Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:47:38.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part III - Linguistics and World Englishes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

Edited by
Daniel Schreier ,
Marianne Hundt  and
Edgar W. Schneider
Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes , pp. 309 - 584
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Akhidenor, Anthonia Eboseremen. 2013. Code-switching in the conversations of the Chinese trading community in Africa: The case of Botswana. English Today 29(4): 30–36.Google Scholar
Bambgbose, Ayo. 2006. A recurring decimal: English in language policy and planning. In Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. The Handbook of World Englishes, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 645–660.Google Scholar
Battenburg, John. 1997. English versus French: Language rivalry in Tunisia. World Englishes 16(2): 281–290.Google Scholar
Baumgardner, Robert J. and Brown, Kimberley. 2012. English in Iranian magazine advertising. World Englishes 31(3): 292–311.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2008. Grassroots Literacy: Writing, Identity and Voice in Central Africa. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2000. The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong and the space for Hong Kong English. World Englishes 19(3): 265–285.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley and Botha, Werner. 2015. Researching English in contemporary China. World Englishes 34(2): 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley and Meierkord, Christiane. 2013. English in contemporary Sweden: Perceptions, policies, and narrated practices. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(1): 93–117.Google Scholar
Bruyèl-Olmedo, Antonio and Juan-Garau, Maria. 2009. English as a lingua franca in the linguistic landscape of the multilingual resort of S’Arenal in Mallorca. International Journal of Multilingualism 6(4): 386–411.Google Scholar
Brutt-Griffler, Janina. 2002. World English: A Study of Its Development. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Buckingham, Louisa. 2015. Commercial signage and the linguistic landscape of Oman. World Englishes 34(3): 411–435. doi:10.1111/weng.12146CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckingham, Louisa. 2016a. Introduction. In Buckingham, Louisa, ed. The Status of English in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 1–6.Google Scholar
Buckingham, Louisa, ed. 2016b. The Status of English in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, A. Suresh. 2013. Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Carroll, John B. 1981. Twenty-five years of research on foreign language aptitude. In Diller, Karl C., ed. Individual Differences and Universals in Language Learning Aptitude. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 83–118.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutting, Joan. 2012. English for airport ground staff. English for Specific Purposes, 31: 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Angelo, James F. 2005. Educated Japanese English: Expanding oral/aural core vocabulary. World Englishes 24(3): 329–349.Google Scholar
Dashti, Abdulmohsen. 2015. The role and status of the English language in Kuwait. English Today 31(3): 28–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deumert, Ana and Mabandla, Nkululeko. 2009. I-dollar eyi one! Ethnolinguistic fractionalization, communication networks and economic participation: Lessons from Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Development Studies 45: 412–40.Google Scholar
Deumert, Ana and Mabandla, Nkululeko. 2013. “Everyday a new shop pops up”: South Africa’s “new” Chinese diaspora and the multilingual transformation of new towns. English Today 29(1): 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duchêne, Alexandre and Pietikainen, Sari. undated. COST Action IS1306. Workers as new speakers (WG3). Collaborative final report. www.nspk.org.uk/images/WG3.pdfGoogle Scholar
Eberhard, David M., Simons, Gary F. and Charles, D. Fennig, eds. 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. (20th ed.) Dallas, TX: SIL International. www.ethnologue.com.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
EF Education First. 2018. EF English Proficiency Index 2015. Cambridge, MA: EF Education First. www.ef.edu/epi/Google Scholar
Erling, Elizabeth J., Hamid, M. Obaidul and Seargeant, Philip. 2013. Grassroots attitudes to English as a language for international development in Bangladesh. In Erling, Elizabeth J. and Seargeant, Philip, eds. English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy and Globalisation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 88–110.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2012. Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fishman, Joshua. 1977. Knowing, using and liking English as an additional language. In Fishman, Joshua A., Cooper, Robert L. and Conrad, Andrew W., eds. The Spread of English: The Sociology of English as an Additional Language. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 302–310.Google Scholar
García, Ofelia and Wei, Li. 2013. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Gonçalves, Kellie. 2016. The pedagogical implications of ELF in a domestic migrant workplace. In Bowles, Hugo and Cogo, Alessia, eds. International Perspectives on English as a Lingua Franca: Pedagogical Insights. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 136–158.Google Scholar
González Cruz, Isabel. 2012. English in the Canaries: Past and present. English Today 28(1): 20–28.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1988. Sprachliche Standardisierungsprozesse im englischsprachigen Bereich. Sociolinguistica 2: 131–85. (Also available in English as: Görlach, Manfred. 1990. The development of Standard Englishes. In Manfred Görlach, ed. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Winter: 9–64.)Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1996. Introducing ICE. In Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 3–12.Google Scholar
Guido, Maria Grazia. 2008. English as a Lingua Franca in Cross-Cultural Immigration-Domains. Bern: Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guido, Maria Grazia. 2014. New-Evangelization discourse in ELF immigration encounters: A case study. Lingue e Linguaggi 12: 111–126.Google Scholar
Guido, Maria Grazia. 2016. ELF in responsible tourism: Power relationships in unequal migration. In Pitzl, Marie-Luise and Osimk-Teasdale, Ruth, eds. English as a Lingua Franca: Perspectives and Prospects: Contributions in Honour of Barbara Seidlhofer. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hasanova, Dilbarhon. 2007. Broadening the boundaries of the Expanding Circle: English in Uzbekistan. World Englishes 26(3): 276–290.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1965. The Indianness in Indian English. Word 21: 391–400.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1976. Indian English: A sociolinguistic profile of a transplanted language. Studies in Language Learning 1(2): 139–189.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1983. The Indianization of English: The English Language in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Khubchandani, Lachman M. and Hosali, Priya. 1999. Grassroots English in a communication paradigm. Language Problems and Language Planning 23(3): 251–272.Google Scholar
Klippel, Friederike. 1994. Englischlernen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert. Die Geschichte der Lehrbücher und Unterrichtsmethoden. Münster: Nodus Publikationen. www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi00vvguenPAhWGvxQKHcmHDncQFghAMAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F8653%2F1%2F8653.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGbpRQc8S3iI9qgU4iTClnhLmtajwGoogle Scholar
Knowles, Caroline and Harper, Douglas. 2009. Hong Kong: Migrant Lives, Landscapes, and Journeys. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kouega, Jean Paul. 2007. A Dictionary of Cameroon English. Berne: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Kwan, Noel and Dunwort, Katie. 2016. English as a lingua franca communication between domestic helpers and employers in Hong Kong: A study of pragmatic strategies. English for specific Purposes 43: 13–24.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. 2013. The trouble with World Englishes. English Today 29(3): 3–7.Google Scholar
Ahmar, Mahboob and Elyas, Tariq. 2014. English in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. World Englishes 33(1): 128–142.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013. The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34: 253–278.Google Scholar
Makalela, Leketi. 2015. Translanguaging practices in complex multilingual spaces: A discontinuous continuity in post-independent South Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 234: 115–132. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2015-0007Google Scholar
Margić, Branka Drljača and Širola, Dorjana. 2014. “Jamairan and Irish for fun, British to show off”: Attitudes of Croatian university students of TEFL to English Language Varieties. English Today 30(3): 48–53.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom. 1987. The English languages? English Today 3(3): 9–13.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom. 2003. World English, Euro English, Nordic English? English Today 19(1): 54–58.Google Scholar
McCormick, Kay. 2002. Language in Cape Town’s District Six. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meierkord, Christiane. 2012. Interactions across Englishes. Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meierkord, Christiane, Fonkeu, Bridget and Zumhasch, Eva. 2015. Diasporic second language Englishes in the African communities of Germany’s Ruhr Area. International Journal of English Linguistics 5(1): 1–13.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster. 2016. Grassroots. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grass%20rootsGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2010. Socio-phonetics and social change: Deracialisation of the GOOSE vowel in South African English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(1): 3–33.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Michieka, Martha. 2009. Expanding circles within the outer circle: The rural Kisii in Kenya. World Englishes 28(3): 352–364.Google Scholar
Moore, Stephen H. and Bounchan., Suksiri 2010. English in Cambodia: Changes and challenges. World Englishes 29(1): 114–126.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 1997. The legitimate and illegitimate offspring of English. In Smith, Larry and Forman, Michael L., eds. World Englishes 2000. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2010. Globalization and the spread of English: What does it mean to be Anglophone? English Today 26(1): 57–59.Google Scholar
Namyalo, Saudah, Isingoma, Bebwa and Meierkord, Christiane. 2016. Towards assessing the space of English in Uganda’s linguistic ecology: Facts and issues. In Meierkord, Christiane, Isingoma, Bebwa and Namyalo, Saudah, eds. Ugandan English: Its Sociolinguistics, Structure and Uses in a Globalising Post-Protectorate. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 19–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New Speakers Network. 2014. About COST Action IS1306 on New speakers. www.nspk.org.uk/about/Google Scholar
Ochieng, Dunlop. 2015. The revival of the status of English in Tanzania. English Today 31(2): 25–31.Google Scholar
OED (Oxford English Dictionary). 2016. “grass root, n.” In Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Proshina, Zoya G. 2006. Russian Englishes. Introduction. World Englishes 24(4): 437–438.Google Scholar
Proshina, Zoya G. and Eddy, Anna A., eds. 2016. Russian English: History, Functions, and Features. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Quirk, Randolph. 1972. Linguistic Bonds across the Atlantic: The English Languages and Images of Matter. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, Kanavillil. 2003. The ambivalent role of English in Brazilian politics. World Englishes 22(2): 91–101.Google Scholar
Randall, Mick and Samimi, Mohammad Amir. 2010. The status of English in Dubai. English Today 26(1): 43–50.Google Scholar
Regala-Flores, Eden. 2009. An exploratory study of the phonological features of basilectal Philippine English: A case of some Cebuano speakers. Paper presented at the 15th International Conference of the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE), Cebu, October 22–24.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2011. English Around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2016a. Grassroots Englishes in tourism interactions. English Today 32(3): 2–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2016b. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35(3): 339–354.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef. 1996. Second-Language corpora. In Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Seargeant, Philip, ed. 2011. English in Japan in the Era of Globalization. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana and Gorter, Durk, eds. 2009. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Snodin, Navaporn Sanprasert. 2014. English naming and code-mixing in Thai mass media. World Englishes 33(1): 100–111.Google Scholar
Ssentanda, Medadi. 2016. Tensions between English medium and mother tongue education in rural Ugandan primary schools: An ethnographic investigation. In Meierkord, Christiane, Isingoma, Bebwa and Namyalo, Saudah, eds. Ugandan English: Its Sociolinguistics, Structure and Uses in a Globalising Post-Protectorate. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 95–117.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1977. New Orientations in the Teaching of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2015. Education for all report.www.un.org/youthenvoy/2015/04/education-2000-2015-third-countries-reached-global-education-goals/Google Scholar
Vélez-Rendón, Gloria. 2003. English in Colombia: A sociolinguistic profile. World Englishes 22(2): 185–198.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6): 1024–1054.Google Scholar
Weyns, Babette. 2013. English as a lingua franca in service encounters with migrants in Belgium: Moving away from the social vacuum. Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Gent.Google Scholar
Wikipedia contributors. 2016. List of countries by English-speaking population. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=list_of_countries_by_english-speaking_population&oldid=746761575Google Scholar
Wornyo, Albert Agbesi. 2015. English lingua franca (ELF) as a means of communication among construction workers in Ghana. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World (IJLLALW) 9(4): 41–56.Google Scholar

