Index

Anders Bo Rasmussen

doi:10.1017/9781108980135.017

Index

Abolitionism, 35, 67, 68, 75, 89, 123, 268, 289

and revolution of 1848, 24

Adam Smith, 4

Alabama, xii, 97, 119, 156, 202, 240, 242, 246–248, 262, 265, 267, 274, 344, 345

and battle of Mobile Bay, 242–248

Alaska, 57, 288, 304–306, 319, 326, 331, 340

Alaska purchase, 305–306

Andersen, Hans Christian, 32

and race, 42–43

Antietam Creek, 215

Arkansas, 205, 218, 220, 236, 262, 268, 280–282, 346, 347

and cotton expeditions at Helena

and early Reconstruction, 262–267, 280–283, See Freedpeople

Austria, 4, 17, 24, 254, 256

Balling, Ole, xii, 28, 101, 106, 107, 113, 233, 285

meeting with President Lincoln, 233

Bates, Edward, 173

Beecher, Henry Ward, 287

Abolitionism, 73

and Scandinavian immigrant admiration of, 76

Belgium, 4

Benjamin, Judah P., 158–160

Bismarck, Otto von, 254, 256

Booth, Sherman, 85–87

Borchsenius, Hans, 87–91, 95, 211, 315, 329

Boutwell, George S., 245

Bremer, Fredrika, 32, 33, 41, 58, 73

Brooklyn, New York, 73, 80

Brown County, Wisconsin, 10, 55, 57, 71, 92–94, 154, 181, 187, 208, 210, 225, 232, 241, 242, See New Denmark, Wisconsin

Butler, Benjamin, 105, 288

Canby, Edward, 246

Cavling, Henrik, 319

Census, United States, 170, 175, 182

(1790), 130

(1850), 4, 54, 148

(1860), 91, 174, 181, 183, 187, 241

Charles (Karl) XV, King, 169

China, 132, 164, 270, 288

Christian VIII, King, 25

citizenship, 1, 2, 7, 9, 35, 44, 46, 48, 50, 68, 92, 160, 166, 167, 169, 171–175, 177, 180, 182, 183, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 207, 215, 221, 224, 229, 232, 241, 243, 244, 249, 255, 267, 269–271, 279, 287, 290, 294, 296, 299, 308, 313, 314, 317, 318, 328, 329

and 1866 congressional debate, 270–271

and definition during 1862 draft. See Draft

birthright, 311

and declaration of intent, 92

duties, 172

Clausen, Claus L., xii, 31, 34–35, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52, 60, 62, 64, 67, 73, 75, 80, 114, 115, 122, 125, 128, 130, 288, 293

colonialism, 12, 130, 141, 142, See Settler colonialism

colonization, xi, 2, 14, 23, 41, 42, 77, 130, 143, 156–162, 164, 166, 172, 215, 259, 295, 301

African-American opposition to, 140

Danish officials’ hierarchy of laborers, 141

Liberia, 23

US–Danish agreement (1862), 130–142

Confederacy, 97

and desertion, 206

diplomacy, 158

German immigrants in, 204

Irish immigrants in, 203

Scandinavian immigrants in, 201–206

Confederate States of America, 6

Confiscation Act (1861), 1

Conscription. See Draft

Cowan, Edgar, 270

Cuba, 5, 23, 49, 56, 85, 135, 139, 301, 307, 321, 325, 326, 331, 339

Dakota, 148, See US–Dakota War (1862)

and removal, 144

Dakota territory, 59, 147, 155, 297

De Geoffroy, L., 253

Democratic Party, 8, 13, 67, 68, 70, 82, 85, 87, 88, 93, 184, 207, 211, 212, 217, 235, 235, 315, 318

Diplomacy

and US Caribbean expansion, 5, 59, 67, 76, 119, 300–309, 325, 325, 329, 330

Doolittle, James, 5

Douglas, Stephen, 92

Douglass, Frederick, xii, 23, 24, 162, 224, 297, 314, 325, 326, 337

draft, 167, 170, See citizenship

impressment, 168

Militia Act (1862), 167

resistance to, 172–197, 207

election

gubernatorial, Wisconsin (1863), 211

midterm (1854), 69

midterm (1862), 207, 211

midterm (1866), 311

presidential (1852), 68

presidential (1860), 91

presidential (1864), 235–240

presidential (1868), 92, See voting

Emancipation Proclamation

Scandinavian response to, 173, 224, 241

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (1862), 215–217

Emigranten, xii, 1, 57, 67, 73, 79, 95, 101, 108, 110–124, 130, 141–144, 147, 150, 154, 167, 175, 178, 180, 182–186, 200, 201, 208, 211, 215, 220, 222, 224, 226, 227, 233, 234, 236, 239, 256, 258, 263, 265, 267–269, 271, 287, 292, 298, 310, 313–315, 334, 352

and growth in readership, 88

and perceptions of race, 268, See freedpeople

and presidential election (1860), 91–96

emigration, 167

America letters, 34

pamphlets, 33

pull factors, 35, 65

push factors, 29, 35

empire, x, xi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 85, 97, 166, 253, 284, 293, 294, 299, 306, 308, 324, 329, 330

