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Index

Introductory Note

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2025

General editor
Lien-Hang T. Nguyen
Edited by
Pierre Asselin
Lien-Hang T. Nguyen
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
Pierre Asselin
Affiliation:
San Diego State University

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Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War , pp. 609 - 630
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Index Introductory Note

References such as “178–9” indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into subtopics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about the “Vietnam War,” the use of this term (and certain others that occur frequently in the book) as an entry point has been restricted. Information will be found under the corresponding detailed topics. Cross-references in a form such as “directors. See also individual names” direct the reader to headings in a particular class (e.g. “Westmoreland, General William C.”) rather than a specific “individual names” entry.

17th parallel, 10, 257, 447, 449, 453, 455, 458, 501
101st Airborne Division, 45, 65
A Luôi, 487
A Shau Valley, 45–46, 71
AAAS. See American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Abrams, Creighton, 48–57, 60–63, 64–65, 69–71, 209, 212–213, 215–217, 219–220, 261, 265
AC-130E gunships, 212
activism, 12, 72, 97, 99, 111, 116, 414, 511
American, 99, 102, 109–110, 116
antiwar, 70, 97, 109–111, 114, 115, 441
Chicano, 107
civil rights, 100, 103–104, 318, 411
political, 320, 534
advisors, 31, 35, 132–133, 136, 220, 566, 571
legal, 42, 446, 453, 456–457, 473, 517
US military in Vietnam, 63–64, 215, 218, 258, 466
Afghanistan, 14, 322, 328–331, 350–352, 384, 393, 572, 583–586, 594, 600
Africa, 186, 313, 318, 384
African Americans, 101–103, 105, 320, 543–544, 547, 550
Agent Blue, 491–492
Agent Orange, 390, 392, 464, 474, 476–478, 483, 490, 491–495, 531, 557–558
Act, 476, 495
Agent White, 491–492
Agnew, Spiro, 90
AI. See Amnesty International (AI)
AIA. See Amerasian Immigration Act (AIA)
Aidit, 175, 177
AIDS/HIV prevention, 391
Aiken, George, 91
air campaigns, 70, 220, 222, 230. See also Second Air War; individual operation names
air forces
Cambodian, 268
Lao, 287, 289, 290, 292
United States, 86–87, 137, 215–218, 222–225, 226, 228, 287, 292, 461, 465
Vietnam People’s, 222
Airborne Division, South Vietnamese, 246, 251
aircraft, 156, 212, 221, 222, 231, 242, 280, 287, 292, 347. See also individual types
AK-47 rifles, 178, 373
Alabama, 101, 391, 510
Albright, Madeleine, 369, 581–582
Aldrich, George, 473
Aldrich, Robert, 571
Algeria, 24, 313, 315, 319, 323, 330
Ali, Mushahid, 348
Amerasian Immigration Act (AIA), 408–409, 411
Amerasians, 408–409, 411–412, 414, 419–421, 509
Vietnamese, 409, 411
America. See United States
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 494
American culture, 17, 533–560
oral histories and the conventional Vietnam veteran image, 548–553
post-traumatic stress and “healing” from the War, 542–548
reconciliation and unfinished business, 554–558
veterans’ narratives and the moral legacy of the War, 538–542
American imperialism, 147, 191, 194
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 542–543
American women, 100, 109–112, 115
ammunition, 139, 185, 245–246, 304, 368, 498
Amnesty International (AI), 76, 79, 391, 408–409, 411–413
An Lộc, 36, 62, 135, 215, 217–218, 219, 223–224
Ần Quang, 120, 127
Andersen Air Force Base, 216, 230, 492
Angola, 313, 594
antiaircraft weapons/assets, 152, 156, 250, 464
anticommunism, 14, 104, 118–119, 131, 165, 169, 174, 187, 498, 505
anticommunist solidarity, 10, 118, 125
Anti-imperialist Delegation, 105–106
anti-imperialist perspectives on US intervention, 105–108
antiwar movement, 12, 23, 41–42, 97, 99, 109–111, 114, 116, 302, 320
civil rights influences, 99–105
antiwar narratives, 106, 115
ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States) Security Pact, 175, 179
APA. See American Psychiatric Association (APA)
APEC. See Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Apple, R. W., 583
Arafat, Yasser, 313, 319–320
Arkansas, 74, 391, 499, 501, 504
Armée Nationale Laotienne, 282–283
Army Chemicals Corps, 490–491
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), 33, 117–118, 139, 214–215, 218, 235, 246–247, 250–252, 466, 498
casualties, 246
leadership, 499, 506
artillery, 45, 161, 209, 212, 214, 247, 250, 462
artists, 519, 529–530, 578
ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 391, 400
“Asian Tigers,” 373, 602
Aspen Institute, 495
assassinations, 6, 80, 103, 118, 258, 503
Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), 169
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 164–165, 177, 186–188, 333, 348–349, 362, 386, 599–600, 603, 606
countries/members, 179, 181, 185–187, 346, 348–350, 405, 598, 600, 603–604
leaders, 182–183, 184–186, 405
atrocities, 277, 310, 447, 468, 535, 541, 558–559
Attapeu, 282, 288, 293, 294
Aurora Foundation, 412–414, 419
Australia, 175, 179, 186, 190, 406, 408, 496–497, 510, 511, 513
Awami League, 321
B-52s, 33, 36, 40, 46, 212, 216–218, 224–225, 229–230, 292, 324. See also aircraft; bombers
Ba Đình, 518
Bach Mai, 461
Baez, Joan, 461
Bailey, Major Lawrence, 428
Baker, James, 422, 562
“Bamboo Curtain,” 385
Ban Mê Thuột, 160, 214, 248, 250–251
Bangkok, 171, 269, 289, 349, 487
Bangladesh, 321
Bảo Đại, 170, 448
Bảo Ninh, 521, 524
battlefields, 57, 60, 61–63, 191–192, 197, 200, 211–212, 226, 246, 477. See also individual battles
Beckwith, Charlie, 573–574
Beecher, William, 27, 57
Beidler, Philip, 538
Beijing. See China
Belgium, 408
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 319
Berman, Larry, 26
Bevel, James, 101
Biden, Joseph, 16, 585
Biên Hòa, 392
Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), 369, 391, 580, 599
Bin Laden, Osama, 330, 584
Binh Định province, 214
Bình Long province, 62
Bình Thuận province, 214
birth defects, 114, 476, 493–494. See also Agent Orange
“Black April,” 234, 506, 508
Black Book, 337
Black Freedom Struggle, 104, 427
Black Panther Party, 66, 105
Black power, 66, 96, 104–106, 110
Blaufarb, Douglas, 289
Bloods, 549–550
Blouin, Michael, 95
Boak, Josh, 586
boat people, 360, 385, 404–407, 411–412, 501, 506, 564. See also refugees
memorials, 511
Boat People SOS, 411
Boeing, 389
Bolaven Plateau, 288, 290–291, 293
bombers, 229–231, 489. See also B-52s
bombing, 35–37, 153, 156–157, 262, 263, 269, 270, 271, 286–288, 432–433, 459–461, 482–485, 489
Cambodia, 27, 41, 44, 57, 261–263, 269–270, 457
campaigns, 84, 446, 447, 455, 458, 482
Christmas, 40, 156, 228, 230
legacies, 488–490
North Vietnam, 200, 231, 438, 458, 468
pauses, 86, 583
raids/missions, 262, 286, 288, 292, 453, 487, 566, 585
secret, 57, 262, 265–266, 271
bombs, 3, 36, 40, 42, 217, 271, 280, 287, 489–490, 492
cluster, 489–490
borders
Cambodia, 9, 62, 214, 247, 446, 456, 593
China, 226, 320, 477, 594
clashes, 189, 417
disputes, 339
Laotian, 45
Malay-Thai, 168
Sino-Soviet clashes, 193–195
Borneo, 175
Boschwitz, Rudy, 414
Boston Globe, 70
Boun Oum, Prince, 283
Bounleut Saycocie, 289
Bratislava, 109–110
Brazil, 323
Brezhnev, Leonid, 28, 186, 197, 200, 201, 223
Brezhnev-Nixon summit, 153
Brigham, Robert, 142
Britain. See United Kingdom
British Advisory Mission to Vietnam, 74
Brock, Bill, 90
Brooke, Edward, 88
Brother Number Three, 335
Bryant, Harold (character), 549
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 276–277, 309–310, 344–345, 384, 572
BTA. See Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA)
Buddhists, 76–77, 120, 121, 143, 270, 371, 505, 510, 514
Bùi Diễm, 70
Bùi Tín, 340
Bùi Xuân Phái, 529–530
Bulgaria, 496, 520
Bundy, McGeorge, 81–82
Bundy, William, 44, 87, 177
Bunker, Ellsworth, 51, 220, 242, 498
Burma, 167, 170, 171, 180, 322
Burns, Ken, 551
Bush, George H. W. (Bush Sr.), 388, 554, 562, 580, 582
Bush, George W. (Bush Jr.), 16, 561–563, 564, 580, 583
Byrd, Robert, 92
Cabot Lodge, Henry, 498
cadres, 52, 138, 148, 168, 302, 303, 306–307, 312, 518, 521
Caine, Michael, 565
California, 17, 241, 400, 415, 499–500, 501–502, 505–506, 509–510
Calley, William, Jr., 67–68, 470, 535
Cam Ranh Bay, 251, 397–398, 486
Cambodia, 41–44, 57–61, 148–149, 202–205, 254–278, 310–312, 324–326, 333–341, 344–352
army, 267, 272
bombing, 27, 41, 44, 57, 261–263, 269–270, 457
borders, 9, 62, 214, 247, 446, 456, 593
