Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T09:33:01.320Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

26 - The Future of Work

from Part III - Implications for Talent Management and Impact on Employees

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2020

By
Muriel Clauson
Edited by
Brian J. Hoffman ,
Mindy K. Shoss  and
Lauren A. Wegman
Brian J. Hoffman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Mindy K. Shoss
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida
Lauren A. Wegman
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Get access

Summary

With technologies advancing at a rapid pace, research exploring the potential impact of technologies on work (see Frey & Osborne, 2013, 2017) sparked widespread interest in the topic. This chapter reviews the emerging future-of-work domain with a focus on research efforts and key trends. This includes an overview of key future-of-work concepts, a brief review of historical examples of technological job disruption concerns, an exploration of the technological forces driving current work changes, a review of studies exploring the potential for automation, and an overview of opportunities for understanding and shaping the future of work.

Keywords

technologytechnological job disruptionsautomationaugmentationexponential technologiesfuture of work
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of the Changing Nature of Work , pp. 555 - 582
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. Handbook of Labor Economics, 4, 1043–1171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2017). Robots and jobs: Evidence from US labor markets. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. Retrieved from www.sipotra.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Robots-and-Jobs-Evidence-from-US-Labor-Markets.pdfGoogle Scholar
Aghion, P., andHowitt, P. (1994). Growth and unemployment. Review of Economic Studies, 61, 477–494.Google Scholar
Arntz, M., Gregory, T. and Zierahn, U. (2016), The Risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-enGoogle Scholar
Autor, D. H. (2013). The ‘task approach’ to labor markets: An overview. Journal for Labour Market Research, 46, 185–199.Google Scholar
Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29, 3–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autor, D. H., & Handel, M. J. (2013). Putting tasks to the test: Human capital, job tasks, and wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 31, 59–96.Google Scholar
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 1279–1333.Google Scholar
Bakhshi, H., Downing, J., Osborne, M., & Schneider, P. (2017). The future of skills: employment in 2030. Retrieved from https://futureskills.pearson.com/research/assets/pdfs/technical-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bergman, M. E., & Jean, V. A. (2016). Where have all the “workers” gone? A critical analysis of the unrepresentativeness of our samples relative to the labor market in the industrial–organizational psychology literature. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 9, 84–113.Google Scholar
Bingham, A. J., Pane, J. F., Steiner, E. D., & Hamilton, L. S. (2018). Ahead of the curve: Implementation challenges in personalized learning school models. Educational Policy, 32, 454–489.Google Scholar
Bowles, J. (2014), The computerization of European jobs, Bruegel Technical Report. Retrieved from http://bruegel.org/2014/07/the-computerisation-of-european-jobs/ http://bruegel.org/2014/07/chart-of-the-week-54-of-eu-jobs-at-risk-of-computerisation/Google Scholar
Brawley, A. M. (2017). The big, gig picture: We can’t assume the same constructs matter. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 10, 687–696.Google Scholar
Bronklow, A. (2018, February). Stockton rolls out universal income experiment. Retrieved from https://sf.curbed.com/2018/2/1/16959714/stockton-universal-income-economy-familiesGoogle Scholar
Bryant, D. (2017). Protecting the future of work. The Aspen Institute. Retrieved from www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/protecting-future-work/Google Scholar
Brynjolfsson, E., and McAfee, A. (2011). Race against the machines : How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy. Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.Google Scholar
Brzeski, C. & Burk, I. (2015). Die Roboter kommen. Folgen der Automatisierung für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt [The robots come. Consequences of automation for the German labour market]. ING DiBa Economic Research. Retrieved from https://ingwb.de/media/1398074/ing-diba-economic-research-die-roboter-kommen.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017). Employment by major industry sector. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/emp/tables/employment-by-major-industry-sector.htmGoogle Scholar
Cagnin, C., Havas, A., & Saritas, O. (2013). Future-oriented technology analysis: Its potential to address disruptive transformations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80, 379–385.Google Scholar
