Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-5f56664f6-w4vgn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-07T17:44:18.533Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

34 - Social phobia

from Part III - Specific treatments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2010

By
Laura Campbell-Sills  and
Murray B. Stein
Edited by
Peter Tyrer  and
Kenneth R. Silk
Laura Campbell-Sills
Affiliation:
University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA USA
Murray B. Stein
Affiliation:
University of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA USA
Peter Tyrer
Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Kenneth R. Silk
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Get access

Summary

Editor's note

The evidence base for treatments of social phobia is one of the most rapidly expanding ones in psychiatry. The recent interest in the subject arose primarily from epidemiological studies that showed large numbers of untreated people severely handicapped by shyness who were not seeking help. Despite strong evidence of effective treatments with both psychological (CBT) and psychopharmacological interventions, only about half of the people with this disorder seek treatment and usually only after 15–20 years of being symptomatic. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are equally effective, but pharmacological interventions appear to act more quickly while CBT is longer lasting. Nonetheless, response rates remain in the 50%–70% range, and more studies and research are needed to find ways to help those who do not respond to our current treatments.

Introduction

Social phobia (also known as social anxiety disorder) is a common and often disabling mental disorder. Individuals with social phobia strongly fear social or performance situations in which they might be exposed to unfamiliar people or be scrutinized by others (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). When confronted with feared situations, individuals with social phobia experience symptoms of anxiety that may reach the level of a panic attack. The discomfort provoked by social encounters or performance situations leads many people with the disorder to avoid interactions with others. Avoidance can produce a marked effect on psychosocial functioning, causing disruptions in occupational, academic, interpersonal, and other daily activities.

Social phobia can present in many different ways and at varying levels of severity.