American, 1, 2, 5, 6, 85, 87, 166, 172, 253, 293, 294, 299, 324, 329

Roman, 4

Texas as, 97

enlistment, 15

motivations for, 103, 111, 128, 180, 210

resistance to, 174, 184, 207, 258

equality, 7, 46, 54, 63, 93, 290, 297, 329

and citizenship, 30, 46, 47, 90, 98, 103, 113, 125, 197, 200, 223, 224, 271, 278, 283, 288

and emigration, 50, 53, 55, 61, 65

and landownership, 54, 57

and race, 67, 84, 93, 120, 121, 125, 128, 160, 220, 223, 224, 228, 249, 261, 267, 271, 278, 282, 287, 292, 298, 315, 317, 319, See citizenship

Fish, Hamilton, 325

Fleischer, Knud J., 69

Florida, 97

Folkebladet, 89

Forty-Eighters

German, 65

France, 4, 21, 27, 51, 137, 163, 165, 166, 185, 187, 193, 255, 302, 304, 327

free labor, 7, 13, 22, 23, 57, 60, 66, 69, 73, 79, 84, 91, 125, 136, 144, 279, 281–283, 288, 297, 299, 313, 317

free soil, 60, 66–71, 73, 79, 82–84, 91, 329

freedpeople, 9, 16, 43, 125, 142, 158, 163, 215, 221–224, 241, 248, 249, 261, 264, 266–269, 272, 279–282, 297–299, 308, 312, 316, 318, 319, 330

and discussions of suffrage, 316

and post-war poverty, 282

and Scandinavian retreat from Reconstruction, 316

Scandinavian editors’ perception of, 313–314, 317–319

Fremad

and support for Democratic Party, 133, 286, 293, 315, 316, 318, 334, 351

Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 86

Fædrelandet, 38, 69, 70, 109, 125, 127, 143, 156, 222, 228, 229, 233–235, 239, 253, 256, 259, 268, 269, 295–298, 310, 318, 334

Gaylord, Augustus, 176

Georgia, 97

God. See religion

Grant, Ulysses S., xii, 208, 285, 324, 324

Great Britain, 4, 180, 217

Green Bay Advocate, 14, 92, 93, 154, 191, 198, 217, 334

Grossstaatenbildung, 3, 29, 254, See threshold principle

Grundtvig, N. F. S., 292

and abolitionism, 73, 123

and inspiring anti-slavery ideas, 123, 128

Grönlund, Laurence, 293

Guthrie, James, 270

Hasselquist, Tuve N., xii, 89, 90

Heg, Even, 49, 66

Heg, Hans, xii, 68, 71, 72, 84–86, 110–115, 125, 214, 216, 234, 235, 239

and abolitionism, 86

organizing the 15th Wisconsin Regiment, 110–114

Helena, Arkansas, 205, 218

Hemlandet, xii, 1, 14, 89, 90, 96, 114, 115, 142–144, 150–153, 175, 201, 214, 215, 222, 224, 228, 236–238, 256, 267, 278, 283, 284, 295, 299, 310–315, 318, 324, 334

and influence on political opinions, 89

herrenvolk, 48, See white man’s republic

Hobsbawm, Eric, 3, 4, 7

and threshold principle, 3

Holland, 4, 217

Homestead Act (1862), 166–170, 215, 282, 293–295

and connection to colonization negotiations, 142

as emigration pull factor. See emigration

as Scandinavian immigrant dream, 144

Howard, Jacob, 270

Illinois, 26, 50, 89–91, 97, 108, 109, 115, 123, 125, 184, 195, 196, 229, 265, 283, 286, 289, 292, 298, 299, 310, 311, 327, 328, 334, 337, 338, 343, 352

immigrants, 168

and ethnic regiments, 112

and foreign policy. See diplomacy

and Union war effort, 166

and voting, 95, 96

as constituents, 13

as settlers, 13

claims of alienage, 180, 192, 194

Dutch, 187

fight between Irish and Scandinavian soldiers, 115

French, 93, 191

German, 8, 49, 95, 98, 112, 128, 166, 174, 176, 187, 192, 194, 207, 235, 242, 245, 270, 298, 315, See voting

