Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:52:51.088Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Novel Combinatorial Forms of the Imagination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2020

Edited by
Anna Abraham
Anna Abraham
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination , pp. 445 - 562
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abraham, A., and Bubić, A. (2015). Semantic Memory as the Root of Imagination. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 325.Google Scholar
Abraham, A., Schubotz, R. I., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2008). Thinking About the Future versus the Past in Personal and Non-Personal Contexts. Brain Research, 1233, 106–119.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R. (2018). Are Episodic Memories Special? On the Sameness of Remembered and Imagined Event Simulation. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 48(2–3), 1–25.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Sacchetti, D. C., Ally, B. A., Budson, A. E., and Schacter, D. L. (2009). Episodic Simulation of Future Events Is Impaired in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2660–2671.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). Constructive Episodic Simulation: Temporal Distance and Detail of Past and Future Events Modulate Hippocampal Engagement. Hippocampus, 18(2), 227–237.Google Scholar
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). Age-Related Changes in the Episodic Simulation of Future Events. Psychological Science, 19(1), 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnold, K. M., McDermott, K. B., and Szpunar, K. K. (2011). Imagining the Near and Far Future: The Role of Location Familiarity. Memory and Cognition, 39(6), 954–967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atance, C. M., and O’Neill, D. K. (2001). Episodic Future Thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(12), 533–539.Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Binder, J. R., and Desai, R. H. (2011). The Neurobiology of Semantic Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 527–536.Google Scholar
Binder, J. R., Desai, R. H., Graves, W. W., and Conant, L. L. (2009). Where Is the Semantic System? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of 120 Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Cerebral Cortex, 19(12), 2767–2796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Garrard, P., and Hodges, J. R. (2000). Non-Verbal Semantic Impairment in Semantic Dementia. Neuropsychologia, 38(9), 1207–1215.Google Scholar
Craver, C. F., Kwan, D., Steindam, C., and Rosenbaum, R. S. (2014). Individuals with Episodic Amnesia Are Not Stuck in Time. Neuropsychologia, 57, 191–195.Google Scholar
D’Argembeau, A., and Mathy, A. (2011). Tracking the Construction of Episodic Future Thoughts. Journal of Experimental Psychology-General, 140(2), 258–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Argembeau, A., Ortoleva, C., Jumentier, S., and van der Linden, M. (2010). Component Processes Underlying Future Thinking. Memory and Cognition, 38(6), 809–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devitt, A. L., and Addis, D. R. (2016). Bidirectional Interactions between Memory and Imagination. In Michaelian, K, Klein, S. B., and Szpunar, K (eds.), Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspectives on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 93–115.Google Scholar
Duval, C., Desgranges, B., de La Sayette, V., et al. (2012). What Happens to Personal Identity when Semantic Knowledge Degrades? A Study of the Self and Autobiographical Memory in Semantic Dementia. Neuropsychologia, 50(2), 254–265.Google Scholar
Gilboa, A., and Marlatte, H. (2017). Neurobiology of Schemas and Schema-Mediated Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(8), 628–631.Google Scholar
Greenberg, D. L., and Verfaellie, M. (2010). Interdependence of Episodic and Semantic Memory: Evidence from Neuropsychology. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 748–753.Google Scholar
Grilli, M. D., and Verfaellie, M. (2014). Personal Semantic Memory: Insights from Neuropsychological Research on Amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 61, 56–64.Google Scholar
Hassabis, D., Kumaran, D., Vann, S. D., and Maguire, E. A. (2007). Patients with Hippocampal Amnesia Cannot Imagine New Experiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 104(5), 1726–1731.Google Scholar
Hayes, B. K., Ramanan, S., and Irish, M. (2018). “Truth Be Told” – Semantic Memory as the Scaffold for Veridical Communication. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, 27–28.Google Scholar
Hegdé, J. (2007). Mental Time Travel Sickness and a Bayesian Remedy. Brain and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 323–324.Google Scholar
Hsiao, J. J., Kaiser, N., Fong, S. S., and Mendez, M. F. (2013). Suicidal Behavior and Loss of the Future Self in Semantic Dementia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 26(2), 85–92.Google Scholar
Ingvar, D. H. (1985). “Memory of the Future”: An Essay on the Temporal Organization of Conscious Awareness. Human Neurobiology, 4(3), 127–136.Google Scholar
Irish, M. (2016). Semantic Memory as the Essential Scaffold for Future Oriented Mental Time Travel. In Michaelian, K, Klein, S. B., and Szpunar, K (eds.), Seeing the Future: Theoretical Perspectives on Future-Oriented Mental Time Travel. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 388–408.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Addis, D. R., Hodges, J. R., and Piguet, O. (2012a). Considering the Role of Semantic Memory in Episodic Future Thinking: Evidence from Semantic Dementia. Brain, 135(Pt 7), 2178–2191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Addis, D. R., Hodges, J. R., and Piguet, O. (2012b). Exploring the Content and Quality of Episodic Future Simulations in Semantic Dementia. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3488–3495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Bunk, S., Tu, S., et al. (2016a). Preservation of Episodic Memory in Semantic Dementia: The Importance of Regions beyond the Medial Temporal Lobes. Neuropsychologia, 81, 50–60.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Eyre, N., Dermody, N., et al. (2016b). Neural Substrates of Semantic Prospection – Evidence from the Dementias. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 96.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Halena, S., Kamminga, J., et al. (2015). Scene Construction Impairments in Alzheimer’s Disease – A Unique Role for the Posterior Cingulate Cortex. Cortex, 73, 10–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Hodges, J. R., and Piguet, O. (2013). Episodic Future Thinking Is Impaired in the Behavioural Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia. Cortex, 49(9), 2377–2388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Hornberger, M., El Wahsh, S., et al. (2014). Grey and White Matter Correlates of Recent and Remote Autobiographical Memory Retrieval – Insights from the Dementias. PLoS One, 9(11), e113081.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Hornberger, M., Lah, S., et al. (2011a). Profiles of Recent Autobiographical Memory Retrieval in Semantic Dementia, Behavioural-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia, and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychologia, 49(9), 2694–2702.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Lawlor, B. A., O’Mara, S. M., and Coen, R. F. (2011b). Impaired Capacity for Autonoetic Reliving during Autobiographical Event Recall in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease. Cortex, 47(2), 236–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irish, M., Mothakunnel, A., Dermody, N., et al. (2017). Damage to Right Medial Temporal Structures Disrupts the Capacity for Scene Construction – A Case Study. Hippocampus, 27(6), 635–641.Google Scholar
Irish, M., and Piguet, O. (2013). The Pivotal Role of Semantic Memory in Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 27.Google Scholar
Irish, M., Piguet, O., and Hodges, J. R. (2012). Self-Projection and the Default Network in Frontotemporal Dementia. Nature Reviews Neurology, 8(3), 152–161.Google Scholar
Irish, M., and Piolino, P. (2016). Impaired Capacity for Prospection in the Dementias – Theoretical and Clinical Implications. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 49–68.Google Scholar
Kamminga, J., O’Callaghan, C., Hodges, J. R., and Irish, M. (2014). Differential Prospective Memory Profiles in Frontotemporal Dementia Syndromes. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 38(3), 669–679.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B. (2013). The Complex Act of Projecting Oneself into the Future. WIREs Cognitive Science, 4, 63–79.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B. (2016). Autonoetic Consciousness: Reconsidering the Role of Episodic Memory in Future-Oriented Self-Projection. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (Hove), 69(2), 381–401.Google Scholar
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., and Kihlstrom, J. F. (2002). Memory and Temporal Experience: The Effects of Episodic Memory Loss on an Amnesic Patient’s Ability to Remember the Past and Imagine the Future. Social Cognition, 20(5), 353–379.Google Scholar
Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2014). Neurocognitive Insights on Conceptual Knowledge and Its Breakdown. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 369(1634), 20120392.Google Scholar
Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., and Greenberg, L. (2015). Memory Reconsolidation, Emotional Arousal, and the Process of Change in Psychotherapy: New Insights from Brain Science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, e1.Google Scholar
Maguire, E. A. (2001). Neuroimaging Studies of Autobiographical Event Memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 356(1413), 1441–1451.Google Scholar
Maguire, E. A., Kumaran, D., Hassabis, D., and Kopelman, M. D. (2010). Autobiographical Memory in Semantic Dementia: A Longitudinal fMRI Study. Neuropsychologia, 48(1), 123–136.Google Scholar
Mahr, J., and Csibra, G. (2018). Why Do We Remember? The Communicative Function of Episodic Memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 41, 1–93.Google Scholar
McKinnon, M., Black, S., Miller, B., Moscovitch, M., and Levine, B. (2006). Autobiographical Memory in Semantic Dementia: Implications for Theories of Limbic-Neocortical Interaction in Remote Memory. Neuropsychologia, 44(12), 2421–2429.Google Scholar