Type
Chapter
Information
Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry , pp. 563 - 573
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allgulander, C. (1999). Paroxetine in social anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100, 193–8.Google Scholar
Allgulander, C., Mangano, R., Zhang, J.et al. & SAD 388 study group (2004). Efficacy of venlafaxine ER in patients with social anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison with paroxetine. Human Psychopharmacology, 19, 387–96.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. – Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Holmstrom, A.et al. (2006). Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 677–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, S. R. & Edelmann, R. J. (2002). Is social phobia related to lack of social skills? Duration of skill-related behaviours and ratings of behavioural adequacy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 243–57.Google Scholar
Baldwin, D., Bobes, J., Stein, D. J., Scharwachter, I. & Faure, M. (1999). Paroxetine in social phobia/social anxiety disorder: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 120–6.Google Scholar
Barnett, S. D., Kramer, M. L., Casat, C. D., Connor, K. M. & Davidson, J. R. (2002). Efficacy of olanzapine in social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 16, 365–8.Google Scholar
Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Schmidt, A.et al. (2003). Pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 18, 29–40.Google Scholar
Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Williams, D. & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36, 57–68.Google Scholar
Brown, E. J., Heimberg, R. G. & Juster, H. R. (1995). Social phobia subtype and avoidant personality disorder: effect on severity of social phobia, impairment, and outcome of cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behavior Therapy, 26, 467–86.Google Scholar
Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W.et al. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1179–87.Google Scholar
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M. & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17–31.Google Scholar
Chambless, D. L., Tran, G. Q. & Glass, C. R. (1997). Predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 221–40.Google Scholar
Chavira, D. A. & Stein, M. B. (2002). Phenomenology of social phobia. In The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Anxiety Disorders, ed. Stein, D. J. & Hollander, E., pp. 289–300. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Clark, D. M. & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. Heimberg, R., Liebowitz, M., Hope, D. A. & Schneier, F. R., pp. 69–93. New York: Guilford Press.
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F.et al. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058–67.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A.Hackman, A.et al. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 568–78.Google Scholar
Cottraux, J., Note, I., Albuisson, E.et al. (2000). Cognitive behavior therapy versus supportive therapy in social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 69, 137–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J. R., Potts, N., Richichi, E.et al. (1993). Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 423–8.Google Scholar
Davidson, J. R. T., Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D.et al. (2004). Fluoxetine, comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy, and placebo in generalized social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1005–13.Google Scholar
Fahlen, T., Nilsson, H. L., Borg, K., Humble, M. & Pauli, U. (1995). Social phobia: The clinical efficacy and tolerability of the monoamine-oxidase-A and serotonin uptake inhibitor brofaromine. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 92, 351–8.Google Scholar
Fedoroff, I. C. & Taylor, S. T. (2001). Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 311–24.Google Scholar
Feske, U., Perry, K. J., Chambless, D. L., Renneberg, B. & Golstein, A. (1996). Avoidant personality disorder as a predictor for treatment outcome among generalized social phobics. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10, 174–84.Google Scholar
Furmark, T., Appel, L., Michelgard, A.et al. (2005). Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo. Biological Psychiatry, 15, 132–42.Google Scholar
Gelernter, C. S., Uhde, T. W., Cimbolic, P.et al. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 938–45.Google Scholar
Gould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. & Yap, L. (1997). Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4, 291–306.Google Scholar
Haug, T. T., Blomhoff, S., Hellstrom, K.et al. (2003). Exposure therapy and sertraline in social phobia: 1-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 312–18.Google Scholar
Heimberg, R. G., Dodge, C. S., Hope, D. A., Kennedy, C. R., Zollo, L. & Becker, R. E. (1990). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia: comparison to a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimberg, R. G., Salzman, D. G., Holt, C. S. & Blendell, K. A. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for social phobia: effectiveness at five-year follow-up. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 325–39.Google Scholar
Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A.et al. (1998). Cognitive behavioral group therapy vs phenelzine for social phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1133–41.Google Scholar
Herbert, J. D., Gaudiano, B. A.Rheingold, A. A., Myers, V. H., Dalrymple, K. & Nolan, E. M. (2005). Social skills training augments the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 36, 125–38.Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G. (2004). Cognitive mediation of treatment change in social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 392–9.Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Smits, J. A. J.et al. (2006). Augmentation of exposure therapy with D-cycloserine for social anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 298–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G. & Bruch, M. A. (1995a). Dismantling cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 637–50.Google Scholar
Hope, D. A., Herbert, J. D. & White, C. (1995b). Diagnostic subtype, avoidant personality disorder, and efficacy of cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 399–417.Google Scholar
International Multicenter Clinical Trial Group on Moclobemide in Social Phobia (1997). Moclobemide in social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 247, 71–80.
Kasper, S., Stein, D. J., Loft, H. & Nil, R. (2005). Escitalopram in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: randomized, placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 222–6.Google Scholar
