Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Summary of treatment modalities in psychiatric disorders
- Part III Specific treatments
- 9 Delirium
- 10 Management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and acquired brain injury
- 11 Dementia: pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and guideline review
- 12 Pharmacological treatment of psychosis and depression in neurological disease in older adults
- 13 Psychological treatments of alcohol use disorders
- 14 Pharmacotherapy of alcohol misuse, dependence and withdrawal
- 15 Educational interventions for alcohol use disorders
- 16 Complex interventions for alcohol use disorders
- 17 Complementary and alternative medicine for alcohol misuse
- 18 Empirically validated psychological therapies for drug dependence
- 19 Treatment of stimulant dependence
- 20 Treatment of opioid dependence
- 21 Treatment of sedative-hypnotic dependence
- 22 Treatment of cannabis dependence
- 23 Treatment of nicotine dependence
- 24 Treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders
- 25 Pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia
- 26 Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia
- 27 Psychopharmacology of mood disorders
- 28 Efficacy of brain stimulation and neurosurgical procedures for treatment of mood disorders
- 29 Psychotherapy for depression: current empirical status and future directions
- 30 Alternative therapies for mood disorders
- 31 Treatment of generalised anxiety and somatoform disorders
- 32 Panic disorder
- 33 Specific phobias and agoraphobia
- 34 Social phobia
- 35 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 36 Post-traumatic stress disorders and adjustment disorders
- 37 Psychopharmacology of eating disorders
- 38 Other somatic physical treatments and complex interventions for eating disorders
- 39 Psychological treatments for eating disorders
- 40 Educational interventions for eating disorders
- 41 Alternative treatments for eating disorders
- 42 Complex treatments for eating disorders
- 43 Personality disorder
- 44 Other treatments for persistent disturbances of behaviour
- 45 Effectiveness of treatments of sexual disorders
- 46 Disorders of gender identity
- 47 Psychological treatments for children and adolescents
- 48 Drugs and other physical treatments
- 49 Educational interventions and alternative treatments
- 50 Attachment insecurity and attachment disorder
- 51 Feeding and sleeping disorders in infancy and early childhood
- 52 Evaluating interventions for children with autism and intellectual disabilities
- 53 ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder
- 54 Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
- 55 Treatment of depressive disorders in children and adolescents
- 56 Treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents
- 57 Anxiety disorders
- 58 Treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents
- Appendix I Summary of specific drugs having evidence of effectiveness in mental disorders
- Appendix II Key to effectiveness tables
- Index
- References
55 - Treatment of depressive disorders in children and adolescents
from Part III - Specific treatments
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 May 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Summary of treatment modalities in psychiatric disorders
- Part III Specific treatments
- 9 Delirium
- 10 Management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and acquired brain injury
- 11 Dementia: pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and guideline review
- 12 Pharmacological treatment of psychosis and depression in neurological disease in older adults
- 13 Psychological treatments of alcohol use disorders
- 14 Pharmacotherapy of alcohol misuse, dependence and withdrawal
- 15 Educational interventions for alcohol use disorders
- 16 Complex interventions for alcohol use disorders
- 17 Complementary and alternative medicine for alcohol misuse
- 18 Empirically validated psychological therapies for drug dependence
- 19 Treatment of stimulant dependence
- 20 Treatment of opioid dependence
- 21 Treatment of sedative-hypnotic dependence
- 22 Treatment of cannabis dependence
- 23 Treatment of nicotine dependence
- 24 Treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders
- 25 Pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia
- 26 Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia
- 27 Psychopharmacology of mood disorders
- 28 Efficacy of brain stimulation and neurosurgical procedures for treatment of mood disorders
- 29 Psychotherapy for depression: current empirical status and future directions
- 30 Alternative therapies for mood disorders
- 31 Treatment of generalised anxiety and somatoform disorders
- 32 Panic disorder
- 33 Specific phobias and agoraphobia
- 34 Social phobia
- 35 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 36 Post-traumatic stress disorders and adjustment disorders
- 37 Psychopharmacology of eating disorders
- 38 Other somatic physical treatments and complex interventions for eating disorders
- 39 Psychological treatments for eating disorders
- 40 Educational interventions for eating disorders
- 41 Alternative treatments for eating disorders
- 42 Complex treatments for eating disorders
- 43 Personality disorder
- 44 Other treatments for persistent disturbances of behaviour
- 45 Effectiveness of treatments of sexual disorders
- 46 Disorders of gender identity
- 47 Psychological treatments for children and adolescents
- 48 Drugs and other physical treatments
- 49 Educational interventions and alternative treatments
- 50 Attachment insecurity and attachment disorder
- 51 Feeding and sleeping disorders in infancy and early childhood
- 52 Evaluating interventions for children with autism and intellectual disabilities
- 53 ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder
- 54 Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
- 55 Treatment of depressive disorders in children and adolescents
- 56 Treatment of psychoses in children and adolescents
- 57 Anxiety disorders
- 58 Treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents
