Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-27T02:34:13.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Affect, Stress, and Health

The Role of Work Characteristics and Work Events

from Part II - Workplace Affect and Individual Worker Outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2020

By
Laura Venz ,
Anne Casper  and
Sabine Sonnentag
Edited by
Liu-Qin Yang ,
Russell Cropanzano ,
Catherine S. Daus  and
Vicente Martínez-Tur
Liu-Qin Yang
Affiliation:
Portland State University
Russell Cropanzano
Affiliation:
University of Colorado
Catherine S. Daus
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Vicente Martínez-Tur
Affiliation:
Universitat de València, Spain
Get access

Summary

Research on organizational behavior and occupational health has undergone an “affective revolution” highlighting the crucial role of affective work-related experiences for individuals and organizations (Ashkanasy & Dorris, 2017). In this chapter, we present a process model of work-related affect, stress, and health (see Figure 8.1). We review and integrate organizational stress and affect research, covering cross-sectional and longitudinal studies (i.e., focusing on chronic processes and between-person differences) as well as experience-sampling studies (i.e., focusing on transient processes and within-person variability). We discuss complex relationship patterns and causal pathways, and offer avenues for future research.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Workplace Affect , pp. 105 - 119
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 549–562. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007Google Scholar
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Emotions in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516–113231Google Scholar
Basch, J., & Fisher, C. D. (2000). Affective events–emotions matrix: A classification of work events and associated emotions. In Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E., & Zerbe, W. J. (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice (pp. 36–48). Westport, CT: Quorum/Greenwood.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5, 323–370, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/1089–2680.5.4.323Google Scholar
Beehr, T. A., Bowling, N. A., & Bennett, M. M. (2010). Occupational stress and failures of social support: When helping hurts. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 45–59, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0018234Google Scholar
Bindl, U. K., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Affect and employee proactivity: A goal-regulatory perspective. In Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E., & Zerbe, W. J. (Eds.), Research on emotions in organizations (Volume 8, pp. 225–254). Bingley, UK: Emerald.Google Scholar
Bono, J. E., Glomb, T. M., Shen, W., Kim, E., & Koch, A. J. (2013). Building positive resources: Effects of positive events and positive reflection on work stress and health. Academy of Management Journal, 56, 1601–1627. http://dx.doi.org/:10.5465/amj.2011.0272Google Scholar
Bowling, N. A., Alarcon, G. M., Bragg, C. B., & Hartman, M. J. (2015). A meta-analytic examination of the potential correlates and consequences of workload. Work and Stress, 29, 95–113, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2015.1033037Google Scholar
Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victim’s perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 998–1012. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0021–9010.91.5.998Google Scholar
Casper, A., Tremmel, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2019). The power of affect: A three-wave panel study on reciprocal relationships between work events and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1111/joop.12255Google Scholar
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 834–848, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0019364Google Scholar
Dalal, R. S., Lam, H., Weiss, H. M., Welch, E. R., & Hulin, C. L. (2009). A within-person approach to work behavior and performance: Concurrent and lagged citizenship–counterproductivity associations, and dynamic relationships with affect and overall job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 1051–1066, http://dx.doi.org/:10.5465/AMJ.2009.44636148Google Scholar
Daniels, K., Beesley, N., Wimalasiri, V., & Cheyne, A. (2013). Problem solving and well-being: Exploring the instrumental role of job control and social support. Journal of Management, 39, 1016–1043, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/0149206311430262Google Scholar
de Beer, L. T., Pienaar, J., & Rothmann, S. (2016). Work overload, burnout, and psychological ill-health symptoms: A three-wave mediation model of the employee health impairment process. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 29, 387–399, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/10615806.2015.1061123Google Scholar
De Jonge, J., & Dormann, C. (2006). Stressors, resources, and strain at work: A longitudinal test of the triple-match principle. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1359–1374. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0021–9010.91.5.1359Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0021–9010.86.3.499Google Scholar
Dimotakis, N., Scott, B. A., & Koopman, J. (2011). An experience sampling investigation of workplace interactions, affective states, and employee well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 572–588, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.722Google Scholar
Dudenhöffer, S., & Dormann, C. (2013). Customer‐related social stressors and service providers’ affective reactions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 520–539, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.1826Google Scholar
