Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T21:58:51.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

20 - The Mongols and Europe

from Volume I Part 4 - External Histories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Michal Biran
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Hodong Kim
Affiliation:
Seoul National University
Get access

Summary

The chapter covers the main aspects of the relations between the Mongol Empire and European powers in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It first discusses the main events and assumed motivations of the Mongol invasion of Europe, which set the stage for the later development of political, diplomatic, and commercial relations. It summarizes the European efforts to gain information on the Mongols by sending missionaries to the heart of the Mongol Empire. Mutual knowledge and formal contacts led to several attempts to establish diplomatic relations between European powers (such as the Pope and the kings of France and England) and the Mongol khans. Furthermore, the chapter examines the commercial relations between European traders and Mongol rulers that flourished in the late thirteenth century and the fourteenth from the Black Sea to China. Finally, material and cultural influences in art, manufacturing, geographical knowledge, and technology are illustrated.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aigle, Denise. 2005. “The Letters of Eljigidei, Hülegü, and Abaqa: Mongol Overtures or Christian Ventriloquism?Inner Asia 7.2: 143–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aigle, Denise 2008. “De la ‘non-négociation’ à l’alliance inaboutie: Réflexions sur la diplomatie entre les Mongols et l’Occident latin.” Oriente Moderno 88.2: 395434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aigle, Denise 2015. The Mongol Empire between Myth and Reality. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1983. “Prelude to the Western Campaigns: Mongol Military Operations in the Volga–Ural Region, 1217–1237.” AEMA 3: 524.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 1997. Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2001. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrade, Tonio. 2016. The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balard, Michel. 1983. “Gênes et la mer Noire (xiiie–xve siècles).” Revue historique 270: 3154.Google Scholar
Baldissin Molli, Giovanna. 2011. “D’oro e d’argento: Beni di lusso a Padova al tempo dei signori di Carrara.” In Padova Carrarese, ed. G. Baldissin Molli et al., 105–11. Padua.Google Scholar
Balducci Pegolotti, Francesco. 1936. La pratica della mercatura, ed. Evans, Allan. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Berindei, Mihnea, and Veinstein, Gilles. 1976. “La Tana-Azaq, de la présence italienne à l’emprise ottomane (fin xiii-e-milieu xvi-e siècle).” Turcica 8.2: 110201.Google Scholar
Bevilacqua, Eugenia. 1980. “Geografi e Cosmografi.” In Storia della Cultura Veneta, ed. Arnaldi, Girolamo and Stocchi, Manlio Pastore, vol. 3, part 2, 355–74. Vicenza.Google Scholar
Bigalli, Davide. 1971. I Tartari e l’Apocalisse. Florence.Google Scholar
Boyle, John Andrew. 1964. “The Journey of Hetʿum I, King of Little Armenia, to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke.” CAJ 9.3: 175–89.Google Scholar
Büntgen, Ulf, and Cosmo, Nicola Di. 2016. “Climatic and Environmental Aspects of the Mongol Withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 ce.” Scientific Reports 6: 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattaneo, Angelo. 2016. “European Medieval and Renaissance Cosmography: A Story of Multiple Voices.” Asian Review of World Histories 4.1: 3481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Kenneth. 2003. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, Christopher. 1995. The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. New York.Google Scholar
de Rachewiltz, Igor. 1971. Papal Envoys to the Great Khan. Stanford.Google Scholar
Cosmo, Di, Nicola. 2005. “Mongols and Merchants on the Black Sea Frontier in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Convergences and Conflicts.” In Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, ed. Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran, 391424. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorrie, Heinrich. 1956. “Drei Texte zur Geschichte der Ungarn und Mongolen: Die Missionreisen des fr. Iulianus O.P. ins Ural-Gebiet (1234/5) und nach Russland (1237) und der Bericht des Erzbischofs Peter uber die Tartaren.” Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Goettingen (Phil.-Hist. Klasse) 6: 125202.Google Scholar