- Appendix I Summary of specific drugs having evidence of effectiveness in mental disorders
- Appendix II Key to effectiveness tables
- Index
- References
Summary
Editor's note
The treatment of depression in children and adolescents has commanded much attention in the news in both the USA and the UK. In the UK, there are very strong guidelines against the use of any SSRI antidepressants except fluoxetine, and the guidelines urge that, if fluoxetine is used, it should be used only in moderate to severe cases and should always be accompanied by some psychotherapeutic efforts. In the USA, the advice is somewhat less strict in that SSRIs other than fluoxetine are not advised against, but there is a ‘block box’ issued that reminds clinicians to weigh the costs vs. the benefits of SSRI usage. One of the costs of using SSRIs may be an increase in suicidal ideation if not actual suicide among users of these medications, though the evidence here is not as strong as critics of SSRI usage would like it to be. Psychotherapeutic treatments, especially cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) have been shown to be effective interventions for depression in youth. Yet there are also questions not to its effectiveness per se, but as to the duration of the effectiveness. The current thinking in the treatment of depression in both children and adolescents suggests that in milder depression one should try non-pharmacologic treatments at first, and if they do not prove to be effective, then pharmacologic treatment can be added.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry , pp. 808 - 818Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008
References
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2004). Practice parameter for use of electroconvulsive therapy with adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(12), 1521–39.CrossRef
American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (2004). Executive Summary: Preliminary report of the Task Force on SSRIs and suicidal behavior in youth. http://www.acnp.org/exec_summary.pdf.
, & (2002). A combined cognitive-behavioral family education intervention for depression in children: a treatment development study. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 26(2), 221–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, J. S., MacLean, M. G. & Marlatt, G. A. (1998). Linking etiology and treatment for adolescent substance abuse: toward a better match. In New Perspectives on Adolescent Risk Behavior, ed. , pp. 182–211. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). Psychodynamic treatment of depressed adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49 (Suppl). 26–31.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (1996a). Child and adolescent depression: a review of the past ten years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1427–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , & (1996b). Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1575–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1998). Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1234–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2000). Clinical outcome after short-term psychotherapy for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1997). A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression comparing cognitive, family, and supportive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 877–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , , & (1998). Predictors of treatment efficacy in a clinical trial of three psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 906–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
& (2004). British warnings on SSRI's questioned. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 379–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , & (1999). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of adolescent depression: Efficacy of acute group treatment and booster sessions. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 272–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2005). A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 888–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2000). Absence of cognitive impairment at long-term follow-up in adolescents treated with ECT for severe mood disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 460–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003). Outcome studies of family therapy in child and adolescent depression. Journal of Family Therapy, 25(4), 406–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001). Specific psychotherapies for childhood and adolescent depression. Biological Psychiatry, 49(12), 1091–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (2001). Bupropion sustained release in adolescents with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 307–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (2004). Trends in the use of antidepressants in a national sample of commercially insured pediatric patients, 1998 to 2002. Psychiatric Services, 55(4), 387–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
& (1995). Family therapy for the treatment of depressed adolescents. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32, 77–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (2006). Suicidal behaviour in youths with depression treated with new-generation antidepressants: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 393–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duff, G. (2003a). Safety and efficacy of the SSRI class in the treatment of paediatric major depressive disorder. Expert Working Group on Safety of Medicines. Available at: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/news/2003.htm#ssri.
Duff, G. (2003b). Safety of Seroxat (paroxetine) in children and adolescents under 18 years – contraindication in the treatment of depressive illness. United Kingdom's Department of Health's Chairman of Committee of Safety of Medicine's message on paroxetine. Available at: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/news/2003.htm#june.