Eatough, E. M., Meier, L. L., Igic, I., Elfering, A., Spector, P. E., & Semmer, N. K. (2016). You want me to do what? Two daily diary studies of illegitimate tasks and employee well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 108–127, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.2032Google Scholar
Ford, M. T., Matthews, R. A., Wooldridge, J. D., Mishra, V., Kakar, U. M., & Strahan, S. R. (2014). How do occupational stressor–strain effects vary with time? A review and meta-analysis of the relevance of time lags in longitudinal studies. Work and Stress, 28, 9–30, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2013.877096Google Scholar
French, K. A., Allen, T. D., & Henderson, T. G. (2018). Challenge and hindrance stressors and metabolic risk factors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/ocp0000138Google Scholar
Gabriel, A. S., Diefendorff, J. M., & Erickson, R. J. (2011). The relations of daily task accomplishment satisfaction with changes in affect: A multilevel study in nurses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 1095–1104, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0023937Google Scholar
Gabriel, A. S., Podsakoff, N. P., Beal, D. J., Scott, B. A., Sonnentag, S., Trougakos, J. P., & Butts, M. M. (2018). Experience sampling methods: A discussion of critical trends and considerations for scholarly advancement. Organizational Research Methods, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/1094428118802626Google Scholar
Ganster, D. C., & Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 39, 1085–1122, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/0149206313475815Google Scholar
Gibson, D. E., & Callister, R. R. (2010). Anger in organizations: Review and integration. Journal of Management, 36, 66–93, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/0149206309348060Google Scholar
Giumetti, G. W., Hatfield, A. L., Scisco, J. L., Schroeder, A. N., Muth, E. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (2013). What a rude e-mail! Examining the differential effects of incivility versus support on mood, energy, engagement, and performance in an online context. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 297–309, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0032851Google Scholar
Glomb, T. M., Bhave, D. P., Miner, A. G., & Wall, M. (2011). Doing good, feeling good: Examining the role of organizational citizenship behaviors in changing mood. Personnel Psychology, 64, 191–223, http://doi.org/:10.1111/j.1744–6570.2010.01206.xGoogle Scholar
Grandey, A. A., Tam, A. P., & Brauburger, A. L. (2002). Affective states and traits in the workplace: Diary and survey data from young workers. Motivation and Emotion, 26, 31–55, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1023/a:1015142124306Google Scholar
Gross, S., Semmer, N. K., Meier, L. L., Kälin, W., Jacobshagen, N., & Tschan, F. (2011). The effect of positive events at work on after-work fatigue: They matter most in face of adversity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 654–664, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0022992Google Scholar
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250–279. http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/0030–5073(76)90016–7Google Scholar
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1134–1145, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0021–9010.91.5.1134Google Scholar
Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control(–Support) model and psychological well-being. Work & Stress, 24, 1–35, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678371003683747Google Scholar
Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying … oh my!” A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 499–519, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.689Google Scholar
Hershcovis, M. S., & Barling, J. (2010). Comparing victim attributions and outcomes for workplace aggression and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 874–888, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0020070Google Scholar
Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: A meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1332–1356, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0021–9010.92.5.1332Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Aw, S. S. Y., & Pluut, H. (2015). Intraindividual models of employee well-being: What have we learned and where do we go from here? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 827–838, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/1359432X.2015.1071422Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Dimotakis, N., & De Pater, I. E. (2010). Psychological and physiological reactions to high workloads: Implications for well-being. Personnel Psychology, 63, 407–436, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1111/j.1744–6570.2010.01175.xGoogle Scholar
Jiang, L., & Lavaysse, L. M. (2018). Cognitive and affective job insecurity: A meta-analysis and a primary study. Journal of Management, 44, 2307–2342, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/0149206318773853Google Scholar
Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–306, http://dx.doi.org/:10.2307/2392498Google Scholar
Lang, J., Ochsmann, E., Kraus, T., & Lang, J. W. (2012). Psychosocial work stressors as antecedents of musculoskeletal problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of stability-adjusted longitudinal studies. Social Science and Medicine, 75, 1163–1174, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.015Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive–motivational–relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819–834, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819Google Scholar
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands–resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work and Stress, 33, 76–103, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065Google Scholar