Mullally, S. L., Vargha-Khadem, F., and Maguire, E. A. (2014). Scene Construction in Developmental Amnesia: An fMRI Study. Neuropsychologia, 52, 1–10.Google Scholar
Patterson, K., Nestor, P., and Rogers, T. (2007). Where Do You Know What You Know? The Representation of Semantic Knowledge in the Human Brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(12), 976–987.Google Scholar
Race, E., Keane, M. M., and Verfaellie, M. (2013). Losing Sight of the Future: Impaired Semantic Prospection Following Medial Temporal Lobe Lesions. Hippocampus, 23(4), 268–277.Google Scholar
Ramanan, S., Alaeddin, S., Goldberg, Z. L., et al. (2018). Exploring the Contribution of Visual Imagery to Scene Construction – Evidence from Posterior Cortical Atrophy. Cortex, 106, 261–274.Google Scholar
Renoult, L., Davidson, P. S., Palombo, D. J., Moscovitch, M., and Levine, B. (2012). Personal Semantics: At the Crossroads of Semantic and Episodic Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(11), 550–558.Google Scholar
Renoult, R., Irish, M., Moscovitch, M., & Rugg, M.D. (2019). From Knowing to Remembering: The Semantic-Episodic Distinction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(12), 1041–1057.Google Scholar
Robin, J., and Moscovitch, M. (2017). Details, Gist and Schema: Hippocampal–Neocortical Interactions Underlying Recent and Remote Episodic and Spatial Memory. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 17, 114–123.Google Scholar
Rutter, B., Kroger, S., Stark, R., et al. (2012). Can Clouds Dance? Neural Correlates of Passive Conceptual Expansion Using a Metaphor Processing Task: Implications for Creative Cognition. Brain and Cognition, 78(2), 114–122.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., and Addis, D. R. (2007). On the Constructive Episodic Simulation of Past and Future Events. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(3), 331–332.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., et al. (2012). The Future of Memory: Remembering, Imagining, and the Brain. Neuron, 76(4), 677–694.Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., and Koutstaal, W. (1998). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Constructive Memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 289–318.Google Scholar
Sheldon, S., and Levine, B. (2016). The Role of the Hippocampus in Memory and Mental Construction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369(1), 76–92.Google Scholar
Sheldon, S., Vandermorris, S., Al-Haj, M., et al. (2015). Ill-Defined Problem Solving in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: Linking Episodic Memory to Effective Solution Generation. Neuropsychologia, 68, 168–175.Google Scholar
Spreng, R. N., Gerlach, K. D., Turner, G. R., and Schacter, D. L. (2015). Autobiographical Planning and the Brain: Activation and Its Modulation by Qualitative Features. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27(11), 2147–2157.Google Scholar
St-Laurent, M., Moscovitch, M., Levine, B., and McAndrews, M. P. (2009). Determinants of Autobiographical Memory in Patients with Unilateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy or Excisions. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2211–2221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stocker, K. (2012). The Time Machine in our Mind. Cognitive Science, 36(3), 385–420.Google Scholar
Strikwerda-Brown, C., Grilli, M.D., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Irish, M. (2019). All Is Not Lost: Rethinking the Nature of Memory and The Self in Dementia. Ageing Research Reviews, 54, 100932.Google Scholar
Strikwerda-Brown, C., Mothakunnel, A., Hodges, J. R., Piguet, O., and Irish, M. (2018). External Details Revisited – A New Taxonomy for Coding “Non-Episodic” Content during Autobiographical Memory Retrieval. Journal of Neuropsychology, 13(3), 371–397.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T., and Corballis, M. C. (2007). The Evolution of Foresight: What Is Mental Time Travel, and Is It Unique to Humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(03), 299–313.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T., and Redshaw, J. (2013). The Development of Mental Scenario Building and Episodic Foresight. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1296(1), 135–153.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and Semantic Memory. In Tulving, E and Donaldson, W (eds.), Organization of Memory. New York, NY: Academic Press, 381–403.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and Consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26, 1–12.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1–25.Google Scholar
Viard, A., Piolino, P., Belliard, S., et al. (2014). Episodic Future Thinking in Semantic Dementia: A Cognitive and FMRI Study. PLoS One, 9(10), e111046.Google Scholar

References

Abraham, A. (2016). The Imaginative Mind. Human Brain Mapping, 37(11), 4197–4211.Google Scholar
Alderson-Day, B., Bernini, M., and Fernyhough, C. (2017). Uncharted Features and Dynamics of Reading: Voices, Characters, and Crossing of Experiences. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 49, 98–109.Google Scholar
Appel, M., and Richter, T. (2010). Transportation and Need for Affect in Narrative Persuasion: A Mediated Moderation Model. Media Psychology, 13(2), 101–135.Google Scholar
Barthes, R. (1974). S/Z. English edition. Translated by Richard Miller. New York, NY: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Bezdek, M. A., Foy, J. E., and Gerrig, R. J. (2013). “Run for It!”: Viewers’ Participatory Responses to Film Narratives. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 7(4), 409.Google Scholar
Bower, G. H., and Morrow, D. G. (1990). Mental Models in Narrative Comprehension. Science, 247(4938), 44–48.Google Scholar
Braun, I. K., and Cupchik, G. C. (2001). Phenomenological and Quantitative Analyses of Absorption in Literary Passages. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 19(1), 85–109.Google Scholar
Burch, A., and Burch, A. [HAWPOfficial]. (2012, November 13). Dinner Metaphors – Hey Ash Whatcha Playin’? [Video file]. youtube.com/watch?v=SCjp7T6xVnU.Google Scholar
Busselle, R., and Bilandzic, H. (2008). Fictionality and Perceived Realism in Experiencing Stories: A Model of Narrative Comprehension and Engagement. Communication Theory, 18(2), 255–280.Google Scholar
Busselle, R., and Bilandzic, H. (2009). Measuring Narrative Engagement. Media Psychology, 12(4), 321–347.Google Scholar
Chow, H. M., Mar, R. A., Xu, Y., et al. (2015). Personal Experience with Narrated Events Modulates Functional Connectivity within Visual and Motor Systems during Story Comprehension. Human Brain Mapping, 36, 1494–1505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (2001). Defining Identification: A Theoretical Look at the Identification of Audiences with Media Characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 245–264.Google Scholar
Cupchik, G. C. (2002). The Evolution of Psychical Distance as an Aesthetic Concept. Culture & Psychology, 8(2), 155–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferstl, E. C., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2002). What Does the Frontomedian Cortex Contribute to Language Processing: Coherence or Theory of Mind? NeuroImage, 17, 1599–1612.Google Scholar
Fong, K., and Mar, R. A. (2015). What Does My Avatar Say about Me?: Inferring Personality from Avatars. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 237–249.Google Scholar
Gardner, W. L., and Knowles, M. L. (2008). Love Makes You Real: Favorite Television Characters Are Perceived as “Real” in a Social Facilitation Paradigm. Social Cognition 26(2): 156–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavaler, C., and Johnson, D. (2017). The Genre Effect: A Science Fiction (vs. Realism) Manipulation Decreases Inference Effort, Reading Comprehension, and Perceptions of Literary Merit. Scientific Study of Literature, 7(1), 79–108.Google Scholar
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1997). Two Decades of Structure Building. Discourse Processes, 23(3), 265–304.Google Scholar
Gernsbacher, M. A., Hallada, B. M., and Robertson, R. R. W. (1998). How Automatically Do Readers Infer Fictional Characters’ Emotional States? Scientific Studies of Reading, 2, 271–300.Google Scholar
Gerrig, R. J. (1993). Experiencing Narrative Worlds: On the Psychological Activities of Reading. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Green, M. C. (2004). Transportation into Narrative Worlds: The Role of Prior Knowledge and Perceived Realism. Discourse Processes, 38(2), 247–266.Google Scholar
Green, M. C., and Brock, T. C. (2000). The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M. C., Brock, T. C., and Kaufman, G. F. (2004). Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role of Transportation into Narrative Worlds. Communication Theory, 14(4), 311–327.Google Scholar
Green, M. C., Strange, J. J., and Brock, T. C. (eds.). (2002). Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations. New York, NY: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2000). The Work of the Imagination. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hirsh, J. B., Mar, R. A., and Peterson, J. B. (2012). Psychological Entropy: A Framework for Understanding Uncertainty-Related Anxiety. Psychological Review, 119, 304–320.Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983). Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Keefe, D. E., and McDaniel, M. A. (1993). The Time Course and Durability of Predictive Inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 446–463.Google Scholar
Koopman, E. M. E. (2015). How Texts About Suffering Trigger Reflection: Genre, Personal Factors, and Affective Responses. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(4), 430–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koopman, E. M. E. (2016). Effects of “Literariness” on Emotions and on Empathy and Reflection After Reading. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 10(1), 82–98.Google Scholar
Kotovych, M., Dixon, P., Bortolussi, M., and Holden, M. (2011). Textual Determinants of a Component of Literary Identification. Scientific Study of Literature, 1(2), 260–291.Google Scholar
Kurby, C. A., and Zacks, J. M. (2012). Starting from Scratch and Building Brick by Brick in Comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 40(5), 812–826.Google Scholar