Katzelnick, D. J., Kobak, K. A., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W., Mantle, J. M. & Serlin, R. C. (1995). Sertraline for social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1368–71.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S.et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Stang, P., Wittchen, H. U., Stein, M. B. & Walters, E. E. (1999). Lifetime comorbidities between social phobia and mood disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 29, 555–67.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R. & Walters, E. E. (2005a). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O. & Walters, E. E. (2005b). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–27.Google Scholar
Kinrys, G., Pollack, M. H., Simon, N. M., Worthington, J. J., Nardi, A. E. & Versiani, M. (2003). Valproic acid for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 169–72.Google Scholar
Kobak, K. A., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W. & Katzelnick, D. J. (2002). Fluoxetine in social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 257–62.Google Scholar
Lader, M., Stender, K., Burger, V. & Nil, R. (2004). Efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram in 12- and 24-week treatment of social anxiety disorder: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study. Depression and Anxiety, 19, 241–8.Google Scholar
Ledgerwood, L., Richardson, R. & Cranney, J. (2003). D-cycloserine facilitates extinction of conditioned fear as assessed by freezing in rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 341–9.Google Scholar
Ledley, D. R., Huppert, J. D., Foa, E. B., Davidson, J. R. T., Keefe, F. J. & Potts, N. L. S. (2005). Impact of depressive symptoms on the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 22, 161–7.Google Scholar
Lepola, U., Bergtholdt, B., Lambert, St J., Davy, K. L. & Ruggiero, L. (2004). Controlled-release paroxetine in the treatment of patients with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 222–9.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, M. R., Schneier, F., Campeas, R.et al. (1992). Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia: a placebo-controlled comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 290–300.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, M. R., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R.et al. (1999). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine in social phobia: long-term outcome. Depression and Anxiety, 10, 89–98.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, M. R., DeMartinis, N. A., Weihs, K.et al. (2003). Efficacy of sertraline in severe generalized social anxiety disorder: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 785–92.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, M. R., Gelenberg, A. J. & Munjack, D. (2005a). Venlafaxine extended release vs placebo and paroxetine in social anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 190–8.Google Scholar
Liebowitz, M. R., Mangano, R. M., Bradwejn, J., Asnis, G. & SAD study group (2005b). A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine extended release in generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 238–47.Google Scholar
Lott, M., Greist, J. H., Jefferson, J. W.et al. (1997). Brofaromine for social phobia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 255–60.Google Scholar
Magee, W. J., Eaton, W. W., Wittchen, H. U., McGonagle, K. A. & Kessler, R. C. (1996). Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 159–68.Google Scholar
Mersch, P. P. A. (1995). The treatment of social phobia: the differential effectiveness of exposure in vivo and an integration of exposure in vivo, rational emotive therapy and social skills training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 259–69.Google Scholar
Muehlbacher, M., Nickel, M. K., Nickel, C.et al. (2005). Mirtazapine treatment of social phobia in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, 580–3.Google Scholar
Montgomery, S. A., Nil, R., Durr-Pal, N., Loft, H. & Boulenger, J. P. (2005). A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of escitalopram for the prevention of generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1270–8.Google Scholar
Noyes, R., Moroz, G., Davidson, J. R.et al. (1997). Moclobemide in social phobia: a controlled dose-response trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 247–54.Google Scholar
Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Gould, R. A., Worthington, J. J., McArdle, E. T. & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2000). A comparison of the efficacy of clonazepam and cognitive-behavioral group therapy for the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 345–58.Google Scholar
Pande, A. C., Davidson, J. R., Jefferson, J. W.et al. (1999). Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 341–8.Google Scholar
Pande, A. C., Feltner, D. E., Jefferson, J. W.et al. (2004). Efficacy of the novel anxiolytic pregabalin in social anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 141–9.Google Scholar
Rapee, R. M. & Lim, L. (1992). Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 728–31.Google Scholar
Rickels, K., Mangano, R. & Khan, A. (2004). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a flexible dose of venlafaxine ER in adult outpatients with generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 488–96.Google Scholar
Rodebaugh, T. L., Holaway, R. M. & Heimberg, R. G. (2004). The treatment of social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 883–908.Google Scholar
Schneier, F. R., Goetz, D., Campeas, R., Fallon, B., Marshall, R. & Liebowitz, M. R. (1998). Placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide in social phobia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 70–7.Google Scholar
Scholing, A. & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1993). Exposure with and without cognitive therapy for generalized social phobia: effects of individual and group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 667–81.Google Scholar
Scholing, A. & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1996). Treatment of generalized social phobia: results at long-term follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 447–52.Google Scholar
Scholing, A. & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1999). Prediction of treatment outcome in social phobia: a cross-validation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 659–70.Google Scholar
Seedat, S. & Stein, M. B. (2004). Double-blind, placebo-controlled assessment of combined clonazepam with paroxetine compared with paroxetine monotherapy for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 244–8.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Hoge, E. A., Fischmann, D.et al. (2006). An open-label trial of risperidone augmentation for refractory anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 381–5.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Worthington, J. J., Doyle, A. C.et al. (2004). An open-label study of levetiracetam for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1219–22.Google Scholar