Communist Party, 335–336
government, 261, 263, 270, 271
invasion, 12, 178, 263, 266–267, 310, 334, 384–385, 418
Khmer Rouge rule and afterwards, 273–277
Lon Nol, 33, 58, 148, 178, 194–195, 204, 264–270, 272, 293, 335
neutrality, 91, 259
occupation, 15, 277, 384
overthrow of Sihanouk, 263–264
Paris Peace Agreement 1973, 269–273
peasants, 257, 262, 267
people, 3, 254, 259–260, 268, 269–270, 272, 273–277, 324–325, 403, 405
People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), 340, 347, 351
society, 256, 264, 275, 325, 335
Cambodia People’s Party, 598
Camp Carroll, 215
Camp Holloway, 453
Camp Pendleton, 488, 499
Cấn Thơ, 243
Canada, 113, 190, 399, 406, 408, 497, 502, 505, 511, 513
Cao Bằng province, 310
Cao Đài, 121–122, 249, 367, 510
Cao Vӑn Viên, 234, 245, 249
Caodaists, 505
Cấp tiến, 126
capitalism, 115, 204, 299, 302, 353–354, 377–378, 525, 594–595, 597, 603
red crony, 368–373, 377
capitalist system, 355, 359, 373
Caputo, Philip, 539–542, 545, 552
cargo helicopters, 490–491
Carhart, Tom, 578
Carmichael, Stokely, 103–104, 467
Carroll, Alfred, 411
Carter, Jimmy, 276–277, 308–310, 329, 345–346, 382, 384, 536, 565, 571–574, 577
administration, 277, 343, 383, 402, 418, 572, 574
Carver, George, Jr., 449
Case, Clifford, 88
Case-Church Amendment, 242
casualties, 48, 50, 53, 58, 71, 162, 224, 292, 429, 556
civilian, 101, 268, 287, 462, 464
Catholics, 120, 249, 371, 505, 514
northern, 121, 367
southern, 120
Cavett, Dick, 470
CBU-24, 464
CCIR. See Citizens Commission on Indochinese Refugees (CCIR)
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
ceasefires, 37–38, 39, 41, 146, 154–155, 232–235, 238–240, 246, 284, 451
Central America, 313, 536–537, 540
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 56, 169, 172, 281, 283–286, 289, 291, 317, 327, 329
directors, 82, 289. See also individual names
Vientiane Office, 289
Central Theoretical Council, 373
CGDK. See Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK)
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS, US), 30, 216
Champa, 590
Champasak, 283, 293
Chanda, Nayan, 334, 344, 352
Chandler, David, 278, 334
Chao Fa, 295
Chatchai Choonhavan, 295
Châu Đốc, 340
Chayes, Abram, 457
chemical agents, 485, 490, 491
chemical companies, 492, 493, 557–558
chemical legacies, 490–493
chemical weapons, 476, 494
Chenla II, Operation. See Operation Chenla II
Chiang Kai-shek, 167, 315
Chicago, 322
Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU), 111
Chicanas, 112
Chicanos, 96, 106–107
children, 108, 112–113, 408–409, 430, 490, 504, 506, 509, 540, 541
Chiles, Lawton, 33, 93, 603
China, 149–153, 186–191, 192–199, 201–206, 307–311, 315–319, 343–352, 393–400, 597–602, 604–608
CCP (Chinese Communist Party), 167–168, 315–316, 331
Civil War, 315–316
influence, 180, 182, 185, 337, 394
leaders, 151, 174, 191, 202, 320, 338, 343
nationalism, 151, 167
Chinese, ethnic, 8, 122, 166–168, 170, 204, 307, 339, 359–360, 384, 404
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 167–168, 315–316, 331
Christmas bombing, 40, 156, 228, 230. See also Linebacker II, Operation
Church, Frank, 60, 77, 84
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Citizens Commission on Indochinese Refugees (CCIR), 411, 414
civil rights (US), 96–97, 107, 320
activists, 100, 103–104, 318, 411
influences on antiwar sentiment, 99–105
leaders, 100–101, 103, 441
movements, 66, 97, 99, 101
repression, 374–375
civil society, 123, 131, 356, 371, 374
civilian casualties, 101, 268, 287, 462, 464
CJCS. See Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS, US)
Clark, Joseph, 89
Clark Air Base, 166
Clarke, Mary, 98
Clean Air Act, 494
Clean Water Act, 494
Cleaver, Eldridge, 105
Clifford, Clark, 48
Clinton, Bill, 388–390, 416, 554, 556, 580–581
Clinton, Hillary, 395–397, 584, 605
cluster bombs, 489–490
Clymer, Kenton, 260, 271
Cô gái trên sông (Girl on the River), 526, 528
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), 350
coexistence, peaceful, 151, 185, 316
Colby, William, 63
Cold War, 5–6, 8–9, 170–171, 313–315, 322–323, 328–331, 384, 436–438, 507–508, 591–592
global, 2, 120, 189–190, 201, 314, 322
new, 607
collective farms, 358, 361, 362–363, 366, 378
collectivization, 306, 358
Colombia, 603
Colorado, 94, 107
COMECON, 342, 344, 345, 418, 593–594
command responsibility, 469–470
commanders. See also individual names
commemoration, 105, 505–506, 508, 519, 547
commerce, 300, 301, 394, 484, 517, 590
communism, 19, 163–165, 170, 182, 188, 356, 357–358, 572, 592, 599
communist aggression, 440, 456
communist allies, 199–200, 209, 381, 386
communist control, 70, 224, 235
communist countries, 201, 404–405, 507, 512
communist domination, 184–185
communist failures in Southeast Asia before 1965, 165–173
communist forces, 53–54, 117, 139, 183, 207, 219, 247–248, 482, 487, 491
communist leaders, 17, 52, 353, 357–358, 390, 433, 591–592
communist powers, 315–317, 320
communist revolution, 17, 164, 314, 315, 356, 377–378
communist rule, 124, 127–128, 322, 367, 377
communist sanctuaries, 33, 58, 148, 151
communist superpowers, 223, 226, 417
communist-led forces, 9, 10, 143, 149, 152–154, 156, 159–161
Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), 165, 168, 174–175, 176–177, 183, 187, 188, 315, 317–319, 322
Communist Party of the Philippines (PKP), 165–166
Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), 354, 355–357, 362, 364, 372–374, 517, 594, 596, 597–598, 599–602
Central Committee, 152, 240, 344, 357, 359, 364, 366, 368, 596, 597–598, 602
leadership, 369, 596
Propaganda Department, 373
communists, 52–53, 62–63, 119–121, 124–125, 135–138, 183–184, 234–236, 238, 436–440, 498–499
Khmer, 335
Vietnamese, 71, 120, 137, 163, 190–191, 202, 335–337, 342, 353, 357
communities, 97, 116, 374, 428, 485, 491, 496, 499, 505, 514
diasporic, 9, 20, 170, 500–501
international, 9, 11, 14, 156–158, 311, 404–407, 588, 603
refugee, 503–504, 505, 512
Company Law, 368–369
comprador capitalists, 301, 359
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 606
Comprehensive Partnership (CP), 397, 556
Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA), 406–407, 411, 421–422
comprehensive strategic partnerships, 395, 604–605
conglomerates, 371, 376
Congregation of Mother Co-Redemptrix, 505
Congress (US), 41–43, 69–95, 240–246, 270–272, 362, 414–417. See also individual members
foreign aid revolt, 73–81
hearings, 76, 85–86, 247, 250, 271, 414–415, 424
limits of oversight, 81–94
McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, 91, 93–94
Congress of World Hmong Peoples, 296
Connally, John, 35, 220
Connecticut, 90, 501
constitutions
United States, 82
Vietnam, 82, 131, 133, 595, 603
new, 14, 117, 126–127, 517
Cooper, John Sherman, 91–92, 94
cooperatives, 311, 360, 361, 604
Cooper-Church Amendment, 61
Cooper-Church theory, 92
corruption, 129, 131, 136, 249–250, 263, 270, 272, 367, 371–372, 375–377
COSVN (Central Office for Southern Vietnam), 148, 261, 262, 265
counterinsurgency, 168–169, 319, 446, 460, 462, 484, 584
coups, 33, 80, 117, 148, 194, 202, 264, 280, 283, 288–289
attempts in Laos, 288–292
court martials, 438, 470–471, 541
COVID-19 pandemic, 505
CP. See Comprehensive Partnership (CP)
CPA. See Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA)
CPTPP. See Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
CPV. See Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)
credibility, 27, 42–43, 47, 51, 57, 135, 438, 562, 573
Creery, Tim, 75
crimes, 17, 19, 432, 436, 465, 467, 469–470, 535, 558–559
international, 397, 465
war. See war crimes
Cửa Việt, 215, 218, 235
Cuba, 14, 309, 313, 319, 398, 586, 598
Cuban Missile Crisis, 83, 316
Cultural Revolution, 28, 187, 190, 206
culture, 4–5, 98, 107, 120, 254, 262, 373, 440, 501, 549
American. See American culture
nationalist, 438, 502
Cushman, John H., 69
customary international law, 463–464, 468
CWLU. See Chicago Women’s Liberation Union (CWLU)
Czechoslovakia, 109, 192–193, 194, 496
Đà Nẵng, 139, 161, 214, 246, 249, 251–252, 392, 400, 485–486, 498
Dag Hammersköld Forum, 456
Dagong Pao, 170
Đại Việt Party, 122–123
Dakotas, 501, 510
Đặng Nhật Minh, 519, 526
Đặng Phong, 354
DAO. See Defense Attaché Office (DAO)
Đào Duy Tùng, 600
Đất Mơi, 502
DAV. See Defense Assistance Vietnam (DAV)
DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 493
de-Americanization, 9, 28–29, 53, 148, 158
Dean, John, 42
death toll, 177, 320, 326. See also casualties
