for developing bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(1–2), 129–145.Google Scholar
Olvet, D. M., Stearns, W. H., McLaughlin, D., Auther, A. M., Correll, C. U., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2010). Comparing clinical and neurocognitive features of the schizophrenia prodrome to the bipolar prodrome. Schizophrenia Research, 123(1), 59–63.Google Scholar
Orru, G., Pettersson-Yeo, W., Marquand, A. F., Sartori, G., & Mechelli, A. (2012). Using support vector machine to identify imaging biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disease: a critical review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1140–1152.Google Scholar
Owen, M. J. (2012). Intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorders: a continuum of neurodevelopmental causality. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 268–269.Google Scholar
Palmer, B. W., Heaton, R. K., Paulsen, J. S., Kuck, J., Braff, D., Harris, M. J., … Jeste, D. V. (1997). Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal? Neuropsychology, 11(3), 437–446.Google Scholar
Pantelis, C., Wannan, C., Bartholomeusz, C. F., Allott, K., & McGorry, P. D. (2015). Cognitive intervention in early psychosis: preserving abilities versus remediating deficits. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 63–72.Google Scholar
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008). Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 947–957.Google Scholar
Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Green, M. F., Buck, B., Healey, K., & Harvey, P. D. (2014). The Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation Study: results of the expert survey and RAND panel. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 813–823.Google Scholar
Plana, I., Lavoie, M. A., Battaglia, M., & Achim, A. M. (2014). A meta-analysis and scoping review of social cognition performance in social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 169–177.Google Scholar
Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., Reitsma, J. B., & Olff, M. (2012). The role of executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(1), 11–21.Google Scholar
Pukrop, R., & Klosterkotter, J. (2010). Neurocognitive indicators of clinical high-risk states for psychosis: a critical review of the evidence. Neurotoxicity Research, 18(3–4), 272–286.Google Scholar
Rajji, T. K., Ismail, Z., & Mulsant, B. H. (2009). Age at onset and cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(4), 286–293.Google Scholar
Rajji, T. K., & Mulsant, B. H. (2008). Nature and course of cognitive function in late-life schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 102(1–3), 122–140.Google Scholar
Ratheesh, A., Lin, A., Nelson, B., Wood, S. J., Brewer, W., Betts, J., … Bechdolf, A. (2013). Neurocognitive functioning in the prodrome of mania: an exploratory study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 441–445.Google Scholar
Reichenberg, A., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E., Murray, R. M., … Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(2), 160–169.Google Scholar
Reichenberg, A., Harvey, P. D., Bowie, C. R., Mojtabai, R., Rabinowitz, J., Heaton, R. K., & Bromet, E. (2009). Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(5), 1022–1029.Google Scholar
Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Rabinowitz, J., Caspi, A., Schmeidler, J., Mark, M., … Davidson, M. (2002). A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 2027–2035.Google Scholar
Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Rapp, M. A., Rabinowitz, J., Caspi, A., Schmeidler, J., … Davidson, M. (2005). Elaboration on premorbid intellectual performance in schizophrenia: premorbid intellectual decline and risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1297–1304.Google Scholar
Reinares, M., Papachristou, E., Harvey, P., Mar Bonnin, C., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Torrent, C., … Frangou, S. (2013). Towards a clinical staging for bipolar disorder: defining patient subtypes based on functional outcome. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144(1–2), 65–71.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. J., & Ferrier, I. N. (2006). Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of cross-sectional evidence. Bipolar Disorders, 8(2), 103–116.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. J., Thompson, J. M., Gallagher, P., Goswami, U., Young, A. H., Ferrier, I. N., & Moore, P. B. (2006). A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 105–115.Google Scholar
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014). Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2029–2040.Google Scholar
Rosa, A. R., Magalhaes, P. V., Czepielewski, L., Sulzbach, M. V., Goi, P. D., Vieta, E., … Kapczinski, F. (2014). Clinical staging in bipolar disorder: focus on cognition and functioning. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(5), e450–e456.Google Scholar