Solyom, L., Ledwidge, B. & Solyom, C. (1986). Delineating social phobia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 464–70.Google Scholar
Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W. & Clark, D. M. (2003). Cognitive therapy for social phobia: individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 991–1007.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Berk, M., Els, C.et al. (1999). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in the management of social phobia (social anxiety disorder) in South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 89, 402–6.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Cameron, A., Amrein, R., Montgomery, S. A. & Moclobemide Social Phobia Clinical Study Group (2002a). Moclobemide is effective and well tolerated in the long-term pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 161–70.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Stein, M. B., Pitts, C. D., Kumar, R. & Hunter, B. (2002b). Predictors of response to pharmacotherapy in social anxiety disorder: an analysis of 3 placebo-controlled paroxetine trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 152–5.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Versiani, M., Hair, T., & Kumar, R. (2002c). Efficacy of paroxetine for relapse prevention in social anxiety disorder: a 24-week study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1111–18.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B. & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia: epidemiologic findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1606–13.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Chartier, M. J., Hazen, A. L.et al. (1996). Paroxetine in the treatment of generalized social phobia: open-label treatment and double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 218–22.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Liebowitz, M. R., Lydiard, R. B., Pitts, C. D., Bushnell, W. & Gergel, I. (1998). Paroxetine treatment of generalized social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 708–13.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Fyer, A. J., Davidson, J. R., Pollack, M. H. & Wiita, B. (1999). Fluvoxamine treatment of social phobia (social anxiety disorder): a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 756–60.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Sareen, J., Hami, S. & Chao, J. (2001). Pindolol potentiation of paroxetine for generalized social phobia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1725–27.Google Scholar
Stein, D. J., Westenberg, H. G., Yang, H., Li, D. & Barbato, L. M. (2003). Fluvoxamine CR in the long-term treatment of social anxiety disorder: the 12- to 24-week extension phase of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 317–23.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Pollack, M. H., Bystritsky, A., Kelsey, J. E. & Mangano, R. M. (2005). Efficacy of low and higher dose extended-release venlafaxine in generalized social anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Psychchopharmacology (Berlin), 177, 280–8.Google Scholar
Stopa, L. & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 255–67.Google Scholar
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C. & Jacob, R. G. (1994). Social phobia: a comparison of behavior therapy and atenolol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 350–8.Google Scholar
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Wolff, P. L., Spaulding, S. & Jacob, R. G. (1996). Clinical features affecting treatment outcome in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 795–804.Google Scholar
Ameringen, M. A., Lane, R. M., Walker, J. R.et al. (2001). Sertraline treatment of generalized social phobia: a 20-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 275–81.Google Scholar
Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., Pipe, B., Oakman, J. & Bennett, M. (2004a). An open trial of topiramate in the treatment of generalized social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1674–8.Google Scholar
Ameringen, M., Oakman, J., Mancini, C., Pipe, B. & Chung, H. (2004b). Predictors of response in generalized social phobia: effect of age of onset. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 42–8.Google Scholar
Vliet, I. M., Boer, J. A. & Westenberg, H. G. (1992). Psychopharmacological treatment of social phobia: Clinical and biochemical effects of brofaromine, a selective MAO-A inhibitor. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 21–9.Google Scholar
Vliet, I. M., Boer, J. A. & Westenberg, H. G. (1994). Psychopharmacological treatment of social phobia: a double-blind placebo controlled study with fluvoxamine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 115, 128–34.Google Scholar
Versiani, M., Mundim, F. D., Nardi, A. E. & Liebowitz, M. R. (1988). Tranylcypromine in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 279–83.Google Scholar
Versiani, M., Nardi, A. E., Mundim, F. D., Alves, A. B., Liebowitz, M. R. & Amrein, R. (1992). Pharmacotherapy of social phobia: a controlled study with moclobemide and phenelzine. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 353–60.Google Scholar
Walker, D. L., Ressler, K. J., Lu, K. T. & Davis, M. (2002). Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdalar infusions of d-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 2243–351.Google Scholar
Walker, J. R., Ameringen, M. A., Swinson, R.et al. (2000). Prevention of relapse in generalized social phobia: results of a 24-week study in responders to 20 weeks of sertraline treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 636–44.Google Scholar
Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B. & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 629–40.Google Scholar
Zitrin, C. M., Klein, D. F., Woerner, M. G. & Ross, D. C. (1983). Treatment of phobias I. Comparison of imipramine hydrochloride and placebo. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 125–38.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Social phobia
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.036
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Social phobia
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.036
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Social phobia
  • Edited by Peter Tyrer, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Kenneth R. Silk, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry
  • Online publication: 12 May 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.036
Available formats
×