Caputo, R. (Ed.) (2012). Basic income guarantee and politics: International experiences and perspectives on the viability of income guarantee. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Cheng, G. H. L., & Chan, D. K. S. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta‐analytic review. Applied Psychology, 57, 272–303.Google Scholar
Chernyak-Hai, L., & Rabenu, E. (2018). The new era workplace relationships: Is social exchange theory still relevant?. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 11, 456–481.Google Scholar
Chui, M., Manyika, J., & Miremadi, M. (2015, November). Four fundamentals of workplace automation. McKinsey Quarterly, 29, 1–9. Retrieved from www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/four-fundamentals-of-workplace-automationGoogle Scholar
Collins, H. M. (2018). Expert systems, artificial intelligence and the behavioral co-ordinates of skill. In The question of artificial intelligence. New York, NY: Routledge, 258–281.Google Scholar
Cooper, Y. (2018, August). Automation could destroy millions of jobs. We have to deal with it now. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/06/automation-destroy-millions-jobs-changeGoogle Scholar
Danaher, J. (2017). Will life be worth living in a world without work? Technological unemployment and the meaning of life. Science and Engineering Ethics, 23, 41–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danneels, E. (2004). Disruptive technology reconsidered: A critique and research agenda. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 246–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Fruyt, F., Wille, B., & John, O. P. (2015). Employability in the 21st century: Complex (interactive) problem solving and other essential skills. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 276–281.Google Scholar
DeCanio, S. J. (2016). Robots and humans: complements or substitutes?. Journal of Macroeconomics, 49, 280–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, M., Fischer, M., & Ott, I. (2017). Service robotics and human labor: A first technology assessment of substitution and cooperation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 87, 348–354.Google Scholar
Diamandis, P. H., & Kotler, S. (2012). Abundance: The future is better than you think. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Dimitri, C., Effland, A. B., Conklin, N. C., & Dimitri, C. (2005). The 20th century transformation of US agriculture and farm policy, 3. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.Google Scholar
Dong, Y., Simões, M. L., Marois, E., Dimopoulos, G. (2018). CRISPR/Cas9 -mediated gene knockout of Anopheles gambiae FREP1 suppresses malaria parasite infection. PLOS Pathogens, 14. Retrieved from e1006898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006898CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dychtwald, K., & Flower, J. (1989). Age wave. New York, NY: JP Tarcher.Google Scholar
Eichhorst, W. (2015). Do we have to be afraid of the future world of work?, IZA Policy Paper, No. 102, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.Google Scholar
European Society for Medical Oncology. (2018, May) Man against machine: AI is better than dermatologists at diagnosing skin cancer. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180528190839.htm.Google Scholar
Finlay, R. (1991). The treasure-ships of Zheng He: Chinese maritime imperialism in the Age of Discovery. Terrae Incognitae, 23, 1–12.Google Scholar
Frazee, G. (2018, August). Ontario is canceling its basic income experiment. Retrieved from www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/making-sense/ontario-is-canceling-its-basic- income-experimentGoogle Scholar
Fredette, J., Marom, R., Steiner, K., & Witters, L. (2012). The promise and peril of hyperconnectivity for organizations and societies. The global information technology report (pp. 113–119). World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30679485.pdf#page=139Google Scholar
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. (2013). The future of employment. How susceptible are jobs to computerization? (Working paper.) Retrieved from www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdfGoogle Scholar
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerization?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. (2018). Automation and the future of work – understanding the numbers. (Working paper.) Oxford Martin School. Retrieved from www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/opinion/view/404Google Scholar
Gillespie, P. (2017). Intuit: Gig economy is 34% of US workforce. CNN Money. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/24/news/economy/gig-economy-intuit/Google Scholar
Goodman, P. (2018, May). Free cash to fight income inequality? California city is first in US to try. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/business/stockton-basic- income.htmlGoogle Scholar
Gregory, T., Salomons, A., and Zierahn, U. (2016). Racing with or against the machine? Evidence from Europe. ZEW Discussion Paper No. 16. Retrieved from http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp16053.pdfGoogle Scholar