Larsen, S. F., and Laszlo, J. (1990). Cultural-Historical Knowledge and Personal Experience in Appreciation of Literature. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20(5), 425–440.Google Scholar
MacDonald, M. C., and Just, M. A. (1989). Changes in Activation Levels with Negation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(4), 633.Google Scholar
Mar, R. A. (2011). The Neural Bases of Social Cognition and Story Comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 103–134.Google Scholar
Mar, R. A. (2018). Evaluating Whether Stories Can Promote Social Cognition: Introducing the Social Processes and Content Entrained by Narrative (SPaCEN) Framework. Discourse Processes, 5(6), 454–479.Google Scholar
Marsh, E. J., Meade, M. L., and Roediger, H. L. (2003). Learning Facts from Fiction. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(4), 519–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez, M. A. (2014). Storyworld Possible Selves and the Phenomenon of Narrative Immersion: Testing a New Theoretical Construct. Narrative, 22(1), 110–131.Google Scholar
Miall, D. S., and Kuiken, D. (1994). Beyond Text Theory: Understanding Literary Response. Discourse Processes, 17, 337–352.Google Scholar
Morrow, D. G., Greenspan, S. L., and Bower, G. H. (1987). Accessibility and Situation Models in Narrative Comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(2), 165–187.Google Scholar
Nath, T. (2016). Investing in Video Games: This Industry Pulls in More Revenue than Movies. Nasdaq, June 13. Music. nasdaq.com/article/investing-in-video-games-this-industry-pulls-in-more-revenue-than-movies-music-cm634585.Google Scholar
Newzoo. (2017). The American Gamer | 2017. June 14. newzoo.com/insights/infographics/the-american-gamer-2017/.Google Scholar
Oliver, M. B., Bowman, N. D., Woolley, J. K., et al. (2016). Video Games as Meaningful Entertainment Experiences. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(4), 390–405.Google Scholar
Polichak, J. W., and Gerrig, R. J. (2002). “Get Up and Win!”: Participatory Responses to Narrative. In Green, M. C., Strange, J. J., and Brock, T. C. (eds.), Narrative Impact. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 71–95.Google Scholar
Rapp, D. N. (2016). The Consequences of Reading Inaccurate Information. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 281–285.Google Scholar
Rapp, D. N., Gerrig, R. J., and Prentice, D. A. (2001). Readers’ Trait-Based Models of Characters in Narrative Comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 737–750.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. (1975). Notes on a Schema for Stories. In Bobrow, D. G. and Collins, A (eds.), Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science. New York, NY: Academic Press, 2–34.Google Scholar
Seilman, U., and Larsen, S. F. (1989). Personal Resonance to Literature: A Study of Remindings While Reading. Poetics, 18(1–2), 165–177.Google Scholar
Stein, N. L., and Glenn, C. G. (1975). An Analysis of Story Comprehension in Elementary School Children: A Test of a Schema. ERIC Document Reproduction Service. ED 121 ( 474), 53–120.Google Scholar
Sun, L. (2014). What EA Must Do to Make “Mass Effect 4” a Blockbuster. The Motley Fool, July 5. fool.com/investing/general/2014/07/05/what-ea-must-do-to-make-mass-effect-4-a-blockbuste.aspx.Google Scholar
Tal-Or, N., and Cohen, J. (2010). Understanding Audience Involvement: Conceptualizing and Manipulating Identification and Transportation. Poetics, 38(4), 402–418.Google Scholar
The Adventure Zone Tumblr. (2017). On The Adventure Zone Graphic Novel, Blue Taako, and Representation. The Adventure Zone, June 2. theadventurezone.tumblr.com/post/161367685782/on-the-adventure-zone-graphic-novel-blue-taako.Google Scholar
Trabasso, T., and van den Broek, P.W. (1985). Causal Thinking and the Representation of Narrative Events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(5), 612–630.Google Scholar
van Dijk, T. A., and Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of Discourse Comprehension. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., and Reynolds, J. R. (2009). Segmentation in Reading and Film Comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(2), 307.Google Scholar
Zunshine, L. (2006). Why We Read Fiction: Theory of Mind and the Novel. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Zwaan, R. A. (1999). Situation Models: The Mental Leap into Imagined Worlds. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(1), 15–18.Google Scholar
Zwaan, R. A. (2004). The Immersed Experiencer: Toward an Embodied Theory of Language Comprehension. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 44, 35–62.Google Scholar
Zwaan, R. A., and Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation Models in Language Comprehension and Memory. Psychological Bulletin, 123(2), 162.Google Scholar

References

Abraham, A., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2009). Reality=Relevance? Insights from Spontaneous Modulations of the Brain’s Default Network When Telling Apart Reality from Fiction. PLoS One, 4(3), 1–9.Google Scholar
Abraham, A., von Cramon, D. Y., and Schubotz, R. I. (2008). Meeting George Bush versus Meeting Cinderella: The Neural Response When Telling Apart What Is Real from What Is Fictional in the Context of Our Reality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(6), 965–976.Google Scholar
Blair, J. R., McKee, J. S., and Jernigan, L. F. (1980). Children’s Belief in Santa Claus, Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy. Psychological Reports, 46(3), 691–694.Google Scholar
Boerger, E. A. (2011). “In Fairy Tales Fairies Can Disappear”: Children’s Reasoning About the Characteristics of Humans and Fantasy Figures. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(3), 635–655.Google Scholar
Boerger, E. A., Tullos, A., and Woolley, J. D. (2009). Return of the Candy Witch: Individual Differences in Acceptance and Stability of Belief in a Novel Fantastical Being. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 953–970.Google Scholar
Bonus, J. A., and Mares, M. L. (2015). Learned and Remembered but Rejected: Preschoolers’ Reality Judgments and Transfer from Sesame Street. Communication Research, 46(3), 375–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourchier, A., and Davis, A. (2000). Individual and Developmental Differences in Children’s Understanding of the Fantasy‐Reality Distinction. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(3), 353–368.Google Scholar
Bunce, L., and Harris, M. (2013). “He Hasn’t Got the Real Toolkit!” Young Children’s Reasoning About Real/Not-Real Status. Developmental Psychology, 49(8), 1494–1504.Google Scholar
Carrick, N., and Quas, J. A. (2006). Effects of Discrete Emotions on Young Children’s Ability to Discern Fantasy and Reality. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1278–1288.Google Scholar
Carrick, N., Quas, J. A., and Lyon, T. (2010). Maltreated and Non-Maltreated Children’s Evaluations of Emotional Fantasy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(2), 129.Google Scholar
Carrick, N., and Ramirez, M. (2012). Preschoolers’ Fantasy-Reality Distinctions of Emotional Events. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112(4), 467–483.Google Scholar
Corriveau, K. H., Chen, E. E., and Harris, P. L. (2015). Judgments about Fact and Fiction by Children from Religious and Nonreligious Backgrounds. Cognitive Science, 39(2), 353–382.Google Scholar
Corriveau, K. H., Kim, A. L., Schwalen, C. E., and Harris, P. L. (2009). Abraham Lincoln and Harry Potter: Children’s Differentiation between Historical and Fantasy Characters. Cognition, 113(2), 213–225.Google Scholar
Davoodi, T., Corriveau, K. H., and Harris, P. L. (2016). Distinguishing between Realistic and Fantastical Figures in Iran. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 221.Google Scholar
Dias, M. G., and Harris, P. L. (1988). The Effect of Make‐Believe Play on Deductive Reasoning. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(3), 207–221.Google Scholar
DiLalla, L. F., and Watson, M. W. (1988). Differentiation of Fantasy and Reality: Preschoolers’ Reactions to Interruptions in Their Play. Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 286–291.Google Scholar
Dore, R. A., Jaswal, V. K., and Lillard, A. S. (2015). Real or Not? Informativeness Influences Children’s Reality Status Judgments. Cognitive Development, 33, 28–39.Google Scholar
Downs, A. C. (1990). Children’s Judgments of Televised Events: The Real versus Pretend Distinction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70(3), 779–782.Google Scholar
Gerrig, R. J., and Prentice, D. A. (1991). The Representation of Fictional Information. Psychological Science, 2(5), 336–340.Google Scholar
Goldstein, T. R., and Bloom, P. (2015). Characterizing Characters: How Children Make Sense of Realistic Acting. Cognitive Development, 34, 39–50.Google Scholar
Golomb, C., and Galasso, L. (1995). Make Believe and Reality: Explorations of the Imaginary Realm. Developmental Psychology, 31(5), 800–810.Google Scholar
Golomb, C., and Kuersten, R. (1996). On the Transition from Pretence Play to Reality: What Are the Rules of the Game? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14(2), 203–217.Google Scholar
Haight, W. L., and Miller, P. J. (1993). Pretending at Home: Early Development in a Sociocultural Context. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Han, S., Jiang, Y., and Humphreys, G. W. (2007). Watching Cartoons Activates the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Children. Chinese Science Bulletin, 52(24), 3371–3375.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2000). The Work of the Imagination. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., Brown, E., Marriott, C., Whittall, S., and Harmer, S. (1991). Monsters, Ghosts and Witches: Testing the Limits of the Fantasy-Reality Distinction in Young Children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(1), 105–123.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., Pasquini, E. S., Duke, S., Asscher, J. J., and Pons, F. (2006). Germs and Angels: The Role of Testimony in Young Children’s Ontology. Developmental Science, 9(1), 76–96.Google Scholar
Hopkins, E. J., and Weisberg, D. S. (2017). The Youngest Readers’ Dilemma: A Review of Children’s Learning from Fictional Sources. Developmental Review, 43, 48–70.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. N., and Harris, P. L. (1994). Magic: Special but Not Excluded. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 35–51.Google Scholar
Kim, S., and Harris, P. L. (2014). Belief in Magic Predicts Children’s Selective Trust in Informants. Journal of Cognition and Development, 15(2), 181–196.Google Scholar