References

Ammon, U. and McConnell, G. D.. 2002. English as an Academic Language in Europe. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Appadurai, A. 1990. Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Theory, Culture and Society 7: 295–310.Google Scholar
Asbeek Brusse, W. 2007. Dutch-British commercial relations in a European context. In Ashton, N. and Hellema, D., eds. Unspoken Allies: Anglo-Dutch Relations since 1780. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 203–222.Google Scholar
Berns, M. 2005. Expanding on the expanding circle: Where do WE go from here? World Englishes 24(1): 85–93.Google Scholar
Berns, M., De Bot, K. and Hasebrink, U.. 2007. In the Presence of English: Media and European Youth. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. 2007. Sociolinguistic scales. Intercultural Pragmatics 4(1): 1–19.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Blommaert, J. and Rampton, B.. 2011. Language and superdiversity. Diversities 13(2): 1–21.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. 2005. Where WE stands: Approaches, issues, and debate in world Englishes. World Englishes 24(1): 69–83.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. 2012. World Englishes and linguistic landscapes. World Englishes 31(1): 30–33.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. 2013. World Englishes, globalisation, and language worlds. In Johannesson, N.-L., Melchers, G. and Björkman, B., eds. Of Butterflies and Birds, of Dialects and Genres. Stockholm: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, 227–251.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. and Meierkord, C.. 2013. English in contemporary Sweden: Perceptions, policies, and narrated practices. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(1): 93–117.Google Scholar
Booij, G. 2001. English as the lingua franca of Europe: A Dutch perspective. Lingua E Stile 36(2): 347–357.Google Scholar
Bruthiaux, P. 2003. Squaring the circles: Issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2): 159–178.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. 2005. Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7(4–5): 585–614.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, M. and Hall, K. 2008. All of the above: New coalitions in sociocultural linguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 401–431.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. 2013. Translingual Practice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
CJGTC (Prime Minister’s Commission on Japan’s Goals in the Twenty-First Century). 2000. The Frontier Within: Individual Empowerment and Better Governance in the New Millennium.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. 2016. English in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. 2018. “I’m an Anglophile, but …”: A corpus-assisted discourse study of language ideologies in the Netherlands. In Deshors, S. C., ed., Modelling World Englishes in the 21st Century. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 163–186.Google Scholar
Erling, E. J. 2004. Globalization, English and the German university classroom. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2012. Europeans and their languages: Special Eurobarometer 386. Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Furukawa, G. K. 2014. The use of English as a local language resource for identity construction in Japanese television variety shows. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Hawaii at Manoa.Google Scholar
García, O. 2009. Bilingual Education in the 21st Century. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gerritsen, M. 1996. Engelstalige productadvertenties in Nederland: Onbemind en onbegrepen. In Van Hout, R. and Kruijsen, J., eds. Taalvariaties: Toonzettingen en modulaties op een thema. Dordrecht: Foris, 67–83.Google Scholar
Gerritsen, M., Nickerson, C., Van den Brandt, C., Crijns, R., Dominguez, N., Van Meurs, F. and Nederstigt, U.. 2007. English in print advertising in Germany, Spain and the Netherlands: Frequency of occurrence, comprehensibility and the effect on corporate image. In Garzone, G. and Ilie, C., eds., The Use of English in Institutional and Business Settings: An Intercultural Perspective. Bern: Peter Lang, 79–98.Google Scholar
Graddol, D. 1997. The Future of English. London: British Council.Google Scholar
Gritsenko, E. and Laletina, A. 2016. English in the international workplace in Russia. World Englishes 35(3): 440–456.Google Scholar
Heinrich, P. 2012. The Making of Monolingual Japan. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Higgins, C. 2009. English as a Local Language. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Higgins, C. 2014. When scapes collide: Reterritorializing English in East Africa. In Rubdy, R. and Alsagoff, L., eds. The Global-Local Interface and Hybridity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 17–42.Google Scholar
Hilgendorf, S. K. 2001. Language contact, convergence, and attitudes: The case of English in Germany. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Hino, N. 2009. The teaching of English as an international language in Japan. AILA Review 22: 103–119.Google Scholar
Hogan, J. 2003. The social significance of English usage in Japan. Japanese Studies 23(1): 43–58.Google Scholar
Hongo, J. 2013. Abe wants TOEFL to be key exam, Japan Times, 25 March. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/25/national/abe-wants-toefl-to-be-key-exam/#.Vd2iUMR4WrUGoogle Scholar
Honna, N. 1995. English in Japanese society: Language within language. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 16(1–2): 45–62.Google Scholar
Hyde, B. 2002. Japan’s emblematic English. English Today 18(3): 12–16.Google Scholar
Heller, M. 2008. Language and the nation-state: Challenges to sociolinguistic theory and practice. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4): 504–524.Google Scholar
James, A. 2016. From code-mixing to mode-mixing in the European context. World Englishes 35(2): 259–275.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H., eds. English in the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.Google Scholar
Klaassen, J. 2002. Volkskrant aan kop bij het gebruik van Engels. Volkskrant, October 19. www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2844/Archief/archief/article/detail/629418/2002/10/19/Volkskrant-aan-kop-bij-het-gebruik-van-Engels.dhtmlGoogle Scholar
Koike, I. and Tanaka, H.. 1995. English in foreign language education policy in Japan: toward the twenty-first century, World Englishes 14: 13–25.Google Scholar
Leppänen, S. and Nikula, T.. 2007. Diverse uses of English in Finnish society: Discourse-pragmatic insights into media, educational and business contexts. Multilingua 26(4): 333–380.Google Scholar
Mair, C. 2016. Englishes beyond and between the three circles: World Englishes research in the age of globalisation. In Seoane, E. and Suárez-Gómez, C., eds. World Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 17–36.Google Scholar
McArthur, T. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McVeigh, B. 2002. Japanese Higher Education as Myth. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
MECSST: Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology. 2002. Developing a strategic plan to cultivate “Japanese with English Abilities.” www.gifu-net.ed.jp/kyoka/eigo/CommunicativeEnglish/RegardingtheEstablishmentofanActionPlantoCultivate%A1%C8JapanesewithEnglishAbilities%A1%C9.htmGoogle Scholar
Meierkord, C. 2012. Interactions across Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moody, A. 2006. English in Japanese popular culture and J-Pop music. World Englishes 25(2): 209–222.Google Scholar
Moody, A. and Matsumoto, Y.. 2003. “Don”t Touch My Moustache”: Language blending and code ambiguation by two J-Pop artists. Asian Englishes 6(1): 4–33.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M.. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Nortier, J. 2011. The more languages, the more English? A Dutch perspective. In Houwer, A. and Wilton, A., eds. English in Europe Today. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 113–132.Google Scholar
Norton, B. 2000. Identity and Language Learning. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. 2003. Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and performativity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(1992): 513–533.Google Scholar
Pennycook, A. 2007. Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Piller, I. 2003. Advertising as a site of language contact. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 170–183.Google Scholar
Preisler, B. 1999. Functions and forms of English in a European EFL country. In Bex, T. and Watts, R., eds., Standard English. London : Routledge, 239–267.Google Scholar
Rampton, B. 2007. Neo-Hymesian linguistic ethnography. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(5): 584–607.Google Scholar
Ridder, S. 1995. English in Dutch. English Today 11(4): 44–50.Google Scholar
Rijkens, M. H. 2005. I always get my sin. The Hague: BZZToH.Google Scholar
Schrauwers, A. 2006. Stichting Nederlands, News Brief No. 17, November 8. www.stichtingnederlands.nl/nieuwsbrief17.pdf.Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. 2009. The Idea of English in Japan. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. 2011. The symbolic meaning of visual English in the social landscape of Japan. In Seargeant, P, ed. English in Japan in the Era of Globalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 187–204.Google Scholar
Terasawa, T. 2012. “Ninety percent of Japanese do not need English”? Statistical analysis of workers’ needs to use English. Kantokoshinetsu Association of Teacher of English (KATE) Journal 27(71–83): 71–83.Google Scholar
Tusting, K. and Maybin, J.. 2007. Linguistic ethnography and interdisciplinarity: Opening the discussion. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11(5): 575–583.Google Scholar
Van der Haagen, M. 1998. Caught Between Norms: The English Pronunciation of Dutch Learners. The Hague: HAG.Google Scholar
Van der Horst, H. 2012. The Low Sky: Understanding the Dutch. Schiedam: Scriptum.Google Scholar
Van Goor, J. 2007. The colonial factor in Anglo-Dutch relations 1780–1820. In Ashton, N. and Hellema, D., eds. Unspoken Allies: Anglo-Dutch Relations since 1780. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 17–32.Google Scholar
Vásquez, C. 2014. “Usually not one to complain but … ”: Constructing identities in user-generated online reviews. In Seargeant, P. and Tagg, C., eds. The Language of Social Media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 65–90.Google Scholar
Verspoor, M., De Bot, K. and Xu, X.. 2011. The role of input and scholastic aptitude in second language development. Toegepaste Taalwetenschap 86(2): 93–107.Google Scholar
Wächter, B. and Maiworm, F.. 2014. English-Taught Programmes in European Higher Education. Bonn: Lemmens.Google Scholar
Woodward, K. 1997. Concepts of identity and difference. In Woodward, K., ed. Identity and Difference. London: Sage, 8–48.Google Scholar
Yano, Y. 2011. English as an international language, and “Japanese English.” In Seargeant, P., ed. English in Japan in the Era of Globalization. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 125–142.Google Scholar
Yano, Y. 2001. World Englishes in 2000 and beyond. World Englishes 20(2): 119–132.Google Scholar
Yoshida, R. 2013. Conflict between learners’ beliefs and actions: Speaking in the classroom. Language Awareness 22(4): 371–388.Google Scholar
Zegers, V. and Wilkinson, R.. 2005. Squaring the pyramid: Internationalization, plurilingualism, and the university. Paper presented at the Bi- and Multilingual Universities: Challenges and Future Prospects Conference, University of Helsinki, September 1–3, 2005.Google Scholar

References

Alo, Moses A., and Mesthrie, Rajend. 2004. Nigerian English: Morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, Bernd, Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, and Upton, Clive, eds. A Handbook of varieties of English, Vol 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 813–827.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2006a. The sociolinguistics of computer-mediated communication. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10(5) [Special Issue].Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2006b. Introduction: Sociolinguistics and computer-mediated communication. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10: 419–438.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2006c. Multilingualism, diaspora, and the internet: Codes and identities on German-based diasporic websites. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10: 520–547.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Baron, Naomi S. 2008. Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2007. Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Malden, MA: Polity.Google Scholar
Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2010. Ethnolinguistic repertoire: shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14: 159–183.Google Scholar
Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2010. Unraveling post-colonial identity through language. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 520–539.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolander, Brook and Locher, Miriam. 2014. Doing sociolinguistic research on computer-mediated data: A review of four methodological issues. Discourse, Context and Media 3: 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2013.10.004Google Scholar
Coleman, Julie. 2014. Understanding slang in a global context. In Coleman, Julie, ed. Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives, London: Routledge, 1–14.Google Scholar
Collot, Milena and Belmore, Nancy. 1996. Electronic language: A new variety of English. In Herring, Susan, ed. Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social and Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 147–170.Google Scholar
Cormack, Mike. 2007. The media and language maintenance. In Cormack, Mike and Hourigan, Niamh, eds. Minority Language Media: Concepts, Critiques and Case Studies. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 52–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2009. Response: The mediated performance of vernaculars. Journal of English Linguistics 37: 284–300.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas, ed. 2010. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2006. Language and the Internet (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Danet, Brenda and Herring, Susan C., eds. 2007. The Multilingual Internet: Language, Culture, and Communication Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Swaan, Abram. 2002. The World Language System: A Political Sociology and Political Economy of Language. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
de Swaan, Abram. 2010. Language systems. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed., The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 56–76.Google Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar and Hinrichs, Lars . 2007. Dynamics of orthographic standardization in Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin. World Englishes 26: 22–47.Google Scholar
Dor, Daniel. 2004. From Englishization to imposed multilingualism: Globalization, the Internet, and the political economy of the linguistic code. Public Culture 16: 97–118.Google Scholar
Dovchin, Sender. 2017. Translocal English in the linguascape of Mongolian popular music. World Englishes 36: 2–19.Google Scholar
Dürscheid, Christa. 2004. Netzsprache – ein neuer Mythos. Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie 68: 141–157.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87–100.Google Scholar
Eisenlohr, Patrick. 2004. Language revitalization and new technologies: Cultures of electronic mediation and the refiguring of communities. Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 21–45.Google Scholar
Escobar, Anna Maria and Potowski, Kim. 2015. El español de los Estados Unidos. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Patricia and Diniz de Figueiredo, Eduardo H. 2016. The Sociolinguistics of Digital Englishes. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fung, Loretta and Carter, Ronald. 2007. Cantonese E-discourse: A new hybrid variety of English. Multilingua 26: 35–66.Google Scholar
Gao, Liwei. 2006. Language contact and convergence in computer-mediated communication. World Englishes 25: 299–308.Google Scholar
Gorter, Durk, ed. 2006. Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Heyd, Theresa and Mair, Christian. 2014. From vernacular to digital ethnolinguistic repertoire: The case of Nigerian Pidgin. In Lacoste, Véronique, Leimgruber, Jakob and Breyer, Thiemo, eds. Indexing Authenticity: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 242–266.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Lars. 2006. Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Creole in E-mail Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Lars and White-Sustaíta, Jessica. 2011. Global Englishes and the sociolinguistics of spelling: A study of Jamaican blog and email writing. English World-Wide 32: 46–73.Google Scholar
Hofmann, Sabine. 2007. Construir el espacio latinoamericano: el caso de CNN en español. In Hofmann, Sabine, ed. Medios, espacios comunicativos y comunidades imaginadas. Berlin: Tranvía, 69–84.Google Scholar
Jaworski, Adam and Piller, Ingrid. 2008. Linguascaping Switzerland: Language ideologies in tourism. In Locher, Miriam and Strässler, Jürg, eds. Standards and Norms in the English Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 301–332.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Keefe, Susan E. and Padilla, Amado. 1987. Chicano Ethnicity. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Laviera, Tato. 1992. La Carreta Made a U-Turn (2nd ed.). Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press.Google Scholar
Liebscher, Grit and Dailey-O’Cain, Jennifer. 2013. Language, Space and Identity in Migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Loven, Klarijn. 2009. Watching Si Doel: Television, Language and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom. 2003. World English, Euro-English, Nordic English. English Today 19(1): 54–58.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013a. The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34: 253–278.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013b. Corpus-approaches to the vernacular web: Post-colonial diasporic forums in West Africa and the Caribbean. In Röder, Katrin and Wischer, Ilse, eds. Anglistentag 2012: Proceedings. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 397–406. (Expanded version reprinted in Covenant Journal of Language Studies (Ota, Nigeria) 1 (2013): 17–31. http://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/jls/published/Mair2013.pdf)Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2016. Beyond and between the Three Circles: World Englishes research in the age of globalisation. In Seoane, Elena and Cristina, Suárez-Gómez, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 17–36.Google Scholar
Maynor, Natalie. 1994. The language of electronic mail: written speech? In Little, Greta D. and Montgomery, Michael, eds. Centennial Usage Studies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 48–54.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam. 2002. Communities of practice. In Chambers, Jack, Trudgill, Peter and Schilling-Estes, Natalie, eds. Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 526–548.Google Scholar
Moll, Andrea. 2015. Jamaican Creole Goes Web: Sociolinguistic Styling and Authenticity in a Digital Yaad. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia. 2016. iSwitch: Spanish-English mixing in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Language Contact 9: 23–48.Google Scholar
Ooi, Vincent and Tan, Peter K.W.. 2014. Facebook, linguistic identity and hybridity in Singapore. In Rubdy, Rani and Alsagoff, Lubna, eds. The Global-Local Interface and Hybridity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 225–244.Google Scholar
Otheguy, Ricardo and Zentella, Ana Celia. 2012. Spanish in New York: Language Contact, Dialectal Leveling and Structural Continuity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paolillo, John. 2001. Language variation on Internet Relay Chat: A social network approach. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5(2): 180–213.Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2003. Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and performativity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 513–533.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. 2011. Comparative literature and the global languagescape. In Behdad, Ali and Thomas, Dominic, eds. A Companion to Comparative Literature. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 273–295.Google Scholar
Rajah-Carrim, Aaliya. 2009. Use and standardisation of Mauritian Creole in electronically mediated communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14: 484–508.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescents. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 2006. Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sand, Andrea. 2013. Singapore weblogs: Between speech and writing. In Huber, Magnus and Mukherjee, Joybrato, eds. Corpus Linguistics and Variation in English: Focus on Non-native Englishes. Helsinki: Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English. www.helsinki.fi/varieng/journal/volumes/13/sand/Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2016. World Englishes on YouTube: Treasure trove or nightmare? In Seoane, Elena and Cristina, Suárez-Gómez, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 253–282.Google Scholar
Seargeant, Philip and Tagg, Caroline. 2011. English on the internet and a “post-varieties” approach to language. World Englishes 30: 496–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 1994. Language Contact and Change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Squires, Lauren. 2010. Enregistering internet language. Language in Society 39: 457–492.Google Scholar
Steyaert, Chris, Ostendorp, Anja and Gabrois, Claudine. 2011. Multilingual organizations as “linguascapes”: Negotiating the position of English through discursive practices. Journal of World Business 46: 270–278.Google Scholar
Williams, Bronwyn. 2009. Multilingual strategies in online worlds. JAC 29: 255–259.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wei. 2012. Chinese-English code-mixing among China’s netizens. English Today 28(3): 40–52.Google Scholar

References

Anderwald, Lieselotte. 2012. Negation in varieties of English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter, 299–328.Google Scholar
Auer, Anita, Schreier, Daniel and Watts, Richard J., eds. 2015. Letter Writing and Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne, eds. 1998. St. Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles: The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2004. Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In Kortmann, Bernd, ed. Dialectology Meets Typology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 127‒145.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2009. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2004. Newfoundland English: Phonology. In Schneider, Edgar W., Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive, eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, 366–382.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2010. Newfoundland and Labrador English. In Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 72–91.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dayton, Elizabeth. 1996. Grammatical categories of the verb in African-American Vernacular English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Eberle, Nicole. 2017. “They’re trying to hear English, which they are hearing, but it’s Bermudian English”: Bermudian English – Origins and Variation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Zurich.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. 2009. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elisabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hendery, Rachel. 2015a. Palmerston Island English. In Williams, Jeffrey P., Schneider, Edgar W., Trudgill, Peter and Schreier, Daniel, eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: Further Case Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 267–287.Google Scholar
Hendery, Rachel. 2015b. One Man Is an Island: The Speech Community William Marsters Begat on Palmerston Island. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2003a. Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003b. How and why supraregional varieties arise. In Dossena, Marina and Jones, Charles, eds. Insights into Late Modern English. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 351–373.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2013 English as a contact language in Ireland and Scotland. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 88–105.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2013. The diversification of English: Old, new and emerging epicentres. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 182–203.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul. 2008. Universals constrain change; change results in typological generalizations. In Good, Jeff, ed. Language Universals and Language Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 333–356.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. 2013. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://ewave-atlas.orgGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W.. 2004. General introduction. In Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1–9.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2004. Global synopsis: Morphological and syntactic variation in English. In Schneider, Edgar W., Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive, eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1142–1202.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2011. Parameters of morphosyntactic variation in World Englishes: Prospects and limitations of searching for universals. In Siemund, Peter, ed. Linguistic Universals and Language Variation. Berlin: de Gruyter, 264–290.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1998. Co-existent systems in African-American Vernacular English. In Mufwene, Salikoko, Rickford, John R., Bailey, Guy and Baugh, John, eds. The Structure of African-American English: Structure, History and Use. London and New York: Routledge, 110–153.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa and Ansaldo, Umberto. 2015. Languages in Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Melchers, Gunnel and Sundkvist, Peter. 2013. Orkney and Shetland. In Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17–34.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English. English World-Wide 10: 227–278.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rickford, John E. 1999. Phonological and grammatical features of African American Vernacular English. In Rickford, John R., ed. African American English. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 3–14.Google Scholar
Rosen, Anna. 2014. Grammatical Variation and Change in Jersey English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2002. Investigating variation and change in written documents. In Chambers, Jack K., Trudgill, Peter and Schilling-Estes, Natalie, eds. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 67–96.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2008. Synopsis: Morphological and syntactic variation in the Americas and the Caribbean. In Schneider, Edgar W., ed. Varieties of English, Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin: de Gruyter, 763–776.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2011. English Around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2013. Investigating historical variation and change in written documents: New perspectives. In Chambers, Jack K. and Schilling, Natalie, eds. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, 57–81.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2002. Terra incognita in the Anglophone world: Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic Ocean. English World-Wide 23: 1–29.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2008. St Helenian English: Origins, Evolution and Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2009. Language in isolation, and its implications for variation and change. In Blackwell Language and Linguistics Compass 3. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2013. English as a contact language: Lesser-known varieties. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 149–164.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2016. Contact histories and simplification: Some typological and sociolinguistic considerations. In Seiler, Guido and Bächler, Raffaela, eds. Complexity, Isolation and Variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 139-157.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2019. /h/ insertion as a “camouflaged archaism”? Dialect contact, colonial lag and the feature pool in South Atlantic English. Diachronica 36(1): 36–64.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. 2010. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English. An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel, Gordon, Elizabeth, Hay, Jennifer and Maclagan, Margaret. 2003. The regional and sociolinguistic dimension of /hw-/ maintenance and loss in early 20th-century New Zealand English. English World-Wide 24: 245–69.Google Scholar
Singler, John V. 2004. The morphology and syntax of Liberian settler English. In Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: de Gruyter, PAGES.Google Scholar
Spears, Arthur K. 1982. The Black English semi-auxiliary come. Language 58(4): 850–872.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2009. Vernacular universals and angloversals in a typological perspective. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 33–53.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2012. Roots of English: Exploring the history of dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2009. Why universals versus contact-induced change? In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 349–64.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2002. Sociolinguistic Variation and Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2009. Vernacular universals and the sociolinguistic typology of English dialects. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 302–320.Google Scholar
Watts, Richard J. and Trudgill, Peter. 2002. Alternative Histories of English. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P., Schneider, Edgar W., Trudgill, Peter and Schreier, Daniel, eds. 2015. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: Further Case Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2009. The interplay of ‘universals’ and contact-induced change in the emergence of World Englishes. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 206–30.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1994. On the sociolinguistic significance of obscure dialect structures: NPi call NPi V-ing in African American Vernacular English. American Speech 69: 339–360.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 2004. The grammar of urban African American Vernacular English. In Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: de Gruyter, 111–32.Google Scholar

