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Part IV - The Islamic World

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 September 2021

Edited by
Craig Perry ,
David Eltis ,
Stanley L. Engerman  and
David Richardson
Craig Perry
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
David Eltis
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta
Stanley L. Engerman
Affiliation:
University of Rochester, New York
David Richardson
Affiliation:
University of Hull
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The Cambridge World History of Slavery , pp. 335 - 428
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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References

A Guide to Further Reading

Amitai, Reuven and Cluse, Christoph (eds.), Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000–1500 CE) (Turnhout, 2017).Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Debra, Enemies & Familiars: Slavery and Mastery in Fifteenth-Century Valencia (Ithaca, NY, 2009).Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, W. G., Islam and the Abolition of Slavery (Oxford, 2006).Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge, 1980).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fynn-Paul, Jeff, “Empire, Monotheism and Slavery in the Greater Mediterranean Region from Antiquity through the Early Modern Era,” Past and Present, 205 (2009): 3–40.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew S., The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200–275/815–889 C.E.) (Albany, NY, 2001).Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew S. and Kathryn A. Hain (eds.), Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History (New York, 2017).Google Scholar
Hogendorn, Jan S., “The Location of the ‘Manufacture’ of Eunuchs,” in Toru, Miura and Philips, John Edward (eds.), Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa (London, 2000), pp. 41–68.Google Scholar
Mattson, Ingrid, “A Believing Slave is Better than an Unbeliever” (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1999).Google Scholar
Meouak, Mohamed, Saqaliba, eunuques et esclaves à la conquête du pouvoir (Helsinki, 2004).Google Scholar
Perry, Craig, “The Daily Lives of Slaves and the Global Reach of Slavery in Medieval Egypt, 969–1250 CE” (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Emory University, 2014).Google Scholar
Majied Robinson, Marriage in the Tribe of Muhammad: A Statistical Study of Early Arabic Genealogical Literature (Berlin, 2020).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, William D. Jr., Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia (Philadelphia, PA, 2014).Google Scholar
Toledano, Ehud, Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East (Seattle, WA, 1998).Google Scholar
Urban, Elizabeth, Conquered Populations in Early Islam: Non-Arabs, Slaves, and the Sons of Slave Mothers (Edinburgh, 2020).Google Scholar
Zilfi, Madeline C., Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, 2010).Google Scholar

A Guide to Further Reading

Bosworth, Clifford E., The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran (Edinburgh, 1963).Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Indrani and Eaton, Richard M. (eds.), Slavery and South Asian History (Bloomington, IN, 2006).Google Scholar
De la Vaissière, Étienne. Samarcande et Samarra: élites d’Asie centrale dans l’empire abbasside (Leuven, 2007).Google Scholar
Habib, Irfan, “Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Evidence from Sufi Literature,” Indian Historical Review, 15 (1988–1989): 248–256.Google Scholar
Habib, Irfan and Raychaudhuri, Tapan, The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol. 1: c. 1200–c. 1750 (Cambridge, 1982).Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter, The Delhi Sultanate (Cambridge, 1999).Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter, “The Mamlūk Institution in Early Muslim India,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 122 (1990): 340–358.Google Scholar
Kumar, Sunil, “Bandagī and Naukarī: Studying Transition in Political Culture and Service under the North Indian Sultanates, Thirteenth to the Sixteenth Centuries,” in Orsini, Francesca and Sheikh, Samira (eds.), After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth-Century North India (Oxford, 2014).Google Scholar
Kumar, Sunil, The Emergence of Delhi Sultanate (New Delhi, 2007).Google Scholar
Kumar, Sunil, “When Slaves were Nobles: The Shamsi Bandagan in the Early Delhi Sultanate,” Studies in History, 10 (1994): 23–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, Jürgen, The State and the Military: The Samanid Case (Bloomington, IN, 1994).Google Scholar
Wink, André, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vols. 2 and 3 (Leiden, 1997–2004).Google Scholar