deaths, 26, 98, 112, 114, 171, 506, 508, 529, 538, 596
decent interval, 24, 39–40, 234, 269, 569
decolonization, 2, 6, 318, 472–473
Defense Assistance Vietnam (DAV), 245
Defense Attaché Office (DAO), 241, 244–245
Defense Department, 36, 82, 215, 540
defoliants, 114, 462, 464, 554, 557. See also individual agents
Dellinger, Dave, 99–100
demilitarized zone (DMZ), 157, 207, 211, 213–214, 216, 217–218, 223, 487, 488, 498
democracy, 23, 79, 116, 400, 503, 549
Democracy Party (US), 135, 236, 245
Democratic Kampuchea, 325–326, 334, 340
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN), 189–199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 225–226, 337, 433. See also Introductory Note
after “liberation” of South, 299–301, 308–309, 311
and antiwar sentiment, 97–105, 107, 110–111, 112, 115–116
bombings, 200, 231, 438, 458, 468
and Cambodia, 258–262, 266, 268, 270–271, 276
collective farms, 358, 361, 362–363, 366, 378
and détente, 189–190, 191–193, 195, 196–205
and Easter Offensive, 200, 207–208, 209–213, 217, 220–226, 228–231
and environmental legacies of war, 482, 485, 487, 489, 495
Five-Year Plans
First, 358, 361
Second, 360–361
Third, 361
forces, 82, 117, 212, 216, 268, 322, 434, 586
government, 386, 476
and international law, 446, 447–451, 453–454, 455–456, 458–461, 464–465, 467–468
and Laos, 279, 285, 288–289, 292
in late Vietnam War, 11, 13, 28, 34–35, 141, 150–153, 156–157, 189–199, 210–212, 229, 258
leaders, 194, 200, 206, 211, 225. See also individual names
leadership, 70, 148, 153, 195, 200, 301, 335, 343, 377, 380
and Linebacker, 223
and Linebacker II, 229
Politburo. See Politburo
prisoners, 431, 438
and regional context, 163–164, 165, 171–172, 178, 181, 183
response to Second Air War, 225–228
and Saigon war politics, 1968–1975, 119–122, 126, 131, 135–137, 139
and Second Civil War, 1973–1975, 233, 235, 238–239, 240–242, 246–249, 250, 253
and Sino-American rapprochement, 199
and US Congress, 82, 85
and US military strategy in the Nixon era, 45, 48, 50, 52, 57, 58–59, 62–63, 70
and US POW experience, 433
victories, 4, 315, 317–319, 380
demonstrations, 31, 97, 100, 110, 114, 118, 145, 250, 375, 397
Deng Xiaoping, 276, 309–310, 334, 341, 343–345, 348, 386, 572
Denmark, 408
Denton, Jeremiah, 431, 433, 436–439, 440
detainees, 412, 422, 464–466
former, 410, 412–413
reeducation camp, 408–409, 411–414, 419–422, 512
détente, 6–8, 151–153, 186–206, 416, 418, 570, 572
Deuve, Jean, 283
diasporas, 15, 17, 167, 403–405, 416, 500, 503, 504, 510–512, 513–514
Vietnamese. See Vietnamese diaspora
diasporic communities, 9, 20, 170, 500–501
diasporic identity, 503–507
diasporic singers, 511, 514
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 493
Điện Biên Phủ, 156, 257, 280–281, 394, 445, 531, 567, 584
diplomacy, 10, 41, 84, 154, 187, 208, 210, 211–213, 252, 318
people’s, 12, 99
ping pong, 196
Directive 217-NT, 523
DMZ. See demilitarized zone (DMZ)
Đỗ Mươi, 369, 599–600
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 28
Đổi mới, 5, 312, 364, 390, 392–393, 516, 596
Dole, Bob, 92–93
domino theory, 43, 163–164, 184–185, 315, 318, 364, 377
in reverse, 182
Đồng Nai province, 486
DRV. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN)
DRVN. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN)
DuBois, W. E. B., 105
Duck Hook, Operation, 30–31, 41
Dulles, John Foster, 257
Duncan, Robert, 89
Dương Thu Hương, 519–520
Dương Vӑn Minh, 134, 161, 252
Dupont, 492
Duterte, Roberto, 400
Eagle Pull, Operation. See Operation Eagle Pull
Eagleton, Tom, 94
East Germany, 192–193, 199, 339, 496, 520
East Pakistan, 321
Easter Offensive, 62–63, 69, 196, 199–200, 202, 206–232, 498
opening, 214–219
planning and preparation, 207–214
Eastern Europe, 350, 364, 377, 386, 387, 389, 503, 598–599. See also individual countries
Eastwood, Clint, 576
ecocide, 476, 483, 493–494
economic aid
from China, 190, 193, 205, 306
from Soviet Union, 190, 193
from United States, 74, 137, 170, 178, 237, 241, 243, 271, 277, 309
economic growth, 237, 355, 367, 370, 386–387
economic migrants, 407
economic reforms, 10, 119, 128, 264, 356, 362–364, 367, 388, 394, 420
ecosystems, 477, 482, 491
education, 373, 377, 391, 430, 503–504, 513
EEZ (exclusive economic zone), 605
Egendorf, Arthur, 547
Ehrlichman, John, 270
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 73, 83, 172, 257, 322
administration, 73, 171, 174, 257, 315
El Grito, 107–108
election years, presidential, 12, 152–154, 196
elections, 88–89, 127, 234, 236–239, 242, 245, 278, 281–282, 382, 399–400
congressional, 309
general, 90, 169, 238, 448, 449
midterm, 132, 561
national, 117, 121, 236, 238
presidential, 12, 37–38, 133, 198, 201, 210, 227–228, 236–237, 249
Elgin Air Force Base, 499
Ellender, Allen, 73
Elliott, David, 142, 387
ELOL. See Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos (ELOL)
el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 400
Elston, Thuan Le, 586
embargoes, 380, 382, 387–389, 417, 423, 511, 580
emigration, 408–410, 411, 419–421, 422
environmental legacies, 476–495
bombing, 488–490
chemical, 490–493
environmental protests, 375, 494
Ethiopia, 594
Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos (ELOL), 295
Europe, 9, 102, 318–320, 490, 494–497, 502, 505, 510, 511, 514. See also individual countries
European Union, 603, 606
Evans, Grant, 334
Evans, Rowland, 84
Evers, Charles, 441
Evers, Medgar, 441
exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 605
Exhibition House, 17, 531
F-111s, 36, 38, 40
Falk, Richard, 445, 446, 452, 467
Families of Vietnamese Political Prisoners Association (FVPPA), 412–414, 416, 422
Ferencz, Benjamin, 468
films. See individual titles
Fineman, Daniel, 170
Finney, John, 93
Firebase Pace, 68
Firebase Ripcord, 45–47, 71
first asylum nations, 402, 404–407, 421
Fitch, Clarence, 66
Flaming Dart, Operation. See Operation Flaming Dart
FLN. See Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
Florida, 499
Fluke, Eugene E., 64
Fong, Hiram, 92
Fontana, Larry, 68
Ford, Gerald, 95, 201, 205, 247–248, 250, 271, 273, 382, 534, 565–570
administration, 272, 342, 381
Foreign Relations Committee, 78, 85–87, 95
Foreman, Ed, 83
Foucault, Michel, 542
Franklin, H. Bruce, 554
Fraser, Brendan, 565
free trade agreements (FTAs), 603–604
Freedom Train, Operation. See Operation Freedom Train
Freedomways, 99, 101
French Communist Party, 37, 38, 210
French Indochina War, 6, 98
Frequent Wind, Operation. See Operation Frequent Wind
Fried, Daniel, 585
Fried, John, 446
Frisch, Michael, 549
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 24
Fulbright, J. William, 74, 83–86, 87–91
Fulbright Hearings, 87
FULRO. See United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO)
Funan, 590
Funseth, Robert, 413–414
FVPPA. See Families of Vietnamese Political Prisoners Association (FVPPA)
Gainsborough, Martin, 355
Galston, Arthur, 494
Gavin, James, 85
Geneva Accords, 6, 265, 281, 283, 285, 447–448, 450–451, 457
Second, 279, 282, 284–285
Geneva Conference, 281, 316, 336, 411, 448
Geneva Conventions, 432, 446, 458–459, 464–467, 468–469, 473
Geneva Protocol, 463–464, 476, 494
Germany, 268, 406, 408, 480, 511, 513, 604
East, 192–193, 199, 339, 496, 520
Gettysburg, 428, 578
Gif-sur-Yvette, 38
GIs, 46, 67–69, 103, 114
Black, 103
Mexican-American, 441
GMD. See Guomindang (GMD)
Goldilocks Formula, 396
Gonzaga University, 411
Goodrich, Will, 540–541
GOP. See Republican Party
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 277, 350–351, 355, 362, 363–364, 386–387, 420, 580, 595
Gore, Albert, 74, 76–77, 80, 85, 90
Goscha, Christopher, 496
government control, 234, 362, 376, 519
Gravel, Mike, 89
Greene, Graham, 16, 563–564, 573
Grenada, 576–577
Griffin, Robert, 92
Gruening, Ernest, 76, 81–86, 89–91
Guam, 33, 57, 216, 230, 287, 489, 492–493, 499
guerrilla warfare, 10, 35, 455, 538, 594
Guevara, Ernesto Che, 313, 319–320, 467
Guomindang (GMD), 122, 167, 315
Hà Giang, 310
Hague Convention IV, 458
Hague Regulations, 462–463
Hải Cá Kình (character), 527
Hải Phòng, 35, 40, 63, 153, 156, 217, 221, 222–223, 229, 230–231
Haig, Alexander M., 25, 39, 63, 216, 217, 220, 228–229
Hainan Island, 485
Haldeman, H. R., 29, 91, 270
Hamas, 330–331
Hamburger Hill, 45, 50
hamlets, 70, 123, 138, 234–235, 466, 535
strategic, 168, 466
Hanhimäki, Jussi, 43
Hanoi. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN)
area, 35, 38, 230, 292
Hanoi Hilton, 390, 581