Grossman, D. (2017). This giant 3D printer could build you a house today. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved from www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a26252/3d-printer-build-house-mit/Google Scholar
Hagel, J., Brown, J. S., Samoylova, T., & Lui, M. (2013). From exponential technologies to exponential innovation. Deloitte Center for the Edge, San Jose, California. Retrieved from www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/es/Documents/sectorpublico/Deloitte_ES_Sector-Publico_From-exponentialtechnologies-to-exponential-innovation. pdf.Google Scholar
Ismail, S., Malone, M. S., & Van Geest, Y. (2014). Exponential organizations. Why new organizations are ten times better, faster, and cheaper than yours (and what to do about it). New York, NY: Diversion Books.Google Scholar
Jenkins, S. (2018, August). Worrying about robots stealing our jobs? How silly. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/20/robots-stealing-jobs-digital- ageGoogle Scholar
Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). The rise and nature of alternative work arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from www.nber.org/papers/w22667Google Scholar
Keim, A. C., Landis, R. S., Pierce, C. A., & Earnest, D. R. (2014). Why do employees worry about their jobs? A meta-analytic review of predictors of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 269–290.Google Scholar
Keynes, J. M. (1973). The monetary theory of production (1933). In The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (vol. 13, pp. 408–411). London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kotecki, P. (2018, August). An ambitious basic income experiment started by a major Silicon Valley tech accelerator has been delayed. Retrieved from www.businessinsider.com/basic-income-experiment-started-by-y-combinator- delayed-until-2019-2018-8Google Scholar
Kottasova, I. (2016, January). Smart robots could soon steal your job. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2016/01/15/news/economy/smart-robots-stealing-jobs- davos/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, K. M. (2016). The rise of the “Gig Economy” and implications for understanding work and workers. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9, 157–162.Google Scholar
Kurzweil, R. (2004). The law of accelerating returns. In Alan Turing: Life and legacy of a great thinker. Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer, 381–416.Google Scholar
Kurzweil, R. (2005). The singularity is near: When humans transcend biology. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Kurzweil, R. (2014). The singularity is near. In Sandler, R. L. (Ed.), Ethics and emerging technologies (pp. 393–406). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Levathes, L. (2014). When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the dragon throne, 1405–1433. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Li, X., & Zhang, T. (2017, April). An exploration on artificial intelligence application: From security, privacy and ethic perspective. In Cloud Computing and Big Data Analysis (ICCCBDA), 2017 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2nd International Conference, 416–420.Google Scholar
Lorenz, H., & Stephany, F. (2018). Back to the future: Changing job profiles in the digital age, 13. Agenda Austria Working Paper. Retrieved from www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/175270/1/1013982509.pdfGoogle Scholar
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Madgavkar, A., & Lund, S. (2017). Technology, jobs, and the future of work. McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from www.mckinsey.com/featured- insights/employment-and-growth/technology-jobs-and-the-future-of-workGoogle Scholar
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P., & Dewhurst, M. (2017, January). A future that works: Automation, employment, and productivity. Retrieved from www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-worksGoogle Scholar
Mason, P. (2016, February). Automation may mean a post-work society but we shouldn’t be afraid. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/feb/17/automation-may-mean-a-post-work-society-but-we-shouldnt-be-afraidGoogle Scholar
McAfee, A. (2013). Andrew McAfee: What will future jobs look like? [Video file]. Retrieved from www.ted.com/talks/andrew_mcafee_what_will_future_jobs_look_like/up-nextGoogle Scholar
Meikle, S. (1997). Aristotle’s economic thought. OUP Catalogue. Oxford University Press, number 9780198152255. https://ideas.repec.org/b/oxp/obooks/9780198152255.htmlGoogle Scholar
Melendez, C. (2018, August). AI: Creating a paradigm shift in how we work. Retrieved from www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/08/01/ai-creating-a-paradigm-shift- in-how-we-work/#10002b1f2d62Google Scholar
Mims, C. (2017, January). Technology versus the middle class. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com/articles/technology-vs-the-middle-class- 1485107698Google Scholar