Lane, J. D., Ronfard, S., Francioli, S. P., and Harris, P. L. (2016). Children’s Imagination and Belief: Prone to Flights of Fancy or Grounded in Reality? Cognition, 152, 127–140.Google Scholar
Lee, K., Cameron, C. A., Doucette, J., and Talwar, V. (2002). Phantoms and Fabrications: Young Children’s Detection of Implausible Lies. Child Development, 73(6), 1688–1702.Google Scholar
Li, H., Boguszewski, K., and Lillard, A. S. (2015). Can That Really Happen? Children’s Knowledge about the Reality Status of Fantastical Events in Television. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 139, 99–114.Google Scholar
Li, H., Liu, T. Woolley, J., & Zhang, P. (2019). Reality Status Judgments of Real and Fantastical Events in Children’s Prefrontal Cortex: An fNIRS Study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13:444.Google Scholar
Lillard, A. (2001). Pretend Play as Twin Earth: A Social-Cognitive Analysis. Developmental Review, 21(4), 495–531.Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S., and Peterson, J. (2011). The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children’s Executive Function. Pediatrics, 128(4), 644–649.Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S., and Sobel, D. (1999). Lion Kings or Puppies: The Influence of Fantasy on Children’s Understanding of Pretense. Developmental Science, 2(1), 75–80.Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S., and Witherington, D. C. (2004). Mothers’ Behavior Modifications during Pretense and Their Possible Signal Value for Toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 40(1), 95–113.Google Scholar
Lopez-Mobilia, G., and Woolley, J. D. (2016). Interactions between Knowledge and Testimony in Children’s Reality-Status Judgments. Journal of Cognition and Development, 17(3), 486–504.Google Scholar
Ma, L., and Lillard, A. S. (2006). Where Is the Real Cheese? Young Children’s Ability to Discriminate between Real and Pretend Acts. Child Development, 77(6), 1762–1777.Google Scholar
Ma, L., and Lillard, A. S. (2013). What Makes an Act a Pretense One? Young Children’s Pretend-Real Judgments and Explanations. Child Development Research, 2013, 1–9.Google Scholar
Ma, L., and Lillard, A. S. (2017). The Evolutionary Significance of Pretend Play: Two-Year-Olds’ Interpretation of Behavioral Cues. Learning & Behavior, 45(4), 441–448.Google Scholar
Mares, M. L., and Sivakumar, G. (2014). “Vámonos Means Go, but That’s Made up for the Show”: Reality Confusions and Learning from Educational TV. Developmental Psychology, 50(11), 2498–2511.Google Scholar
Martarelli, C. S., and Mast, F. W. (2013). Is It Real or Is It Fiction? Children’s Bias toward Reality. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14(1), 141–153.Google Scholar
Martarelli, C. S., Mast, F. W., Läge, D., and Roebers, C. M. (2015). The Distinction between Real and Fictional Worlds: Investigating Individual Differences in Fantasy Understanding. Cognitive Development, 36, 111–126.Google Scholar
Metlicar, S. (2014). Happy Dragon Is Real, Frightening Dragon Is Not: Children’s Fantasy-Reality Distinction of Emotional Stimuli. Studia Psychologica, 56(2), 155–168.Google Scholar
Morison, P., and Gardner, H. (1978). Dragons and Dinosaurs: The Child’s Capacity to Differentiate Fantasy from Reality. Child Development, 49(3), 642–648.Google Scholar
Phelps, K. E., and Woolley, J. D. (1994). The Form and Function of Young Children’s Magical Beliefs. Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 385–394.Google Scholar
Prentice, N. M., and Gordon, D. (1987). Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy for the Jewish Child and Parent. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 148(2), 139–151.Google Scholar
Prentice, N. M., Manosevitz, M., and Hubbs, L. (1978). Imaginary Figures of Early Childhood: Santa Claus, Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 48(4), 618–628.Google Scholar
Principe, G. F., and Smith, E. (2008). Seeing Things Unseen: Fantasy Beliefs and False Reports. Journal of Cognition and Development, 9(1), 89–111.Google Scholar
Richert, R. A., and Lillard, A. S. (2004). Observers’ Proficiency at Identifying Pretense Acts Based on Behavioral Cues. Cognitive Development, 19(2), 223–240.Google Scholar
Richert, R. A., and Smith, E. I. (2011). Preschoolers’ Quarantining of Fantasy Stories. Child Development, 82(4), 1106–1119.Google Scholar
Rosengren, K. S., and Hickling, A. K. (1994). Seeing Is Believing: Children’s Explanations of Commonplace, Magical, and Extraordinary Transformations. Child Development, 65(6), 1605–1626.Google Scholar
Rosengren, K. S., Kalish, C. W., Hickling, A. K., and Gelman, S. A. (1994). Exploring the Relation between Preschool Children’s Magical Beliefs and Causal Thinking. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 69–82.Google Scholar
Samuels, A., and Taylor, M. (1994). Children’s Ability to Distinguish Fantasy Events from Real‐Life Events. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(4), 417–427.Google Scholar
Schulz, L. E., Bonawitz, E. B., and Griffiths, T. L. (2007). Can Being Scared Cause Tummy Aches? Naive Theories, Ambiguous Evidence, and Preschoolers’ Causal Inferences. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1124–1139.Google Scholar
Sharon, T., and Woolley, J. D. (2004). Do Monsters Dream? Young Children’s Understanding of the Fantasy/Reality Distinction. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 293–310.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A., and Carey, S. (2007). Improbable or Impossible? How Children Reason about the Possibility of Extraordinary Events. Child Development, 78(3), 1015–1032.Google Scholar
Shtulman, A., and Yoo, R. I. (2015). Children’s Understanding of Physical Possibility Constrains their Belief in Santa Claus. Cognitive Development, 34, 51–62.Google Scholar
Subbotsky, E. V. (1993). Foundations of the Mind: Children’s Understanding of Reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Subbotsky, E. V. (1994). Early Rationality and Magical Thinking in Preschoolers: Space and Time. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 97–108.Google Scholar
Subbotsky, E. V. (2004). Magical Thinking in Judgments of Causation: Can Anomalous Phenomena Affect Ontological Causal Beliefs in Children and Adults? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 123–152.Google Scholar
Taylor, B. J., and Howell, R. J. (1973). The Ability of Three-, Four-, and Five-Year-Old Children to Distinguish Fantasy from Reality. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 122, 315–318.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. (1997). The Role of Creative Control and Culture in Children’s Fantasy-Reality Judgments. Child Development, 68(6), 1015–1017.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. (1999). Imaginary Companions and the Children Who Create Them. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, M., Cartwright, B. S., and Carlson, S. M. (1993). A Developmental Investigation of Children’s Imaginary Companions. Developmental Psychology, 29, 276–285.Google Scholar
Tullos, A., and Woolley, J. D. (2009). The Development of Children’s Ability to Use Evidence to Infer Reality Status. Child Development, 80(1), 101–114.Google Scholar
Vaden, V. C., and Woolley, J. D. (2011). Does God Make It Real? Children’s Belief in Religious Stories from the Judeo‐Christian Tradition. Child Development, 82(4), 1120–1135.Google Scholar
Weisberg, D. S., and Gopnik, A. (2013). Pretense, Counterfactuals, and Bayesian Causal Models: Why What Is Not Real Really Matters. Cognitive Science, 37(7), 1368–1381.Google Scholar
Weisberg, D. S., and Sobel, D. M. (2012). Young Children Discriminate Improbable from Impossible Events in Fiction. Cognitive Development, 27(1), 90–98.Google Scholar
Wellman, H. M., and Estes, D. (1986). Early Understanding of Mental Entities: A Reexamination of Childhood Realism. Child Development, 57(4), 910–923.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., Boerger, E. A., and Markman, A. B. (2004). A Visit from the Candy Witch: Factors Influencing Young Children’s Belief in a Novel Fantastical Being. Developmental Science, 7(4), 456–468.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., and Cox, V. (2007). Development of Beliefs about Storybook Reality. Developmental Science, 10(5), 681–693.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., Ma, L., and Lopez-Mobilia, G. (2011). Development of the Use of Conversational Cues to Assess Reality Status. Journal of Cognition and Development, 12(4), 537–555.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., and Phelps, K. E. (1994). Young Children’s Practical Reasoning about Imagination. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(1), 53–67.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., and van Reet, J. (2006). Effects of Context on Judgments Concerning the Reality Status of Novel Entities. Child Development, 77(6), 1778–1793.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., and Wellman, H. M. (1990). Young Children’s Understanding of Realities, Nonrealities, and Appearances. Child Development, 61(4), 946–961.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., and Wellman, H. M. (1992). Children’s Conceptions of Dreams. Cognitive Development, 7(3), 365–380.Google Scholar
Woolley, J. D., and Wellman, H. M. (1993). Origin and Truth: Young Children’s Understanding of Imaginary Mental Representations. Child Development, 64(1), 1–17.Google Scholar
Wright, J. C., Huston, A. C., Reitz, A. L., and Piemyat, S. (1994). Young Children’s Perceptions of Television Reality: Determinants and Developmental Differences. Developmental Psychology, 30(2), 229–239.Google Scholar

References

Anālayo, . (2003). Satipaṭṭāna. Cambridge, UK: Windhorse Publications.Google Scholar
Barron, R., (tr.) (2001). A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission. Translation of Chos dbyings mdzod ‘grel. Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing.Google Scholar
Barron, R. (2007). The Precious Treasury of Philosophical Systems: A Treatise Elucidating the Meaning of the Entire Range of Buddhist Teachings. 1st edition. Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing.Google Scholar
Bhikkhu, T., (tr.) (2012). Udana: Exclamations. Third book of the Khuddaka Nikaya. accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud.Google Scholar
Bitbol, M. (2008). Is Consciousness Primary? Moving Beyond the “Hard Problem”. NeuroQuantology, 6(1), 53–72.Google Scholar