References

Adams, Ramon F. 1936. Cowboy Lingo. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Adegbite, Wale, Udofot, Inyang, and Ayoola, Kehinde. 2014. A Dictionary of Nigerian English. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.Google Scholar
Allsopp, Jeanette. 2003. The Caribbean Multilingual Dictionary of Flora, Fauna and Foods: In English, French, French Creole and Spanish. Kingston: Arawak Publications.Google Scholar
Allsopp, Richard. 1996. Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
Allsopp, Richard. 2010. New Register of Caribbean English Usage. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric. 2006. Local meaning in the English of West Africa. English Today 22: 50–54.Google Scholar
Arthur, J. M. 1996. Aboriginal English: A Cultural Study. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Asomugha, C. N. C. 1981. Nigerian Slangs: Dictionary of Slangs and Unconventional English Used in Nigeria. Onitsha: Abic Publishers.Google Scholar
Atkins, B. T. S. 1992. Theoretical lexicography and its relation to dictionary-making. In Fontenelle, Thierry, ed. Practical Lexicography: A Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 31–50.Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S., Crate, Charles, Drysdale, Patrick, Leechman, Douglas, and Scargill, M. H.. 1967. A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles. Toronto: W.J. Page.Google Scholar
Aw, Zinkie. 2016. Singaporelang: What the Singlish? Singapore: Zinkie Aw.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip and Pederson, Lee. 2013. Talk of St Kitts and Nevis. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Baker, Rod. 2015. An Introductory Vocabulary in Zimblish. www.rhodesia.com/docs/other/zimblish.htmGoogle Scholar
Baptiste, Rhona. 2011. Trini Talk: A Dictionary of Words and Proverbs of Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: Caribbean Information Systems and Services.Google Scholar
Bardsley, Dianne. 2009. In the Paddock and on the Run: The Language of Rural New Zealand. Dunedin: Otago University Press.Google Scholar
Beecher, Seán. 1983. A Dictionary of Cork Slang. Cork: Goldy Angel Press.Google Scholar
Beeton, D. and Dorner, Helen. 1975. A Dictionary of English Usage in South African. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Béjoint, Henri. 2010. The Lexicography of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beltrami, Pietro G. 2013. Theory of dictionary management. In Gouws, Rufus H., Heid, Ulrich, Schweickard, Wolfgang, and Weigand, Herbst Ernst, eds. Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Supplementary Volume: Recent Developments with Focus on Electronic and Computational Lexicography. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 524–530.Google Scholar
Blackman, John. 1990. The Aussie Slang Dictionary. Sydney: Sun Books.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Appendix 5: The vocabulary of Hong Kong English. In Bolton, Kingsley, Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 288–297.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley and Butler, Susan. 2008. Lexicography and the description of Philippine English vocabulary. In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. and Bolton, Kingsley, eds. Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 175–200.Google Scholar
Branford, Jean. 1991. A Dictionary of South African English. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Branford, William and Allen, R. E.. 1987. The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. (Second edition published in 1994.)Google Scholar
Briscoe, Diana. 2003. Wicked Scouse English. London: Michael O’Mara.Google Scholar
Brown, Adam. 1999. Singapore English in a Nutshell: An Alphabetical Description of its Features. Singapore: Federal.Google Scholar
Buffett, Alice Inez. 1999. Speak Norfolk Today: An Encyclopaedia of the Norfolk Island Language. Norfolk Island: Himii Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Burchfield, Robert. 1972–1986. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary, 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cage, Ken and Evans, Moyra. 2003. Gayle: The Language of Kinks and Queens: A History and Dictionary of Gay Language in South Africa. Houghton: Jacana.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Hall, Joan Houston. 1985–2012. Dictionary of American Regional English, 5 vols. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Le Page, R. B.. 1967. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Second edition published in 1980; later “editions” are reprints of 1980 edition without changes.)Google Scholar
Çelik, Mehmet. 2008. A description of Turkish-English phonology for teaching English in Turkey. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education 4(1): 159–174.Google Scholar
Carls, Uwe. 2017. A Dictionary of Indian English with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag.Google Scholar
Carr, Philip. 2012. English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Charles, Berti G. 1982. The English Dialect of South Pembrokeshire. Aberystwyth: Pembrokeshire Record Society.Google Scholar
Chase, Thomas R and Chase, Zarah A. 2011. Abridged Handbook of Grenadian Creole English and French Names: A Dictionary of Grenadian Creole English with Grammar and Syntax. St. George: West Indies Academic Communications Linguistic and Integrated Media Services.Google Scholar
Chen, Ray. 1994. The Jamaica Dictionary: A Is Fi Aringe. Ontario: Periwinkle.Google Scholar
Chinn, Carl and Thorne, Steve. 2001. Proper Brummie: A Dictionary of Birmingham Words and Phrases. Studley: Brewin Books.Google Scholar
Christian, Ijahnya. 1993. Dictionary of Anguillian Language. Anguilla: Government of Anguilla, Adult and Continuing Education Unit.Google Scholar
Collymore, F. A. 2005. Notes for a Glossary of Words and Phrases of Barbadian Dialect (7th ed.). Bridgetown: Advocate Co.Google Scholar
Craigie, W. A., Aitken, A. J., Stevenson, J. A. C., Watson, H. D. and Dareau, M. G. 1937–2002. A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.Google Scholar
Cruz, Isagani R. and Bautista, Lourdes S. 1995. A Dictionary of Philippine English. Manila: Anvil Publishing.Google Scholar
Cummings, Patrick J. and Hans-Georg, Wolf. 2011. A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbour. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Dako, Kari. 2003. Ghanaianisms: A Glossary. Accra: Ghana University Press.Google Scholar
Dalgish, Gerard M. 1982. A Dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions of Sub-Saharan Africa to the English Language. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Dalzell, Tom and Victor, Terry. 2005. The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. 2 vols. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Davey, William John and Mackinnon, Richard P.. 2016. Dictionary of Cape Breton English. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division.Google Scholar
Davis, Jerome E. 2009. Understanding Bajan Dialect for Tourists and Visitors to Barbados. Barbados: Davis.Google Scholar
Dayley, Jon P. 1979. Belizean Creole: Glossary. Brattleboro, VT: The Experiment in International Living.Google Scholar
d’Azevedo, Warren L. and Gold, Michael Evan. 1979. Some Terms from Liberian Speech. Monrovia: Michael Evan Gold.Google Scholar
Deverson, Tony. 2010. The Oxford Dictionary of New Zealandisms. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, Terence. 2004. A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan and Fee, Margery. 2017. DCHP-2: The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (2nd ed.). Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia. www.dchp.ca/dchp2Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2011. Introducing the Corpus of Dutch English. English Today 27(3): 10–14.Google Scholar
Edwards, John. 1985. Talk Tidy: The Art of Speaking Wenglish. Cowbridge: D. Brown and Sons.Google Scholar
Edwards, John. 2003. More Talk Tidy: Further to the Art of Speaking Wenglish. Creigiau: Tidyprint.Google Scholar
Fazakerley, Fred. 2001. Scouse-English Glossary. Bristol: Abson Books.Google Scholar
Fazakerley, Fred and Douglas, Percy. 2001. Geordie-English Glossary. Bristol: Abson Books.Google Scholar
Fenton, James. 2001. The Hamely Tongue: A Personal Record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles A. 1994. Note on Swedish English. World Englishes 13(3): 419–424.Google Scholar
Flaws, Margaret and Lamb, Gregor. 1997. The Orkney Dictionary. Kirkwall: Orkney Language and Culture Group.Google Scholar
Francis, C. W. 2016. Popular Phrases in Grenada Dialect. San Bernardo, CA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.Google Scholar
Francis-Jackson, Chester. 1995. The Official Dancehall Dictionary: A Guide to Jamaican Dialect and Dancehall Slang. Kingston: Kingston Publishers.Google Scholar
Fuller, Robert Sevier. 1967. Duppies Is: An Expose of the Caprices of Ghosts of Grand Cayman and a Dictionary of Words and Phrases of the Islanders. Grand Cayman, BWI: Cayman Authors.Google Scholar
Geraghty, Paul, Mugler, France, and Tent, Jan. 2006. The Macquarie Dictionary of English for the Fiji Islands. Sydney: The Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Glinton-Meicholas, Patricia. 1994. Talkin’ Bahamian: A Useful Guide to the Language of the Islands. Nassau: Guanima Press.Google Scholar
Glinton-Meicholas, Patricia. 1995. More Talkin’ Bahamian. Nassau: Guanima Press.Google Scholar
Goh, Colin and Woo, Y. Y.. 2009. The Coxford Singlish Dictionary (2nd ed.). Singapore: Angsana Books.Google Scholar
Goring, Kevin M. 2011. Cayman Islands Dictionary: A Collection of Words used by Native Caymanians. George Town: Gap Seed.Google Scholar
Goring, Kevin M. 2012. Caymanian Expressions: A Collection of Sayings and Expressions Used in the Cayman Islands. George Town: Gap Seed.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1990. The Dictionaries of Transplanted Varieties of Languages: English. In Hausmann, F. J., Reichmann, O., Wiegand, H. E. and Zgusta, L., eds. Wörterbücher: Dictionaries: Dictionnaires: An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography, Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1475–1499.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 2002. Still More Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.Google Scholar
Gove, Philip B. 1961. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.Google Scholar
Graham, John J. 1993. The Shetland Dictionary. Lerwick: The Shetland times.Google Scholar
Grant, William and Murison, David D.. 1927–1976. The Scottish National Dictionary. 10 Vols. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association.Google Scholar
Green, Jonathon. 2010. Green’s Dictionary of Slang. 3 vols. London: Chambers Harrap Publishers. (Online, 2016–present: greensdictofslang.com)Google Scholar
Macquarie. 2000. The Grolier International Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1984. Review of Gerard M. Dalgish. A Dictionary of Africanisms: Contributions of Sub-Saharan Africa to the English Language. Research in African Literatures 15(2): 312–315.Google Scholar
Hankin, Nigel. 2003. Hanklyn-Janklin: A Stranger’s Rumble-Tumble Guide to some Words, Customs and Quiddities Indian and Indo-British. New Delhi: Tara Press.Google Scholar
Hanna, Samantha. 2003. An Essential Guide to Singlish. Singapore: Gartbooks.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R.E. 1984. Common Indian Words in English. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haynes, Martin. 1987. Trinidad and Tobago Dialect (Plus). San Fernando: M. Haynes.Google Scholar
Hendrickson, Robert. 1993. Whistlin’ Dixie: A Dictionary of Southern Expressions. New York: Facts on File.Google Scholar
Henry, L. Mike and Harris, K. Sean, 2001. LMH Official Dictionary of Sex Island Style. Kingston, Jamaica: LMH Publishing.Google Scholar
Henry, L. Mike and Harris, K. Sean. 2007. LMH Official Dictionary of Popular Bahamian Phrases. Kingston: LMH Publishing.Google Scholar
Higgleton, Elaine and Ooi, Vincent B.Y.. 1997. Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Singapore: Chambers-Harrap and Federal.Google Scholar
Hince, Bernadette. 2000. The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English. Collingwood: CSIRO Publications and the Museum of Victoria.Google Scholar
Holm, John and Shilling, Alison W.. 1982. Dictionary of Bahamian English. Cold Spring, NY: Lexik House.Google Scholar
Hull, Kareem-Nelson. 2015. The Virgin Islands Dictionary: A Collection of Words and Phrases So You Could Say It Like We. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.Google Scholar
Igboanusi, Herbert. 2002. A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers.Google Scholar
Isingoma, Bebwa. 2014. Lexical and grammatical features of Ugandan English. English Today 30: 51–56.Google Scholar
Jamieson, John. 1808. An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Edinburgh: W. Creech.Google Scholar
Jandrell, David. 2017. Welsh Valleys Phrasebook: Get by in Valleys-Speak! Talybont: Y Lolfa.Google Scholar
Jendah, Jesse. 2008. Rasta Talk: A Guide to Rastafarian Dialect. Kingston: LMH Publications.Google Scholar
Johnson, Theodore R. 2016. A Lee Chip: A Dictionary and Study of Saban English. [Raleigh]: North Carolina State University.Google Scholar
Jones, Benjamin A. 2016. Welsh English Dialect: A Selection of Words and Anecdotes from Around Wales. Sheffield: Bradwell Books.Google Scholar
Kabakchi, Victor V. 2002. The Dictionary of Russia: English-English Dictionary of Russian Cultural Terminology. St. Petersburg: Soyuz.Google Scholar
Kallgard, Anders. 1991. Fut yoli noo bin laane aklen? A Pitcairn Word-list. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg.Google Scholar
Kasztalska, Aleksandra. 2014. English in contemporary Poland. World Englishes 33(2): 242–262.Google Scholar
Kim, Su Lee. 1998. Manglish: Malaysian English at Its Wackiest! Kuala Lumpur: Times Books International.Google Scholar
Kirby, Jon P. 1998. Igo Talk Da Broken English Proper: A North American’s Guide to Ghanaian English. Tamale: Tamale Institute of Cross-Cultural Studies.Google Scholar
Kouega, Jean-Paul. 2007. A Dictionary of Cameroon English Usage. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans, Kuhn, Sherman A., Reidy, John, and Lewis, Robert. 1956–2001. The Middle English Dictionary. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lamb, Gregor. 1988. Orkney Wordbook: A Dictionary of the Dialect of Orkney. Orkney: Byrgisey.Google Scholar
Lambert, James. 2014. Beyond Hobson-Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Lambert, James. 2018. Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles. World Englishes 1–13. doi:10.1111/weng.12291Google Scholar
Landau, Sidney I. 2001. Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lavers, Jack. 1988. The Dictionary of Isle of Wight Dialect. Dorset: Dovecote.Google Scholar
Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta. 2004–2015. A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English. www.singlishdictionary.comGoogle Scholar
Leonard, Rebecca and Longbottom, Judy. 2000. Land Tenure Lexicon: A Glossary of Terms from English and French Speaking West Africa. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.Google Scholar
Lewis, Ivor. 1991. Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs: A Dictionary of the Words of Anglo-India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, Robert E. 2008. Wenglish: The Dialect of the South Wales Valleys. Talybont: Y Lolfa.Google Scholar
Lighter, J. E. 1994/1997. Historical Dictionary of American Slang. 2 vols. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Lillo, Antonio and Victor, Terry. 2017. A Dictionary of English Rhyming Slangs. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Lonely Planet. 2008. Indian English: Language and Culture. Melbourne: Lonely Planet.Google Scholar
Macafee, Caroline. 1996. A Concise Ulster Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Macquarie. 2000. The Anvil-Macquarie Dictionary of Philippine English for High School. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Macalister, John. 2005. A Dictionary of Maori Words in New Zealand English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McGregor, R.S. 1993. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McInnes, Dianne. 2014. Aussie Phrases Down Under. Brisbane: Pictorial Press Australia.Google Scholar
McKesey, G. 1974. The Belizean Lingo. Belize: National Printers Ltd.Google Scholar
Macmillan. 2006. The Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary. Bangalore: Macmillan Publishers India.Google Scholar
McMillan, James B. and Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Lexical studies. In Annotated Bibliography of Southern American English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 163–215.Google Scholar
Macquarie. 1981. The Macquarie Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library. (Seventh edition published in 2016.)Google Scholar
Macquarie. 1999. The Macquarie Junior Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Mahal, Baljinder K. 2006. The Queen’s Hinglish: How to Speak Pukka. Glasgow: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Major, Clarence. 1994. Juba to Jive: The Dictionary of African-American Slang. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Mendes, John. 2012. Côté ci Côté la: Trinidad and Tobago Dictionary (3rd ed.). Arima: John Mendes.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2010. A Dictionary of South African Indian English. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam and Walker, James A.. 2013. Bequia Talk (St Vincent and the Grenadines). London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Meyler, Michael. 2007. A Dictionary of Sri Lankan English. Colombo: Meyler.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael and Hall, Joseph S.. 2004. Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Bruce. 2016. The Australian National Dictionary: A Dictionary of Australianisms on Historical Principals. 2nd edition. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Edward E. 1898. Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter, Nebauer-Borg, Rachel, and Coleman, Piria. 2012. Ucklun’s Norf’k: Words as a Memory of Our Past. Kingston: Norfolk Island Museum Trust.Google Scholar
Muthiah, S. 1991. Words in Indian English: A Reader’s Guide. Delhi: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Murphy, Colin and O’Dea, Donal. 2004. The Book of Feckin’ Irish Slang that’s Great Craic for Cute Hoors and Bowsies. Dublin: O’Brien Press.Google Scholar
Murray, James A.H., Bradley, Henry, Craigie, William, and Onions, C. T.. 1888–1933. The Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 11 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mzyece, Mjumo. 1998–1999. The Chrysalis Dictionary of Zanglish. web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.chrysalis.co.zm:80Google Scholar
Nihalani, Paroo, Tongue, R. K., Hosali, Priya, and Crowther, Jonathan, 2004. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nobbs-Palmer, Beryl. 1992. A Dictionary of Norfolk Words and Usages. Norfolk Island: Photopress International.Google Scholar
O’Kane, William. 1991. You Don’t Say? The Tyrone Crystal Book of Ulster Dialect. Dungannon, Tyrone: Irish World.Google Scholar
Oluikpe, Benson A. Omenihu and Anasadu, B.. 2006. Dictionary of Nigerian English Slang. Nigeria: Rex Charles and Patrick.Google Scholar
Orda, Martin. 2010. Trinnie Talk: A Handbook of Trinidad and Tobago Dialect, Traditions, Tours and Travel. Trinidad and Tobago: Papellon Enterprises.Google Scholar
Orsman, H. W. 1997. The Dictionary of New Zealand English: A Dictionary of New Zealandisms on Historical Principals. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Partridge, Eric. 1937. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (Seventh edition published in 1970.)Google Scholar
Partridge, Eric and Beale, Paul. 1984. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. (8th ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Pemagbi, Joe. 1989. A glossary of Sierra Leonean English. English Today 5(1): 22–24.Google Scholar
Pepper, J. 1981. Ulster-English Dictionary. Belfast: Blackstaff Press.Google Scholar
Potter, Edgar R. 1986. Cowboy Slang. Phoenix: Golden West Publishers.Google Scholar
Pratt, T.K. 1988. Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Richmond, Edmun B. 1989. African English expressions in The Gambia. World Englishes 8: 223–228.Google Scholar
Roberts, Nicole. 2015. Bahamian Dictionary of Dem Old Essential Words and Phrases (2nd ed.). Nassau: Suffolk House Books.Google Scholar
Ross, Alan Strode Campbell and Moverly, A. W.. 1964. The Pitcairnese Language. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roy, John D. 1975. A Brief Description and Dictionary of the Language Used in the Virgin Islands. St. Thomas: Virgin Islands Department of Education.Google Scholar
Rundell, Michael and Fox, Gwyneth. 2009. Premier Dictionary for Nigerian Primary Schools. Oxford: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sabiiti, Bernard. 2014. UgLish: A Dictionary of Ugandan English. Arlington, MA: Jean-Claude Muganga.Google Scholar
Salakhyan, Elena. 2012. The emergence of Eastern European English. World Englishes 31(3): 331–350.Google Scholar
Salazar, Danica. 2014. Towards improved coverage of Southeast Asian Englishes in the Oxford English Dictionary. Lexicography 1(1): 95–108.Google Scholar
Scourfield, Robert and Johnson, Keith. 2008. Below the Landsker: An Introduction to the Dialect, Place Names and Folklore of South Pembrokeshire. Kilgetty: Jackydando Books.Google Scholar
Sengupta, Indira Chowdhury. 1996. Indian English supplement. In Crowther, Jonathan, ed. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1429–1475.Google Scholar
Sey, K. A. 1973. Ghanaian English: An Exploratory Survey. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Seymore, A. J. 1975. Dictionary of Guyanese Folklore. Georgetown, Guyana: National History and Arts Council.Google Scholar
Shelley, Rex. 1995. Sounds and Sins of Singlish and Other Nonsense. Singapore: Times Books International.Google Scholar
Silva, Penny. 1996. A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simonson, Douglas, Sakata, Ken, and Sasaki, Pat. 1981. Pidgin to da Max. Honolulu: Peppovision.Google Scholar
Slone, Thomas H. 2003. Rasta is Cuss: A Dictionary of Rastafarian Cursing. Oakland, Calif.: Masalai Press.Google Scholar
Smitherman, Geneva. 1994. Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (Second edition published in 2000.)Google Scholar
Sterns, Robin. 2008. Say it in Crucian! A Complete Guide to Today’s Crucian for Speakers of Standard English. St. Croix: Antilles Press.Google Scholar
Story, G. M., Kirwin, W .J., and Widdowson, J. D. A.. 1982. The Dictionary of Newfoundland English. Toronto: University Press of Toronto. (Second edition published in 1990.)Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, David. 1982. British Black English. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Taylor, Andrew. 1994. English dictionaries for Papua New Guinea. In Boniface, Sibayan and Newell, Leonard, eds. Papers from the First Asia International Lexicography Conference, Manila, Philippines – 1992. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, 161–177.Google Scholar
Teltscher, Kate, ed. 2013. Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas-Brereton, Leticia C. 2001. Dictionary of Panamanian English. 3rd ed. Brooklyn: Leticia C. Thomas Brereton.Google Scholar
Todd, Loreto. 1989. A Short History and Dictionary of Northern Irish English. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Todd, Loreto. 1990. Words Apart: A Dictionary of Northern Ireland English. London: Colin Smythe.Google Scholar
Traynor, Michael. 1953. The English Dialect of Donegal: A Glossary. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.Google Scholar
Upton, Clive, Widdowson, John D. A., and Parry, David. 1994. Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Valls, Lito. 1981. What a Pistarkle: A Dictionary of Virgin Islands English Creole. Cruz Bay, VI: Prestige Press.Google Scholar
Ward, Nicholas M. L. 2013. Bajan Slang Dictionary. [Bridgetown]: Nicholas Ward.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Tom. 1979. A Small Collection of Expressions from Liberian Speech. Portales, NM: Eastern New Mexico University.Google Scholar
Wilkes, G. A. 2008. Stunned Mullets and Two-pot Screamers: A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Winer, Lise. 2009. Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 1898–1905. The English Dialect Dictionary, 6 vols. Oxford: Henry Frowde.Google Scholar
Xu, Zhichang. 2010. Chinese English: Features and Implications. Hong Kong: Open University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar
Yansen, C. A. 1993. Random Remarks on Creolese. [London]: Chameleon Press.Google Scholar
Yule, Henry, Burnell, Arthur Coke, and Crooke, William. 1903. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Zgusta, Ladislav. 1971. Manual of Lexicography. Prague: Academia.Google Scholar