Mitzner, T. L., Chen, T. L., Kemp, C. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2014). Identifying the potential for robotics to assist older adults in different living environments. International Journal of Social Robotics, 6, 213–227.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (1992). Technological inertia in economic history. Journal of Economic History, 52, 325–338.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., & Ziebarth, N. L. (2015). The history of technological anxiety and the future of economic growth: Is this time different? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29, 31–50.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (1965). Moore’s Law, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits.” Electronics Magazine, 38, 114–117.Google Scholar
Moore, P., & Robinson, A. (2016). The quantified self: What counts in the neoliberal workplace. New Media & Society, 18, 2774–2792.Google Scholar
Morelli, N., Illingworth, A. J., & Handler, C. (2015). Questions about IO psychology’s future. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 8, 269–276.Google Scholar
Morrison, M. (2017, April). SIOP shaken & stirred: What if work becomes optional in the future? Presented at the 32nd Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL.Google Scholar
Mrass, V.; Peters, C. & Leimeister, J. M. (2016). New work organization through crowdworking platforms – a case study. In: Zukunftsprojekt Arbeitswelt 4.0, Stuttgart, Germany.Google Scholar
Nagy, B., Farmer, J. D., Bui, Q. M., & Trancik, J. E. (2013). Statistical basis for predicting technological progress. PLOS ONE, 8, e52669. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052669Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Information technology and the US workforce: Where are we and where do we go from here? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24649Google Scholar
Neubert, J. C., Mainert, J., Kretzschmar, A., & Greiff, S. (2015). The assessment of 21st century skills in industrial and organizational psychology: Complex and collaborative problem solving. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 238–268.Google Scholar
Oliver, B. (2015). Redefining graduate employability and work-integrated learning: Proposals for effective higher education in disrupted economies. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 6, 56–65.Google Scholar
O’Neill, C. (2017). Taylorism, the European science of work, and the quantified self at work. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 42, 600–621.Google Scholar
Oppitz, M., & Tomsu, P. (2018). New paradigms and big disruptive things. In Inventing the cloud century (pp. 547–596). Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Otieno, P. S., & Govender, K. (2018). Managing airport service quality: the impact of self- service technologies. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13. Retrieved from doi:10.21511/imfi.13(3- 2).2016.11Google Scholar
Pajarinen, M. & Rouvinen, P. (2014), “Computerization threatens one third of Finnish employment. Research Institute of the Finnish Economy (ETLA) Brief, 22, 1–6. Retrieved from www.researchgate.net/profile/Mika_Pajarinen/publication/27172 4486_Computerization_Threatens_One_Third_of_Finnish_Employment/links/54d08b8f0cf298d65667070b/Computerization-Threatens-One-Third-of-Finnish-Employment.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pender, K., (2017, September). Oakland group plans to launch nation’s biggest basic-income research project. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from www.sfchronicle.com/business/networth/article/Oakland-group-plans-to-launch- nation-s-biggest-12219073.phpGoogle Scholar
Peter, L. (2018). No plans to expand Finland basic income trial. BBC News. Retrieved from www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43866700Google Scholar
Pilkington, M. (2016). Blockchain technology: principles and applications. In Olleros, F. X. & Zhegu, M. (Eds.), Research handbook on digital transformations (pp. 225–253). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Postel‐Vinay, F. (2002). The dynamics of technological unemployment. International Economic Review, 43, 737–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quendler, E., & Lamb, M. (2016). Learning as a lifelong process – meeting the challenges of the changing employability landscape: competences, skills and knowledge for sustainable development. International Journal of Continuing Engineering Education and Life Long Learning, 26, 273–293.Google Scholar
Rainie, L., & Anderson, J. (2017). The future of jobs and jobs training. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/2017/05/03/the-future-of-jobs-and-jobs-training/Google Scholar
Rampell, C. (2015). The robots aren’t threatening your job. Washington Post. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dont-fear-the-robots/2015/04/09/e7ea1316-def3-11e4-a1b2ed88bc190d2_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.7ac743eded3cGoogle Scholar