, & (1999). Use of electroconvulsive therapy in young people. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 228–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (1995). Pharmacological and cognitive behavioral approaches in the treatment of childhood depression: a review and critique. Clinical Psychology Review, 15(7), 589–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (1997). A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1031–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (2002). Fluoxetine for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1205–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (1991). Group therapy for adolescent depressive disorder: a comparison of social skills and therapeutic support. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 79–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
& (1990). Epidemiology of childhood depressive disorders: A critical review. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 571–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (1992). Major depressive disorder and dysthymia in young adolescents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 792–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
& (1998). Dysphoric adolescents as young adults: A prospective study of the psychological sequelae of depressed mood in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8(3), 377–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , & (2003). Open trial of bupropion SR in adolescent major depression. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Nursing, 16, 123–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (2000). Nefazodone treatment of adolescent depression: an open-label study of response and biochemistry. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 12, 97–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (1997). Short-term outcome of major depression: II. Life events, family dysfunction, and friendship difficulties as predictors of persistent disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 474–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (2003). Psychoendocrine antecedents of persistent first-episode major depression in adolescents: a community-based longitudinal enquiry. Psychological Medicine, 33, 601–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (2006). Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 332–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1998). Randomized trial of a home-based family intervention for children who have deliberately poisoned themselves. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 512–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (1998). Which depressed patients respond to cognitive-behavioral treatment? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 35–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (2004). Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents. British Medical Journal, 328, 879–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (2006). Do antidepressants cause suicidality in children? A Bayesian meta-analysis. Clinical Trials, 3, 73–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1987a). Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 584–9.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1987b). Depression, depressive symptoms, and depressed mood among a community sample of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 931–4.Google Scholar
, , et al. (2001). Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depressive disorder: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 762–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (2004). A step too far? Randomized trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy delivered by social workers to depressed adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 13, 92–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (1996). Pilot study of continuation cognitive-behavioral therapy for major depression in adolescent psychiatric patients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1156–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents. Behavior Therapy, 21, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , & (1993). Adolescent psychopathology, I: Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 133–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (1994). Major depression in community adolescents: age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 809–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
& (1999). Psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 19(3), 329–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , & (1997). Venlafaxine in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 33, 149–54.Google ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 807–20.Google ScholarPubMed
(1997). Treating depression in adolescence: A review of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatments. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(3), 273–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (2003). Mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 185–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (2006). A comparison of cognitive-behavioural therapy, sertraline, and their combination for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1151–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MHRA (2003). http://www.mhra.gov.uk/news/2003.htm#ssri, Vol. 2004, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
MHRA (2004). http://medicines.mhra.gov.uk/ourwork/monitorsafequalmed/safetymessages/ssrioverview_101203.htm, Vol. 2004, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
Milin, R. P., Simeon, J. & Spenst, W. P. (1999). Poster presented at the 46th Annual American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Meeting, Chicago, IL. October 19–21. [abstract] NR67: 104–5.
& (1996). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents: a one year naturalistic follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1145–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (1994). Modification of interpersonal psychotherapy with depressed adolescents (IPT-A): Phase I and II studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 695–705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , & (1999). Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 573–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (2004). A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 577–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2005). CG28 Depression in children and young people: Full guideline. http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/cg028fullguideline.pdf.
, & (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 26–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
& (1999). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal treatments for depression in Puerto Rican adolescents. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 734–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2001). Ethics of ECT for children (Letters to the Editor). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , & (2006). Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 41–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (1998). Complete remission of ‘treatment resistant’ severe melancholia in adolescents with phenelzine: two case reports. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 55–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
US Food and Drug Administration (2003). FDA statement regarding the anti-depressant Paxil for pediatric population. FDA Talking Paper, June 19. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/2003/ANS01230.html.
US Food and Drug Administration (2004). Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications. FDA Public Health Advisory, October 15. Available at: www.fda.gov/cder/drug/antidepressants/SSRIPHA200410.htm.
, , et al. (2003). Efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of children and adolescents with major depressive disorder: two randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 1033–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , , & (2004). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citalopram for the treatment of major depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(6), 1079–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (1999a). Electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents: experience, knowledge, and attitudes of recipients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 594–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, & (1999b). Practitioner review: electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 325–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , & (2004). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression: systematic review of published versus unpublished data. The Lancet, 363, 1341–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, & (1996). Controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioral intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37, 737–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , et al. (2002). Rising prevalence of antidepressant treatment for US children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 109, 721–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2
- Cited by