Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Introduction: New Order for the Old Order
- 1 State Building before 1644
- 2 The Shun-chih Reign
- 3 The K'ang-hsi Reign
- 4 The Yung-cheng Reign
- 5 The Ch'ien-lung Reign
- 6 The Conquest Elite of the Ch'ing Empire
- 7 The Social Roles of Literati in Early to Mid-Ch'ing
- 8 Women, Families, and Gender Relations
- 9 Social Stability and Social Change
- 10 Economic Developments, 1644–1800
- Bibliography
- Glossary Index
- Map 1. The Ch'ing empire – physical features. John K. Fairbank, ed. Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, Part 1, Vol. 10 of The Cambridge History of China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), Map 1, p. xii."
- Map 2. Liaotung and vicinity in 1600. Frederic Wakeman, Jr. The great enterprise: The Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China (Berkeley, 1985), p. 40. Secondary source: Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills, Jr., eds., From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, region, and continuity in seventeenth-century China (New Haven, 1979), p. [2]."
- Map 5. Suppression of the “Three Feudatories.” Partly based on: Wang Ya-hsüan, Chungkuo ku-tai li-shih ti-t'u chi (Shenyang: Liao-ning chiao-yü, 1990) p. 163."
- Map 8. Ch'ing empire in 1759. Jacques Gernet. A History of Chinese Civilization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), Map 24, p. 476."
- Map 11. Distribution of Ming and Ch’ing Customs Houses Defining the Ch’ing Empire’s Integrated Market Economy (by the eighteenth century). Based in part on Map 2-1 in Fan I–chun, “Long-distance trade and Market integration in the Ming–Ch’ing Period 1400–1850.” Diss. Stanford University, 1992, Photocopy, Ann Arbor Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services, 1996."
- References
7 - The Social Roles of Literati in Early to Mid-Ch'ing
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
- Frontmatter
- Introduction: New Order for the Old Order
- 1 State Building before 1644
- 2 The Shun-chih Reign
- 3 The K'ang-hsi Reign
- 4 The Yung-cheng Reign
- 5 The Ch'ien-lung Reign
- 6 The Conquest Elite of the Ch'ing Empire
- 7 The Social Roles of Literati in Early to Mid-Ch'ing
- 8 Women, Families, and Gender Relations
- 9 Social Stability and Social Change
- 10 Economic Developments, 1644–1800
- Bibliography
- Glossary Index
- Map 1. The Ch'ing empire – physical features. John K. Fairbank, ed. Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, Part 1, Vol. 10 of The Cambridge History of China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978), Map 1, p. xii."
- Map 2. Liaotung and vicinity in 1600. Frederic Wakeman, Jr. The great enterprise: The Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in seventeenth-century China (Berkeley, 1985), p. 40. Secondary source: Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills, Jr., eds., From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, region, and continuity in seventeenth-century China (New Haven, 1979), p. [2]."
- Map 5. Suppression of the “Three Feudatories.” Partly based on: Wang Ya-hsüan, Chungkuo ku-tai li-shih ti-t'u chi (Shenyang: Liao-ning chiao-yü, 1990) p. 163."
- Map 8. Ch'ing empire in 1759. Jacques Gernet. A History of Chinese Civilization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), Map 24, p. 476."
- Map 11. Distribution of Ming and Ch’ing Customs Houses Defining the Ch’ing Empire’s Integrated Market Economy (by the eighteenth century). Based in part on Map 2-1 in Fan I–chun, “Long-distance trade and Market integration in the Ming–Ch’ing Period 1400–1850.” Diss. Stanford University, 1992, Photocopy, Ann Arbor Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services, 1996."
- References
Summary
In an imperial government in which power had been balanced since the early empire between an emperor and his officials, the interests of the Ch'ing dynasty were never uniformly decided in favor of either the ruler or his officials. No essentially “Manchu state” ever materialized that merely served the whims of the emperor and his court without resistance from the bureaucracy and the Han Chinese literati officials who served in it. Given the asymmetrical overlap between imperial interests and literati values, the dynasty functioned in terms of a partnership between the ruler and his literati officials in the bureaucracy. This dynamic partnership made Chinese political culture, especially under non-Han emperors, vital and adaptive. Despite misgivings on both sides, Ch'ing rulers made the classical values and ideas of their Han elites the sacred doctrines of Ch'ing civil governance because, in part, that is what their elites themselves believed.
Imperially sanctioned doctrines did not represent a monolithic and unrelenting system of dynastic hegemony, and the consequences of the Ch'ing dynasty's educational regime are analytically distinct from its intended political function. For example, important intellectual trends were unrelated to the empirewide civil examinations. In the first, second, and fourth sections below, an institutional and social analysis of the transformation of literati roles from 1650 to 1800 is presented in light of the empowerment of classical literacy by way of the civil examinations. The third section describes the interactions between the examination marketplace and elite cultural practice.
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- Information
- The Cambridge History of China , pp. 360 - 427Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2002
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