Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T14:37:42.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder

from Part IV - Prevention and Treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2020

By
Artur Galimov  and
Donald W. Black
Edited by
Steve Sussman
Steve Sussman
Affiliation:
University of Southern California
Get access

Summary

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by excessive shopping of unneeded or unwanted items that leads to distress or impairment. The classification of compulsive buying disorder remains elusive. Some researchers suggest that it should be grouped with behavioral addictions, while others have linked it to mood and to obsessive-compulsive disorders. CBD is relatively common, with prevalence rates in general population varying from 2 percent to 8 percent across different countries. Age of onset typically coincides with the age at which people first establish credit accounts and with emancipation from home. It shares similar clinical characteristics with classical addictive disorders including compulsive preoccupation, craving, loss of control and negative consequences of shopping. CBD tends to run in families and is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidity, particularly mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and other disorders of impulse control. Little is known about the neurobiological and genetic mechanisms underlying CBD, nor is there standard treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is promising, while medication studies have been disappointing. Future research on CBD should target etiologic mechanisms and both psychological and pharmacological treatments. Beyond treatment, educational (i.e., learning new coping skills, media literacy instruction) and public policy efforts, as well as parental modeling of appropriate buying behavior, could be beneficial to those with CBD.

Keywords

comorbiditycognitive-behavior therapycoping skillsmedia literacyparental modeling
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions , pp. 271 - 279
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboujaoude, E. (2014). Compulsive buying disorder: A review and update. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4021–4025. doi:10.2174/13816128113199990618CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Andrews, C. (2000). Simplicity circles and the compulsive shopper. In Benson, A. L. (Ed.), I Shop, Therefore I Am – Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self. New York: Jason Aronson, pp. 484–496.Google Scholar
Arenson, G. (1991). Born to Spend: How to Overcome Compulsive Spending. Human Services Institute.Google Scholar
Belk, R. W. (1999). Leaping luxuries and transitional consumers. In Batra, R. (Ed.), Marketing Issues in Transitional Economies. Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, A. L. (Ed.) (2000). I Shop, Therefore I Am – Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self. New York: Aronson.Google Scholar
Benson, A. L., Eisenach, D., Abrams, L. & van Stolk-Cooke, K. (2014). Stopping Overshopping: A preliminary randomized controlled trial of group therapy for compulsive buying disorder. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 9(2), 97–125. doi:10.1080/1556035X.2014.868725CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, D. W. (2001). Compulsive buying disorder. CNS Drugs, 15(1), 17–27. doi:10.2165/00023210-200115010-00003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W. (2007a). Compulsive buying disorder: A review of the evidence. CNS Spectrums, 12(2), 124–132. doi:10.1017/S1092852900020630Google Scholar
Black, D. W. (2007b). A review of compulsive buying disorder. World Psychiatry, 6(1), 14–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W., Coryell, W., Crowe, R., et al. (2015). The relationship of DSM-IV pathological gambling to compulsive buying and other possible spectrum disorders: Results from the Iowa PG family study. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 273–276. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.061CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W., Gabel, J., Hansen, J. & Schlosser, S. (2000). A double-blind comparison of fluvoxamine versus placebo in the treatment of compulsive buying disorder. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 12(4), 205–211. doi:10.1023/a:1009030425631CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W., Monahan, P. & Gabel, J. (1997). Fluvoxamine in the treatment of compulsive buying. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(4), 159–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W., Monahan, P., Schlosser, S. & Repertinger, S. (2001). Compulsive buying severity: An analysis of Compulsive Buying Scale results in 44 subjects. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(2), 123–126.Google Scholar
Black, D. W., Repertinger, S., Gaffney, G. R. & Gabel, J. (1998). Family history and psychiatric comorbidity in persons with compulsive buying: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(7), 960–963. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.7.960Google Scholar
Black, D. W., Shaw, M. & Allen, J. (2016). Five-year follow-up of people diagnosed with compulsive shopping disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68, 97–102. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, D. W., Shaw, M., McCormick, B., Bayless, J. D. & Allen, J. (2012). Neuropsychological performance, impulsivity, ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking in compulsive buying disorder. Psychiatry Research, 200(2), 581–587. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleuler, E. (1924). Textbook of Psychiatry. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Catalano, E. M. & Sonenberg, N. (1993). Consuming Passion: Help for Compulsive Shoppers. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.Google Scholar