Liang, L. H., Hanig, S., Evans, R., Brown, D. J., & Lian, H. (2018). Why is your boss making you sick? A longitudinal investigation modeling time‐lagged relations between abusive supervision and employee physical health. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39, 1050–1065, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.2248Google Scholar
Lin, S.-H., Scott, B. A., & Matta, F. K. (2018). The dark side of transformational leader behaviors for leaders themselves: A conservation of resources perspective. Academy of Management Journal, http://dx.doi.org/:10.5465/amj.2016.1255Google Scholar
Lin, W., Koopmann, J., & Wang, M. (2018). How does workplace helping behavior step up or slack off? Integrating enrichment-based and depletion-based perspectives. Journal of Management, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1077/0149206318795275Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Song, Y., Koopman, J., Wang, M., Chang, C.-H., & Shi, J. (2017). Eating your feelings? Testing a model of employees’ work-related stressors, sleep quality, and unhealthy eating. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 1237–1258, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/apl0000209Google Scholar
Matthews, R. A., & Ritter, K. J. (2018). Applying adaptation theory to understand experienced incivility processes: Testing the repeated exposure hypothesis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/ocp0000123Google Scholar
Meier, L. L., Semmer, N. K., & Gross, S. (2014). The effect of conflict at work on well-being: Depressive symptoms as a vulnerability factor. Work and Stress, 28, 31–48, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2013.876691Google Scholar
Miner, A. G., Glomb, T. M., & Hulin, C. (2005). Experience sampling mood and its correlates at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 171–193, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1348/096317905X40105Google Scholar
Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers’ mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta‐analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38, 327–350, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.2124Google Scholar
Nielsen, K., Randall, R., Yarker, J., & Brenner, S. O. (2008). The effects of transformational leadership on followers’ perceived work characteristics and psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Work and Stress, 22, 16–32, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678370801979430Google Scholar
Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26, 309–332, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2012.734709Google Scholar
Nixon, A. E., Mazzola, J. J., Bauer, J., Krueger, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2011). Can work make you sick? A meta-analysis of the relationships between job stressors and physical symptoms. Work and Stress, 25, 1–22, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2011.569175Google Scholar
Ohly, S., & Schmitt, A. (2015). What makes us enthusiastic, angry, feeling at rest or worried? Development and validation of an affective work events taxonomy using concept mapping methodology. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30, 15–35, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1007/s10869-013–9328-3Google Scholar
Pereira, D., & Elfering, A. (2014). Social stressors at work, sleep quality and psychosomatic health complaints – a longitudinal ambulatory field study. Stress and Health, 30, 43–52, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/smi.2494Google Scholar
Pieper, S., & Brosschot, J. F. (2005). Prolonged stress-related cardiovascular activation: Is there any? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 91–103, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1207/s15324796abm3002_1Google Scholar
Pindek, S., Arvan, M. L., & Spector, P. E. (2019). The stressor–strain relationship in diary studies: A meta-analysis of the within and between levels. Work and Stress, 33, 1–21, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2018.1445672Google Scholar
Prem, R., Kubicek, B., Diestel, S., & Korunka, C. (2016). Regulatory job stressors and their within-person relationships with ego depletion: The roles of state anxiety, self-control effort, and job autonomy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 22–32, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/J.JVB.2015.11.004Google Scholar
Rodell, J. B., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Can “good” stressors spark “bad” behaviors? The mediating role of emotions in links of challenge and hindrance stressors with citizenship and counterproductive behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1438–1451, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0016752Google Scholar
Rothbard, N. P., & Wilk, S. L. (2011). Waking up on the right or wrong side of the bed: Start-of-workday mood, work events, employee affect, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 959–980, http://dx.doi.org/:10.5465/amj.2007.0056Google Scholar
Rupp, D. E., & Spencer, S. (2006). When customers lash out: The effects of customer interactional injustice on emotional labor and the mediating role of discrete emotions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 971–978, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/0021–9010.91.4.971Google Scholar
Saavedra, R., & Kwun, S. K. (2000). Affective states in job characteristics theory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 131–146, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/(SICI)1099–1379(200003)21:2<31::aid-job39>3.0.CO;2-QGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, S., Roesler, U., Kusserow, T., & Rau, R. (2014). Uncertainty in the workplace: Examining role ambiguity and role conflict, and their link to depression – a meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 91–106, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/1359432X.2012.711523Google Scholar