Hart, Frederick, 546–547, 579
Hatfield, Mark, 88–89, 91, 93–94
Hậu Nghĩa, 64
Hawai’i, 268, 400
Hayden, Tom, 109
Hayes, Denis, 494
Helms, Richard, 289
herbicides, 392, 462–464, 476–477, 490, 491–494, 557
Hersh, Seymour, 67
Hickenlooper, Bourke, 78, 81
highlands, 122, 139, 250–251, 486
Central, 160, 211, 214–215, 219, 224–225, 226, 246, 248–249, 250–251, 393–394
Hindu Kush, 584
Hing, Alex, 105–106
Hirst, Ellin, 96, 113–114
Hitler, Adolf, 163, 277
Hmong, 18, 172, 282–284, 286, 288, 290–292, 295–296
Hồ Chí Minh, 29–30, 97, 101, 111, 112, 193, 319–320, 356–357, 447–448, 518
City, 17, 19, 303–307, 340–341, 389–390, 398–399, 409, 411, 421, 486
Golf Trail, 393
Trail, 32–33, 50–51, 58–60, 210, 212, 285–288, 291, 482–484, 486–487, 489–490
Hố Nai, 498
Hòa Hảo, 121–122, 125, 249, 367
Hoàng Cơ Minh, 503
Hoàng Đức Nhã, 136
Hoàng Quốc Việt, 356
Hoàng Vӑn Thái, 233, 246
Hoàng Xuân Lãm, 214, 220
Holbrooke, Richard, 309, 343, 584
Holdridge, John, 345
Hollingsworth, James, 224
Hollywood, 16, 507, 539, 564. See also individual film titles and actor/director names
Holocaust, 44, 405, 414
Honduras, 80
Hong Kong, 131, 273, 404, 407, 509, 602
Honolulu, 205, 396
hostage crisis, Iran, 327, 572–574
Houaphanh province, 281–282, 290–292, 294
Houay Sai, 284
House of Representatives (US), 73, 83, 90, 95, 562. See also Congress (US)
household contracts, 312
Hua Guofeng, 340
Huế, 36, 127, 161, 214, 219–220, 226–227, 249–250, 251, 486, 488
Huks, 165–166
human rights, 277, 377, 396, 399–400, 411, 500, 506, 512, 536, 606
issues, 392, 397
organizations, 411, 412
Humphrey, Hubert, 78
Hùng Vương, 518
Hungary, 316, 453
Hunting High School, 412
Hurst, Steven, 342
Huy Đức, 354, 378
HYSY-981 oil rig crisis, 605
ICCS. See International Commission for Control and Supervision (ICCS)
ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Idaho, 77, 84
Ieng Saray, 273, 335, 338
IHL. See International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952, 403
imperialism, 97, 105–107, 115, 192, 195, 199, 201–202, 204, 318, 364
American, 15, 147, 191, 194, 390, 595
socialist, 28, 192
India, 254, 316, 321, 329, 590, 594, 598, 603–604, 606–608
Indochina Federation, 336–337
Indochina War
First. See French Indochina War
Second. See Vietnam War
Third. See Third Indochina War
Indochinese refugees, 161, 405–406, 411, 414, 418
Indonesia, 164–165, 174–176, 178–179, 180–183, 317, 323, 331, 348, 359, 365
Army, 165, 174–178, 317
communists, 315, 317
insurgency, 33, 51, 295–296, 452, 455, 472. See also counterinsurgency
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 420
International Commission for Control and Supervision (ICCS), 190, 234, 451
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 431, 459, 463, 466
International Declaration on the Neutrality of Laos, 429
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), 460, 464–465, 466, 468–469, 473–474
international law, 406, 408, 475
conduct of hostilities, 447, 457–467, 473
contested statehood, 447–451
customary, 463–464, 468
legacies of war and, 445–475
legality of intervention and, 445–446, 451–457, 474
war crimes, 67, 144, 465, 467–471, 474–476, 531, 559
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 421, 593
International Rescue Committee (IRC), 411, 414
invasions
of Cambodia, 12, 263, 265–267, 276, 334, 341, 346–347, 385, 418
of Iraq, 599, 602
Iran, 323, 326–328, 572
hostage crisis, 327, 572–574
Revolution, 326–328
Iraq, 393–394, 562–564, 574, 583, 585
invasion, 599, 602
War, 16, 567, 605, 607
Iraq Study Group (ISG), 561–562, 567
Iraqi Freedom, Operation. See Operation Iraqi Freedom
IRC. See International Rescue Committee (IRC)
Isaacs, Arnold, 262
ISG. See Iraq Study Group (ISG)
ISIS. See Islamic State
Islamic State, 331, 473, 585
Israel, 319, 323–324, 577
Mossad, 327
Italy, 413, 604
Iu-Mien, 290
Jackson, Henry, 86, 134
Jackson State College, 12, 60, 267
Jakarta. See Indonesia
Japan, 179–180, 196, 205, 380, 387, 391, 490, 492, 603–604, 606
JCS. See Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS, US)
Jeffrey, James, 585
Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek
Johnson, Lyndon B., 36, 80, 82–86, 88, 163, 179, 182, 184–185, 221–222, 259–260
administration, 81, 90, 165, 178, 208, 258, 261, 457, 480, 551
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS, US), 30, 56, 216, 221, 228, 230, 267
Junction City, Operation. See Operation Junction City
jus ad bellum, 446, 451–457, 471, 474
jus in bello, 446–447, 458, 459, 471, 473, 475
Kabul. See Afghanistan
Kamm, Henry, 260, 263, 272, 277
Kampong Cham, 264
Kampong Som, 32
Kampong Thom, 268
Kampuchea. See Cambodia
Kantan-III oil rig crisis, 600
Kaysone Phomvihane, 282, 293
Keating amendment, 78
Kennan, George, 85
Kennedy, Edward, 90, 309
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 259
Kennedy, John F., 44, 74, 77–79, 83, 171–173, 296, 414, 437–438, 457, 539–540
administration, 76, 79, 172, 175, 258, 264, 428
Kent State, 12, 60, 267, 494
Kenyatta, Jomo, 176
Kerry, John, 388, 556, 570
Khammouane province, 286
Khieu Samphan, 205, 273, 337, 339
Khmer, 18, 121, 254, 487
Khmer Rouge, 15, 32–33, 201–202, 269–277, 305–306, 324–326, 333–335, 337–341, 346–347, 593–594
forces, 268, 272, 305–306, 324–325
leadership, 271, 272–275, 325, 335, 337
rule and afterwards, 273–277
Khmu, 290
Khúc Minh Thơ, 413, 416
Kilcullen, David, 584
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 101, 103
Kissinger, Henry, 24–25, 28–32, 35–44, 56–57, 154–157, 196–197, 215–217, 227–229, 240–242, 321–322
Komer, Robert, 76
Kong Le, 283, 285, 289, 295
Kontum, 214–215, 219–220, 224–225, 250
Korea, 381, 408, 425, 437, 453, 576
North, 105, 598
South, 179–180, 365, 399, 467, 493, 496, 509, 602, 604, 606
War, 11, 106, 315, 430, 436
Kosygin, Aleksei, 193
Kouprasit Aphay, 288–289
Kremlin. See Soviet Union
Kwon, Heonik, 524
LaFeber, Walter, 572
Lair, Bill, 283–284, 285, 289–290, 291
Laird, Melvin, 25, 29, 53–54, 61, 208, 215, 223, 228, 265
Lam Sơn, Operation. See Operation Lam Sơn
Lancaster, Burt, 571
Land Law, 368, 374
land reform, 128, 131, 237, 378, 520–521
Lao Động Party. See Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP)
Lao Issara, 279–280
Lao National Liberation Front (LNLF), 295
Laos, 41–43, 60–61, 148–149, 187–189, 201–207, 269, 279, 280, 281, 282–283, 284–296, 336
attempted coups, 288–292
deterioration of military situation, 292–294
fall of Royal Lao Government, 294–296
government, 240, 293, 295–296
Houaphanh province, 281–282, 290–292, 294
US Secret War in, 10, 172, 279, 284–288, 291, 296, 429
at war, 279–296
Latham, Michael E., 480
Latin America, 14, 76, 78–79, 315
Lê Duẩn, 62, 142–144, 150–152, 159–160, 204–205, 238–239, 316, 335–336, 338–339, 341
Lê Đức Anh, 598–599
Lê Đức Đạt, 224
Lê Đức Thọ, 37–40, 145–146, 154–157, 161, 208, 210, 228–229, 240–242, 351, 362
Lê Khả Phiêu, 369, 599–600
Lê Minh Đảo, 252
Lê Trọng Hà, 523
Lê Vӑn Lợi, 301
Lê Vӑn Minh, 412, 416
Lee Kuan Yew, 172–173, 176, 182–184, 348
Léger, Fernand, 38
Lembcke, Jerry, 553
Lemire, Jonathan, 586
Levy, Walter, 545
Lewis, Penny, 542
Lewy, Guenter, 471
Lieberman, Victor, 590
Liên Minh, 125
Lifton, Robert Jay, 441
Lima Site 85, 292
Lin, Maya, 578
Linebacker, Operation. See Operation Linebacker
Linebacker II, Operation. See Operation Linebacker II
Linh Quang Viên, 124
Lippmann, Walter, 84
Little Saigon, 17, 415, 511, 512
LNLF. See Lao National Liberation Front (LNLF)
Lộc Ninh, 215
Lon Nol, 33, 58, 148, 178, 194–195, 204, 264–270, 272, 293, 335
Lon Non, 264, 272
Long, Huey, 73
Long Bình, 486
Long Thành, 486
Long Tieng, 284, 288, 290–291, 292, 294
Louisiana, 73, 75, 391, 501
Luang Namtha, 284
Luang Prabang, 292, 294
Lưu Trọng Ninh, 489
Lý Tòng Bá, 219
MAAG. See Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)
MacArthur, Douglas, 576
MacPherson, Myra, 536, 539
MACV. See Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV)
“Madman Theory,” 30
Magsaysay, Ramon, 166
Mahathir Mohammed, Seri, 349
Mahayana Buddhism, 121
Maine, 94, 510
Malaya, 78, 165–170, 172–175, 187
Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 166–168, 173, 183
guerrillas, 166–168
Malaysia, 164–165, 172–173, 175–176, 177, 179–180, 183–184, 186–187, 359, 365, 404
creation, 175, 188
Malik, Adam, 177
Manglapus, Raul, 600
Mansfield, Mark, 454
Mansfield, Mike, 74, 77–78, 91–92, 93, 454
Mansfield amendment, 93. See also Congress (US)
Mao Zedong, 28, 150, 151, 186–187, 192–193, 195, 201, 315–316, 319, 337–339. See also China