Bitbol, M. (2014). La conscience a-t-elle une origine? Paris, France: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Crosby, K. (2013). Theravada Buddhism. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Dahl, C., (tr.) (2016). Steps to the Great Perfection: The Mind-Training Tradition of the Dzogchen Masters. Boulder, CO: Snow Lion.Google Scholar
Fosha, D., Siegel, D. J., Solomon, M. F. (2009). The Healing Power of Emotion: Affective Neuroscience, Development and Clinical Practice. New York, NY; London, UK: William Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Gendlin, E. (1982). Focusing. New York, NY: Bantam New Age.Google Scholar
Hirshberg, D. (2016). Remembering the Lotus-Born: Padmasambhava in the History of Tibet’s Golden Age. Boston, MA: Wisdom.Google Scholar
Kapstein, M. (ed.) (2004). The Presence of Light: Divine Radiance and Religious Experience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Klein, A. (1978/1999). Knowledge & Liberation: Buddhist Epistemology in Service of Transformative Religious Experience. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.Google Scholar
Klein, A (2009). [Jigme Linpga’s] Heart Essence of the Vast Expanse. Boulder, CO: Snow Lion.Google Scholar
Klein, A (2011). Dzogchen. In Garfield, J. L. and Edgeglass, W (eds.), Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 265–278.Google Scholar
Klein, A (2016). Revisiting Ritual. Tricycle, Fall. Or see Anne Carolyn Klein, academia.edu.Google Scholar
Klein, A (2018). Feelings Bound and Freed: Wandering and Wonder on Buddhist Pathways. Contemporary Buddhism, 19(1), 83–101.Google Scholar
Kozhevnikov, M., Louchakova, O., Josipovic, Z., and Motes, M. A. (2009). The Enhancement of Visuospatial Processing Efficiency through Buddhist Deity Meditation. Psychological Science, 20(5), 645–653.Google Scholar
Longchen Rabjam, (Longchenpa). (2009). Kun mkhyan klong chen rab ‘byams kyi gsung ‘bum: Chos dbyings mdzod ‘grel. n.p. 83.19–84.1. Buddhist Digital Resource Center.Google Scholar
Neumaier-Dargyay, E. (tr.) (1992). The Sovereign All-Creating Mind: A Translation of the Kun byed rgyal po’i mdo’. SUNY Series in Buddhist Studies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Petitmengin, C. (1999). The Intuitive Experience. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6(2–3), 43–77.Google Scholar
Petitmengin, C (2007). Towards the Source of Thoughts: The Gestural and Transmodal Dimensions of Lived Experience. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 14( 3 ), 54–82.Google Scholar
Rinbochay, L. (1981). Mind in Tibetan Buddhism. Translated by Elizabeth Napper. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.Google Scholar
Rinpoche, P. (1994). Words of My Perfect Teacher (Kun bzang bla ma’ zhal lung). Translated by Padmakara. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Sangpo, K. (1982). Tantric Practice in Nyingma. Translated by J. Hopkins. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.Google Scholar
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

References

Abraham, A. (2016). The Imaginative Mind. Human Brain Mapping, 37, 4197–4211.Google Scholar
Abraham, A.(2018). The Neuroscience of Creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ball, L. J., and Wade, C. N. (2017). Pragmatic Factors in Wason’s 2–4-6 Task: Implications for Real-World Hypothesis Testing. In Galbraith, N, Lucas, E. J., and Over, D. E. (eds.), The Thinking Mind: A Festschrift for Ken Manktelow. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 29–39.Google Scholar
Cherubini, P., Castelvecchio, E., and Cherubini, A. M. (2005). Generation of Hypotheses in Wason’s 2–4–6 Task: An Information Theory Approach. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A, 309–332.Google Scholar
Dunbar, K. N. (1997). How Scientists Think: On-line Creativity and Conceptual Change in Science. In Ward, T. B., Smith, S. M., and Viad, J (eds.), Creative Thought: An Investigation of Conceptual Structures and Processes. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 461–493.Google Scholar
Dunbar, K. (2001). What Scientific Thinking Reveals about the Nature of Cognition. In Cowley, K, Schunn, C. D., and Okada, T (eds.), Designing for Science: Implications from Everyday, Classroom, and Professional Settings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 115–140.Google Scholar
Elqayam, S., and Evans, J. St. B. T. (2011). Subtracting “Ought” from “Is”: Descriptivism versus Normativism in the Study of Human Thinking. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34, 233–248.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. (2006). The Heuristic-Analytic Theory of Reasoning: Extension and Evaluation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 378–395.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T(2007). Hypothetical Thinking: Dual Processes in Reasoning and Judgement. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T(2008). Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment and Social Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255–278.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T(2010). Thinking Twice: Two Minds in One Brain. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T(2014). Reasoning, Biases and Dual Processes: The Lasting Impact of Wason (1960). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 2076–2092.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T(2018). Dual-Process Theories. In Ball, L. J. and Thompson, V. A. (eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 151–166.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T., and Elqayam, S. (2011). Towards a Descriptivist Psychology of Reasoning and Decision Making. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34, 275–290.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T., and Stanovich, K. E. (2013a). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 223–241.Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T., and Stanovich, K. E.(2013b). Theory and Metatheory in the Study of Dual Processing: Reply to Comments. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 263–271.Google Scholar
Gale, M., and Ball, L. J. (2006). Dual-Goal Facilitation in Wason’s 2–4-6 Task: What Mediates Successful Rule Discovery? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 873–885.Google Scholar
Gale, M., and Ball, L. J.(2009). Exploring the Determinants of Dual Goal Facilitation in a Rule Discovery Task. Thinking and Reasoning, 15, 294–315.Google Scholar
Gale, M., and Ball, L. J.(2012). Contrast Class Cues and Performance Facilitation in a Hypothesis-Testing Task: Evidence for an Iterative Counterfactual Model. Memory & Cognition, 40, 408–419.Google Scholar
Goel, V., and Waechter, R. (2018). Inductive and Deductive Reasoning: Integrating Insights from Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience. In Ball, L. J. and Thompson, V. A. (eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 218–247.Google Scholar
Gorman, M. E. (1995). Confirmation, Disconfirmation, and Invention: The Case of Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone. Thinking and Reasoning, 1, 31–53.Google Scholar
Gorman, M. E.(2018). Scientific Thinking. In Ball, L. J. and Thompson, V. A. (eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 248–267.Google Scholar
Gorman, M. E., and Gorman, M. E. (1984). Comparison of Disconfirmatory, Confirmatory and Control Strategies on Wason’s 2–4-6 Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36A, 629–648.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., and Vartanian, O. (eds.) (2018). The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kareev, Y., and Halberstadt, N. (1993). Evaluating Negative Tests and Refutations in a Rule Discovery Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46A, 715–727.Google Scholar
Kareev, Y., Halberstadt, K., and Shafir, D. (1993). Improving Performance and Increasing the Use of Non-Positive Testing in a Rule-Discovery Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46A, 729–742.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. B., Quilty, L. C., Grazioplene, R. G., et al. (2016). Openness to Experience and Intellect Differentially Predict Creative Achievement in the Arts and Sciences. Journal of Personality, 84, 248–258.Google Scholar
Klayman, J., and Ha, Y.-W. (1987). Confirmation, Disconfirmation, and Information in Hypothesis Testing. Psychological Review, 94, 211–228.Google Scholar
Klayman, J., and Ha, Y.-W.(1989). Hypothesis Testing in Rule Discovery: Strategy, Structure and Content. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 15, 596–604.Google Scholar
Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., and Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1993). Focussing in Reasoning and Decision Making. Cognition, 49, 37–66.Google Scholar
Morley, N. J., Ball, L. J., and Ormerod, T. C. (2006). How the Detection of Insurance Fraud Succeeds and Fails. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12, 163–180.Google Scholar
Mynatt, C. R., Doherty, M. E., and Dragan, W. (1993). Information Relevance, Working Memory, and the Consideration of Alternatives. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 759–778.Google Scholar
Ormerod, T. C., Ball, L. J., and Morley, N. J. (2012). Informing the Development of a Fraud Prevention Toolset through a Situated Analysis of Fraud Investigation Expertise. Behaviour & Information Technology, 31, 371–381.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. P., and Addis, D. R. (2018). A Common Mode of Processing Governing Divergent Thinking and Future Imagination. In Jung, R. E. and Vartanian, O (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 211–230.Google Scholar
Silvia, P. J., Beaty, R. E., and Nusbaum, E. C. (2013). Verbal Fluency and Creativity: General and Specific Contributions of Broad Retrieval Ability (Gr) Factors to Divergent Thinking. Intelligence, 41, 328–340.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1982). Models of Bounded Rationality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A.(1996). The Sciences of the Artificial. 3rd edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sloman, S. A. (1996). The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E.(2004). The Robot’s Rebellion: Finding Meaning in the Age of Darwin. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E.(2009). Distinguishing the Reflective, Algorithmic, and Autonomous Minds: Is It Time for a Tri-Process Theory? In St., J Evans, B. T., and Frankish, K. E. (eds.), In Two Minds: Dual Processes and Beyond. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 55–88.Google Scholar