Samame, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2012). Social cognition in euthymic bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analytic approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(4), 266–280.Google Scholar
Samame, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2013). A quantitative review of neurocognition in euthymic late-life bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 15(6), 633–644.Google Scholar
Samame, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2014). Longitudinal course of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: a meta-analytic study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 130–138.Google Scholar
Sarapas, C., Shankman, S. A., Harrow, M., & Goldberg, J. F. (2012). Parsing trait and state effects of depression severity on neurocognition: evidence from a 26-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 830–837.Google Scholar
Savla, G. N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C. C., Penn, D. L., & Twamley, E. W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(5), 979.Google Scholar
Schmid, M., & Hammar, A. (2013). A follow-up study of first episode major depressive disorder: impairment in inhibition and semantic fluency – potential predictors for relapse? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 633.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C., Matt, G. E., Wrocklage, K. M., Crnich, C., Jordan, J., Southwick, S. M., … Schweinsburg, B. C. (2015). A quantitative meta-analysis of neurocognitive functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 105–140.Google Scholar
Seaton, B. E., Goldstein, G., & Allen, D. N. (2001). Sources of heterogeneity in schizophrenia: the role of neuropsychological functioning. Neuropsychology Review, 11(1), 45–67.Google Scholar
Shen, C., Popescu, F. C., Hahn, E., Ta, T. T., Dettling, M., & Neuhaus, A. H. (2014). Neurocognitive pattern analysis reveals classificatory hierarchy of attention deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(4), 878–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, N. Y., Lee, T. Y., Kim, E., & Kwon, J. S. (2014). Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(6), 1121–1130.Google Scholar
Simonsen, C., Sundet, K., Vaskinn, A., Birkenaes, A. B., Engh, J. A., Faerden, A. … & Andreassen, O. A. (2011). Neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders depends on history of psychosis rather than diagnostic group. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(1), 73–83.Google Scholar
Sitskoorn, M. M., Aleman, A., Ebisch, S. J. H., Appels, M. C. M., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Cognitive deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2–3), 285–295.Google Scholar
Snitz, B. E., Macdonald, A. W., 3rd, & Carter, C. S. (2006). Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(1), 179–194.Google Scholar
Snyder, H. R. (2013). Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 81–132.Google Scholar
Snyder, H. R., Kaiser, R. H., Warren, S. L., & Heller, W. (2015a). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(2), 301–330.Google Scholar
Snyder, H. R., Miyake, A., & Hankin, B. L. (2015b). Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 24.Google Scholar
Sole, B., Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., Bonnin, C. M., Reinares, M., Popovic, D., … Vieta, E. (2011). Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 1791–1803.Google Scholar
Sprong, M., Schothorst, P., Vos, E., Hox, J., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Theory of mind in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 5–13.Google Scholar
Stefanopoulou, E., Manoharan, A., Landau, S., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G., & Frangou, S. (2009). Cognitive functioning in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 21(4), 336–356.Google Scholar
Strejilevich, S. A., Samame, C., & Martino, D. J. (2015). The trajectory of neuropsychological dysfunctions in bipolar disorders: a critical examination of a hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 396–402.Google Scholar
Sutterby, S. R., & Bedwell, J. S. (2012). Lack of neuropsychological deficits in generalized social phobia. PLoS One, 7(8), e42675.Google Scholar
Svirskis, T., Korkeila, J., Heinimaa, M., Huttunen, J., Ilonen, T., Ristkari, T., … Salokangas, R. K. R. (2005). Axis-I disorders and vulnerability to psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 75(2–3), 439–446.Google Scholar
Szoke, A., Trandafir, A., Dupont, M.-E., Meary, A., Schurhoff, F., & Leboyer, M. (2008). Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 248–257.Google Scholar