Semmer, N. K., Jacobshagen, N., Meier, L. L., Elfering, A., Beehr, T. A., Kälin, W., & Tschan, F. (2015). Illegitimate tasks as a source of work stress. Work and Stress, 29, 32–56, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/02678373.2014.1003996Google Scholar
Siegrist, J., & Rödel, A. (2006). Work stress and health risk behavior. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 32, 473–481, http://dx.doi.org/:10.5271/sjweh.1052Google Scholar
Sliter, M. T., Pui, S. Y., Sliter, K. A., & Jex, S. M. (2011). The differential effects of interpersonal conflict from customers and coworkers: Trait anger as a moderator. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 424–440, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0023874Google Scholar
Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2012). Stress in organizations. In Schmitt, N. W. & Highhouse, S (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, Volume 12: Industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 560–592). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Sonnentag, S., Reinecke, L., Mata, J., & Vorderer, P. (2018). Feeling interrupted – being responsive: How online messages relate to affect at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39, 369–383, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1002/job.2239Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 356–367, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/1076–8998.3.4.356Google Scholar
Stansfeld, S., & Candy, B. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and mental health: A meta-analytic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 32, 443–462.Google Scholar
Stiglbauer, B. (2018). Differential challenge and hindrance stressor relations with job-related core affect. International Journal of Stress Management, 25, 62–80, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/str0000076Google Scholar
Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Sinha, R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Medicine, 44, 81–121, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1007/s40279-013–0090-5Google Scholar
Taylor, S. G., Bedeian, A. G., Cole, M. S., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Developing and testing a dynamic model of workplace incivility change. Journal of Management, 43, 645–670, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/0149206314535432Google Scholar
Tepper, B. J., Dimotakis, N., Lambert, L. S., Koopman, J., Matta, F. K., Man Park, H., & Goo, W. (2018). Examining follower responses to transformational leadership from a dynamic, person–environment fit perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 61, 1343–1368, http://dx.doi.org/:10.5465/amj.2014.0163Google Scholar
Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 230–240, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0032141Google Scholar
Tse, H. H., & Dasborough, M. T. (2008). A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships. Group and Organization Management, 33, 194–215, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1177/1059601106293779Google Scholar
Tuckey, M. R., & Neall, A. M. (2014). Workplace bullying erodes job and personal resources: Between- and within-person perspectives. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 413–424, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0037728Google Scholar
Van Dierendonck, D., Haynes, C., Borrill, C., & Stride, C. (2004). Leadership behavior and subordinate well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 165–175, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/1076–8998.9.2.165Google Scholar
Volmer, J. (2015). Followers’ daily reactions to social conflicts with supervisors: The moderating role of core self-evaluations and procedural justice perceptions. Leadership Quarterly, 26, 719–731, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.005Google Scholar
Wang, N., Zhu, J., Song, Z., Dormann, C., & Bakker, A. (2018). The daily motivators: Positive work events, psychological needs satisfaction and work engagement. Applied Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1111/apps.12182Google Scholar
Wegge, J., Vogt, J., & Wecking, C. (2007). Customer‐induced stress in call centre work: A comparison of audio‐ and videoconference. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 693–712, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1348/096317906X164927Google Scholar
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In Staw, B. M. & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (Volume 18, pp. 1–74). Greenwich, CT, and London, UK: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.Google Scholar
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26, 179–201, http://dx.doi.org/:10.5465/AMR.2001.4378011Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 489–517, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1080/1359432x.2011.584386Google Scholar
Zhan, Y., Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2016). Interpersonal process of emotional labor: The role of negative and positive customer treatment. Personnel Psychology, 69, 525–557, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1111/peps.12114Google Scholar
Zhou, Z. E., Yan, Y., Che, X. X., & Meier, L. L. (2015). Effect of workplace incivility on end-of-work negative affect: Examining individual and organizational moderators in a daily diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20, 117–130, http://dx.doi.org/:10.1037/a0038167Google Scholar
Zohar, D., Tzischinski, O., & Epstein, R. (2003). Effects of energy availability on immediate and delayed emotional reactions to work events. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 1082–1093.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×