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3 - The earliest archaeological traces

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Glynn Ll. Isaac
Edited by
J. Desmond Clark
Glynn Ll. Isaac
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
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Summary

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE EVIDENCE

This chapter is concerned with archaeological studies of developing technology and culture from the earliest traces to the end of the Middle Pleistocene – that is to say, over a time-span from about two million years ago to about one hundred thousand years ago. The African record of this vast time-span illustrates better than any other the dictum that history, through prehistory, is joined to natural history (Childe 1941, p. 4). In interpreting the evidence, we have continually to bear in mind the fact that we are dealing not with a mere extension of history or ethnography, but with human behaviour patterns in the making. We need to think in terms of changing adaptive systems that involved simultaneous growth in the capacity for culture and in culture itself.

In chapter 2, Howell treats aspects of the anatomical and physiological transformation which brought human cultural capability to its modern level of complexity. The changes involve amongst other things modification of the hind limbs for bipedal locomotion, shortening of the arms and modification of the hands for increased dexterity. Most important of all has been the reorganization and enlargement of the brain and it is to this that we can attribute those qualities of humanity that set our species apart from all other mammals: skill, ‘insight’, cunning, aesthetic sense and above, all, linguistic communication and social co-ordination.

We know that in the last few million years of human evolution these abilities arose or were greatly expanded, but yet fossil human bones provide scant documentation of the pathway by which the transformation came about.

Keywords

material cultureAfrican Palaeolithic literaturearchaeological evidencehuman ecologyMiddle Pleistocene agestone artifactssocio-economic systems
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The Cambridge History of Africa , pp. 157 - 247
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1982

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