References

Alam, Farhana and Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2011. Identity and ethnicity in /t/ in Glasgow-Pakistani high-school girls. In Lee, Wai-Sum and Zee, Eric Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetics Sciences (ICPhS XVII). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong, 216–219.Google Scholar
Baugh, John. 1980. A re-examination of the Black English copula. In Labov, W., ed. Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press, 83–106.Google Scholar
Bayley, Robert. 1994. Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English. Language Variation and Change 6: 303–326.Google Scholar
Bell, A. and Holmes, J.. (1992). H-droppin’: Two sociolinguistic variables in New Zealand English. Australian Journal of Linguistics 12: 223–248.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2015. South Pacific Englishes: A Sociolinguistic and Morphosyntactic Profile of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Islands English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Björkman, Beyza. 2008. So where are we? Spoken lingua franca English at a technical university in Sweden. English Today 24: 35–41.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2003. Commentary: A sociolinguistics of globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 607–623.Google Scholar
Blyth, Carl, Recktenwald, Sigrid and Wang, Jenny. 1990. I’m like, ‘Say what ?!’. A new quotative in American oral narrative. American Speech 65: 215–227.Google Scholar
Bodén, Petra. 2010. Pronunciation in Swedish multiethnolect. In Quist, P. and Svendsen, B. A., eds. Multilingual Urban Scandinavia: New Linguistic Practices. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 65–78.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2002. Space and spatial diffusion. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P. and Schilling-Estes, N., eds. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 603–637.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2004. Geolinguistics and linguistic diffusion. In Ammon, U., Dittmar, N., Mattheier, K. J. and Trudgill, P. (eds.), Sociolinguistics: International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 34–38.Google Scholar
Britain, David and Trudgill, Peter. 2005. New dialect formation and contact-induced reallocation: Three case studies from the Fens. International Journal of English Studies 5: 183–209.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. 2011. Quotations across the generations: A multivariate analysis of speech and thought introducers across 5 decades of Tyneside speech. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7: 59–92.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. 2014. Quotatives: New Trends and Sociolinguistic Implications. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle and D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2009. Localized globalization: A multi-local, multivariate investigation of be like. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13: 291–331.Google Scholar
Butters, Ronald. 1982. Editor’s note [on be like “think”]. American Speech 57: 149.Google Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn. 2008. I’ll be the judge of that: Diversity in social perceptions of (ING). Language in Society 37: 637–659.Google Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn. 2010. The effect of speaker information on attitudes toward (ING). Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29: 214–223.Google Scholar
Cedergren, Henrietta J. and Sankoff, David. 1974. Variable rules: Performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language 50: 333–355.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2004. Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In Kortmann, B., ed., Dialectology Meets Typology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 127–145.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 151–196.Google Scholar
Christy, Craig. 1983. Uniformitarianism in Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2000. Lingua franca and ethnolects in Europe and beyond. Sociolinguistica 14: 83–89.Google Scholar
D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2012. The diachrony of quotation: Evidence from New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 24: 343–369.Google Scholar
D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2017. Discourse-pragmatic Variation in Context: Eight-hundred years of like. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
D’Arcy, Alexandra. Forthcoming Reconfiguring direct quotation over time and the system-internal rise of be like. In Grund, P. and Walker, T., eds. The Dynamics of Speech Representation in the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2008. New-Dialect Formation in Canada: Evidence from the Modal Auxiliaries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Du Bois, John W. 1985. Competing motivations. In Haiman, J., ed. Iconicity in Syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 343–365.Google Scholar
Durham, Mercedes. 2014. The Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Competence in a Lingua Fraca Context. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W. 1991. The quiet demise of variable rules. American Speech 66: 3–21.Google Scholar
Ferrara, Kathleen and Bell, Barbara. 1995. Sociolinguistic variation and discourse function of constructed dialogue introducers: The case of be + like. American Speech 70: 265–290.Google Scholar
Fischer, John L. 1958. Social influences on the choice of a linguistic variant. Word 14: 47–56.Google Scholar
Fónagy, Ivan. 1956. Über den Verlauf des Lautwandels. Acta Linguistica 6: 173–278.Google Scholar
Gauchat, Louis. 1905. L’unité phonétique dans le patois d’une commune. Aus Romanischen Sprachen und Literaturen: Festschrift Heinrich Morf. Halle: Max Niemayer. 175–232.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Guy, Greg. 1980. Variation in the group and the individual: The case of final stop deletion. In Labov, W., ed. Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press, 1–36.Google Scholar
Hansen Edwards, Jette G. 2015. The deletion of /t,d/ in Hong Kong English. World Englishes 35: 60–77.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer and Foulkes, Paul. 2016. The evolution of medial /t/ over real and remembered time. Language 92: 298–330.Google Scholar
Hermann, Eduard. 1929. Lautveränderungen in der Individualsprache einer Mundart. Nachrichten der Gesellsch. der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse 11: 195–214.Google Scholar
Höhn, Nicole. 2011. Quotatives in the Jamaican acrolect: Corpus-based variationist studies of vernacular globalisation in World Englishes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Freiburg.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet. 1995. Two for /t/: Flapping and glottal stops in New Zealand English. Te Reo 38: 53–72.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M. and Horvath, Ronald J.. 2002. The geolinguistics of /l/ vocalization in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6: 319–346.Google Scholar
Houston, Ann C. 1985. Continuity and change in English morphology: The variable (ING). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2014. Home is where you’re born: Negotiating identity in the diaspora. Studia Neophilologica 86: 125–137.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1982. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Institute of English.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Kay, Paul and McDaniel, Chad K.. 1979. On the logic of variable rules. Language in Society 8: 151–187.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 1996. Children, adolescents, and language change. Language Variation and Change 8: 177–202.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 2013. Identity, ethnicity and place: The construction of youth language in London. In Auer, P., Hilpert, M., Stukenbrock, A. and Szmrecsanyi, B., eds. Space in Language and Linguistics: Geographical, Interactional, and Cognitive Perspectives. Berlin: de Gruyter. 128–164.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul and Williams, Ann. 2000. Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29: 65–115.Google Scholar
Khan, Farhat. 1991. Final consonant cluster simplification in a variety of Indian English. In Cheshire, Jenny, ed. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 288–298.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. 2013. The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://ewave-atlas.orgGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. 1969. Contraction, deletion and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45: 715–762.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1989. The child as linguistic historian. Language Variation and Change 1: 85–94.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 2: Social Factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2007. Transmission and diffusion. Language 83: 344–387.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon, Ravindranath, Maya, Weldon, Tracey, Baranowski, Maciej and Nagy, Naomi. 2011. Properties of the sociolinguistic monitor. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 431–463.Google Scholar
Levon, Erez and Fox, Sue. 2014. Social salience and the sociolinguistic monitor: A case study of ING and TH-fronting in Britain. Journal of English Linguistics 42: 185–217.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2010. Socio-phonetics and social change: Deracialisation of the GOOSE vowel in South African English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14: 3–33.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam and Nagy, Naomi, eds. 2008. Social Lives in Language: Sociolinguistics and Multilingual Speech Communities. Celebrating the work of Gillian Sankoff. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam and Niedzielski, Nancy, 2003. The globalisation of vernacular variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7: 534–555.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 2007. Off the shelf or under the counter? On the social dynamics of sound changes. In Cain, C. M. and Russom, G, eds. Studies in the History of the English Language, Vol. 3: Managing Chaos: Strategies for Identifying Change in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 149–172.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S., Rickford, John R., Bailey, Guy and Baugh, John, eds. 1998. African American English: Structure, History and Use. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nigsch Rathore, Claudia and Schreier, Daniel. 2016. “Our heart is still in Africa”: Twice migration and its sociolinguistic consequences. Language in Society 45: 163–191.Google Scholar
Patrick, Peter L. 1991. Creoles at the intersection of variable processes: -t,d deletion and past-marking in the Jamaican mesolect. Language Variation and Change 3: 171–189.Google Scholar
Payne, Arvilla C. 1980. Factors controlling the acquisition of the Philadelphia dialect by out-of-state children. In Labov, W., ed. Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press, 143–178.Google Scholar
Penfield, Joyce and Ornstein-Galicia, Jacob, 1985. Chicano English: An Ethnic Contact Dialect. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Quist, Pia. 2008. Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice. International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 43–61.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 2015. The creole origins hypothesis. In Lanehart, S., ed. The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 35–56.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R., Ball, Arnetha, Blake, Renee, Jackson, Raina and Martin, Nomi. 1991. Rappin on the copula coffin: Theoretical and methodological issues in the analysis of the copula variation in African-American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change 3: 103–132.Google Scholar
Roberts, Julie. 1997. Acquisition of variable rules: A study of (-t,d) deletion in preschool children. Journal of Child Language 24: 351–372.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne and Lange, Deborah. 1991. The use of like as a marker of reported speech and thought: A case of grammaticalization in progress. American Speech 66: 227–279.Google Scholar
Sankoff, David and Labov, William. 1979. On the uses of variable rules. Language in Society 8: 189–222.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto. 1996. Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English. Language Variation and Change 8: 63–89.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language. New York: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79: 233–281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2017. Dialect formation in isolated communities. Annual Review of Linguistics 3: 347–362.Google Scholar
Sebba, Mark. 1993. London Jamaican. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2011. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani and Sankaran, Lavanya. 2011. Cognitive and social forces in dialect shift: Gradual change in London Asian speech. Language Variation and Change 23: 399–428.Google Scholar
Shaub, Mark. 2000. English in the Arab Republic of Egypt. World Englishes 19: 225–238.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1997. Mixing, leveling and pidgin/creole development. In. Spears, A. K. and Winford, D., eds. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 111–149.Google Scholar
Smith, Jennifer, Durham, Mercedes and Fortune, Liane. 2009. Universal and dialect-specific pathways of acquisition: Caregivers, children, and t/d deletion. Language Variation and Change 21: 69–95.Google Scholar
Stanford, James N. and Preston, Dennis R., eds. 2009. Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Steinholt, Anders. 1964. Målbryting i Hedrum. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Sudbury, Andrea. 2001. Falkland Islands English: A southern hemisphere variety? English World-Wide 22: 55–80.Google Scholar
Svendsen, Bente Ailin and Røyneland, Unn. 2008. Multiethnolectal facts and functions in Oslo, Norway. International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 63–83.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2009. Vernacular universals and angloversals in a typological perspective. In Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Paulasto, H., eds. Vernacular Universals and language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 33–53.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2002. Comparative sociolinguistics. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, P. and Schilling-Estes, N., eds. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 729–763.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2007. Frequency and variation in the community grammar: Tracking a new change through the generations. Language Variation and Change 19: 199–217.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2009. Peaks beyond phonology: Adolescence, incrementation, and language change. Language 85: 58–108.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A., D’Arcy, Alexandra and Rodríguez Louro, Celeste. 2016. Outliers, impact, and rationalization in linguistic change. Language 92: 824–849.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Denis, Derek. 2014. Expanding the transmission/diffusion dichotomy: Evidence from Canada. Language 90: 90–136.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali and Hudson, Rachel. 1999. Be like et al. beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian Youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3: 147–172.Google Scholar
Torgersen, Eivind, Gabrielatos, Costas, Hoffmann, Sebastian and Fox, Sue. 2011. A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7: 93–118.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2009. Vernacular universals and the sociolinguistic typology of English dialects. In Filppula, M., Klemola, J. and Paulasto, H., eds. Vernacular Universals and language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 304–322.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2014. Diffusion, drift, and the irrelevance of media influence. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18: 214–222.Google Scholar
Urry, John. 2003. Global Complexity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William and Herzog, Marvin I.. 1968. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Lehmann, W. P. and Malkiel, Y., eds. Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Symposium. Austin: University of Texas Press, 95–195.Google Scholar
Wiese, Heike. 2009. Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe: New linguistic practices among adolescents. Lingua 119: 782–806.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1997. On the origins of African American Vernacular English: A creolist perspective. Part 1: The sociohistorical background. Diachronica 14: 305–344.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1998. On the origins of African American Vernacular English: A creolist perspective. Part II: Linguistic features. Diachronica 15 : 99–155.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Zentella, Ana Celia. 1997. Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