A Guide to Further Reading

Two recent monographs provide a general overview of the Mamluks and the Mamluk system: Loiseau’s, Julien, Les mamelouks. XIIIe–XVIe siècle (Paris, 2014) and Eychenne’s, Mathieu, Liens personnels, clientélisme et réseaux de pouvoir dans le sultanat mamelouk (milieu XIIIe–fin XIVe siècles) (Damas-Beyrouth, 2013). In English, there is a series of articles by Koby Yosef based on his 2011 Ph.D. thesis, “Ethnic Groups, Social Relationships and Dynasty in the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517),” 2 vols., in Hebrew (Tel Aviv University). They include: “Dawlat al-atrak or dawlat al-mamalik? Ethnic Origin or Slave Origin as the Defining Characteristic of the Ruling Elite in the Mamluk Sultanate,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 39 (2012): 387–410; “Mamluks and Their Relatives in the Period of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517),” Mamluk Studies Review, 16 (2012): 55–69; “Ikhwa, Muwakhun and Khushdashiyya in the Mamluk Sultanate,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 40 (2013): 335–362; “The Term Mamluk and Slave Status during the Mamluk Sultanate,” Al-Qantara 19 (2013): 7–34; “Masters and Slaves: Substitute Kinship in the Mamluk Sultanate,” in Vermeulen, Urbain, D’hulster, Kristof, and Van Steenbergen, Jo (eds.), Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras VIII (Leuven, 2016), pp. 557–579; “Usages of Kinship Terminology during the Mamluk Sultanate and the Notion of the ‘Mamluk Family,’” in Ben-Bassat, Yuval (ed.), Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History. Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni (Leiden, 2017), pp. 16–75; “Cross-Boundary Hatred: (Changing) Attitudes towards Mongol and ‘Christian’ mamlūks in the Mamluk Sultanate,” in Amitai, Reuven and Conermann, Stephan (eds.), The Mamluk Sultanate from the Perspective of Regional and World History: Economic, Social and Cultural Development in an Era of Increasing International Interaction and Competition (Göttingen, 2019), pp. 149–214.

Ayalon’s, David work is still essential reading. See “L’esclavage du mamelouk,” The Israel Oriental Society, 1 (1951): 1–66; “Aspects of the Mamluk Phenomenon. Part I: The Importance of the Mamluk Institution,” Der Islam, 53 (1976): 44–58; “Aspects of the Mamluk Phenomenon. Part II: Ayyubids, Kurds, and Turks,” Der Islam, 54 (1977): 1–32. See also Northrup, Linda S., “The Bahri Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1390,” in Petry, Carl (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1, Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 242–289, and Jean-Claude Garcin, “The Regime of the Circassian Mamluks,” in Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1, pp. 290–317.

Hassanein Rabie studies the education and training of new Mamluks in “The Training of the Mamluk Faris,” in Parry, V. J. and Yapp, M. E. (eds.), War, Technology and Society in the Middle East (London, 1975), pp. 153–163. David Ayalon gives a good overview of the essential arts of horseback-riding and armed combat in Mamluk-era literature in “Notes on the Furusiyya Exercises and Games in the Mamluk Sultanate,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, 9 (1961): 31–62. See also Haarmann, Ulrich, “The Late Triumph of the Persian Bow: Critical Voices on the Mamluk Monopoly on Weaponry,” in Parry, V. J. and Yapp, M. E. (eds.), The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 174–187, and al-Sarraf, Shihab, “Mamluk Furusiyah Literature and its Antecedents,” Mamluk Studies Review, 8 (2004): 141–200.

For additional information about eunuchs, see Ayalon, David, “The Eunuchs in the Mamluk Sultanate,” in Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (ed.), Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 267–295; Ayalon, , “On the Eunuchs in Islam,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 1 (1979): 67–124; Ayalon, , “On the Term Khadim in the Sense of ‘Eunuch’ in the Early Muslim Sources,” Arabica, 32 (1985): 289–308; Ayalon, , Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study of Power Relationships (Jerusalem, 1999), and Shaun Marmon, Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society (New York, 1995).

For the situation of women, and especially female slaves in Mamluk society, see al-Raziq, Ahmad Abd, La femme au temps des Mamlouks en Égypte (Cairo, 1973); Chapoutot-Remadi, Mounira, “Femmes dans la ville mamlūke,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 38 (1995): 145–164, and Frenkel, Yehoshua, “Slave Girls and Learned Teachers: Women in Mamluk Sources,” in Ben-Bassat, Yuval (ed.), Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History. Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni (Leiden, 2017), pp. 158–176. The chronicler al-Biqaʿi and the notary Aḥmad Ibn Ṭawq provide valuable insights from the domestic sphere in Guo, Li, “Tales of a Medieval Cairene Harem: Domestic Life in al-Biqāʿī’s Autobiographical Chronicle,” Mamluk Studies Review, 9 (2005): 101–121, and Wollina, Torsten, Zwanzig Jahre Alltag. Lebens-, Welt- und Selbstbild im Journal des Aḥmad Ibn Ṭawq (Göttingen, 2014), pp. 64–69.