Marcuse, Herbert, 467
Marlantes, Karl, 551–553
Martin, Graham, 242, 244, 247, 252
Martínez, Elizabeth, 107–108
Martini, Edwin, 333
Marx, Karl, 315, 357, 581
Marxism, 316, 326–329, 353, 387
Marxism-Leninism, 151, 154, 200, 355, 367, 369, 592
Massachusetts, 49, 88
massacres, 67, 127, 315, 317, 322, 325, 340, 470, 535, 557. See also Mỹ Lai
Matterhorn, 552
Mattis, James, 556, 585
McCain, John, 388, 412, 413, 415–416, 424–426, 430, 439–440, 464, 511, 570
John McCain Amendment, 410, 416
McChrystal, Stanley, 584
McCone, John, 82
McDonnell Douglas, 87
McEldowney, Carol, 110
McGovern, George, 42, 84, 85, 89–91, 93–94, 435
McGovern-Hatfield Amendment, 91, 93–94. See also Congress (US)
McNamara, Robert, 79, 86, 181, 318, 453, 551
MCP. See Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
Medina, Ernest, 469–470
Meeker, Leonard, 446, 450–451, 453–456
Mekong River, 260, 280, 284, 295, 348, 392, 394, 487, 590
Delta, 121–122, 126, 129, 211, 214, 361, 363, 477, 484, 488
memoirs, 19, 24, 29, 33, 36, 44, 339, 542, 545, 548
prison, 431
memorials, 9, 267, 511, 545–547, 550, 556, 577–580. See also individual memorials
memories, 7, 385, 396, 440, 505, 538–539, 548, 559, 575, 577
fiction and the press in Vietnam, 519–525
film and visual arts, 526–530
official and personal in Vietnam, 516–532
Menu, Operation. See Operation Menu
Mexican Americans, 106–108, 112, 441
MIAs (personnel reported missing-in-action), 308–309, 342, 381–383, 385, 388, 392, 419–420, 441–442, 556–557, 570
accounting, 343, 383, 419, 422–423
families, 419, 435, 580
Michelin Rubber Plantation, 479
Middle East, 14, 83, 186, 318, 328, 388, 395, 564, 585, 590
Midway Island, 57
migrants, 17, 404–405, 406–407, 410, 422
oceanic, 404–405, 412
migration, 9, 403, 477, 509
legal, 508–509
mass, 487, 509
programs, 16, 402–410, 411, 414–416, 419, 423
militarism, 114, 403, 477, 534
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), 258
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), 47, 49–56, 59, 63–67, 71, 208, 212, 261, 288, 482
commanders, 48–49, 212, 219, 220
headquarters, 54, 60
military commanders, 45, 47–48, 117, 135, 273, 285, 469. See also individual names
military coups, 79–80, 118, 169, 171–172
Military History Museum, 531
military regions (MRs), 213–214, 218–220, 225, 227
I, 213, 234–235, 246, 251, 290, 292
II, 214, 219, 225, 251, 285, 288, 290–292, 294
III, 214, 245, 247, 293
IV, 214, 290, 295
Miller, Zeke, 586
mining, 13, 35, 63, 153, 210, 220–221, 223, 231, 482
Miracle Rice, 243, 484
Miss Saigon, 507
Mississippi, 60, 391
Missouri, 87, 505
Mohammed, Seri Mahathir, 349
Momentum, Operation. See Operation Momentum
Mondale, Walter, 405, 411
Monsanto, 492
Montevideo Convention, 447, 449–450
Moon, Walter, 429
Moorer, Thomas H., 216, 217, 220–223
Morris, Stephen J., 276, 334, 346
Morse, Wayne, 74, 82–85, 89–91
Morse-Gruening position, 82–86
Moscow. See Soviet Union
Moscow Summit, 2, 197, 199, 220
Moskos, Charles, 550
Mosse, George, 426, 427
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 31, 300
Mozambique, 313
MRs. See military regions (MRs)
Muang Soui, 285
Mujahideen, 329–331
Mukti Bahini, 321
Murphy, Audie, 565
Murray, John E., 244
Mỹ Lai, 67–68, 447, 457, 467–468, 469–470, 474, 535, 557
Mỹ Tho, 484
Myanmar. See Burma
Mzarek, Robert, 412
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Nakhon Phanom, 487
NAM. See non-aligned movement (NAM)
Nam Bac, 291–292
Nam Đông, 487
Nam Hia, 284
Nam Nyou, 290
Nanning, 195, 203
napalm, 16, 463–464, 476, 483, 490–491, 492–493
Nash, Diane, 100–101, 103
National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Viet Nam (NCCEWVN), 100
National Council for National Reconciliation and Concord (NCNRC), 38, 234, 237–238, 242
National Environmental Policy Act, 493
National Front for the Liberation of Southern Vietnam (NLF), 32–33, 50–52, 102–103, 124, 141–144, 146, 433–434, 458–459, 465–467, 482–484
delegations, 144, 146
National Guard, Ohio, 60, 267, 494
National League of POW/MIA Families, 419
national liberation, 111, 148, 206, 318, 378
movements, 192, 472, 588, 592–593
wars, 8, 316, 458–459
National POW/MIA Flag Act, 424
National Security Council (NSC), 31, 35–36, 220, 259, 585
National Security Study Memorandum 1, 56
National Social Democratic Front (NSDF), 125, 132
nationalism, 145, 326, 505, 515
Chinese, 151, 167
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
NBC, 184, 429
NCCEWVN (National Coordinating Committee to End the War in Viet Nam), 100
NCNRC. See National Council for National Reconciliation and Concord (NCNRC)
Nebraska, 230, 499
Nedzi, Lucien, 92
Negroponte, John, 39, 231
Nelson, Gaylord, 84, 89, 494
Neo Hom, 295
Neo Lao Hak Xat Party, 282
New Land, 502
New Left, 96, 441
New Life, Operation. See Operation New Life
New Mexico, 107
New Mobe, 114
New Orleans, 505, 569
New York, 77, 90, 94, 309, 322, 393, 412, 422, 446, 456
New York Herald-Tribune, 73
New York Times, 27, 55, 57, 65, 82, 87, 173, 260, 435, 441
New Zealand, 175, 179, 183, 186, 458, 467
Newsweek, 46, 65, 67, 85, 109, 424
Ng, Andrew, 524
Ngô Đình Diệm, 73–74, 76–77, 78–80, 118, 124, 172, 258, 264, 449–450
death, 118, 127, 258
Ngô Đình Nhu, 258
Ngô Quang Trưởng, 220, 251
NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations
Nguyễn Bá Lương, 132
Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, 70, 117, 134, 252
Nguyễn Cơ Thạch, 343, 345, 420, 596
Nguyễn Đức Bình, 113, 146, 369
Nguyễn Duy Trinh, 346, 378
Nguyễn Huệ Chi, 378
Nguyên Ngọc, 378
Nguyễn Ngọc Dung, 113
Nguyễn Phú Trọng, 354, 369, 376, 397, 605
Nguyễn Quang Lập, 378
Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, 371, 376
Nguyễn Thanh Giang, 378
Nguyễn Thị Bình, 112–113, 146
Nguyễn Vӑn Bông, 126, 133
Nguyễn Vӑn Ðài, 378
Nguyễn Vӑn Linh, 306, 356, 362–364
Nguyễn Vӑn Thiệu, 11, 12, 13, 39, 117–120, 130–139, 158–161, 235–239, 241, 243–245, 248–251, 252–253
government/regime, 11, 37, 55, 58, 69, 146, 147, 155, 211, 271
reconstruction and economic revival plans, 243–244
removal, 13, 238
Nguyễn Vӑn Trân, 307
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, 400
Nhân Dân, 431, 527
Nhân Vӑn Giai Phẩm, 529
NIAC. See non-international armed conflict (NIAC)
Nicaragua, 537, 594
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 480
Nightingale, The, 527
Nightline, 573
Nike, 389
Nixon, Richard M., 23–44, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 181–183, 196–202, 215–217, 220–222, 227–229, 240–243, 265–267, 269–271
administration, 26–27, 46–47, 145–146, 147, 196–197, 262–263, 265, 268–269, 270–271, 321–322
doctrine, 57, 147, 293, 322–323, 327, 329
expanding the war to withdraw from it, 55–64
negotiating while widening the war, 32–33
one war approach, 48–55
and Paris Peace Accords, 41–43
“peace with honor,” 11, 12, 23, 26, 32, 41, 43, 70, 145
policies, 23, 27, 41, 54
resignation, 201, 247
US military strategy under, 45–71
NLF. See National Front for the Liberation of Southern Vietnam (NLF)
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 204, 318, 593
nongovernmental organizations, 382, 405, 411–412, 415, 420
non-international armed conflict (NIAC), 458
non-intervention, 451, 454, 472
principle, 447, 451–452
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 399
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 309, 323, 399
North Korea, 105, 598
North Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN)
Norway, 408
Novak, Robert, 84
Novick, Lynn, 551, 552
NSC. See National Security Council (NSC)
NSDF. See National Social Democratic Front (NSDF)
Nuremberg Charter, 468
Obama, Barack, 395, 397–399, 556, 583–584
Oberdorfer, Don, 90
O’Brien, Tim, 68, 550
oceanic migrants, 404–405, 412. See also boat people
O’Dowd, Edward C., 334
ODP. See Orderly Departure Program (ODP)
Offutt Air Force Base, 230
Ohio National Guard, 60, 267, 494
Okinawa, 230, 477, 493
one war approach (US), 48–55
Operation Chenla II, 268
Operation Eagle Pull, 272
Operation Flaming Dart, 453, 457
Operation Freedom Train, 216
Operation Frequent Wind, 410
Operation Iraqi Freedom, 564
Operation Junction City, 479
Operation Lam Sơn 719, 33, 61–62, 209, 215, 293
Operation Linebacker, 13, 35–36, 38, 41, 207, 221–225, 228, 232
path to, 219–221
and Pocket Money, 221–225
Operation Linebacker II, 40–42, 70, 228–231, 460–461
Operation Menu, 57, 262
Operation Momentum, 284
Operation New Life, 499
Operation Pocket Money, 221–225
Operation Ranch Hand, 392, 463, 481, 491, 494