References

Ball, Martin. 2007. Welsh. In Britain, David, ed. Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 237–254.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English: An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah and Kautzsch, Alexander. 2017. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes 36(1): 104–126.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny and Fox, Sue. 2009. Was/were variation: A perspective from London. Language Variation and Change 21(1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Fox, Susan, Kerswill, Paul and Torgersen, Eivind. 2008. Ethnicity, friendship network and social practices as the motor of dialect change: Linguistic innovation in London. Sociolinguistica 22: 1–23.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Susan and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(2): 151–196.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Nortier, Jacomine and Adger, David. 2015. Emerging multiethnolects in Europe. Queen Mary’s Opal No. 33, Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics.Google Scholar
Clague, Marie. 2009. Manx language revitalization and immersion education. e-Keltoi-Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 2: 165–1198.Google Scholar
Coetzee van Rooy, Susan and van Rooy, Bertus. 2005. South African English: Labels, comprehensibility and status. World Englishes 24(1): 1–19.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2008. Two thousand million? English Today 24(1): 3–6.Google Scholar
de Kadt, Elizabeth. 2000. English language proficiency in South Africa at the turn of the millennium. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 18: 25–32.Google Scholar
Davydova, Julia. 2012. Englishes in the Outer and Expanding Circles: A comparative study. World Englishes 31(3): 366–385.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2014. The progressive aspect in the Netherlands. World Englishes 33(2): 173–194.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Edwards, V. 2004. Multilingualism in the English-speaking World. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Everson, Michael. [1904] 2010. Henry Jenner’s Handbook of the Cornish Language. Co. Mhaig: Evertype.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Pitkänen, Heli, eds. 2002. The Celtic Roots of English (Studies in Languages 37). Joensuu: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Humanities.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli. 2008. English and Celtic in Contact (Routledge Studies in Germanic Linguistics 13). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fox, Susan. 2012. Cockney. In Bergs, Alex and Brinton, Laurel, eds. Historical Linguistics of English: An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2013–2031.Google Scholar
Fox, Susan. 2015. The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fox, Susan and Sharma, Devyani. 2017. The language of London and Londoners. In Smakman, Dick and Heinrich, Patrick, eds. Urban Sociolinguistics: The City as a Linguistic Process and Experience. Abingdon: Routledge, 115–129.Google Scholar
Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2017. Language change and innovation in London: Multicultural London English. In Braber, Natalie and Jansen, Sandra, eds. Sociolinguistics in England. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 189–214.Google Scholar
Freywald, Ulrike, Mayr, Katharina, Özçelık, Tiner and Wiese, Heike. 2011. Kiezdeutsch as a multiethnolect. In Kern, Friederike and Selting, Margret, eds. Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 45–73.Google Scholar
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle and Granger, Sylviane. 2011. From ESL to EFL: Evidence from the International Corpus of Learner English. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 55–78.Google Scholar
Greater London Authority 2005. London – the World in a City: An Analysis of the 2001 Census Results. London: Greater London Authority Data Management and Analysis Group Briefing 2005/6.Google Scholar
Harlan, Lane, Hoffmeister, Robert and Bahan, Ben. 1996. A Journey into the Deaf-World. San Diego: DawnSignPress.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2007. English as a Lingua Franca: Attitude and Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2014. English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The Politics of Academic English Language Policy. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 1985. Standard, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, H. G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
King, J. 2001. Te Kōhanga Reo: Māori Language Revitalization. In Hinton, Leanne and Hale, Ken, eds. The Green Book of Language Revitalization. San Diego: Academic Press, 119–132.Google Scholar
Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt. 1988. Immigrant children’s Swedish: A new variety? Journal of Multicultural and Multilingual Development 9(1–2): 129–140.Google Scholar
Lutz, Angelika. 2009. Celtic influence on Old English and West Germanic. English Language and Linguistics 13(2): 227–249.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Kenneth. 2007. Gaelic. In Britain, David, ed. Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 200–217.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Raj. 1996. Language contact, transmission, shift: South African Indian English. In de Klerk, Vivian, ed. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 79–98.Google Scholar
Nevalainen, Terttu and Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena. 2003. Historical Sociolinguistics: Language Change in Tudor and Stuart England. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Nortier, Jacomine and Dorleijn, Margreet. 2008. A Moroccan accent in Dutch: A sociocultural style restricted to the Moroccan community? International Journal of Bilingualism 12(1–2): 125–142.Google Scholar
Nortier, Jacomine and Bente, A. Svendsen, eds. 2015. Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century: Linguistic Practices across Urban Spaces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ó Giollagáin, Conchúr and Charlton, Martin. 2015. Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: 2006–2011. Co. Galway: Údarás na Gaeltachta (Gaeltacht Development Authority).Google Scholar
Ó‘Giollagáin, Conchúr, Mac Donnacha, Seosamh, Ní Chialáin, Fiona, Ní Shéaghdha, Aoife and O’Brien, Mary. 2007. Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the use of Irish in the Gaeltacht: Principal Findings and recommendations 2007. A Research Report prepared for the Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.Google Scholar
Ó‘Riagáin, Pádraig. 2007. Irish. In Britain, David, ed. Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pakir, Anne. 2001. The voices of English-knowing bilinguals and the emergence of new epicentres. In Ooi, Vincent, ed. Evolving Identities: The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1–11.Google Scholar
Park, Jin-Kyu. 2009. “English Fever” in South Korea: Its history and symptoms. English Today 25(1): 50–57.Google Scholar
Quist, Pia. 2008. Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and social practice. International Journal of Bilingualism 12(1–2): 43–61.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 1991. Language in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2016. Grassroots Englishes in tourism interactions. English Today 32(3): 2–10.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Berndt, Mesthrie, Raj and Upton, Clive, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English, 2 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne. 2013. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2011. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shim, Doobo and Park, Joseph Sung-Yul. 2008. The Language Politics of “English Fever” in South Korea. Korea Journal: 136–159.Google Scholar
Stavans, Anat and Hoffmann, Charlotte. 2015. Multilingualism: Key Topics in Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Svendsen, , Bente, A. and Røyneland, Unn. 2008. Multiethnolectal facts and functions in Oslo, Norway. International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 63–83.Google Scholar
Thomas, Alan. R. 1993. The Cornish language. In MacAulay, Donald, ed. The Celtic Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 346–370.Google Scholar
van der Walt, J. L. and van Rooy, Bertus. 2002. Towards a norm in South African Englishes. World Englishes 21(1): 113–128.Google Scholar
van Rooy, Bertus. 2000. Introduction. South African Journal of Linguistics. Suppl. 38: i–vii.Google Scholar
Vennemann, Theo. Celtic influence in English? Yes and no. English Language and Linguistics 13(2): 309–334.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29(6): 1024–1054.Google Scholar
Wiese, Heike. 2009. Grammatical innovation in multiethnic urban Europe: New linguistic practices among adolescents. Lingua 119(5): 782–806.Google Scholar
Zuckermann, Ghil’ad, Shakuto-Neoh, Shiori and Quer, Giovanni Matteo. 2014. Native tongue title: Proposed compensation for the loss of Aboriginal languages. Australian Aboriginal Studies (AAS) 1: 55–71.Google Scholar

Online References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Cultural Diversity in Australia, 2016. www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features%7ECultural%20Diversity%20Article~20

British Deaf Association. https://bda.org.uk

The Canadian Association of the Deaf-Association des Sourds du Canada. www.cad.ca

Central Statistics Office – An Phríomh-Oifig Staidrimh www.cso.ie/en/census/census2011reports/census2011thisisirelandpart1/

Deaf Sector Partnership. http://deafsectorpartnership.net/bsl-scotland-act/

Department of Education and Skills. 20-year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010 – 2030. www.education.ie/en/Publications/Policy-Reports/20-Year-Strategy-for-the-Irish-Language-2010–2030.pdf Accessed 24th June 2018.

Department for Education (2015). Statistics: Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2015. www.gov.uk/government/collections/statistics-school-and-pupil-numbers

Department for Education (2015). Statistics: Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2017. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/schools-pupils-and-their-characteristics-january-2017 Accessed 1st October 2017

Ethnologue: Languages of the World. www.ethnologue.com

European Commission Eurostat. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Government of Canada. 2016 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration. www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/annual-report-2016/index.asp#s4.3

Isle of Man Census Report 2011. www.gov.im/media/207882/census2011reportfinalresized_1_.pdf

The Migration Observatory. www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk

New Zealand Census statistics www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and…/quickstats…/languages.aspx

Office for National Statistics. www.ons.gov.uk/

Omniglot www.omniglot.com

Scotland’s Census www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/

Scottish Government British Sign Language (BSL) National Plan 2017–2023 www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00526382.pdf

Statistics Canada www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=11&Geo=00

Statistics Canada. Linguistic Diversity and Multilingualism in Canadian homes. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98–200-x/2016010/98–200-x2016010-eng.cfm

Statistics for Wales – ystadegau ar gyfer cymru. http://gov.wales/docs/statistics/2012/121211sb1182012en.pdf

Stats NZ. 2013 Census Quickstats about culture and identity. www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/birthplace.aspx

United States Census Bureau www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009–2013-lang-tables.html