Stupple, E. J., and Ball, L. J. (2014). The Intersection between Descriptivism and Meliorism in Reasoning Research: Further Proposals in Support of “Soft Normativism”. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, article no. 1269.Google Scholar
Thompson, V. A. (2013). Why it Matters: The Implications of Autonomous Processes for Dual Process Theories – Commentary on Evans & Stanovich (2013). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 253–256. doi:10.1177/1745691613483476.Google Scholar
Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–232.Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (2009). Mathematical Representations in Science: A Cognitive–Historical Case History. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1, 758–776.Google Scholar
Tweney, R. D., Doherty, M. E., Warner, W. J., et al. (1980). Strategies of Rule Discovery in an Inference Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 109–123.Google Scholar
Vallée-Tourangeau, F. (2012). Utilities in the 2–4-6 Task. Experimental Psychology, 59, 265–271.Google Scholar
Vallée-Tourangeau, F., Austin, N. G., and Rankin, S. (1995). Inducing a Rule in Wason’s 2–4–6 Task: A Test of the Information-Quantity and Goal-Complementarity Hypotheses. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 895–914.Google Scholar
Vallée-Tourangeau, F. and Payton, T. (2008). Graphical Representation Fosters Discovery in the 2-4-6 Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(4), 625–640.Google Scholar
van der Henst, J. B., Rossi, S., and Schroyens, W. (2002). When Participants Are Not Misled They Are Not so Bad after All: A Pragmatic Analysis of a Rule Discovery Task. In Gray, W. D. and Schunn, C (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 902–907.Google Scholar
Walsh, D., Dando, C. J., and Ormerod, T. C. (2018). Triage Decision-Making by Welfare Fraud Investigators. Journal of Applied Research in Memory & Cognition, 7, 82–91.Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. (1960). On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 129–140.Google Scholar
Wason, P. C.(1966). Reasoning. In Foss, B. M. (ed.), New Horizons in Psychology I. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 106–137.Google Scholar
Wason, P. C., and Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1972). Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content. London, UK: Batsford.Google Scholar
Wetherick, N. E. (1962). Eliminative and Enumerative Behaviour in a Conceptual Task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14, 129–140.Google Scholar
Wharton, C. M., Cheng, P. W., and Wickens, T. D. (1993). Hypothesis-Testing Strategies: Why Two Goals Are Better Than One. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46A, 743–758.Google Scholar

References

Alicke, M. D., Buckingham, J., Zell, E., and Davis, T. (2008). Culpable Control and Counterfactual Reasoning in the Psychology of Blame. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1371–1381.Google Scholar
Beck, S. R., Riggs, K. J., and Gorniak, S. L. (2009). Relating Developments in Children’s Counterfactual Thinking and Executive Functions. Thinking and Reasoning, 15, 337–354.Google Scholar
Beck, S. R., Robinson, E. J., Carroll, D. J., and Apperly, I. A. (2006). Children’s Thinking about Counterfactuals and Future Hypotheticals as Possibilities. Child Development, 77, 413–426.Google Scholar
Branscombe, N. R., Owen, S., Garstka, T. A., and Coleman, J. (1996). Rape and Accident Counterfactuals: Who Might Have Done Otherwise and Would It Have Changed the Outcome? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(12), 1042–1067.Google Scholar
Bucciarelli, M., Khemlani, S., and Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2008). The Psychology of Moral Reasoning. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(2), 121–139.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J. (2005). The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J.(2007). Précis of The Rational Imagination: How People Create Alternatives to Reality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(5–6), 439–453.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J.(2016). Counterfactual Thoughts. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 135–157.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J.(2017). Counterfactual Thinking: From Logic to Morality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(4), 314–322.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J., and Egan, S. M. (2004). Counterfactual and Prefactual Conditionals. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(2), 113.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J., and Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2009). “If” and the Problems of Conditional Reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(7), 282–287.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J., Segura, S., Culhane, R., Tasso, A., and Berrocal, P. (2000). The Temporality Effect in Counterfactual Thinking about What Might Have Been. Memory & Cognition, 28(2), 264–281.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J., and Tasso, A. (1999). Deductive Reasoning with Factual, Possible, and Counterfactual Conditionals. Memory & Cognition, 27, 726–740.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. M. J., and Timmons, S. (2018). Moral Hindsight for Good Actions and the Effects of Imagined Alternatives to Reality. Cognition, 178, 82–91.Google Scholar
Chituc, V., Henne, P., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., and De Brigard, F. (2016). Blame, not Ability, Impacts Moral “Ought” Judgments for Impossible Actions: Toward an Empirical Refutation of “Ought” Implies “Can”. Cognition, 150, 20–25.Google Scholar
Cushman, F. (2008). Crime and Punishment: Distinguishing the Roles of Causal and Intentional Analyses in Moral Judgment. Cognition, 108(2), 353–380.Google Scholar
Cushman, F.(2013). Action, Outcome, and Value: A Dual-System Framework for Morality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(3), 273–292.Google Scholar
Davis, C. G., Lehman, D. R.,Wortman, C. B., Silver, R. C., and Thompson, S. C. (1995). The Undoing of Traumatic Life Events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21,109–124.Google Scholar
Dixon, J., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2011). “If Only” Counterfactual Thoughts about Exceptional Actions. Memory & Cognition, 39(7), 1317–1331.Google Scholar
Effron, D. A., Miller, D. T., and Monin, B. (2012). Inventing Racist Roads Not Taken: The Licensing Effect of Immoral Counterfactual Behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(6), 916–932.Google Scholar
Egan, S., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2012). Inferences from Counterfactual Threats and Promises. Experimental Psychology, 59(4), 227–235.Google Scholar
Espino, O., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2013). The Compatibility Heuristic in Non Categorical Hypothetical Reasoning: Inferences Between Conditionals And Disjunctions. Cognitive Psychology , 67(3), 98–129.Google Scholar
Espino, O., and Byrne, R. M. J.(2018). Thinking about the Opposite of What Is Said: Counterfactual Conditionals and Symbolic or Alternate Simulations of Negation. Cognitive Science, 42(8), 2459–2501.Google Scholar
Ferrante, D., Girotto, V., Straga, M., and Walsh, C. (2013). Improving the Past and the Future: A Temporal Asymmetry in Hypothetical Thinking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(1), 23–27.Google Scholar
Fillenbaum, S. (1974). Information Amplified: Memory for Counterfactual Conditionals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102(1), 44.Google Scholar
Fleischhut, N., Meder, B., and Gigerenzer, G. (2017). Moral Hindsight. Experimental Psychology, 64, 110–123.Google Scholar
French Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authority (2016). Final Report. www.bea.aero/uploads/tx_elydbrapports/BEA2015-0125.en-LR.pdf.Google Scholar
Frosch, C., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2012). Causal Conditionals and Counterfactuals. Acta Psychologica, 141(1), 54–66.Google Scholar
Gilbert, E. A., Tenney, E. R., Holland, C. R., and Spellman, B. A. (2015). Counterfactuals, Control, and Causation Why Knowledgeable People Get Blamed More. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(5), 643–658.Google Scholar
Girotto, V., Legrenzi, P., and Rizzo, A. (1991). Event Controllability in Counterfactual Thinking. Acta Psychologica, 78, 111–133.Google Scholar
Gomez Beldarrain, M., Garcia-Monco, J. C., Astigarraga, E., Gonzalez, A., and Grafman, J. (2005). Only Spontaneous Counterfactual Thinking Is Impaired in Patients with Prefrontal Cortex Lesions. Cognition and Brain Research, 24(3), 723–726.Google Scholar
Guajardo, N. R., Parker, J., and Turley-Ames, K. (2009). Associations among False Belief Understanding, Counterfactual Reasoning, and Executive Function. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 681–702.Google Scholar
Gubbins, E., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2014). Dual Processes of Emotion and Reason in Judgments about Moral Dilemmas. Thinking and Reasoning, 20(2), 245–268.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L. (2000). The Work of the Imagination. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Byrne, R. M. J. (1995). A Model Point of View. Thinking and Reasoning, 1(4), 339–350.Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Byrne, R. M. J.(2002) Conditionals: A Theory of Meaning, Pragmatics, and Inference. Psychological Review, 109, 646–678.Google Scholar
Juhos, C., Quelhas, A. C., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2015). Reasoning about Intentions: Counterexamples to Reasons for Actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 41(1), 55–76.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D, and Miller, D. T. (1986). Norm Theory: Comparing Reality to its Alternatives. Psychological Review, 93(2), 136–153.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D, and Tversky, A. (1982). The Simulation Heuristic. In Kahneman, D, Slovic, P, and Tversky, A (eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 201–208.Google Scholar
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2018). Facts and Possibilities: A Model-Based Theory of Sentential Reasoning. Cognitive Science, 42(6), 1887–1924.Google Scholar
Lagnado, D. A., and Channon, S. (2008). Judgments of Cause and Blame: The Effects of Intentionality and Foreseeability. Cognition, 108, 754–770.Google Scholar