Operation Rolling Thunder, 36, 221–223, 226, 258, 415, 447, 454, 467–468, 482
Operation Texas Star, 45
Orange County, California, 506, 510
Orderly Departure Program (ODP), 402, 407–409, 422, 508
Our Great Spring Victory, 233
Our Lady of Fatima, 505
Our Lady of Vietnam the Refugee, 505
Pa Kao Her, 295
pacification, 47, 49–52, 53–54, 56, 61, 64, 67, 211, 224, 452
Packwood, Bob, 90
PACM. See People’s Anti-Corruption Movement (PACM)
Padwe, Jonathan, 487
Pakistan, 34, 321, 323
East, 321
Pakse Site-22, 291
Pakse Site-38, 290
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 313, 319, 323–324, 330, 474
Palestinians, 96, 319, 329
Panetta, Leon, 397
PAP. See People’s Action Party (PAP)
Paradise of the Blind, 520–521
Paris, 28, 29–30, 39, 41, 157, 192, 199–201, 208, 242, 383
negotiations, 27–28, 193–194, 196–200
Peace Agreement/Accords, 13, 41–44, 70, 203, 232–234, 237–238, 269, 271, 335–336, 342
Passman, Otto, 75–76, 79–80
Path, Kosal, 334
Pathet Lao, 164, 172, 205, 279, 280–284, 286, 290–294
leadership, 282
Patriotic Neutralists, 283, 285
PAVN. See People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN)
peace, 2, 13, 29–30, 31, 38, 100–101, 157–158, 161–163, 232–233, 433–434
agreement, 13, 23–24, 71, 228, 238, 293, 381, 554, 564. See also Paris, Peace Agreement/Accords
with honor, 11, 12, 23, 26, 32, 41, 43, 70, 145
movement, 24, 41, 99
negotiations, 56–57, 120, 227
Phony, 41, 44
semi-public talks, 10, 144, 145
settlement, 136, 137–138, 227–228, 231, 240
Peace Corps, 75, 397, 565
peaceful coexistence, 151, 185, 316
Pearl Harbor, 205, 566
Pell, Claiborne, 414
Pence, Mike, 400
Pentagon, 110, 137, 244, 259, 267, 435–437, 464
Pentagon Papers, 3, 93, 448
People’s Action Party (PAP), 173
People’s Anti-Corruption Movement (PACM), 249
People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), 141–142, 209–210, 215, 218–219, 224–225, 235, 246–251, 347, 489–490, 498
attacks, 213, 215–216, 219, 227
buildup, 212–213
forces, 153, 155, 212–213, 215, 217–218, 224, 227, 232, 487
offensive, 215–216, 217, 219
tanks, 161, 498
People’s Daily, 527
People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF), 50, 52, 141–144, 261, 462, 465–467, 482
People’s Republic of China. See China
People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), 340, 347, 351
Peterson, Douglas “Pete,” 390, 581
Phạm Anh, 135
Phạm Quế Dương, 378
Pham Van Chuong, 102
Phạm Vӑn Đồng, 28, 190, 193, 197, 239, 240–241, 337, 342, 346, 356–357, 362
Phạm Vӑn Phú, 250–251
Phan Chu Trinh, 113, 146
Phan Hiền, 308, 339, 343
Phan Rang, 485
Phan Thị Kim Phúc, 463
Phan Vӑn Khải, 368, 371
Phasouk S. Rajaphakd, 290
Phibun Songkhram, 169–171, 280
Philippines, 164–166, 169, 172, 177–180, 187, 204, 230, 394, 404, 477
Phnom Penh, 194–195, 204–205, 259, 261, 268, 271–272, 273–276, 324, 340–341, 346–347
Pholsena, Vatthana, 487
Phonkheng jail, 282
“Phony Peace,” 41, 44
Phoui Sananikone, 282
Phoum Nosavan, 282, 283–284, 289
Phú Yên province, 64
Phươc Long, 160, 247–248
Pike, Douglas, 18, 142
ping pong diplomacy, 196
PKI. See Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI)
PKP. See Communist Party of the Philippines (PKP)
Plaek Phibunsongkhram, 169
PLAF. See People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF)
Plain of Jars, 282–286, 292
Plei Me, 573
Pleiku, 160, 215, 250–251, 453–454, 455
PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
PMU (Project Management Unit), 371
PNM (Progressive Nationalist Movement), 126, 133, 236
Pocket Money, Operation. See Operation Pocket Money
Pol Pot, 273, 277, 306, 310, 311, 335–336, 338–340, 344, 345–347, 383
Poland, 254, 496, 585, 597
Police Aerial Resupply Unit (PARU), 283, 289
Portelli, Alessandro, 549
Portland, 505
Portugal, 589
postcolonial world, 314, 315–316, 318–319, 322, 323, 326, 328, 330
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 542–548, 558, 577
Poulo Condor, 356
Poulo Wai, 339
POWs. See prisoners of war (POWs)
Prague Spring, 28
PRC (People’s Republic of China). See China
precision weapons, 222, 223
PRG. See Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG)
prisoners, 146, 148, 242, 412, 425, 430, 432, 434–435, 438–439, 442. See also prisoners of war (POWs)
political, 264, 413, 432–433
prisoners of war (POWs), 15, 416, 419–420, 424–442, 459, 464–466
accounting, 419, 422–423
as Cold War icons, 428–431
experience, 424–442
families, 419, 435, 580
and fight for moral authority, 434–440
former, 388–390, 436, 441, 581
PRK. See People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK)
Progressive Nationalist Movement. See PNM (Progressive Nationalist Movement)
Project Management Unit (PMU), 371
Project Ngoc, 411
prostitution, 114, 507, 519, 522–525, 526–528
Protestants, 367, 505
protests, 97, 99, 101, 134–135, 250, 327, 374–375, 384, 512, 515
environmental, 375, 494
peaceful, 101, 110, 375
student, 266–267, 364
violent, 367, 397
Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), 11, 112–113, 146, 234, 236, 237–238, 244–245, 252, 301, 591–592
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Putin, Vladimir, 400
Putzel, Michael, 71
Pyle, Alden (character), 563–565
Qiang Zhai, 338, 343
Qing Dynasty, 301
Quán Xồm, 527–528
Quảng Trị, 36, 55, 135, 153, 214, 218–219, 227, 235, 487
Quang Trung Offensive, 153–154, 156
Quiet American, The, 16, 563, 566
Quinn-Judge, Sophie, 334
Quonset Point RI, 488
Quy Nhơn, 485
Rạch Giá, 500
Rambo, John (character), 385, 419, 424, 555, 565
Rambo Faction, 570
Ranariddh, Norodom, 278
Ranch Hand, Operation. See Operation Ranch Hand
Rangel, Charles, 441
rape, 114, 471
Rapid Deployment Force, 572
rapprochement
Sino-American, 6–8, 34, 150, 153, 189, 194–197, 201–203, 205–206
Soviet-Vietnamese, 28
Rash, John, 586
Reagan, Nancy, 555
Reagan, Ronald, 382, 384–385, 419–420, 536–537, 554, 564–566, 569–570, 571, 574–576, 578–580
administration, 350, 385, 420, 540, 577
“noble cause” thesis, 15, 19, 384, 420, 440, 537, 559, 575
as redeemer, 574–582
Red Cross, 432–433
Red Guard Party of San Francisco, 105
Red River, Delta, 30
Redgrave, Michael, 565
Refugee Act, 406, 414
refugee camps, 295–296, 302, 408, 412, 505
refugee communities, 503–504, 505, 512
Refugee Concern, 411
refugee generation, 505, 508–509
refugee politics, 402, 406
refugees, 304, 306, 360, 403, 406–408, 414, 496, 499–505, 506–511, 512–514. See also boat people
definition, 406, 408
migration programs, 403–410
and US approach to normalization, 416–422
and US–Vietnam relations, 402–423
Vietnamese, 16, 17, 488, 499, 501, 505
relatives. See family members
religious movements, 121. See also individual religions
remittances, 355, 365–366, 369, 503
Renovation, 5, 311–312, 364, 386, 420, 516–521, 530, 596. See also Ðổi mới
repatriation, 407, 411, 421, 557
of POW/MIAs, 419–420
Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 50–54, 57–63, 71–76, 114–122, 227–229, 232–236, 241–243, 247–253, 447–452, 458–459. See also Introductory Note
government, 74, 77, 118–120, 127, 129, 243, 245, 447, 452, 454
Land to the Tiller, 128–130
regime, 41, 55, 77, 196, 302, 317, 322, 324, 566, 569
Second Republic, 117–118, 121, 125, 126, 128, 130–131, 133
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF), 218–219, 224, 227. See also Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
Republican Party, 81, 83, 88–90, 388, 416, 440, 567. See also individual names
Resettlement Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees (ROVR), 38, 222–223, 407, 414, 422
reunification
family, 408, 413, 418–420, 508
national, 141, 204, 206, 497, 500
Reza Pahlavi, Shah, 326–327, 328
Rhodesia, 313
RIMPAC, 400
Ripcord, 45–47, 71
Risner, Robinson, 430, 431, 438–439
rivers, 251, 272, 484, 486, 498, 500, 526, 528. See also individual river names
RLG. See Royal Lao Government (RLG)
roads, 159, 225–226, 235, 238, 251, 482, 487, 492, 596, 599. See also highways
Robin, Corey, 525
Rogers, William, 265, 269, 270, 575
Rolling Thunder, Operation. See Operation Rolling Thunder
Rolling Thunder Alpha, 36. See also Linebacker, Operation
Roman Empire, 480, 608
Roosevelt, Theodore, 267
Rostow, Eugene, 449
Rostow, Walt, 182, 480
Rothstein, Vivian, 109–111
Route Packs/Packages, 38, 222–223
ROVR (Resettlement Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees), 38, 222–223, 407, 414, 422
Rowley, Kelvin, 334
Royal Lao Air Force, 287, 289, 290, 292
Royal Lao Government (RLG), 172, 281–282, 284–288, 290
fall, 294–296
Royal Lao Navy, 290
Rumsfeld, Donald, 583