References

Anon. 1833. The Western Coast of Africa. Journal of an Officer under Captain Owen. + Leonard, Peter Records of a Voyage in the Ship Dryad, in 1830, 1831, and 1832. Philadelphia: Edward C. Mielke.Google Scholar
Apponsah, K. 1968. African writers must be up and doing. The Evening News, February 20, p. 4.Google Scholar
Banbury, G. A. Lethbridge. 1888. Sierra Leone: or, the White Man’s Grave. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co.Google Scholar
Baugh, Albert C. and Cable, Thomas. 2012. A History of the English language (6th ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip. 1993. Australian influence on Melanesian Pidgin English. Te Reo 36(3): 67.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip. 1987. Historical developments in Chinese Pidgin English and the nature of the relationships between the various Pidgin Englishes of the Pacific region. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 2: 163–207.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip and Huber, Magnus. 2001. Atlantic, Pacific, and world-wide features in English-lexicon contact languages. English World-Wide 22: 157–208.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 1993. Manual of information to accompany the Wellington Corpus of Written New Zealand English. http://clu.uni.no/icame/manuals/WELLMAN/INDEX.HTMGoogle Scholar
Baxter, Laura. 2010. Lexical diffusion in the early stages of the merry-marry merger. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 16(2). http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol16/iss2/3Google Scholar
Behrendt, Stephen D., Latham, A. J. H. and Northrup, David. 2010. The Diary of Antera Duke, an Eighteenth-Century African Slave Trader. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bekker, Ian. 2017. Earlier South African English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 464–483.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin, Tobias Bernaisch, , Mike Berger, , and Heller, Benedikt. 2014. Compiling the Diachronic Corpus of Hong Kong English (DC-HKE): Motivation, progress and challenges. Poster presented at the 35th ICAME Conference, Nottingham, England, April 30–May 5 2014.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2017. Archival data on earlier Canadian English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 375–394.Google Scholar
Borlongan, Ariane Macalinga and Dita, Shirley N.. 2015. Taking a look at expanded predicates in Philippine English across time, Asian Englishes. Asian Englishes 17: 240–247.Google Scholar
Brato, Thorsten. 2019. The Historical Corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana): Motivation, compilation, opportunities. In Esimaje, Alexandra, Gut, Ulrike and Antia, Bassey E., eds. Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 119–141.Google Scholar
Brato, Thorsten. 2018. “Outdooring” the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana: Insights from the compilation of a historical corpus of New English. English Today 34(2): 25–34.Google Scholar
Brown, Philip Penton and Scragg, John. 1938. Common Errors in Gold Coast English (2nd ed.). Accra: Scottish Mission Book Depot.Google Scholar
Calabrese, Rita, Chambers, J. K. and Leitner, Gerhard, eds. 2015. Variation and Change in Postcolonial Contexts. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra, Paul De Decker, and Gerard, Van Herk. 2017. Canadian Raising in Newfoundland? Insights from early vernacular recordings. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 395–413.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter, ed. 2015. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter, Borlongan, Ariane Macalinga and Yao, Xinyue. 2014. Modality in Philippine English. Journal of English Linguistics 42: 68–88.Google Scholar
Cox, Felicity and Palethorpe, Sallyanne. 2017. Open vowels in historical Australian English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 502–528.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2010. Written sources for Canadian English: Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Varieties of English in Writing: The Written Word as Linguistic Evidence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 197–221.Google Scholar
Fritz, Clemens W. A. 2007. From English in Australia to Australian English 1788–1900. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert. 2017. The progressive in 19th- and 20th-century Indian English: A pilot study. Paper presented at the 7th Biennial International Conference on the Linguistics of Contemporary English, Universidade de Vigo (Spain), September 28–30, 2017.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert and Borlongan, Ariane. 2016. Recent diachronic change in the use of the present perfect and past tense in Philippine and Indian English. Paper presented at the 4th conference of the International Society for the Linguistics of English (ISLE 4), Poznań (Poland), September 18–21, 2016.Google Scholar
Gooden, Shelome and Drayton, Kathy-Ann. 2017. The Caribbean: Trinidad and Jamaica. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 414–443.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan Th., Bernaisch, Tobias and Heller, Benedikt. 2018. A corpus-linguistic account of the history of the genitive alternation in Singapore English. In Deshors, Sandra C., ed. Modeling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie. 2015. Pseudotitles in Bahamian English: A case of Americanization? Journal of English Linguistics 43: 143–167.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie. 2014. Recent grammatical change in Caribbean English: A corpus-based study of Bahamian newswriting. Paper presented at the 3rd conference of the International Society for the Linguistics of English (ISLE3), Zurich (Switzerland), August 24–27, 2014.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie and Deuber, Dagmar. 2015. American influence on written Caribbean English: A diachronic analysis of newspaper reportage in the Bahamas and in Trinidad and Tobago. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 389–410.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie and Wengler, Diana. 2017. Genitive variation and change in postcolonial Englishes: Focus on semantic relations. Paper presented at the 7th Biennial International Conference on the Linguistics of Contemporary English, Universidade de Vigo (Spain), September 28–30, 2017.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie and Wengler, Diana. 2016. Recent grammatical change in postcolonial Englishes: A real-time study of genitive variation in Caribbean and Indian newswriting. Paper presented at the 19th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Essen (Germany), August 22–26, 2016.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, MacLagan, Margaret and Gordon, Elizabeth. 2008. Dialects of English: New Zealand English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A. 1962. The life cycle of pidgin languages. Lingua 11: 151–156.Google Scholar
Hansen, Beke and Heller, Benedikt. 2017. Expansion of the s-genitive in World Englishes. Paper presented at the 7th Biennial International Conference on the Linguistics of Contemporary English, Universidade de Vigo (Spain), September 28–30, 2017.Google Scholar
Herlein, J. D. 1718. Beschrijvinge van de volksplantinge Zuriname. Leeuwarden: Injema.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Early recordings of Irish English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 199–231.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Sebastian. 2013. The Corpus of Historical Singapore English – Practical and methodological issues. Paper presented at UCREL Corpus Research Seminar, Lancaster University, March 26, 2013. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/crs/attachments/UCRELCRS-2013–03-26-Hoffmann-Slides.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Sand, Andrea and Tan, Peter. 2012. The Corpus of Historical Singapore English: A first pilot study on data from the 1950s and 1960s. Paper presented at the 33 ICAME Conference. Belgium: University of Leuven.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1989. Pidgins and Creoles, Vol. 2: Reference survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 2017. Early recordings from Ghana. A variationist approach to the phonological history of an Outer Circle variety. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 444–463.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 2014. Stylistic and sociolinguistic variation in Schneider’s Nativization Phase. T-affrication and relativization in Ghanaian English. In Buschfeld, Sarah, Hoffmann, Thomas, Huber, Magnus and Kautzsch, Alexander, eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 86–106.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus and Schmidt, Sebastian. 2011. New ways of analysing the history of varieties of English. Early Highlife recordings from Ghana. Paper presented at the second conference of the International Society for the Linguistics of English (ISLE2), Boston (USA), June 17–21, 2011.Google Scholar
Hudson-Ettle, Diana M. and Schmied, Josef. 1999. Manual to accompany the East African component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-EA): Background information, coding conventions and lists of source texts. http://clu.uni.no/icame/manuals/ICE_EA.PDFGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2012. Towards a corpus of early written New Zealand English: News from Erewhon? Te Reo 55: 51–74.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2009. Colonial lag, colonial innovation, or simply language change? In Rohdenburg, Günter and Schlüter, Julia, eds. One Language, Two Grammars: Morphosyntactic Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13–37.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Leech, Geoffrey. 2012. Small is beautiful: On the value of standard reference corpora for observing recent grammatical change. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Closs, Elizabeth Traugott, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 175–188.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2012. Animacy in early New Zealand English. English World-Wide 33: 241–263.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1988. The sacred cows of English. English Today 4: 3–8.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, H. G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.Google Scholar
Kemp, Dennis 1898. Nine Years at the Gold Coast. London: MacMillan and Co.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. 2012. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool, Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey and Smith, Nick. 2005. Extending the possibilities of corpus-based research on English in the twentieth century: A prequel to LOB and FLOB. ICAME Journal 29: 83–98.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian and Winkle, Claudia. 2012. Change from to-infinitive to bare infinitive in specificational cleft sentences: Data from World Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity in Diversity Worldwide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243–262.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne Maria, Maurer, Philippe, Haspelmath, Martin and Huber, Magnus, eds. 2013. The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages, Vol 1: English-Based and Dutch-Based Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moag, Rodney F. 1982. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, Braj B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 270–290.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Bernaisch, Tobias. 2015. Cultural keywords in context. A pilot study of linguistic acculturation in South Asian Englishes. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 411–435.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Schilk, Marco. 2012. Exploring variation and change in New Englishes. Looking into the International Corpus of English (ICE) and beyond. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Closs, Elizabeth Traugott, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 189–199.Google Scholar
Noël, Dirk, Bertus van Rooy, and van der Auwera, Johan, eds. 2014. Diachronic approaches to modality in World Englishes (Special edition). Journal of English Linguistics 42(1).Google Scholar
Obeng, Richard Emmanuel. 1998. Eighteenpence. Ed. Dako, Kari. Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2014. Differentiation in Australian English. In Buschfeld, Sarah, Hoffmann, Thomas, Huber, Magnus and Kautzsch, Alexander, eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 107–125.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John. 1937. Marginal languages: A sociological survey of the creole languages and trade jargons. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Rodríguez Louro, Celeste. 2015. The evolution of epistemic marking in West Australian English. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 205–220.Google Scholar
Schachter, Paul 1962. Teaching English Pronunciation to the Twi-Speaking Student. Legon: Ghana University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79: 233–281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2017. Early twentieth-century Tristan da Cunha h’English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 484–501.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel, Trudgill, Peter, Schneider, Edgar W. and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. 2010. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1909. Die Lingua Franca. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 33: 441–461.Google Scholar
Sedlatschek, Andreas. 2009. Contemporary Indian English. Variation and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Sey, Kofi A. 1973. Ghanaian English. An Exploratory Survey. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Shastri, S.V. 1986. Manual of information to accompany the Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English, for use with digital computers. http://clu.uni.no/icame/kolhapur/kolman.htm.Google Scholar
Sóskuthy, Márton, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Drager, Katie and Foulkes, Paul. 2017. Early New Zealand English: The closing diphthongs. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 529–561.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1980. Teaching English as an International Language: From Practice to Principle. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter 1965. Pronunciations of English in West Africa. In Strevens, Peter, ed. Papers in Language and Language Teaching. London: Oxford University Press, 110–122.Google Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1953–1954. Spoken English in the Gold Coast. English Language Teaching 8: 81–89.Google Scholar
Temple, Charles Lindsay. 1918. Native Races and Their Rulers: Sketches and Studies of Official Life and Administrative Problems in Nigeria. Cape Town: Argus Printing & Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2008. Pidgins/creoles and historical linguistics. In Kouwenberg, Silvia and Singler, John Victor, eds. The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies. Oxford: Blackwell, 242–262.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Velupillai, Viveka. 2015. Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages. An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

References

= Australian Corpus of English (Written Australian English, 1986)

= Web-derived 2006 Brown Corpus (Written American English, 2006)

= A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers [www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/ARCHER/updated%20version/background.html#history]

= Before Brown Corpus (Written American English, 1930s)

= Web-derived 2006 LOB Corpus (Written British English, 2006)

= Before LOB Corpus (Written British English, 1930s)

= British National Corpus (Spoken and Written British English, 1991–1994; 2014) [www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk]

= Brown Corpus (Written American English, 1961)

= Corpus of Early New Zealand English (see Hundt 2012)

= Corpus of Late Modern English Texts [www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/CLMETEV/index.html]

= Corpus of Historical American English [https://corpus.byu.edu/coha/]

= Corpus of Early Ontario English (see Dollinger 2005)

= Corpus of Oz Early English (see Fritz 2007)

= Corpus of Irish English Correspondence (see McCafferty & Amador-Moreno 2012)

= Freiburg Brown Corpus (Written American English, 1992)

= Freiburg LOB Corpus (Written British English, 1991)

= Corpus of Global Web-based English (web-based corpus of World Englishes, approximately 1.9 million words) [www.english-corpora.org/glowbe/]

= International Corpus of English [www.ice-corpora.uzh.ch]

= International Corpus of Learner English (Corpus of argumentative essays from university learners of English as a foreign language, with various first language backgrounds) [https://uclouvain.be/en/research-institutes/ilc/cecl/icle.html]

= The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English (Written Indian English, 1978)

= Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage (Spoken learner interview data, various first languages) [https://uclouvain.be/en/research-institutes/ilc/cecl/lindsei.html]

= London-Oslo-Bergen Corpus (Written British English, 1961)

= News on the Web (web-based monitor corpus of newspaper archives from twenty countries; since 2010) [www.english-corpora.org/now/]

= Strathy Corpus of Canadian English (spoken and written Canadian English, 50 million words; data from the early 1980s until 2010; available at BYU) [www.queensu.ca/strathy/corpus]

= Wellington Corpus of Written New Zealand English (Written New Zealand English, 1986)