Work on the scarce extant documents pertaining to slavery has been done by al-Raziq, Ahmad Abd, “Un document concernant le mariage des esclaves au temps des Mamlūks,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 13 (1970): 309–314; Little, Donald, “Six Fourteenth Century Purchase Deeds for Slaves from al-Ḥaram aš-Šarīf,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 131 (1981): 297–337; Little, , “Two Fourteenth-Century Court Records from Jerusalem Concerning the Disposition of Slaves by Minors,” Arabica, 29 (1982): 16–49; Ragib, Yusuf, Actes de vente d’esclaves et d’animaux d’Egypte médiévale, 2 vols. (Cairo, 2002, 2006).

On the slave trade there is Hannah Barker, ‘That Most Precious Merchandise’: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260–1500 (Philadelphia, 2019), as well as the highly recommended work by Amitai, Reuven, “Diplomacy and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Re-examination of the Mamluk-Byzantine-Genoese Triangle in the Late Thirteenth Century in Light of the Existing Early Correspondence,” Oriente modern, 88 (2008): 349–368; Ehrenkreutz, Andrew, “Strategic Implications of the Slave Trade between Genoa and Mamluk Egypt in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century,” in Udovitch, Abraham (ed.), The Islamic Middle East, 700–1900 (Princeton, NJ, 1981), pp. 335–345; Kedar, Benjamin, “Segurano-Sakran Salvaygo: un mercante genovese al servizio dei sultani mamalucchi, c. 1303–1322,” in Dini, Bruno (ed.), Fatti e idee di storia economica nei secoli XII–XX: Studi dedicati a Franco Borlandi (Bologna, 1977), pp. 75–91, and Sato, Tsugitaka, “Slave Traders and Kārīmī Merchants during the Mamluk Period: A Comparative Study,” Mamlūk Studies Review, 10 (2006): 141–56. Yusuf Ragib has valuable descriptions on slave markets, see “Les marchés aux esclaves en terre d’Islam,” in Italiano di, Centro Medioevo, Studi sull’Alto (ed.), Mercati et mercanti nell’alto medioevo. L’area Euroasiatica e l’area Mediterranea (Spoleto, 1993), pp. 721–66. For an overview of the Mamluk slave trade in other Mediterranean markets see Amitai, Reuven and Cluse, Christoph (eds.), Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1000–1500 CE) (Turnhout, 2017).

A Guide to Further Reading

Dávid, Géza, and Fodor, Pál (eds.), Ransom Slavery along the Ottoman Borders (Leiden, 2007).Google Scholar
Erdem, Y. Hakan, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1900 (London, 1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya, Slavery in the Ottoman World: A Literature Survey, Otto Spies Memorial Lecture Series, ed. Conermann, Stephan and Şen, Gül (Berlin, 2017).Google Scholar
Hanna, Nelly, “Sources for the Study of Slave Women and Concubines in Ottoman Egypt,” in Sonbol, Amira el-Azhary (ed.), Beyond the Exotic: Women’s Histories in Islamic Societies (Syracuse, 2005), pp. 119–130.Google Scholar
Hathaway, Jane. Beshir Aga: Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Imperial Harem (Oxford, 2005).Google Scholar
Pierce, Leslie, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire (Oxford, 1993).Google Scholar
Sahillioğlu, Halil, “Slaves in the Social and Economic Life of Bursa in the Late 15th and Early 16th centuries,” Turcica, 17 (1985): 43–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seng, Yvonne J., “Fugitives and Factotums: Slaves in Early Sixteenth-Century Istanbul,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 39 (1996): 136–169.Google Scholar
Seng, Yvonne J. “A Liminal State: Slavery in Sixteenth-Century Istanbul,” in Marmon, Shaun (ed.), Slavery in the Islamic Middle East (Princeton, NJ, 1999), pp. 25–42.Google Scholar
Sobers-Khan, Nur, “Firasetle Nazar Edesin: Recreating the Gaze of the Ottoman Slave Owner at the Confluence of Textual Genres,” in Firges, Pascal W., Graf, Tobias P., Roth, Christian, and Tulasoğlu, Gülay (eds.), Well-Connected Domains: Towards an Entangled Ottoman History (Leiden, 2014), pp. 93–109.Google Scholar
Sobers-Khan, Nur, Slaves without Shackles: Forced Labour and Manumission in the Galata Court Registers, 1560–1572 (Berlin, 2014).Google Scholar
Toledano, Ehud, Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East (Seattle, WA, 1998).Google Scholar
Toledano, Ehud, “The Concept of Slavery in Ottoman and other Muslim Societies: Dichotomy or Continuum?” in Toru, Miura and Philips, John Edward (eds.), Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study (London, 2000), pp. 159–175.Google Scholar
Zilfi, Madeline, “Thoughts on Women and Slavery in the Ottoman Era and Historical Sources,” in Sonbol, (ed.), Beyond the Exotic, pp. 131–138.Google Scholar
Zilfi, Madeline C., Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, 2010).Google Scholar

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