Christenson, G. A., Faber, R. J. & Mitchell, J. E. (1994). “Compulsive buying: Descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity”: Dr. Christenson and colleagues reply. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(12), 545–546.Google Scholar
Christie, N. & Bechara, A. Neurobiology of substance addictions. In Sussman, S. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–136.Google Scholar
Comings, D. E. (1998). The molecular genetics of pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums, 3(6), 20–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devor, E. J., Magee, H. J., Dill-Devor, R. M., Gabel, J. & Black, D. W. (1999). Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) polymorphisms and compulsive buying. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88(2), 123–125. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990416)88:2<123::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-S3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dittmar, H., Long, K. & Bond, R. (2007). When a better self is only a button click away: Associations between materialistic values, emotional and identity–related buying motives, and compulsive buying tendency online. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(3), 334–361. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.3.334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dittmar, H., Long, K. & Meek, R. (2004). Buying on the internet: Gender differences in on-line and conventional buying motivations. Sex Roles, 50(5), 423–444. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000018896.35251.c7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donahue, C. B., Odlaug, B. L. & Grant, J. E. (2011). Compulsive buying treated with motivational interviewing and imaginal desensitization. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(3), 226–227.Google Scholar
Duroy, D., Gorse, P. & Lejoyeux, M. (2014). Characteristics of online compulsive buying in Parisian students. Addictive Behaviors, 39(12), 1827–1830. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, E. A. (1993). Development of a new scale for measuring compulsive buying behavior. Financial Counseling and Planning, 4(1), 67–84.Google Scholar
Faber, R. J. & O'Guinn, T. C. (1989). Classifying Compulsive Consumers: Advances in the Development of a Diagnostic Tool. ACR North American Advances.Google Scholar
Faber, R. J. & O'Guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 459-469. doi:10.1086/209315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández-Aranda, F., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Álvarez-Moya, E. M., Granero, R., Vallejo, J. & Bulik, C. M. (2006). Impulse control disorders in eating disorders: Clinical and therapeutic implications. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(6), 482–488. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.03.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Kim, H.-J., Morris, C., et al. (1998). Hoarding, compulsive buying and reasons for saving. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(7), 657–664. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00056-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, W., Price, L., Rasmussen, S., et al. (1989). Yale–Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1006–1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, J. E. (2003). Three cases of compulsive buying treated with naltrexone. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 7(3), 223–225.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E. & Kim, S. W. (2003). Comorbidity of impulse control disorders in pathological gamblers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 203–207. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00162.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Mooney, M., O'Brien, R. & Kim, S. W. (2012). Open-label pilot study of memantine in the treatment of compulsive buying. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 24(2), 119–126.Google ScholarPubMed
Hague, B., Hall, J. & Kellett, S. (2016). Treatments for compulsive buying: A systematic review of the quality, effectiveness and progression of the outcome evidence. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 379–394. doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holden, C. (2001). ‘Behavioral’ addictions: Do they exist? Science, 294(5544), 980–982. doi:10.1126/science.294.5544.980CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollander, E. (1993). Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Kim, S. W. (1998). Opioid antagonists in the treatment of impulse-control disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(4), 159–164.Google ScholarPubMed
Knutson, B., Rick, S., Wimmer, G. E., Prelec, D. & Loewenstein, G. (2007). Neural predictors of purchases. Neuron, 53(1), 147–156. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.010Google Scholar
Koran, L. (2005). Escitalopram treatment evaluated in patients with compulsive shopping disorder. Primary Psychiatry, 12(12), 13.Google Scholar
Koran, L. M., Aboujaoude, E. N., Solvason, B., Gamel, N. N. & Smith, E. H. (2007). Escitalopram for compulsive buying disorder: A double-blind discontinuation study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(2), 225–227. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000264975.79367.f4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koran, L. M., Bullock, K. D., Hartston, H. J., Elliott, M. A. & D'Andrea, V. (2002). Citalopram treatment of compulsive shopping: An open-label study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(8), 704–708. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0808CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koran, L. M., Chuong, H. W., Bullock, K. D. & Smith, S. C. (2003). Citalopram for compulsive shopping disorder: An open-label study followed by double-blind discontinuation. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(7), 793–798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D. & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806–1812. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1806CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1915). Psychiatrie; ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Aerzte. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Krueger, D. W. (1988). On compulsive shopping and spending: A psychodynamic inquiry. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 42(4), 574–584. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1988.42.4.574Google Scholar