Rusk, Dean, 79, 85
Russell Tribunal, 446, 467–468
Russia, 190, 395, 520, 571, 604, 606–608. See also Soviet Union
Russians, 40, 227, 338, 353, 361
Russia–Ukraine War, 18, 605–607
RVN. See Republic of Vietnam (RVN)
RVNAF. See Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF)
Sa Huỳnh, 235
Sabah, 172, 175–176
SAC. See Strategic Air Command (SAC)
Saddam Hussein, 561, 563, 580, 582–583
Sagan, Ginetta, 413
Saigon, 10–14, 39–40, 135–137, 139–144, 157–164, 215–216, 251–253, 484–486, 496–499, 585–586. See also Hồ Chí Minh, City; South Vietnam
Sainteny, Jean, 29
Salisbury, Harrison, 460
Saloth Sar. See Pol Pot
SALT, 200
Samphan, Khieu, 205, 273, 337, 339
Samrin, Heng, 276, 340, 347
Sanprasith Na Champasak, 295
Saravane, 293
Sarawak, 172, 175–176
Sarit Thanarat, 171
Saudi Arabia, 323, 329
Savannakhet, 283, 289, 487
Savio, Mario, 441
Schaefer, Bern, 339
Schell, Jonathan, 424
Schulzinger, Robert, 27
Schumpeter, Joseph, 480
Schwenkel, Christina, 485
Scruggs, Jan, 545, 577
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 96, 104
Se Pon River, 487
Seabees, 485, 488
SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Second Air War, 207–232. See also Linebacker, Operation
DRVN response, 225–228
Linebacker and Pocket Money, 221–225
Linebacker II, 40–42, 70, 228–231, 460–461
path to Linebacker, 219–221
Second Civil War 1973–1975, 233–253
American effort, 240–243
final year, 248–253
New Year 1974, 243–248
seen from the North, 238–240
seen from the South, 234–238
Second Geneva Accords, 279, 284–285
Laos before, 282–284
Second Indochina War. See Vietnam War
Second World War. See World War II
secret war in Laos, 10, 172, 279, 284–288, 291, 296, 429
Security Council. See United Nations, Security Council
Selma, Alabama, 101
Senate (US), 72–74, 76–77, 78–79, 81–82, 83–86, 88–90, 91–95, 127, 132, 440
Armed Services Committee, 86
Democrats, 75, 81, 90
elections, 94, 132
Foreign Relations Committee, 66, 270, 454
Judiciary Committee, 466
Judiciary Subcommittee for Refugees and Escapees, 414
liberals, 76, 79, 83
resolution, 77
senators (US), 74, 78–79, 82, 85, 87, 90–93, 414–416, 540. See also individual names
antiwar, 86–87, 93
September Group, 30–31
SGUs. See special guerrilla units (SGUs)
Shackley, Ted, 289–290
Shah Reza Pahlavi, 326–327, 328
Shanghai Communiqué, 2, 34, 151
Shawcross, William, 43
Shultz, George W., 576
Sihanouk, Norodom, 32–33, 194–195, 202, 203–205, 256–260, 263–264, 271–272, 278, 335–336, 347
overthrow, 263–264
Sihanoukville, 32–33
Singapore, 164–166, 168, 172–173, 174–176, 177, 186, 346, 348, 602, 603–604
Sirik Matak, 33, 265, 268, 270, 272
Sisowaths, 256
Skyline Ridge, 288, 292
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Snepp, Frank, 234
socialism, 300, 302, 355, 357–358, 360, 363, 367, 369, 594–595, 597
sorghum, 358, 361
socialist countries/states, 11, 189, 191–192, 204–205, 246, 364, 516, 593, 595, 598
former, 598
socialist imperialism, 28, 192
socialist law, 517, 519
socialist production, large-scale, 299, 304, 358
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRVN), 14, 581, 592
and environmental legacies of war, 479
NEZs (new economic zones), 303–304, 306–307, 359, 500
postwar relations with US, 382, 387–388, 390, 393–394, 398
reeducation camps, 14, 294, 324, 359, 409, 413, 500, 502, 508, 510–511
detainees, 408–409, 411–414, 419–422, 512
and refugees, 402, 405, 407–408, 409, 411–412, 417, 420–421, 422–423
socialist system, 355, 365, 374, 377, 379
socialist transformation, 300–301, 310, 359–360, 417
SOE. See Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Solarz, Stephen, 414
solidarity, anticommunist, 10, 118, 125
Somalia, 577
Sombart, Werner, 480
Sơn Mỹ. See Mỹ Lai
Sorley, Lewis, 49, 551
Sorrow of War, 521–522, 524–525
Souphanouvong, 279–280, 294
South Africa, 313
South China Sea, 18, 173, 180, 394, 397, 400, 487, 589–591, 600, 605–608
South Dakota Veterans of Foreign Wars, 89
South Korea, 179–180, 365, 399, 467, 493, 496, 509, 602, 604, 606
South Vietnam. See Republic of Vietnam (RVN)
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 166, 169, 171, 175, 177, 257
Souvanna Phouma, 283–284, 286–289, 293
sovereignty, 63, 122, 124, 277, 287, 448, 451, 456, 600, 607
Soviet Union, 27–28, 149–154, 185–186, 189–196, 199–206, 315–319, 328–330, 341–346, 348–351, 383–386. See also détente
economic aid from, 190, 193
influence, 27, 164, 204, 361
leaders, 151, 185–186, 197, 199–200, 205, 223, 316, 328, 580
military aid from, 138, 199–200
Sino-Soviet border clashes, 193–195
Vietnam–Soviet–US–China relations 1975–1977, 342–344
special guerrilla units (SGUs), 284–285, 288, 290–292
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 169, 356
Special Operations Group, 482
Spock, Benjamin, 102
Spring Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam, 101
SRVN. See Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRVN)
SS Mayaguez, 273
Stalin, Joseph, 141, 277, 316, 357–358
Stalinism, 357–359, 382
Stallone, Sylvester, 555, 565
Starry, Donn A., 61
State Department, 173, 179, 265, 345, 446, 450, 453, 456
statehood, contested, 447–451
Steinbeck, John, IV, 65
Stennis, John, 86, 88, 94
Stevens, Ted, 93
Stevenson, John, 456–457
Stockdale, James, 425, 438–439
Strategic Air Command (SAC), 230
strategic hamlets, 168, 466
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 102, 104
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 96, 104
Suharto, 177–178, 181, 183, 184, 187, 317–318, 331
Sukarno, 165, 169, 174–177, 178, 188, 317, 319
Sullivan, William, 287–289
Sweden, 309, 408
Switzerland, 257
Symington, Stuart, 86–87, 92–93, 95
Syria, 323, 473, 577, 585
TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation), 292
Taiwan, 139, 151, 179, 196–197, 365, 496, 509, 602, 603, 606
Straits, 18, 83, 591
Taliban, 330, 582–586
Tân Cảnh, 219
Tân Sơn Nhất, 240, 486, 525, 573
tanks, 214, 247, 253, 364, 372, 531
Tappe, Oliver, 487
Tây Ninh, 215, 249, 341
Taylor, Maxwell, 85
Taylor, Telford, 85, 460–461, 468, 469–470
Tennessee, 74, 90, 100, 501
Terry, Wallace, 549
Tet Offensive, 62–64, 117, 123–125, 139, 142, 152–154, 190–193, 206, 319–320, 323
Texas, 80, 501, 510
Texas Star, Operation. See Operation Texas Star
Tha Vieng, 284
Thạch Hãn River, 487
Thái Bình province, 368
Thailand, 87, 169–173, 177–180, 183–184, 187, 272–273, 283–284, 287–289, 294–296, 348–349
governments, 169, 170, 280, 295
leadership, 169, 171, 348
leftists, 171
Thais, 8, 183, 185, 254, 261, 283, 286, 288–289, 292, 296
Thakhek, 280
Thanh Hóa, 217
Thanom Kittikachorn, 171
Thao Ma Manosith, 289, 294
Thao Tou Yang, 282
Thayer, Carlyle, 142, 401
Theravada Buddhism, 121
Thích Tâm Châu, 120
Thích Trí Quang, 120
Third Indochina War, 3, 7, 9, 15, 206, 326, 328, 331–352, 405
termination, 349–351
Vietnam–Cambodia relations 1962–1975, 335–337
Vietnam–Kampuchea relations, 333, 338, 339–341, 344–347
Third World, 6, 14, 106, 186, 346
and communist triumph in Vietnam, 313–332
Thirtieth of September Movement, 177
Thompson, Floyd, 429
Thomson, James, 82
Thonglith Chokbengboun, 295
Thừa Thiên Huế province, 487
Thượng Đức, 246–247
Thúy Nga, 504–505
Tiananmen Square, 364, 597
Tiền Giang River, 484
Tieng Sirikhan, 280
Tiger Force, 558
Toledo Blade, 558
Tonkin Gulf, 94, 190, 453–454, 599
Resolution, 60, 80–81, 82–83, 86, 88, 94–95, 446, 576
torture, 327, 413, 416, 431–432, 433, 436–439, 468
TPP. See Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
Trấn Hữu Thanh, 136, 249–250
Trấn Thiện Khiêm, 131
Trấn Vӑn Hương, 252, 519–520
Trấn Vӑn Trà, 234, 247, 252
Tran Xuan Bach, 364, 596
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 399–400, 604, 606
triangular diplomacy, 24, 35, 41, 43, 181, 210, 223
Truman, Harry, 257
Trump, Donald, 399–401, 424–426, 556, 584–585, 605
administration, 401, 604
Trương Chinh, 356–357, 362–363, 524, 596
Tulane University, 569
Tunku, 169, 172–173, 175–176, 183
U Tapao Air Base, 230
Ubon Ratchathani, 295, 487
UCMJ. See Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
Udorn, 487
Ukraine, 18, 605–607
Unger, Leonard, 285, 287, 289
UNHCR. See United Nations, High Commissioner for Refugees
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 469–470
United Airlines, 389
United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO), 122
United Kingdom, 164–165, 166–169, 172–175, 186, 190, 406, 408, 450–451, 603–604, 608
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 169, 356
United Nations, 170, 278, 300, 324, 381, 383, 571, 592, 603