Ertl, Thomas. 2006. “Silkworms, Capital, and Merchant Ships: European Silk Industry in the Medieval World Economy.” Medieval History Journal 9.2: 243–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flint, Valerie I. J. 1995. “The Medieval World of Christopher Columbus.” Parergon 12.2: 927.Google Scholar
Franke, Herbert. 1966. “Sino-Western Contacts under the Mongol Empire.” Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6: 4972.Google Scholar
Guzman, Gregory G. 1971. “Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal.” Speculum 46.2: 232–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haw, Stephen G. 2013. “The Mongol Empire: The First ‘Gunpowder Empire’?JRAS, third series 23.3: 441–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoeniger, Cathleen S. 1991. “Cloth of Gold and Silver: Simone Martini’s Techniques for Representing Luxury Textiles.” Gesta 30.2: 154–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Peter. 1980. “The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260.” English Historical Review 95.376: 481513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Peter 1999. “From Ulus to Khanate: The Making of the Mongol States, c. 1220–c. 1290.” In The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy, ed. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven and Morgan, David, 1238. Leiden.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter 2005. The Mongols and the West. Harlow.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter 2006. “World-Conquest and Local Accommodation: Threat and Blandishment in Mongol Diplomacy.” History and Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods, ed. Judith Pfeiffer and Sholeh A. Quinn, 322. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Jacoby, David. 2010. “Oriental Silks Go West: A Declining Trade in the Later Middle Ages.” In Islamic Artifacts in the Mediterranean World: Trade, Gift Exchange and Artistic Transfer, ed. Catarina Schmidt and Gerhard Wolff, 87104. Florence.Google Scholar
Khan, Iqtidar Alam. 1996. “Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Mongols.” Journal of Asian History 30.1: 2745.Google Scholar
Kubiski, Joyce. 2001. “Orientalizing Costume in Early Fifteenth-Century French Manuscript Painting (Cité des Dames Master, Limbourg Brothers, Boucicaut Master, and Bedford Master).” Gesta 40.2: 161–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuroda, Akinobu. 2009. “The Eurasian Silver Century, 1276–1359: Commensurability and Multiplicity.” Journal of Global History 4.2: 245–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyvaert, Paul. 1980. “An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis ix of France.” Viator 11: 245–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olschki, Leonardo. 1944. “Asiatic Exoticism in Italian Art of the Early Renaissance.” Art Bulletin 26.2: 95106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paviot, Jacques. 2000. “England and the Mongols (c. 1260–1330).” Journal of the Royal Society of Great Britain and Ireland 10.3: 305–18.Google Scholar
Petech, Luciano. 1962. “Les marchands italiens dans l’empire mongol.” Journal asiatique 250: 549–74.Google Scholar
Prazniak, Roxann. 2010. “Siena on the Silk Roads: Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Mongol Global Century, 1250–1350.” Journal of World History 21.2: 177217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes. 2014. “Civitas Thauris: The Significance of Tabriz in the Spatial Frameworks of Christian Merchants and Ecclesiastics in the 13th and 14th Centuries.” In Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz, ed. Judith Pfeiffer, 251–99. Leiden.Google Scholar
Richard, Jean. 1977. La papauté et les missions d’Orient au moyen-âge (XIIIe–XVe siècles). Rome.Google Scholar
Rogers, Greg S. 1996. “An Examination of Historians’ Explanations for the Mongol Withdrawal from East Central Europe.” East European Quarterly 30.1: 326.Google Scholar
Rossabi, Morris. 2010. Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West. Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, J. J. 1969. “Matthew Paris and the Mongols.” In Essays in Medieval History Presented to Bertie Wilkinson, ed. Sandquist, T. A. and Powicke, M. R., 116–32. Toronto.Google Scholar
Felicitas, Schmieder, and Schreiner, Peter, eds. 2005. Il Codice Cumanico e il suo Mondo. Roma.Google Scholar
Voegelin, Eric. 1940–1941. “The Mongol Orders of Submission to European Powers, 1245–1255.” Byzantion 15: 378413.Google Scholar
Wing, Patrick. 2014. “‘Rich in Goods and Abounding in Wealth’: The Ilkhanid and Post-Ilkhanid Ruling Elite and the Politics of Commercial Life at Tabriz, 1250–1400.” In Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz, ed. Pfeiffer, Judith, 301–20. Leiden.Google Scholar
Zimonyi, István. 1992 . “The Volga Bulghars between Wind and Water (1220–1236).AOH 46.2–3: 347–55.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×