Reinsel, D., Gantz, J., & Rydning, J. (2017, April). Data age 2025: The evolution of data to life-critical. Don’t focus on big data; focus on the data that’s big. IDC, Seagate. Retrieved from https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_gl/topics/workforce/Seagate-WP-DataAge2025-March-2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Riggio, R. E., & Saggi, K. (2015). Incorporating “soft skills” into the collaborative problem-solving equation. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 281–284.Google Scholar
Rotman, D. (2013, June). How technology is destroying jobs. Technology Review, 16, 28–35. Retrieved from www.technologyreview.com/s/515926/how-technology-is-destroying-jobs/Google Scholar
Russell, S., Dewey, D., & Tegmark, M. (2015). Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence. Ai Magazine, 36, 105–114.Google Scholar
Schaller, R. R. (1997). Moore’s law: past, present and future. IEEE Spectrum, 34, 52–59.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. New York, NY: Crown Business.Google Scholar
Seagrave, K. (2012). Vending machines: An American social history. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc.Google Scholar
Sharkey, N. (2008). The ethical frontiers of robotics. Science, 322, 1800–1801.Google Scholar
Sharples, M. (2000). The design of personal mobile technologies for lifelong learning. Computers & Education, 34, 177–193.Google Scholar
Singla, R., Edgcumbe, P., Pratt, P., Nguan, C., & Rohling, R. (2017) Intra-operative ultrasound-based augmented reality guidance for laparoscopic surgery. Healthcare Technology Letters, 4, 204–209.Google Scholar
Sliter, K. A. (2015). Assessing 21st century skills: Competency modeling to the rescue. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 284–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). (2016). The new talent landscape: Recruiting difficulty and skills shortages. Retrieved from www.shrm.org/hr-today/trends-and-forecasting/research-and surveys/Documents/SHRM%20New%20Talent%20Landscape%20Recruiting%20Difficulty%20Skills.pdfGoogle Scholar
Su, R., Golubovich, J., & Robbins, S. B. (2015). Bridging science and practice: Toward a standard, evidence-based framework of 21st century skills. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 289–294.Google Scholar
Sun, J., Yan, J., & Zhang, K. Z. (2016). Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities. Financial Innovation, 2, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0040-yGoogle Scholar
Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: The end of employment and the rise of crowd-based capitalism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Theis, T. N., & Wong, H. S. P. (2017). The end of Moore’s Law: A new beginning for information technology. Computing in Science & Engineering, 19, 41–50.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. (2015). A world without work. The Atlantic, 316, 50–61.Google Scholar
Toutain, J. (2013). The economic life of the ancient world. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Townsend, A. M., DeMarie, S. M., & Hendrickson, A. R. (1998). Virtual teams: Technology and the workplace of the future. The Academy of Management Executive, 12, 17–29.Google Scholar
Vincent, J. (2018, May). Google’s AI sounds like a human on the phone, should we be worried? The Verge. Retrieved from www.theverge.com/2018/5/9/17334658/google-ai-phone-call-assistant-duplex-ethical-social-implicationsGoogle Scholar
Weiss, H. M. (2013). Working as human nature. In Ford, J. K., Hollenbeck, J. R., & Ryan, A. M. (Eds.), The nature of work: Advances in psychological theory, methods, and practice (pp. 35–47). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. M., & Rupp, D. E. (2011). Experiencing work: An essay on a person‐centric work psychology. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4, 83–97.Google Scholar
Whitehouse – Office of the President (2016). Artificial intelligence, automation, and the economy. Executive Office of the President. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse. archives. gov/sites/whitehouse. gov/files/documents/Artificial-Intelligence-Automation-Economy. PDF.Google Scholar
Williams, R. S. (2017). What’s next? The end of Moore’s law. Computing in Science & Engineering, 19, 7–13.Google Scholar
Woodbury, S. A. (2017). Universal basic income. The American middle class: An economic encyclopedia of progress and poverty [2 volumes]. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. (2016). New vision for education: Fostering social and emotional learning through technology. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_New_Vision_for_Education.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from www3.weforum.org/docs/wef_future_of_jobs_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wyman, N. (2018, June). Fear not the job-stealing robots. Forbes. Retrieved from www.forbes.com/sites/nicholaswyman/2018/06/13/fear-not-the-job-stealing- robots/#34295d595f5aGoogle Scholar
Yeginsu, C. (2018, February). If workers slack off this wristband will know. And Amazon has a patent for it. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/technology/amazon-wristband-tracking- privacy.htmlGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×