Lagnado, D. A., Gerstenberg, T., and Zultan, R. I. (2013). Causal Responsibility and Counterfactuals. Cognitive Science, 37(6), 1036–1073.Google Scholar
Lench, H. C., Domsky, D., Smallman, R., and Darbor, K. E. (2015). Beliefs in Moral Luck: When and Why Blame Hinges on Luck. British Journal of Psychology, 106 (2), 272–287.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1973). Counterfactuals. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., and Griffiths, R. J. (1993). Counterfactual Thinking and the Perception of Criminal Behaviour. British Journal of Psychology, 84(2), 221–226.Google Scholar
Malle, B. F., Guglielmo, S., and Monroe, A. E. (2014). A Theory of Blame. Psychological Inquiry, 25(2), 147–186.Google Scholar
Mandel, D. R., and Lehman, D. R. (1996). Counterfactual Thinking and Ascriptions of Cause and Preventability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 450–463.Google Scholar
Markman, K. D., McMullen, M. N, and Elizaga, R. A. (2008). Counterfactual Thinking, Persistence, and Performance: A Test of the Reflection and Evaluation Model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 421–428.Google Scholar
Markman, K. D., Mizoguchi, N., and McMullen, M. N. (2008). “It Would Have Been Worse under Saddam”: Implications of Counterfactual Thinking for Beliefs Regarding the Ethical Treatment of Prisoners of War. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 650–654.Google Scholar
Martin, J. W., and Cushman, F. A. (2016a). The Adaptive Logic of Moral Luck. In Sytsma, J and Buckwalter, W (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Experimental Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell, 190–202.Google Scholar
Martin, J. W., and Cushman, F. A.(2016b). Why We Forgive What Can’t Be Controlled. Cognition, 147, 133–143.Google Scholar
Martinez, J. (2002) Flight 587’s Last Moments. New York Daily News. October 30.Google Scholar
McCloy, R., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Semifactual “Even If” Thinking. Thinking and Reasoning, 8(1), 41–67.Google Scholar
McCloy, R., and Byrne, R. M. J.(2000). Counterfactual Thinking about Controllable Events. Memory & Cognition, 28(6), 1071–1078.Google Scholar
McCormack, T., O’Connor, E., Beck, S., and Feeney, A. (2016). The Development of Regret and Relief about the Outcomes of Risky Decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 148, 1–19.Google Scholar
McCrea, S. M. (2008). Self-Handicapping, Excuse Making, and Counterfactual Thinking: Consequences for Self-Esteem and Future Motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 274–292.Google Scholar
McEleney, A., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2006). Spontaneous Causal and Counterfactual Thoughts. Thinking and Reasoning, 12, 235–255.Google Scholar
Migliore, S., Curcio, G., Mancini, F., and Cappa, S. F. (2014). Counterfactual Thinking in Moral Judgment: An Experimental Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 451.Google Scholar
Murray, D., and Lombrozo, T. (2016). Effects of Manipulation on Attributions of Causation, Free Will, and Moral Responsibility. Cognitive Science, 41(2), 447–481.Google Scholar
National Transportation Safety Board (2004). NTSB Says Pilots Excessive Rudder Pedal Inputs Led to Crash of American Flight 587. Press Release. www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NTSB_Says_Pilots_Excessive_Rudder_Pedal_Inputs_Led_to_Crash_of_American_Flight_587;_Airbus_Rudder_System_Design_Amp;_Eleme.aspx.Google Scholar
N’gbala, A., and Branscombe, N. R. (1995). Mental Simulation and Causal Attribution: When Simulating an Event Does Not Affect Fault Assignment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 139–162.Google Scholar
Parkinson, M., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2017). Counterfactual and Semifactual Thoughts in Moral Judgments about Failed Attempts to Harm. Thinking and Reasoning, 23(4), 409–448.Google Scholar
Parkinson, M., and Byrne, R. M. J.(2018). Judgments of Moral Responsibility and Wrongness for Intentional and Accidental Harm and Purity Violations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(3), 779–789.Google Scholar
Phillips, J., and Cushman, F. (2017). Morality constrains the default representation of what is possible. PNAS, 114(18), 4649–4654.Google Scholar
Phillips, J., Luguri, J. B., and Knobe, J. (2015). Unifying Morality’s Influence on Non-Moral Judgments: The Relevance of Alternative Possibilities. Cognition, 145, 30–42.Google Scholar
Pighin, S., Byrne, R. M. J., Ferrante, D., Gonzalez, M., and Girotto, V. (2011). Counterfactual Thoughts about Experienced, Observed, and Narrated Events. Thinking and Reasoning, 17(2), 197–211.Google Scholar
Rasga, C., Quelhas, A. C., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2016). Children’s Reasoning about Other’s Intentions: False-Belief and Counterfactual Conditional Inferences. Cognitive Development, 40, 46–59.Google Scholar
Rasga, C., Quelhas, A. C., and Byrne, R. M. J.(2017). How Children with Autism Reason about Other’s Intentions: False-Belief and Counterfactual Inferences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1806–1817.Google Scholar
Rim, S., and Summerville, A. (2014). How Far to the Road Not Taken? The Effect of Psychological Distance on Counterfactual Direction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(3), 391–401.Google Scholar
Roese, N. J., and Epstude, K. (2017). The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking: New Evidence, New Challenges, New Insights. In Olson, J. M. (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology: Vol. 56. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1–79.Google Scholar
Santamaría, C., Espino, O., and Byrne, R.M.J. (2005). Counterfactual and Semifactual Conditionals Prime Alternative Possibilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 31, 1149–1154.Google Scholar
Segura, S., Fernandez-Berrocal, P., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Temporal and Causal Order Effects in Thinking about What Might Have Been. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 55(4), 1295–1305.Google Scholar
Smallman, R., and McCulloch, K. C. (2012). Learning from Yesterday’s Mistakes to Fix Tomorrow’s Problems: When Functional Counterfactual Thinking and Psychological Distance Collide. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(3), 383–390.Google Scholar
Stalnaker, R. C. (1968). A Theory of Conditionals. In Rescher, N (ed.), Studies in Logical Theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tasso, A., Sarlo, M., and Lotto, L. (2017). Emotions Associated with Counterfactual Comparisons Drive Decision-Making in Footbridge-Type Moral Dilemmas. Motivation and Emotion, 41(3), 410–418.Google Scholar
Thompson, V., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2002). Reasoning Counterfactually: Making Inferences about Things That Didn’t Happen. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 28, 1154–1170.Google Scholar
Timmons, S., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2018). Moral Fatigue: The Effects of Cognitive Fatigue on Moral Reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(4), 943–954.Google Scholar
Timmons, S., Gubbins, E., Almeida, T. & Byrne, R.M.J. (2019). Imagined Alternatives to Episodic Memories of Morally Good Acts. Journal of Positive Psychology. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1689410Google Scholar
Wald, M. L (2004). Investigators Fault Co-Pilot’s Actions in Crash That Killed 265. New York Times. October 26. www.nytimes.com/2004/10/26/nyregion/investigators-fault-copilots-actions-in-crash-that-killed-265.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
van Hoeck, N., Begtas, E., Steen, J., et al. (2014). False Belief and Counterfactual Reasoning in a Social Environment. NeuroImage, 90, 315–325.Google Scholar
Walsh, C. R., and Byrne, R. M. J. (2007). How People Think “If Only …” About Reasons for Actions. Thinking and Reasoning, 13(4), 461–483.Google Scholar
Walsh, C. R., and Byrne, R. M. J.(2004). Counterfactual Thinking: The Temporal Order Effect. Memory & Cognition, 32, 369–378.Google Scholar
Young, L., and Phillips, J. (2011). The Paradox of Moral Focus. Cognition, 119(2), 166–178.Google Scholar
Young, L., and Saxe, R. (2011). When Ignorance Is No Excuse: Different Roles for Intent across Moral Domains. Cognition, 120(2), 202–214.Google Scholar
Young, L., and Tsoi, L. (2013). When Mental States Matter, When They Don’t, and What That Means for Morality. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(8), 585–604.Google Scholar

References

Abraham, A. (2016). The Imaginative Mind. Human Brain Mapping, 37(11), 4197–4211. doi:10.1002/hbm.23300.Google Scholar
Aminoff, E., Gronau, N., and Bar, M. (2007). The Parahippocampal Cortex Mediates Spatial and Nonspatial Associations. Cerebral Cortex, 17(7), 1493–1503. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl078.Google Scholar
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Kaufman, S. B., and Silvia, P. J. (2015). Default and Executive Network Coupling Supports Creative Idea Production. Scientific Reports, 5, 10964. doi:10.1038/srep10964.Google Scholar
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Silvia, P. J., and Schacter, D. L. (2016). Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(2), 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.004.Google Scholar
Binder, J. R., and Desai, R. H. (2011). The Neurobiology of Semantic Memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 527–536. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.001.Google Scholar
Binet, A. (1905). New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals. L’Année Psychologique, 12, 191–244.Google Scholar
Bogen, J. E., and Bogen, G. M. (1988). Creativity and the Corpus Callosum. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11(3), 293–301.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1960). Blind Variation and Selective Retention in Creative Thought as in Other Knowledge Processes. Psychological Review, 67(6), 380–400. doi:Doi10.1037/H0040373.Google Scholar
Carlsson, I., Wendt, P. E., and Risberg, J. (2000). On the Neurobiology of Creativity: Differences in Frontal Activity between High and Low Creative Subjects. Neuropsychologia, 38, 873–885.Google Scholar
Daselaar, S. M., Porat, Y., Huijbers, W., and Pennartz, C. M. (2010). Modality-Specific and Modality-Independent Components of the Human Imagery System. Neuroimage, 52(2), 677–685. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.239.Google Scholar