Krych, R. (1989). Abnormal Consumer Behavior: a Model of Addictive Behaviors. ACR North American Advances.Google Scholar
Kukar-Kinney, M., Ridgway, N. M. & Monroe, K. B. (2009). The relationship between consumers’ tendencies to buy compulsively and their motivations to shop and buy on the internet. Journal of Retailing, 85(3), 298–307. doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2009.05.002Google Scholar
Kuzma, J. M. & Black, D. W. (2006). Compulsive shopping. Current Psychiatry, 5(7), 26.Google Scholar
Lawrence, L. (1990). The psychodynamics of the compulsive female shopper. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 50(1), 67–70. doi:10.1007/bf01253458CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, S. & Mysyk, A. (2004). The medicalization of compulsive buying. Social Science & Medicine, 58(9), 1709–1718. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00340-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leite, P., Rangé, B., Kukar-Kiney, M., et al. (2013). Cross-cultural adaptation, validation and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35(1), 38–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lejoyeux, M. & Weinstein, A. (2010). Compulsive buying. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 248–253. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.493590CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lejoyeux, M., Ades, J., Tassain, V. & Solomon, J. (1996). Phenomenology and psychopathology of uncontrolled buying. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(12), 1524.Google Scholar
Lejoyeux, M., Avril, M., Richoux, C., Embouazza, H. & Nivoli, F. (2008). Prevalence of exercise dependence and other behavioral addictions among clients of a Parisian fitness room. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(4), 353–358. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.005Google Scholar
Lejoyeux, M., Bailly, F., Moula, H., Loi, S. & Adès, J. (2005). Study of compulsive buying in patients presenting obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46(2), 105–110. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.027Google Scholar
Lejoyeux, M., Kerner, L., Thauvin, I. & Loi, S. (2006). Study of impulse control disorders among women presenting nicotine dependence. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 10(4), 241–246. doi:10.1080/13651500600650000CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lejoyeux, M., Mathieu, K., Embouazza, H., Huet, F. & Lequen, V. (2007). Prevalence of compulsive buying among customers of a Parisian general store. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(1), 42–46. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.05.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lejoyeux, M., Tassain, V., Solomon, J. & Adès, J. (1997). Study of compulsive buying in depressed patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(4), 169–173. doi:10.4088/JCP.v58n0406Google Scholar
Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D. & Demetrovics, Z. (2016). The prevalence of compulsive buying: A meta-analysis. Addiction, 111(3), 408–419. doi:10.1111/add.13223CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazhari, S. (2012). Association between problematic internet use and impulse control disorders among Iranian university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(5), 270–273. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0548Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E. Jr., Pope, H. G. Jr., Smith, J. M. & Strakowski, S. M. (1994). Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases. J ournal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55(6), 242–248.Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E. & Phillips, K. A. (1995). Kleptomania, compulsive buying, and binge-eating disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56 (Supplement 4), 14–26; discussion 27.Google ScholarPubMed
McElroy, S. L., Satlin, A., Pope, H. G., Keck, P. E. & Hudson, J. I. (1991). Treatment of compulsive shopping with antidepressants: A report of three cases. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(3), 199–204. doi:10.3109/10401239109147991Google Scholar
Mellan, O. & Benson, A. L. (2000). Overcoming overspending in couples. In Benson, A. L. (Ed.), I Shop, Therefore I Am – Compulsive Buying and the Search for Self. New York: Aronson, pp. 341–366.Google Scholar
Miltenberger, R. G., Redlin, J., Crosby, R., et al. (2003). Direct and retrospective assessment of factors contributing to compulsive buying. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(1), 1–9. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(03)00002-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, J. E., Burgard, M., Faber, R., Crosby, R. D. & de Zwaan, M. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(12), 1859–1865. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monahan, P., Black, D. W. & Gabel, J. (1996). Reliability and validity of a scale to measure change in persons with compulsive buying. Psychiatry Research, 64(1), 59–67. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(96)02908-3Google Scholar