Charter, 453, 455, 456, 468, 472
General Assembly, 197, 343
High Commissioner for Refugees, 404–407, 411–412, 421, 508
Security Council, 176, 324, 382, 391, 453
Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 278
United States. See also Introductory Note
Air Force, 86–87, 137, 215–218, 222–225, 226, 228, 287, 292, 461, 465. See also air campaigns; individual operation names
airpower, 12, 63
armed forces, 47, 547
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 56, 169, 172, 281, 283–286, 289, 291, 317, 327, 329
Congress. See Congress (US)
culture. See American culture
effort in Second Civil War 1973–1975, 240–243
hegemony in Southeast Asia, 181–185
humanitarian assistance, 95, 396, 414, 556
noble cause, 15, 19, 384, 420, 440, 537, 559, 575
normalization, 308–309, 342–343, 345–346, 381–385, 387–391, 401–403, 415–417, 418–419, 422–423, 600
1988–2007, 385–393
to partnership, 393–400
process, 387, 390, 419, 423
refugees and US approach, 416–422
National Security Council (NSC), 31, 35–36, 220, 259, 585
Pentagon, 110, 137, 244, 259, 267, 435–437, 464
postwar relations with Vietnam, 380–401
and refugees, 402–423
presidents. See individual names
relations with China
Sino-American rapprochement, 6–8, 34, 150, 153, 189, 194–199, 201–203, 205–206
Sino-North Vietnamese relations, 202–203
Sino-North Vietnamese-Soviet relations, 206
Sino-Soviet relations, 11, 202, 320, 404
Sino-Soviet split/dispute, 2, 206, 316–317, 320–322, 325, 326, 328, 331, 342, 350
border clashes, 193–195
Sino-Vietnamese relations, 334, 337–339, 341, 343–344, 404, 418, 605
Sino-Vietnamese war, 326, 333, 347–349
Secret War in Laos, 10, 172, 279, 284–288, 291, 296, 429
Senate. See Senate (US)
UNSC. See United Nations, Security Council
UNTAC. See United Nations, Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
USS Carl Vinson, 400
USS Maddox, 82
USS Okinawa, 272
USSR. See Soviet Union
Ussuri River, 193
Ut, Nick, 491
Vӑn Tiến Dũng, 233, 250, 252, 351, 371
Vance, Cyrus, 309–310, 343, 383
Vang Pao, 284, 285, 288, 289–292, 294–296
Vann, John Paul, 215
Vatthana Pholsena, 487
Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), 561, 563, 565, 568–569, 574
VFW. See Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW)
Vị Xuyên, 310
Viangxay District, 294
Vientiane, 3, 14, 24, 281–284, 288–289, 340
Agreement, 279, 294
Viet Cong, 32, 50, 102, 109, 117, 125, 141, 147, 163, 197
Việt Dzũng, 502
Viet Minh, 113, 166, 256, 280–281, 448, 449, 479
Việt Nam Quốc dân Đảng (VNQDÐ), 122–123, 125
Vietnam Moratorium Committee (VMC), 114
Vietnam People’s Air Force (VPAF), 222
Vietnam syndrome, 4, 15, 350, 385, 536–537, 562, 575–576, 580, 582
Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), 66, 388, 559
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 545–547, 559
Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF), 545–547, 577
Vietnam Veterans of America, 557
Vietnam Veterans Outreach Centers, 543
Vietnam War, 1–3, 279, 315, 318, 329, 333, 377, 380, 607
environmental legacies, 476–495
bombing, 488–490
chemical, 490–493
historiography, 1, 4, 18, 333
international law, 445–475
moral legacy of, 538–542
narratives, 17, 108, 116, 355, 538, 539, 541, 549
antiwar, 106, 115
captivity, 427
oral, 548–549
popular, 353, 419
veterans, 538–542
negotiated settlement, 58, 62, 70, 145, 207, 210
negotiating positions, 57, 193, 417–418
negotiations, 28–30, 38, 40, 191–192, 228, 281, 305–306, 308, 384, 602–604
bilateral, 403, 409
resumption, 40, 156, 200, 231
secret, 23, 31, 208
semi-public peace talks, 10, 144, 145
settlement, 154, 227–229, 231–232, 238, 557
compromise, 11, 56
diplomatic, 13, 146, 207, 421
draft, 39, 228
troop withdrawals, 47, 51, 57, 60–61, 119, 181, 207–208, 349
unilateral troop withdrawals, 131, 208
Vietnam War Memorial, 415, 555, 579
Vietnam Women’s Memorial, 546
Vietnam–Cambodia relations 1962–1975, 335–337
Vietnam–China relations 1971–1975, 337–339
Vietnamese diaspora, 17, 403, 411, 412, 421, 496–515
identity amidst Vietnamese erasure and American indifference, 503–507
immigrant generation and shift to a transnational identity, 508–514
Vietnamese Women’s Union (VWU), 98, 100, 108–109, 110–112
Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP), 40, 98, 141, 143, 147, 209, 337–339, 518, 524, 585
Central Committee, 152, 240, 344, 357, 359, 364, 366, 368, 596, 597–598, 602
Politburo, 33, 37, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157–162, 209–211, 225, 227, 238–239, 246–248, 250
economy of forces, 10, 142–151
meetings, 227, 239, 341, 344–345
members, 62, 150, 239, 337, 364, 376
at war 1969–1975, 141–162
Vietnamization, 23, 25, 29, 41, 47, 53–54, 56, 61–62, 147–148, 196
Vietnam–Kampuchea relations, 333, 338, 339–341, 344–347
Vietnam–Soviet–US–China relations 1975–1977, 342–344
Vinacomin, 375
Vinashin, 371
VMC (Vietnam Moratorium Committee), 114
VNQDÐ (Việt Nam Quốc dân Đảng), 122–123, 125
Võ Nguyên Giáp, 210, 222, 233, 235, 238–240, 247, 250, 252, 319, 357
Vo Phien, 123
Vo Van Kiet, 368, 596, 600
Vogt, John, 215–216, 221–223
Vũ Khoan, 368
Vũ Vӑn Giai, 214, 218
VVAW. See Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)
VVMF. See Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF)
VWP. See Vietnamese Workers’ Party (VWP)
VWU. See Vietnamese Women’s Union (VWU)
Wapi Khamthong province, 290
war crimes, 67, 144, 465, 467–471, 474–476, 531, 559
War Powers Act, 43, 94, 159, 243, 248
War Powers Resolution, 567, 576
wars of national liberation, 8, 316, 458–459
Washington. See United States
Washington Post, 61, 577
Washington State, 254, 505
Watergate scandal, 42, 95, 159, 201, 241–242, 247, 270–271, 566, 568. See also Nixon, Richard M.
Wayne, John, 427, 539, 573
WB. See World Bank (WB)
Webb, James, 539–540, 541, 546–547, 552
Weinberger, Casper, 576–577
Weisberg, Barry, 483
Weiss, Cora, 99
West Germany. See Germany
Westad, Odd Arne, 314, 333–334
Western Europe, 102, 186, 318–320, 356, 387, 496–497, 502, 505, 511. See also individual countries
Westmoreland, General William C., 48–50, 70, 88, 261, 267, 287, 466, 470
Whalen, Charles, 92
Wheeler, Earl, 30
White House, 53, 182, 212–213, 215–216, 217, 220, 229–230, 410, 561–562, 570–571. See also United States; individual presidents
WIDF (Women’s International Democratic Federation), 108
Widyono, Benny, 278
Williams, Robert, 105
Wilmer, Harry, 547
Wolfson-Ford, Ryan, 287
Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF), 108
women’s liberation, 96, 111–112, 113–115, 427
Woods, Randall Bennett, 85
Woodside, Alexander, 516–517
Woodward, Bob, 567
World Bank (WB), 421, 593
World Trade Organization (WTO), 16, 369, 371, 391, 401, 602–603
World War I, 577
World War II, 166, 278–280, 380–381, 413, 414, 429, 430, 460–461, 491, 493
Wright, Quincy, 449
WTO. See World Trade Organization (WTO)
Xayaboury province, 284
Xekong River, 282
Xi Jinping, 376, 400
Xiaoming Zhang, 334
Xieng Khouang province, 283, 286, 291–292
Xieng Lom, 288, 290
Xuân Lộc, 139, 252
Xuân Thủy, 209
Young, Milton, 93
Young, Stephen, 76, 83, 90
Youth Brigade, 521
Zbigniew Brzezinski, 384, 572
Zhou Enlai, 34, 150, 180, 187, 192–193, 196–199, 200, 271, 337, 343
Zierler, David, 494

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  • Index
  • General editor Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Columbia University, New York
  • Edited by Pierre Asselin, San Diego State University
  • Book: The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War
  • Online publication: 02 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316225288.032
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  • Index
  • General editor Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Columbia University, New York
  • Edited by Pierre Asselin, San Diego State University
  • Book: The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War
  • Online publication: 02 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316225288.032
Available formats
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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • General editor Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Columbia University, New York
  • Edited by Pierre Asselin, San Diego State University
  • Book: The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War
  • Online publication: 02 January 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316225288.032
Available formats
×