Secondary Sources

Agire, Eneko, Baldwin, Timothy and Martinez, David. 2008. Improving parsing and PP attachment performance with sense information. Proceedings of ACL-08: 317–325. www.aclweb.org/anthology/P08-1037Google Scholar
Anderwald, Lieselotte. 2014. Burned, dwelled, dreamed: The evolution of a morphological Americanism, and the role of prescriptive grammar writing. American Speech 89: 408–440.Google Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. 1990. English at its twilight. In Ricks, Christopher and Michaels, Leonard, eds. The State of the Language. London: Faber and Faber, 83–94.Google Scholar
Baker, Paul. 2017. American and British English: Divided by a Common Language? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 2010. A usage-based approach to substratum transfer: The case of four unproductive features in Singapore English. Language 86(4): 792–820.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming and Wee, Lionel. 1999. The passive in Singapore English. World Englishes 18(1): 1–11.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1985. Investigating macroscopic textual variation through multifeature/multidimensional analyses. Linguistics 23(2): 337–360.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1993. Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing 8(4): 243–257.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Conrad, Susand and Reppen, Randi. 1998. Corpus Linguistics. Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Finegan, Edward, and Atkinson, David. 1994. ARCHER and its challenges: Compiling and exploring A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers. In Fries, Udo, Tottie, Gunnel and Schneider, Peter, eds., Creating and Using English Language Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1–14.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin. 2015. South Pacific Englishes. A Sociolinguistic and Morphosyntactic Profile of Fiji English, Samoan English and Cook Islands English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin, Hundt, Marianne and Zipp, Lena. 2010. “How” a Fiji corpus? Challenges in the compilation of an ESL ICE component. ICAME Journal, 34:5–23.Google Scholar
Biewer, Carolin, Bernaisch, Tobias, Berger, Mike and Heller, Benedikt. 2014. Compiling the diachronic corpus of Hong Kong English: Motivation, progress and challenges. Poster presented at ICAME 35, Nottingham.Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter. 2009. On the evolution of complexity. Sometimes less is more in East and mainland Southeast Asia. In David Gil, Geoffrey Sampson and Trudgill, Peter, eds., Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 34–49.Google Scholar
Brato, Thorsten. 2018. “Outdooring” the historical corpus of English in Ghana. English Today 34(2): 25–34.Google Scholar
Brunner, Thomas. 2014. Structural nativization, typology and complexity: Noun phrase structures in British, Kenyan and Singaporean English. English Language and Linguistics 18(1): 23–48.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter. 2015. Diachronic variation in the grammar of Australian English. Corpus-based explorations. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 15–42.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter, Borlongan, Ariane and Yao, Xinyue. 2014. Modality in Philippine English: A diachronic study. Journal of English Linguistics 42(1): 68–88.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter and Yao, Xinyue. 2012. Modals and quasi-modals in New Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide. Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 35–54.Google Scholar
Davies, Mark. 2012. Some methodological issues related to corpus-based investigations of recent syntactic changes in English. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 157–174.Google Scholar
Davies, Mark, and Fuchs, Robert. 2015. Expanding horizons in the study of world Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE). English World-Wide 36: 1–28.Google Scholar
De Clerck, Bernard and Vanopstal, Klaar. 2015. Patterns of regularisation in British, American and Indian English. A closer look at irregular verbs with t/ed variation. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 335–371.Google Scholar
Desagulier, Guillaume. 2017. The Indian exception: Complex prepositions in the Kolhapur Corpus. Around the word, December 20. https://corpling.hypotheses.org/284Google Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar. 2014. English in the Caribbean: Variation, Style and Standards in Jamaica and Trinidad. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan 2005. Oh Canada! Towards the Corpus of Early Ontario English. In Renouf, Antoinette and Kehoe, Andrew, eds. The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 7–25.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2011. Introducing the corpus of Dutch English. English Today 27(3): 10–14.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison. 2017. ICE Age 3: The expanding circle. World Englishes 36(3): 404–426.Google Scholar
Edwards, Alison and Laporte, Samantha. 2015. Outer and Expanding Circle Englishes: The competing roles of norm orientation and proficiency levels. English World-Wide 36(2): 135–169.Google Scholar
Evans, Stephen. 2015. Testing the Dynamic Model: The evolution of the Hong Kong English lexicon (1858–2012). Journal of English Linguistics 43(3): 175–200.Google Scholar
Fritz, Clemens W. A. 2007. From English in Australia to Australian English 1788–1900. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Robert and Gut, Ulrike. 2015. An apparent time study of the progressive in Nigerian English. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 373–387.Google Scholar
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. 2015. At the interface of contact linguistics and second language acquisition research. New Englishes and Learner Englishes compared. English World-Wide 36(1): 91–124.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1988. A proposal for an international computerized corpus of English. World Englishes 7(3): 315.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. 1996. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan and Mukherjee, Joybrato. 2010. Lexical gravity across varieties of English: An ICE-based study of n-grams in Asian Englishes. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15: 520–548.Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan Th. and Bernaisch, Tobias. 2016. Exploring epicentres empirically. Focus on South Asian Englishes. English World-Wide 37(1): 1–25.Google Scholar
Gries, Stefan Th., Bernaisch, Tobias and Heller, Benedikt. 2018. A corpus-linguistic account of the history of the genitive alternation in Singapore English. In Deshors, Sandra C., ed. Modelling World Englishes. Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 245–279.Google Scholar
Gut, Ulrike and Fuchs, Robert. 2014. Exploring speaker fluency with phonologically annotated ICE corpora. World Englishes 36(3): 387–403.Google Scholar
Hansen, Beke. 2017. The ICE metadata and the study of Hong Kong English. World Englishes 36(3): 471–486.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Kaltenböck, Gunther, Kuteva, Tania and Long, Haiping. 2017. Cooptation as a discourse strategy. Linguistics 55(5): 813–855.Google Scholar
Heller, Benedikt, Bernaisch, Tobias and Gries, Stefan Th. 2017. Empirical perspective on two potential epicentres: the genitive alternation in Asian Englishes. ICAME Journal 41: 111–144.Google Scholar
Hirschmüller, Ηelmut. 1989. The use of complex prepositions in Indian English in comparison with British and American English. In Graustein, Gottfried and Thiele, Wolfgang, eds. Englische Textlinguistik und Varietätenforschung. [Linguistische Arbeitsberichte 69]. Leipzig: Karl- Marx-Universität Leipzig, 52–58.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Thomas. 2007. Complements versus adjuncts? A construction grammar account of English prepositional phrases. Occasional Papers in Language and Linguistics (University of Nairobi) 3, 92–119.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Sebastian, Hundt, Marianne and Mukherjee, Joybrato. 2011. Indian English – an emerging epicentre? A pilot study on light-verbs in web-derived corpora of South Asian Englishes. Anglia 12(3–4): 258–280.Google Scholar
Höhn, Nicole. 2012. “And they were all like ‘What’s going on?”: New quotatives in Jamaican and Irish English. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide. Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 263–289.Google Scholar
Horch, Stephanie. 2019. Complementing corpus analysis with web-based experimentation in research on World Englishes. English World-Wide 40(1): 24–52.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2009a. Global feature – local norms? A case study on the progressive passive. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 287–308.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2009b. Colonial lag, colonial innovation, or simply language change? In Rohdenburg, Günter and Schlüter, Julia, eds. One Language, Two Grammars: Morphosyntactic Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13–37.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2012. Towards a corpus of early written New Zealand English: News from Erewhon? Te Reo: Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand 55: 51–74.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2013a. Using web-based data for the study of global English. In Krug, Manfred and Schlüter, Julia, eds. Research Methods in Language Variation and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 158–177.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2013b. The diversification of English: Old, new and emerging epicentres. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 182–203.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2015. Do-support in early New Zealand and Australian English. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 65–86.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2016a. Global spread of English: Processes of change. In Kytö, Merja and Pahta, Päivi, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of English Historical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 335–347.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2016b. Error, feature, (incipient) change – or something else altogether? On the role of low-frequency deviant patterns for the description of Englishes. In Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 37–60.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2018. It is important that mandatives (should) be studied across different World Englishes and from a construction grammar perspective. In Pertejo, Paloma Núñez, López Couso, María José, Naya, Belén Méndez and Martínez, Ignacio Palacios, eds. Crossing Linguistic Boundaries: Systemic, Synchronic and Diachronic Variation in English. London: Bloomsbury, 211–238.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, Biewer, Carolin and Nesselhauf, Nadja, eds. 2007. Corpus Linguistics and the Web. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. 2012. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide. Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Leech, Geoffrey. 2012. Small is beautiful – On the value of standard reference corpora for observing recent grammatical change. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 175–188.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Mukherjee, Joybrato. 2011. Discussion forum: New Englishes and Learner Englishes – quo vadis? In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 209–217.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, Röthlisberger, Melanie and Seoane, Elena. 2018. Predicting voice alternation across academic Englishes. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. doi:10.1515/cllt–2017–0050Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, Schneider, Gerold and Seoane, Elena. 2016. The use of the be-passive in academic Englishes: Local vs. global usage in an international language. Corpora 11(1): 31–63.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2012. Animacy in early New Zealand English. English World-Wide 33(3): 241–263.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Vogel, Katrin. 2011. Overuse of the progressive in ESL and learner Englishes – Fact or fiction? In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 145–166.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, H.G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 11–30.Google Scholar
Kirk, John. 2016. The pragmatic annotation scheme of the SPICE-Ireland corpus. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21(3): 299–323.Google Scholar
Kirk, John. 2017. Developments in the spoken components of ICE corpora. World Englishes 36(3): 371–386.Google Scholar
Kruger, Haidee and Bertus, van Rooy. 2018. Register variation in written contact varieties of English. A multidimensional analysis. English World-Wide 39(2): 214–242.Google Scholar
Lange, Claudia. 2009. “Where’s the party yaar!” Discourse particles in Indian English. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 207–225.Google Scholar
Lange, Claudia. 2018. Indian English or Indian Englishes? Accounting for speakers’ multilingual repertoires in corpora of postcolonial Englishes. In Nurmi, Arja, Rütten, Tanja and Pahta, Päivi, eds. Challenging the Myth of Monolingual Corpora. Amsterdam: Brill, 16–38.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey. 2007. New resources or just better old ones? The Holy Grail of representativeness. In Hundt, Marianne, Nesselhauf, Nadja and Biewer, Carolin, eds. Corpus Linguistics and the Web. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 133–149.Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey, Hundt, Marianne, Mair, Christian and Smith, Nicholas. 2009. Change in Contemporary English. A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 1991. Grammaticalization and related changes in contemporary German. In Traugott, Elizabeth and Heine, Bernd, eds. Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol. 2, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 493–535.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa, ed. 2004. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Kevin and Amador-Moreno, Carolina P. 2012. A Corpus of Irish English Correspondence (CORIECOR): A tool for studying the history and evolution of Irish English. In Migge, Bettina and Chiosáin, Máire Ní, eds. New Perspectives on Irish English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 265–88.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 1994. Is see becoming a conjunction? The study of grammaticalisation as a meeting ground for corpus linguistics and grammatical theory. In Fries, Udo, Tottie, Gunnel and Schneider, Peter, eds. Creating and Using English Language Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 127–137.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2009. Corpus linguistics meets sociolinguistics: Studying educated spoken usage in Jamaica on the basis of the International Corpus of English. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 39–60.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2018. World Englishes and corpora. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 103–122.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian and Winkle, Claudia. 2012. Change from to-infinitive to bare infinitive in specificational cleft sentences: Data from World Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 243–262.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Gries, Stefan Th. 2009. Collostructional nativisation in new Englishes: Verb-construction associations in the International Corpus of English. English World-Wide 30(1): 27–51.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Schilk, Marco. 2012. Exploring variation and change in New Englishes: Looking into the International Corpus of English (ICE) and beyond. In Nevalainen, Terttu and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 189–199.Google Scholar
Nelson, Gerald, Wallis, Sean and Aarts, Bas. 2002. Exploring Natural Language: Working with the British Component of the International Corpus of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Parviainen, Hanna. 2016. The invariant tag isn’t it in Asian Englishes. World Englishes 35(1): 98–117.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2009. Irregular verbs. Regularization and ongoing variability. In Peters, Pam, Collins, Peter and Smith, Adam, eds. Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English. Grammar and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 13–29.Google Scholar
Rosenfelder, Ingrid. 2009. Rhoticity in educated Jamaican English: An analysis of the spoken component of ICE-Jamaica. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 61–82.Google Scholar
Sand, Andrea. 1999. Linguistic Variation in Jamaica – A Corpus-Based Study of Radio and Newspaper Usage. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2): 233–281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004. How to trace structural nativization: Particle verbs in World Englishes. World Englishes 23(2): 227–249.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial Englishes: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Gerold. 2008. Hybrid long-distance functional dependency parsing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/7188/;Google Scholar
Schneider, Gerold and Hundt, Marianne. 2009. Using a parser as a heuristic tool for the description of New Englishes. Paper presented at the Fifth Corpus Linguistics Conference, Liverpool, UK, July 20–23.Google Scholar
Schneider, Gerold and Hundt, Marianne. 2012. “Off with their heads”: Profiling TAM in ICE corpora. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–34.Google Scholar
Schneider, Gerold, Hundt, Marianne and Schreier, Daniel. 2019. Pluralized non-count nouns across Englishes: A corpus-linguistic approach to variety types. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. doi:10.1515/cllt-2018-0068Google Scholar
Schütze, Carson T. 1995. PP attachment and argumenthood. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 26: 95–151.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2017. World Englishes and sociolinguistic theory. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 232–251.Google Scholar
Sigley, Robert and Holmes, Janet. 2002. Looking at girls in corpora of English. Journal of English Linguistics 30(2): 138–157.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2009. Typological parameters of intralingual variability: Grammatical analyticity versus syntheticity in varieties of English. Language Variation and Change 21: 319–353.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2011. Typological profiling. Learner English versus indigenized L2 varieties of English. In Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 167–187.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt, Grafmiller, Jason, Heller, Benedikt and Melanie, Röthlisberger. 2016. Around the world in three alternations: Modelling syntactic variation in varieties of English. English World-Wide 37(2): 109–137.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Baayen, R. Harald. 2012. Models, forests, and trees of York English: Was/were variation as a case study for statistical practice. Language Variation and Change 24(2): 135–178.Google Scholar
Unuabonah, Foluke Olayinka and Gut, Ulrike. 2018. Commentary pragmatic markers in Nigerian English. English World-Wide 39(2): 190–213.Google Scholar
Van der Auwera, Johan, Noël, Dirk and Astrid, de Wit. 2012. The diverging need (to)’s of Asian Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Gut, Ulrike, eds. Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide. Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 55–75.Google Scholar
Vine, Bernadette. 2000. Getting things done: Some practical issues in a functional investigation of directives in spoken extracts from the New Zealand and British components of the International Corpus of English. In Mair, Christian and Hundt, Marianne, eds. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 371–374.Google Scholar
Volk, Martin. 2001. Exploiting the WWW as corpus to resolve PP attachment ambiguities. In Rayson, Paul, Wilson, Andrew, McEnery, Tony, Hardie, Andrew and Khoja, Shereen, eds. Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2001 Conference, Lancaster, 30 March – 2 April 2001. Department of Linguistics. No pagination.Google Scholar
Wong, May L.Y. 2010. Expressions of gratitude by Hong Kong speakers of English: Research from the International Corpus of English in Hong Kong (ICE-HK). Journal of Pragmatics 42(5): 1243–1257.Google Scholar
Woods, Anthony, Fletcher, Paul and Hughes, Arthur. 1986. Statistics in Language Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Xiao, Richard. 2009. Multidimensional analysis and the study of World Englishes. World Englishes 28(4): 421–450.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014. Educated Fiji English. Lexico-grammar and Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