Irish, 8, 96, 98, 112, 128, 166, 174, 180, 187, 188, 192, 206–208, 222, 229, 235, 242, 243, 245, 298, 315, See election, draft

Scandinavian, 5, 7, 49, 88, 174, 192, 207, 297, 298, 315

tension between, 208, 222, 235, 241, 298, 315

imperialism. See empire

Indiana, 47, 95, 174, 178, 193, 239

Johnson, Andrew, 261, 309, 311, 313, 317

and Special Field Order no. 15, 268

impeachment of, 309–314

Kirkelig Maanedstidende, 75, 76, 79, 287, 334

Kleinstaaterei, 3, 6, 17, 97, 165, 254, 301, 322, 330, 331, See threshold principle

Ku Klux Klan, 312, 317

landownership, 2, 7, 13, 15, 34, 35, 44, 48, 53–55, 59, 64–66, 155, 156, 167, 210, 261, 292, 293, 296, 298, 328–330

liberty, 7, 46, 297, See citizenship

Lincoln, Abraham, 1, 2, 4, 215, 253, See Republican Party

assassination of, 260–261

Scandinavian immigrants’ reaction to assassination, 262–264

Scandinavian support for, 236

Linneaus, Carl von, 39

List, Friedrich, 3, 7

Louisiana, 97

Maryland, 193

Mattson, Hans, xii, 5, 28, 59, 96, 115, 264, 280, 283, 329, 332

and Republican support, 96

as Republican politician, 284

Militia Act (1862), 171

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 34, 63, 64, 84–86, 175, 184, 185, 187, 190, 194, 196, 238, 298, 315, 328, 334

Minnesota, 91, See also US–Dakota War (1862)

Minnesota Posten, 89

Mississippi, 97

Montgomery, Alabama, 6, 247, 248

Morton, Oliver P., 178

Muskego, Wisconsin, 49

Native Americans, 143, See Dakota, Stockbridge

and removal, 143

Scandinavian immigrant perceptions of, 147

nativism, 67, 69

Naturalization Act (1790), 173

Nelson, Knute, 284, 329, 341

as Republican politician, 284

New Denmark, Wisconsin

and draft resistance. See Draft

and election of 1860, 94

and ethnic composition, 91

and illness, 209, 273

Nordlyset, 54, 55, 56, 66, 75, 83, 334

Nordstjernen, 73, 81, 91

Norwegian Synod, xii, 8, 75, 76, 116, 117, 119, 121–124, 128, 289–292, 338, 342, See Claus Clausen

and ties to the German Missouri Synod, 75

conflict over slavery’s sinfulness. See religion

Ohio, 193

Pennsylvania, 193

Pierce, Franklin, 68

Plymouth Church. See Henry Ward Beecher

Polk, James K., 5

population, 3, See threshold principle

Portugal, 4

Pottawatomie, 58

Prussia, 4

Rasmussen, Fritz, xi, xii, 61–65, 91–93, 183, 188–191, 198, 199, 206, 214, 225, 229, 233, 238, 245, 248, 263, 265, 267, 272, 277

and criticism of Abraham Lincoln, 229

and mental health, 274, 276

and opposition to military service, 229

and post-war support for Republican Party. See Republican Party

and support for local Democratic candidate, 207

and support for Republican Party, 191, 208

and voting, 91, 207, 212, 285

perceptions of Irish, 229

resistance to military service, 232

Rasmussen, Sidsel. See women

recaptives

as part of colonization negotiations, 133–135

Danish officials’ view of, 140

Reese, Charles M., 68, 82, 83, 91

Religion, 12, 13, 43, 46, 49, 65, 70, 73, 80, 90, 125, 127, 128, 146, 185, 224, 287, 291, 312, 329

and abolitionism, 73, 79

and Catholicism, 128, 185

and freedom from state churches, 80

and patriotism, 127

and Protestantism, 125, 128, 146

Republican Party, 8, 13, 67, 69, 71, 90, 91, 175, 279

and Caribbean expansion, 330

and homestead advocacy, 140, See Homestead Act (1862)

and impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 310

and post-war policy positions, 270

and Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. See Emancipation Proclamation

and question of slavery, 125

and soldiers’ vote, 237

post-war coalition of, 312

radical wing of, 288, 303, 311, See immigrants

Scandinavian support for, 66, 67, 70–73, 82–85, 88, 90, 96, 175, 211, 217, 279, 283, 285, 313, 327, See election