Talarowska, M., Zajaczkowska, M., & Galecki, P. (2015). Cognitive functions in first-episode depression and recurrent depressive disorder. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(1), 38–43.Google Scholar
Tempesta, D., Mazza, M., Serroni, N., Moschetta, F. S., Di Giannantonio, M., Ferrara, M., & De Berardis, D. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning in young subjects with generalized anxiety disorder with and without pharmacotherapy. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 45, 236–241.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, J., Haukka, J., Henriksson, M., Cannon, M., Kieseppa, T., Laaksonen, I., … Lonnqvist, J. (2005). Premorbid intellectual functioning in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: results from a cohort study of male conscripts. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(10), 1904–1910.Google Scholar
Torres, I. J., Boudreau, V. G., & Yatham, L. N. (2007). Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116(Suppl. 434), 17–26.Google Scholar
Torres, I. J., Kozicky, J., Popuri, S., Bond, D. J., Honer, W. G., Lam, R. W., & Yatham, L. N. (2014). 12-month longitudinal cognitive functioning in patients recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 16, 159–171.Google Scholar
Treasure, J., Stein, D., & Maguire, S. (2015). Has the time come for a staging model to map the course of eating disorders from high risk to severe enduring illness? An examination of the evidence. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 9(3), 173–184.Google Scholar
Trotta, A., Murray, R. M., & MacCabe, J. H. (2015). Do premorbid and post-onset cognitive functioning differ between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 45, 381–394.Google Scholar
Uren, J., Cotton, S., Killackey, E., Saling, M., & Allott, K. (2017). Cognitive clusters in first-episode psychosis: overlap with healthy controls and relationship to concurrent and prospective symptoms and functioning. Neuropsychology, 31(7), 787–797.Google Scholar
Van den Eynde, F., Guillaume, S., Broadbent, H., Stahl, D., Campbell, I. C., Schmidt, U., & Tchanturia, K. (2011). Neurocognition in bulimic eating disorders: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(2), 120–140.Google Scholar
Viswanath, B., Janardhan Reddy, Y. C., Kumar, K. J., Kandavel, T., & Chandrashekar, C. R. (2009). Cognitive endophenotypes in OCD: a study of unaffected siblings of probands with familial OCD. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33(4), 610–615.Google Scholar
Vorstman, J. A., Breetvelt, E. J., Duijff, S. N., Eliez, S., Schneider, M., Jalbrzikowski, M., … Bassett, A. S. (2015). Cognitive decline preceding the onset of psychosis in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(4), 377–385.Google Scholar
Weiser, M., Reichenberg, A., Kravitz, E., Lubin, G., Shmushkevich, M., Glahn, D. C., … Davidson, M. (2008). Subtle cognitive dysfunction in nonaffected siblings of individuals affected by nonpsychotic disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 63(6), 602–608.Google Scholar
Weiser, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J., Knobler, H. Y., Lubin, G., Yazvitzky, R., … Davidson, M. (2004). Cognitive performance of male adolescents is lower than controls across psychiatric disorders: a population-based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(6), 471–475.Google Scholar
Whitney, J., Howe, M., Shoemaker, V., Li, S., Sanders, E. M., Dijamco, C., … Chang, K. (2013). Socio-emotional processing and functioning of youth at high risk for bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(1), 112–117.Google Scholar
Wood, S. J., Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., & Pantelis, C. (2011). Neuroimaging and treatment evidence for clinical staging in psychotic disorders: from the at-risk mental state to chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 70(7), 619–625.Google Scholar
Wood, S. J., Yung, A. R., & Pantelis, C. (2013). Cognitive precursors of severe mental disorders. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(1–2), 1–8.Google Scholar
Woodberry, K. A., Giuliano, A. J., & Seidman, L. J. (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(5), 579–587.Google Scholar
Wu, M., Brockmeyer, T., Hartmann, M., Skunde, M., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. C. (2014). Set-shifting ability across the spectrum of eating disorders and in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 44(16), 3365–3385.Google Scholar
Zakzanis, K. K., Campbell, Z., & Polsinelli, A. (2010). Quantitative evidence for distinct cognitive impairment in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Neuropsychology, 4(Pt 1), 89–106.Google Scholar
Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., David, A. S., Dalman, C., Hemmingsson, T., Lundberg, I., & Lewis, G. (2004). A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(4), 354–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×