References

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W., eds. 2001. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Anderwald, Lieselotte. 2003. Negation in Non-Standard British English: Gaps, Regularizations and Asymmetries (Routledge Studies in Germanic Linguistics). London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Baayen, R. Harald. 2011. Corpus linguistics and naive discriminative learning. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 11(2): 295–328. doi:10.1590/S1984-63982011000200003.Google Scholar
Callies, Marcus. 2016. Towards a process-oriented approach to comparing EFL and ESL varieties: A corpus-study of lexical innovations. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2(2): 229–250. doi:10.1075/ijlcr.2.2.05cal.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Implications. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack K. 2004. Dynamic typology and vernacular universals. In Kortmann, Bernd, ed. Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 127–145.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2004. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S. and Haspelmath, Martin, eds. 2013. WALS Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/Google Scholar
Dunn, Michael, Levinson, Stephen C., Lindström, Eva, Reesink, Ger and Terrill, Angela. 2008. Structural phylogeny in historical linguistics: Methodological explorations applied in Island Melanesia. Language 84(4): 710–759.Google Scholar
Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. 2009. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond (Routledge Studies in Germanic Linguistics 14). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gil, David. 2008. How complex are isolating languages? In Miestamo, Matti, Sinnemäki, Kaius and Karlsson, Fred, eds. Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 109–131.Google Scholar
Gilquin, Gaëtanelle. 2015. At the interface of contact linguistics and second language acquisition research: New Englishes and Learner Englishes compared. English World-Wide 36(1): 90–123.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1960. A quantitative approach to the morphological typology of language. International Journal of American Linguistics 26(3): 178–194.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. The Languages of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966. Language Universals, With Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Harris, Alice C. 2010. Explaining typologically unusual structures: The role of probability. In Wohlgemuth, Jan and Cysouw, Michael, eds. Rethinking Universals: How Rarities Affect Linguistic Theory. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 91–104.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Lars, Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Bohmann, Axel. 2015. Which-hunting and the Standard English relative clause. Language 91(4): 806–836. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0062.Google Scholar
Huber, Magnus. 2012. Syntactic and variational complexity in British and Ghanaian English: Relative clause formation in the written parts of the International Corpus of English. In Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt, eds. Linguistic Complexity: Second Language Acquisition, Indigenization, Contact. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 218–242.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 1998. New Zealand English Grammar – Fact or Fiction? A Corpus-Based Study in Morphosyntactic Variation (Varieties of English Around the World G23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hyltenstam, Kenneth. 1984. The use of typological markedness conditions as predictors in second language acquisition: The case of pronominal copies in relative clauses. In Andersen, R., ed. Second Languages. Rowley, MA: Newbury, 39–58.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). (English in the Global Context). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, ed. 2004. Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin. 2012. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. 2013. eWAVE. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://ewave-atlas.org/Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2004. Global synopsis: Morphological and syntactic variation in English. In Kortmann, Bernd, Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R. and Upton, C., eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 2. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1142–1202.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2009. World Englishes between simplification and complexification. In Siebers, Lucia and Hoffmann, Thomas, eds. World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects: Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 265–285.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2011. Parameters of morphosyntactic variation in World Englishes: Prospects and limitations of searching for universals. In Siemund, Peter, ed. Linguistic Universals and Language Variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 264–290.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2012. Linguistic Complexity: Second Language Acquisition, Indigenization, Contact. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Raj and Upton, Clive, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kruskal, Joseph B and Wish, Myron. 1978. Multidimensional Scaling (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Kusters, Wouter. 2003. Linguistic Complexity: The Influence of Social Change on Verbal Inflection. Leiden: Leiden University.Google Scholar
Laporte, Samantha. 2012. Mind the gap! Bridge between World Englishes and Learner Englishes in the making. English Text Construction 5(2): 265–292. doi:10.1075/etc.5.2.05lap.Google Scholar
Lê, Sébastien, Josse, Julie and Husson, François. 2008. FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. Journal of Statistical Software 25(1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Leufkens, Sterre. 2013. The transparency of creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28(2): 323–362.Google Scholar
Levshina, Natalia. 2015. How to Do Linguistics with R: Data Exploration and Statistical Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2003. Kreolismen und verbales Identitätsmanagement im geschriebenen jamaikanischen Englisch. In Vogel, E., Napp, A. and Lutterer, W., eds. Zwischen Ausgrenzung und Hybridisierung. Würzburg: Ergon, 79–96.Google Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013. The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3): 253–278. doi:10.1075/eww.34.3.01mai.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language Contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McMahon, April, Heggarty, Paul, McMahon, Robert and Maguire, Warren. 2007. The sound patterns of Englishes: Representing phonetic similarity. English Language and Linguistics 11(1): 113–142.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2001. The world’s simplest grammars are creole grammars. Linguistic Typology 5: 125–166.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2006. Anti-deletions in an L2 grammar: A study of Black South African English mesolect. English World-Wide 27(2): 111–145.Google Scholar
Miestamo, Matti. 2008. Grammatical complexity in a cross-linguistic perspective. In Miestamo, Matti, Sinnemäki, Kaius and Karlsson, Fred, eds. Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 23–41.Google Scholar
Miestamo, Matti, Sinnemäki, Kaius and Karlsson, Fred, eds. 2008. Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Murelli, Adriano and Kortmann, Bernd. 2011. 28 Non-standard varieties in the areal typology of Europe. In Kortmann, Bernd and van der Auwera, Johan, eds. The Languages and Linguistics of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110220261/9783110220261.525/9783110220261.525.xmlGoogle Scholar
Nerbonne, John and Kleiweg, Peter. 2007. Toward a dialectological yardstick. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 14(2): 148–166.Google Scholar
Nesselhauf, Nadja. 2009. Co-selection phenomena across New Englishes. English World-Wide 30(1): 1–26.Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick J and Preston, Laurel B., eds. 2014. Measuring Grammatical Complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 1992. Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 2009. Linguistic complexity: A comprehension definition and survey. In Sampson, Geoffrey, Gil, David and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 64–79.Google Scholar
Sampson, Geoffrey. 2001. Empirical Linguistics. London: Continuum Press.Google Scholar
Sampson, Geoffrey. 2009. A linguistic axiom challenged. In Sampson, Geoffrey, Gil, David and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–18.Google Scholar
Sampson, Geoffrey, Gil, David and Trudgill, Peter, eds. 2009. Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.Google Scholar
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von. 1818. Observations sur la language et la littérature provençales. Paris.Google Scholar
Schneider, Agnes. 2015. Aspect and modality in Ghanaian English: A corpus-based study of the progressive and the modal WILL. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Freiburg.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2004. Global synopsis: Phonetic and phonological variation in English world-wide. In Kortmann, Bernd, Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R. and Upton, C., eds. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1111–1137.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2016. A true split? Typological and sociolinguistic considerations on contact intensity effects. In Baechler, Raffaela and Seiler, Guido, eds. Complexity, Isolation, and Variation (Linguae and Litterae 57). Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter, 139–157.Google Scholar
Shackleton, Robert G. Jr. 2007. Phonetic variation in the traditional English dialects: A computational analysis. Journal of English Linguistics 35(1): 30–102.Google Scholar
Shosted, Ryan. 2006. Correlating complexity: A typological approach. Linguistic Typology 10. 1–40.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff, Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2014. Measuring analyticity and syntheticity in creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29(1): 49–85. doi:10.1075/jpcl.29.1.02sie.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2008. Language contact: Constraints and common paths of contact-induced language change. In Siemund, Peter and Kintana, Noemi, eds. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3–11.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter. 2013. Varieties of English: A Typological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siemund, Peter and Kintana, Noemi, eds. 2008. Language Contact and Contact Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Sinnemäki, Kaius. 2011. Language Universals and Linguistic Complexity: Three Case Studies in Core Argument Marking. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Sinnemäki, Kaius. 2014. Complexity trade-offs: A case study. In Newmeyer, Frederick J. and Preston, Laurel B., eds. Measuring Grammatical Complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 179–201.Google Scholar
Steger, Maria and Schneider, Edgar W. 2012. Complexity as a function of iconicity: The case of complement clause constructions in New Englishes. In Kortmann, Bernd and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt, eds. Linguistic Complexity: Second Language Acquisition, Indigenization, Contact. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2009. Typological parameters of intralingual variability: Grammatical analyticity versus syntheticity in varieties of English. Language Variation and Change 21(3): 319–353. doi:10.1017/S0954394509990123.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2012. Typological profile: L1 varieties. In Kortmann, Bernd and Lunkenheimer, Kerstin, eds. The Mouton World Atlas of Variation in English. Berlin: de Gruyter, 826–843. www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110280128/9783110280128.826/9783110280128.826.xmlGoogle Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2017. Featurometry. In Wieling, Martijn, Bouma, Gosse and van Noord, Geertjan, eds. From Semantics to Dialectometry: Festschrift in Honor of John Nerbonne. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2009a. Vernacular universals and angloversals in a typological perspective. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 33–53.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2009b. Between simplification and complexification: Non-standard varieties of English around the world. In Sampson, Geoffrey, Gil, David and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 64–79.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Kortmann, Bernd. 2009c. The morphosyntax of varieties of English worldwide: A quantitative perspective. Lingua 119(11): 1643–1663.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt and Wälchli, Bernhard, eds. 2014. Aggregating Dialectology, Typology, and Register Analysis: Linguistic Variation in Text and Speech (Lingua and Litterae 28). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1996. Dialect typology: Isolation, social network and phonological structure. In Guy, Gregory R., Feagin, Crawford, Schiffrin, Deborah and Baugh, John, eds. Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honor of William Labov, Vol. 1: Variation and Change in Language and Society. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3–22.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2001. Contact and simplification: Historical baggage and directionality in linguistic change. Linguistic Typology 5: 371–374.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. Linguistic and social typology: The Austronesian migrations and phoneme inventories. Linguistic Typology 8: 305–320.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2006. Dialect mixture versus monogenesis in colonial varieties: The inevitability of Canadian English? Canadian Journal of Linguistics-Revue Canadienne De Linguistique 51: 265–286. doi:10.1353/cjl.2008.0002.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2008. The role of dialect contact in the formation of Englishes. In Locher, Miriam A. and Strässler, Jürg, eds. Standards and Norms in the English Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 69–83.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2009a. Sociolinguistic typology and complexification. In Sampson, Geoffrey, Gil, David and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 98–109.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2009b. Vernacular universals and the sociolinguistic typology of English dialects. In Filppula, Marrku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli, eds. Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond. London: Routledge, 302–329.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2010. Contact and sociolinguistic typology. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 299–319.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2011. Sociolinguistic Typology: Social Determinants of Linguistic Complexity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2016. The sociolinguistics of non-equicomplexity. In Baechler, Raffaela and Seiler, Guido, eds. Complexity, Isolation, and Variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 159–170.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian and Margaret, MacLagan. 2000. Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 36(2): 299–318.Google Scholar
Wohlgemuth, Jan and Cysouw, Michael, eds. 2010. Rara and Rarissima: Documenting the Fringes of Linguistic Diversity (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology [EALT] 46). Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

References

Anchimbe, E. A. 2009. Revisiting the notion of maturation in new Englishes. World Englishes 28(3): 337–352.Google Scholar
Anchimbe, E. A. 2012. Language contact in a postcolonial setting: Research approaches to Cameroon English and Cameroon Pidgin English. In Anchimbe, E., ed. Language Contact in a Postcolonial Setting: The Linguistic and Social Context of English and Pidgin in Cameroon. New York: de Gruyter, 3–25.Google Scholar
Biewer, C. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7–33.Google Scholar
Bley-Vroman, R. 1983. The comparative fallacy in interlanguage studies: The case of systematicity. Language Learning 33(1): 1–17.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. and Ng, B. C.. 2014. The dynamics of multilingualism in contemporary Singapore. World Englishes 33(3): 307–318.Google Scholar
Brato, T. 2018. “Outdooring” the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana. English Today 34(2): 25–34.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. forthcoming a. What Cyprus and Greece can tell us about the paradigm gap between World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition research. Manuscript.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. forthcoming b. Children’s English in Singapore: Acquisition, Properties, and Use. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English? An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. English in Namibia: A first approach. English World-Wide 35(2): 121–160.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2017. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes 36(1): 104–126.Google Scholar
Census of Population. 2000. 2000 Statistical Release 2. www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop 192000/cop2000r2.html.Google Scholar
Census of Population. 2010. 2010 Statistical Release 1. www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop 192010/census10_stat_release1.html.Google Scholar
Collins, P. C., Borlongan, A. M. and Yao, X.. 2014. Modality in Philippine English: A diachronic study. Journal of English Linguistics 42(1): 68–88.Google Scholar
Cook, V. 1999. Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly 33(22): 185–209.Google Scholar
Cook, V. 2007. Multi-competence: Black hole or wormhole for SLA research? In Han, Z. H, ed. Understanding Second Language Process. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 16–26.Google Scholar
Cook, V. 2010. The relationship between first and second language acquisition revisited. In Macaro, E., ed. The Continuum Companion to Second Language Acquisition. London: Continuum, 137–157.Google Scholar
Corder, S. P. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Deshors, S. C., Götz, S., and Laporte, S.. 2016. Introduction. Linguistic innovations in EFL and ESL: Rethinking the linguistic creativity of non-native English speakers. Linguistic Innovations: Rethinking linguistic creativity in non-native Englishes. Special Issue of the International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2(2): 131–150.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2012. Special Eurobarometer 386. Europeans and Their Languages. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Gass, S. M. and Selinker, L.. 2008. Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gilquin, G. 2015. At the interface of contact linguistics and second language acquisition research: New Englishes and Learner Englishes compared. English World-Wide 36(1): 91–124.Google Scholar
Gilquin, G. and Granger, S.. 2011. From EFL to ESL: Evidence from the International Corpus of Learner English. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 55–78.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. 1998. The origins and development of emigrant Englishes [1996]. In Görlach, M., ed. Even More Englishes: Studies 1996–1997. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 19–38.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. 2002. English in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, the Philippines … a second or a foreign language? In Görlach, M., ed. Still More Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 99–117.Google Scholar
Götz, S. and Schilk, M.. 2011. Formulaic sequences in spoken ENL, ESL and EFL: Focus on British English, Indian English and learner English of advanced German learners. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 79–100.Google Scholar
Gordon, E., Campbell, L., Hay, J., Maclagan, M., Sudbury, A. and Trudgill, P.. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 1989. Singapore Colloquial English and Standard English. Singapore Journal of Education 10(2): 33–39.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 1994. The Step-Tongue. Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 1997. Colonisation, migration, and functions of English. In Schneider, E. W., ed. Englishes Around the World. Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America. Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 47–58.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 1998. The situation of English in Singapore. In Foley, J. A., Kandiah, T., Zhiming, B., Gupta, A. F., Alsagoff, L., Lick, H. C., Wee, L., Talib, I. S. and Bokhorst-Heng, W. D., eds. English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore. Singapore and Oxford: Singapore Institute of Management and Oxford University Press, 106–126.Google Scholar
Hickey, R. 2003. How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of new dialect formation. In Hickey, R., ed. Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 213–239.Google Scholar
Hickey, R., ed. 2019. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. and Mukherjee, J.. 2011. Introduction: Bridging a paradigm gap. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–6.Google Scholar
Hundt, M. and Vogel, K.. 2011. Overuse of the progressive in ESL and learner English – fact or fiction? In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 145–165.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. [1977] 2009. Linguistic Schizophrenia and Language Census: A Note on the Indian Situation. Linguistics 15(186): 17–32. doi:10.1515/ling.1977.15.186.17.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992. Models for non-native Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 48–74.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.).Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Koch, C., Lange, C. and Leuckert, S.. 2016. This hair-style called as “duck tail”: The “intrusive as”-construction in South Asian varieties of English and Learner Englishes. Linguistic Innovations: Rethinking linguistic creativity in non-native Englishes. Special Issue of the International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 2(2): 151–176.Google Scholar
Krashen, S. D. 1981. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Laporte, S. 2012. Mind the gap! Bridge between World Englishes and Learner Englishes in the making. English Text Construction 5(2): 264–291.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, J. R. E. 2013. Singapore English: Structure, Variation, and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lim, L. 2007. Mergers and acquisitions: On the ages and origins of Singapore English particles. World Englishes 26(4): 446–473.Google Scholar
Lim, L. and Foley., J. A. 2004. English in Singapore and Singapore English. In Lim, L., ed. Singapore English: A Grammatical Description. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–18.Google Scholar
Long, Michael H. 2003. Stabilization and fossilization in interlanguage development. In Doughty, C. J. and Long, M. H., eds. The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell, 487–535.Google Scholar
Lowenberg, P. H. 1986. Non-native varieties of English: Nativization, norms, and implications. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8(1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Marchman, V. A. and Bates, E.. 1994. Continuity in lexical and morphological development: A test of the critical mass hypothesis. Journal of Child Language 21(2): 339–366.Google Scholar
Meisel, J. M. 2011. Bilingual language acquisition and theories of diachronic change: Bilingualism as cause and effect of grammatical change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14(2):121–145.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, R. and Bhatt, R. M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moag, R. F. 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 233–252.Google Scholar
Mollin, S. 2006. Euro-English. Assessing Variety Status. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Mollin, S. 2007. New variety or learner English? Criteria for variety status and the case of Euro-English. English World-Wide 28(2): 167–185.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2005. Language evolution: The population genetics way. In Hauska, G., ed. Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution. Regensburg: Universitätsverlag Regensburg, 30–52.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. 2011. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Nesselhauf, N. 2009. Co-selection phenomena across New Englishes: Parallels (and differences) to foreign learner varieties. English World-Wide 30(1):1–26.Google Scholar
Percillier, M. 2016. World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition: Insights from Southeast Asian Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Platt, J. and Weber, H.. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Platt, J., Weber, H. and Ho, M. L.. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Rathore, C. 2014. East African Indian twice migrants in Britain: Phonological variation across generations. Hundt, In M. and Sharma, D., eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 55–83.Google Scholar
Ritchie, W. C. 1986. Second language acquisition research and the study of non-native varieties of English: Some issues in common. World Englishes 5(1): 15–30.Google Scholar
Roeper, T. and Rohrbacher, B.. 2000. Null subjects in early child English and the theory of economy of projection. In Powers, S. M. and Hamann, C., eds. The Acquisition of Scrambling and Cliticization. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 345–396.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2): 233–281.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1): 9–32.Google Scholar
Schreier, D. 2014. On cafeterias and new dialects: The role of primary transmitters. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A., eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 231–248.Google Scholar
Scott, K. 2005. Child null subjects. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 17, 1–25.Google Scholar
Selinker, L. 1972. Interlanguage. IRAL – International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 10(3): 209–231.Google Scholar
Sharma, D. 2011. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(4): 464–492.Google Scholar
Sridhar, K. K. and Sridhar, S. N.. 1986. Bridging the paradigm gap: Second language acquisition theory and indigenized varieties of English. World Englishes 5(1):3–14.Google Scholar
Strevens, P. 1992. English as an international language: Directions in the 1990s. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 27–47.Google Scholar
Szmrecsanyi, B. and Kortmann, B.. 2011. Typological profiling: learner Englishes versus indigenized L2 varieties of English. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 167–187.Google Scholar
Tan, Y.-Y. 2014. English as a “mother tongue” in Singapore. World Englishes 33(3): 319–339.Google Scholar
Tarone, E. 2000. Still wrestling with “context” in interlanguage theory. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 20: 182–198.Google Scholar
Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wexler, K. 1998. Very early parameter setting and the unique checking constraint: A new explanation of the optional infinitive stage. Lingua 106(1–4): 23–79.Google Scholar
Williams, J. 1987. Non-native varieties of English: A special case of language acquisition. English World-Wide 8(2): 161–199.Google Scholar
Williams, J. 1989. Language acquisition, language contact and nativized varieties of English. RELC Journal 20(1): 39–67.Google Scholar
Winford, D. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×