Wisconsin as birthplace of, 92

Robinson, Charles D., 92

Rock, John S., 140, 142, 314

Russia. See Alaska purchase

Rynning, Ole

True Account of America, 33

Raaslöff, Waldemar, xii, 130, 131, 135, 156, 164, 165, 172, 253, 256, 260, 261, 302, 322, 323

relationship with William H. Seward. See colonization. See West Indies

Salomon, Edward, 176, 184

Santo Domingo, 321, 325, 326, 353, See West Indies

Scandinavianism

revolution of 1848, 28–29

Schleswig War, First (1848), 27

Schleswig War, Second (1864), 16, 254

as emigration push factor. See Emigration

consequences of, 255–258

Schleswig-Holstein

and Forty-Eighters, 30

and revolution of 1848, 27, 121

Schurz, Carl

as Republican politician, 286

scientific racism, 12, 35, 41, 306

settler colonialism, 7, 54, 67, 68, 143, 155, 244

and Scandinavian immigrants, 295–297

settlers, 45, 233, 244, 294

Seward, Frederick W., 172, 300

Seward, William H., 4, 5, 6, 166, 169, 173, 175, 193, 194, 215, 253, 309, 324

Sherman, William, 268

Sioux. See Dakota

Skandinaven, 90, 278, 283, 284, 289, 290, 295, 311, 334

slavery, 1, 5

opposition to, 66, 69

Solberg, Carl Fredrik, xii, 80, 81, 110, 112, 114, 117, 142, 178, 224, 235, 268, 271, 333, See Emigranten

South Carolina, 6, 8, 97, 119, 136, 138, 141, 142, 262, 268, 297, 319, 321, 341, 347, 353

Spain, 4

St. Croix, 21–23, 131, 141, 157, 158, 163, 164, 171, 254, 259, 289, 302–304, 333, 339, 343, 349, See West Indies

St. Jan (John). See West Indies

St. Thomas. See West Indies

Stanton, Edwin M., 176–179, 310

Stockbridge, 243, 244

Stockholm, Sweden, 25, 40, 156, 169, 170, 282, 336, 344, 347, 348

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 71, 287

suffrage. See voting

Sumner, Charles B., 136, 287, 288, 303, 310, 319–327, 340

and attempted purchase of Danish West Indies, 305–307

and opposition to purchase of Danish West Indies, 303

and ratification of Alaska purchase, 305

Svenska Republikanen, 89

Taney, Roger B., 86

territory, 2, 3, 5, See threshold principle

Texas, xi, 30, 47–49, 54, 57, 59, 97, 119, 146, 201, 202, 282, 350, 353

The Chicago Tribune, 283

The North Star, 23

Thrane, Marcus, 25, 26, 78, 286, 288, 345

threshold principle, 3–7, 16, 27, 49, 87, 97, 119, 130, 132, 143, 255, 294, 304, 326–327, See empire

and Eric Hobsbawm, 4

and Friedrich List, 4

definition, 3

Trumbull, Lyman, 157, 159, 270, 271

US–Dakota War (1862), 222

as justification for settlement, 153–155

causes of, 143–149

Scandinavian immigrants in, 153

voting, 16, 46, 96, 177, 178, 192, 195, 197, 202, 225, 237, 238, 244, 245, 267, 269, 305, 313, 318, 331, See citizenship

Germans. See election

Irish. See election

post-war opposition to African-American suffrage, 269–270

Scandinavians. See election

Warner, Hans B.

as Republican politician, 284

Wergeland, Henrik, 32, 33, 114

West Indies

and emancipation (1848), 21–23

and attempted American expansion, 253–255

Danish, 15, 16, 21, 22, 106, 132–134, 157, 159, 253, 255, 256, 260, 300–311, 320, 327, 330, 331, 338, 343, 345, 348, 350, 352, See abolitionism

French, 21, 23, 42, See abolitionism

reasons for failed purchase of, 300–311, See Sumner, Charles B.

white man’s republic, 217

immigrant support for, 14, 57

Lincoln administration’s commitment to, 6, 137

Winnebago, 59

Wisconsin, 49, 91, 193, 243

9th Wisconsin Regiment (German), 212, See election

15th Wisconsin Regiment, 125, 236, 283, See election

17th Wisconsin Regiment (Irish), 116, See election

draft, 172–197

women, 93

and Scandinavian immigrants’ perceptions of gender roles, 274–279

and voting, 272

as caretakers, 209

domestic role, 199, 272–274, 275, 278

freedwomen, 281, 288

perceptions of Irish, 188

race, 223

as servants, 65

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