Mueller, A., Mitchell, J. E., Black, D. W., et al. (2010a). Latent profile analysis and comorbidity in a sample of individuals with compulsive buying disorder. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 348–353. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, A., Mitchell, J. E., Crosby, R. D., et al. (2010b). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying in Germany and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 180(2), 137–142. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.001Google Scholar
Mueller, A., Mueller, U., Silbermann, A., et al. (2008). A randomized, controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy for compulsive buying disorder: Posttreatment and 6-month follow-up results. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(7), 1131–1138. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0713CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, A., Arikian, A., Zwaan, M. & Mitchell, J. E. (2013). Cognitive–behavioural group therapy versus guided self-help for compulsive buying disorder: A preliminary study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20(1), 28–35. doi:10.1002/cpp.773Google Scholar
Müller, A., Mitchell, J. E., Crosby, R. D., et al. (2012). Mood states preceding and following compulsive buying episodes: an ecological momentary assessment study. Psychiatry Research, 200(2), 575–580. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, A., Mitchell, J. E. & de Zwaan, M. (2015). Compulsive buying. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(2), 132–137. doi:doi:10.1111/ajad.12111Google Scholar
Neuner, M., Raab, G. & Reisch, L. A. (2005). Compulsive buying in maturing consumer societies: An empirical re-inquiry. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(4), 509–522. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2004.08.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ninan, P. T., McElroy, S. L., Kane, C. P., et al. (2000). Placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in the treatment of patients with compulsive buying. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20(3), 362–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Guinn, T. C. & Faber, R. J. (1989). Compulsive buying: A phenomenological exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 147–157. doi:10.1086/209204Google Scholar
Otero-López, J. M. & Villardefrancos, E. (2014). Prevalence, sociodemographic factors, psychological distress, and coping strategies related to compulsive buying: a cross sectional study in Galicia, Spain. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 101. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raab, G., Elger, C. E., Neuner, M. & Weber, B. (2011). A neurological study of compulsive buying behaviour. Journal of Consumer Policy, 34(4), 401. doi:10.1007/s10603-011-9168-3Google Scholar
Ridgway, N. M., Kukar-Kinney, M. & Monroe, K. B. (2008). An expanded conceptualization and a new measure of compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(4), 622–639. doi:10.1086/591108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts James, A. & Jones, E. L. I. (2005). Money attitudes, credit card use, and compulsive buying among American college students. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35(2), 213–240. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00111.xGoogle Scholar
Sansone, R. A., Chang, J., Jewell, B. & Sellbom, M. (2012). Compulsive buying: Associations with self-reported alcohol and drug problems. The American Journal on Addictions, 21(2), 178–179. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00211.xGoogle Scholar
Scherhorn, G., Reisch, L. A. & Raab, G. (1990). Addictive buying in West Germany: An empirical study. Journal of Consumer Policy, 13(4), 355–387. doi:10.1007/bf00412336Google Scholar
Schlosser, S., Black, D. W., Repertinger, S. & Freet, D. (1994). Compulsive buying: Demography, phenomenology, and comorbidity in 46 subjects. General Hospital Psychiatry, 16(3), 205–212.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. & Jacobs, G. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. (2017). Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Concepts, Causes, and Cures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sussman, S. & Sussman, A. N. (2011). Considering the definition of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4025–4038.Google Scholar
Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., Burton, D., Stacy, A. W. & Flay, B. R. (1995). Developing School-Based Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation Programs. Sage Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
Tommasi, M. & Busonera, A. (2012). Validation of three compulsive buying scales on an Italian sample. Psychological Reports, 111(3), 831–844. doi:10.2466/03.15.20.pr0.111.6.831-844Google Scholar
Torres, A. R., Fontenelle, L. F., Ferrão, Y. A., et al. (2012). Clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder with hoarding symptoms: A multicenter study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(6), 724–732. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.005Google Scholar
Vaccaro, A. G. & Potenza, M. N. (2020). Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions. In Sussman, S. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–152.Google Scholar
Valence, G., d'Astous, A. & Fortier, L. (1988). Compulsive buying: Concept and measurement. Journal of Consumer Policy, 11(4), 419–433. doi:10.1007/bf00411854Google Scholar
Weinstein, A., Mezig, H., Mizrachi, S. & Lejoyeux, M. (2015). A study investigating the association between compulsive buying with measures of anxiety and obsessive–compulsive behavior among internet shoppers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 46–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.003Google Scholar
Wesson, C. (1990). Women Who Shop Too Much: Overcoming the Urge to Splurge. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Winestine, M. C. (1985). Compulsive shopping as a derivative of a childhood deduction. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 54(1), 70–72. doi:10.1080/21674086.1985.11927095Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×