Dietrich, A. (2003). Functional Neuroanatomy of Altered States of Consciousness: The Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis. Consciousness and Cognition, 12, 231–256.Google Scholar
Dietrich, A.(2004). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Creativity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 1011–1026.Google Scholar
Emery, N. J., and Clayton, N. S. (2004). The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes. Science, 306(5703), 1903–1907. doi:10.1126/science.1098410.Google Scholar
Fernandez, H. H., and Friedman, J. H. (1999). Punding on L-dopa. Movement Disorders, 14(5), 836–838.Google Scholar
Fink, A., Benedek, M., Grabner, R. H., Staudt, B., and Neubauer, A. C. (2007). Creativity Meets Neuroscience: Experimental Tasks for the Neuroscientific Study of Creative Thinking. Methods, 42, 68–76.Google Scholar
Fink, A., Grabner, R. H., Benedek, M., and Neubauer, A. C. (2006). Divergent Thinking Training Is Related to Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Synchronization. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 2241–2246.Google Scholar
Fink, A., and Neubauer, A. C. (2006). EEG Alpha Oscillations during the Performance of Verbal Creativity Tasks: Differential Effects of Sex and Verbal Intelligence. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 62, 46–53.Google Scholar
Flaherty, A. W. (2005). Frontotemporal and Dopaminergic Control of Idea Generation and Creative Drive. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 493, 147–153.Google Scholar
Giambra, L. M. (1995). A Laboratory Method for Investigating Influences on Switching Attention to Task-Unrelated Imagery and Thought. Consciousness and Cognition, 4(1), 1–21. doi:10.1006/ccog.1995.1001.Google Scholar
Goel, V., and Vartanian, O. (2005). Dissociating the Roles of Right Ventral Lateral and Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Generation and Maintenance of Hypotheses in Set-Shift Problems. Cerebral Cortex, 15(8), 1170–1177. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh217Google Scholar
Grabner, R. H., Fink, A., and Neubauer, A. C. (2007). Brain Correlates of Self-Rated Originality of Ideas: Evidence from Event-Related Power and Phase-Locking Changes in the EEG. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 224.Google Scholar
Green, A. E., Spiegel, K. A., Giangrande, E. J., et al. (2017). Thinking Cap Plus Thinking Zap: tDCS of Frontopolar Cortex Improves Creative Analogical Reasoning and Facilitates Conscious Augmentation of State Creativity in Verb Generation. Cerebral Cortex, 27(4), 2628–2639. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw080.Google Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5(9), 444–454.Google Scholar
Haier, R. J., Jung, R. E., Yeo, R. A., Head, K., and Alkire, M. T. (2004). Structural Brain Variation and General Intelligence. Neuroimage, 23(1), 425–433. doi:10.1016/J.Neuroimage.2004.04.025.Google Scholar
Hecht, P. M., Will, M. J., Schachtman, T. R., Welby, L. M., and Beversdorf, D. Q. (2014). Beta-Adrenergic Antagonist Effects on a Novel Cognitive Flexibility Task in Rodents. Behavioral Brain Research, 260, 148–154. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.041.Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Nadeau, S. E., and Beversdorf, D. O. (2003). Creative Innovation: Possible Brain Mechanisms. Neurocase, 9(5), 369–379. doi:10.1076/neur.9.5.369.16553.Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., and Valenstein, E. (2012). Clinical Neuropsychology. 5th edition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Howard-Jones, P. A., Blakemore, S.-J., Samuel, E. A., Summers, I. R., and Claxton, G. (2005). Semantic Divergence and Creative Story Generation: An fMRI Investigation. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 240–250.Google Scholar
Jaušovec, N. (2000). Differences in Cognitive Processes between Gifted, Intelligent, Creative, and Average Individuals while Solving Complex Problems: An EEG Study. Intelligence, 28, 213–237.Google Scholar
Jones-Gotman, M., and Milner, B. (1977). Design Fluency: The Invention of Nonsense Drawings after Focal Cortical Lesions. Neuropsychologia, 15(4–5), 653–674.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., Brooks, W. M., Yeo, R. A., et al. (1999). Biochemical Markers of Intelligence: A Proton MR Spectroscopy Study of Normal Human Brain. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 266(1426), 1375–1379.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., Flores, R. A., and Hunter, D. (2016). A New Measure of Imagination Ability: Anatomical Brain Imaging Correlates. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 496. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00496.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., Gasparovic, C., Chavez, R. S., et al. (2009). Biochemical Support for the “Threshold” Theory of Creativity: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(16), 5319–5325. doi:10.1523/Jneurosci.0588–09.2009.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., and Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of Intelligence: Converging Neuroimaging Evidence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(2), 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0140525x07001185.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., Mead, B. S., Carrasco, J., and Flores, R. A. (2013). The Structure of Creative Cognition in the Human Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. doi:Artn 330 Doi 10.3389/Fnhum.2013.00330.Google Scholar
Jung, R. E., and Vartanian, O. (2018). The Cambridge Handbook of the Neuroscience of Creativity: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman, J., et al. (2004). Neural Activity When People Solve Verbal Problems with Insight. PLoS Biology, 2, e97.Google Scholar
Karama, S., Colom, R., Johnson, W., et al. (2011). Cortical Thickness Correlates of Specific Cognitive Performance Accounted for by the General Factor of Intelligence in Healthy Children Aged 6 to 18. Neuroimage, 55(4), 1443–1453. doi:10.1016/J.Neuroimage.2011.01.016.Google Scholar
Kenett, Y. N., Levy, O., Kenett, D. Y., et al. (2018). Flexibility of Thought in High Creative Individuals Represented by Percolation Analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(5), 867–872. doi:10.1073/pnas.1717362115.Google Scholar
Limb, C. J., and Braun, A. R. (2008). Neural Substrates of Spontaneous Musical Performance: An FMRI Study of Jazz Improvisation. PLoS One, 3(2), e1679. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001679.Google Scholar
Liu, S., Chow, H. M., Xu, Y., et al. (2012). Neural Correlates of Lyrical Improvisation: An FMRI Study of Freestyle Rap. Scientific Reports, 2, 834. doi:10.1038/srep00834.Google Scholar
Liu, S., Erkkinen, M. G., Healey, M. L., et al. (2015). Brain Activity and Connectivity during Poetry Composition: Toward a Multidimensional Model of the Creative Process. Human Brain Mapping. doi:10.1002/hbm.22849.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Xie, X., et al. (2018). Neural and Genetic Determinants of Creativity. Neuroimage, 174, 164–176. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.067.Google Scholar
Mak, L. E., Minuzzi, L., MacQueen, G., et al. (2017). The Default Mode Network in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Connect, 7(1), 25–33. doi:10.1089/brain.2016.0438.Google Scholar
Martindale, C. (1999). Biological Bases of Creativity. In Sternberg, R. J. (ed.), Handbook of Creativity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 137–152.Google Scholar
Martindale, C., and Greenough, J. (1973). The Differential Effect of Increased Arousal on Creative and Intellectual Performance. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123, 329–335.Google Scholar
Martindale, C., and Hasenfus, N. (1978). EEG Differences as a Function of Creativity, Stage of the Creative Process, and Effort to Be Original. Biological Psychology, 6, 157–167.Google Scholar
Mashal, N., Faust, M., Hendler, T., and Jung-Beeman, M. (2007). An fMRI Investigation of the Neural Correlates Underlying the Processing of Novel Metaphoric Expressions. Brain and Language, 100, 115–126.Google Scholar
Miller, B. L., Cummings, J., Mishkin, F., et al. (1998). Emergence of Artistic Talent in Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurology, 51, 978–982.Google Scholar
Mink, J. W. (1996). The Basal Ganglia: Focused Selection and Inhibition of Competing Motor Programs. Progress in Neurobiology, 50(4), 381–425.Google Scholar
Mölle, M., Marshall, L., Lutzenberger, W., et al. (1996). Enhanced Dynamic Complexity in the Human EEG during Creative Thinking. Neuroscience Letters, 208, 61–64.Google Scholar
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard Jr, T. J., et al. (1996). Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns. American Psychologist, 51, 77.Google Scholar
Petsche, H. (1996). Approaches to Verbal, Visual and Musical Creativity by EEG Coherence Analysis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24, 145–159.Google Scholar
Shen, W., Yuan, Y., Liu, C., et al. (2016). Is Creative Insight Task-Specific? A Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies on Insightful Problem Solving. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 110, 81–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.001.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (2003). Scientific Creativity as Constrained Stochastic Behavior: The Integration of Product, Person, and Process Perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 475–494.Google Scholar
Stein, M. I. (1953). Creativity and Culture. Journal of Psychology, 36, 311–322. doi:10.1080/00223980.1953.9712897.Google Scholar
Vartanian, O., and Skov, M. (2014). Neural Correlates of Viewing Paintings: Evidence from a Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data. Brain and Cognition, 87, 52–56. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.03.004Google Scholar
Waxman, S. G., and Geschwind, N. (1974). Hypergraphia in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neurology, 24(7), 629–636.Google Scholar
Wu, X., Yang, W., Tong, D., et al. (2015). A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies on Divergent Thinking Using Activation Likelihood Estimation. Human Brain Mapping, 36(7), 2703–2718.Google Scholar
Yamadori, A., Mori, E., Tabuchi, M., Kudo, Y., and Mitani, Y. (1986). Hypergraphia: A Right Hemisphere Syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 49(10), 1160–1164.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×