Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:27:31.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders

from Part I - Concepts of Addiction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2020

By
David P. Jarmolowicz  and
Tadd D. Schneider
Edited by
Steve Sussman
Steve Sussman
Affiliation:
University of Southern California
Get access

Summary

Addictive disorders effect millions of people and have an economic impact that continues to grow each year. Although research is making headway in dealing with addictive substances and behavioral disorders, finding underlying mechanisms that span across disorders is less common. Behavioral economics is one continually developing and refining tool researchers have been using as a means to understand addictions. The first, and most researched area of behavioral economics is delay discounting (DD), which is the subjective devaluation of a reward as a function of the time to receiving it. Researchers use DD to evaluate choice and how that underlies addictive disorders and decision making; yet, they still debate whether discounting rates are stable or change over time. Probability discounting (PD) is another piece of the behavioral economics puzzle. Commonly used in gambling disorder research, PD evaluates behavioral decision making involving the chance of receiving the reinforcer, as opposed to the time delay to receiving it. The final major piece of behavioral economics is demand. This area looks at the amount of effort or resources an organism is willing to expend to access a reinforcer. In this chapter each of these areas will be further explored and understood through the lens of behavioral economics as a whole.

Keywords

behavioral economicsdelay and probability discountingdemandaddiction
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions , pp. 12 - 22
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abela, A. R. & Chudasama, Y. (2013). Dissociable contributions of the ventral hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex to decision-making with a delayed or uncertain outcome. European Journal of Neuroscience, 37, 640–647.Google Scholar
Acuff, S. F. & Murphy, J. G. (2017). Further examination of the temporal stability of alcohol demand. Behavioural Processes, 141, 33–41.Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1981). Preference reversal and delayed reinforcement. Animal Learning and Behavior, 9(4), 476–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashare, R. L. & Hawk, L. W. Jr. (2012). Effects of smoking abstinence on impulsive behavior among smokers high and low in ADHD-like symptoms. Psychopharmacology, 219(2), 537–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Audrain-McGovern, J., Rodriguez, D., Epstein, L. H., et al. (2009). Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 103(3), 99–106. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickel, W. K. & Madden, G. J. (1999a). The behavioral economics of smoking. In Chaloupka, F. J., Grossman, M., Bickel, W. K. & Saffer, H. (Eds.), The Economic Analysis of Substance Use and Abuse: An Integration of Econometric and Behavioral Economic Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 31–61.Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K. & Madden, G. J. (1999b). A comparison of measures of relative reinforcing efficacy and behavioral economics: Cigarettes and money in smokers. Behavioural Pharmacology, 10(6-7), 627–637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickel, W. K. & Madden, G. J. (1999c). Similar consumption and responding across single and multiple sources of drug. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72(3), 299–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickel, W. K. & Marsch, L. A. (2001). Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes. Addiction, 96(1), 73–86. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.xGoogle Scholar
Bickel, W. K. & Vuchinich, R. E. (2000). Reframing Health Behavior Change with Behavioral Economics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K. & Yi, R. (2008). Temporal discounting as a measure of executive function: Insights from the competing neuro-behavioral decision system hypothesis of addiction. In Houser, D. & McCabe, K. (Eds.), Neuroeconomics: Advances in Health Services Research (Volume 20). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 289–309.Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., MacKillop, J., et al. (2012a). The behavioral economics of reinforcement pathologies. In Shaffer, H. J. (Ed.), Addiction Syndrome Handbook. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., et al. (2012b). Altruism in time: Social temporal discounting differentiates smokers from problem drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 224(1), 109–120. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2745-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T. & Gatchalian, K. M. (2011a). The behavioral economics and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: Implications for etiology and treatment of addiction. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(5), 406–415. doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0215-1Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Gatchalian, K. M. & McClure, S. M. (2012c). Are executive function and impulsivity antipodes? A conceptual reconstruction with special reference to addiction. Psychopharmacology, 221(3), 361–387.Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N. & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012d). Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 134(3), 287–297. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Miller, M. L., Yi, R., et al. (2007). Behavioral and neuroeconomics of drug addiction: Competing neural systems and temporal discounting processes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90S, S85–S91. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L. & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 447–454. doi:10.1007/PL00005490Google Scholar
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P. & Gatchalian, K. M. (2008). Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: Is discounting a measure of impulsivity? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(3), 256–262. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Landes, R. D., Hill, P. F. & Baxter, C. (2011b). Remember the future: Working memory training decreases delay discounting among stimulant addicts. Biological Psychiatry, 69(3), 260–265. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjork, J. M., Hommer, D. W., Grant, S. J. & Danube, C. (2004). Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: Relation to control subjects and type 1-/type 2 like traits. Alcohol, 34(2–3), 133–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, A. C. & Rosen, M. I. (2011). A money management-based substance use treatment increases valuation of future rewards. Addictive Behaviors, 36(1–2), 125–128. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.014Google Scholar
Bruce, J. M., Bruce, A. S., Catley, D., et al. (2016). Being kind to your future self: Probability discounting of health decision-making. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, J. M., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Lynch, S., et al. (2018). How patients with multiple sclerosis weigh treatment risks and benefits. Health Psychology, 37, 680–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E. & Brady, K. T. (2003). Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(1), 18–25.Google Scholar
Cowan, J. A. & Devine, C. M. (2012). Process evaluation of an environmental and educational nutrition intervention in residential drug-treatment facilities. Public Health Nutrition, 15, 1159–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, J. A. & Devine, C. M. (2013). Diet and body composition outcomes of an environmental and educational intervention among men in treatment for substance addiction. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 45, 154–158.Google Scholar
Dallery, J. & Raiff, B. R. (2007). Delay discounting predicts cigarette smoking in a laboratory model of abstinence reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 190, 485–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dembo, R., Belenko, S., Childs, K. & Wareham, J. (2009). Drug use and sexually transmitted diseases among female and male arrested youths. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 129–141.Google Scholar
Dixon, M. R., Marley, J. & Jacobs, E. A. (2003). Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(4), 449–458.Google Scholar
Du, W., Green, L. & Myerson, J. (2002). Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards. The Psychological Record, 52, 479–492.Google Scholar
Epstein, L. H., Salvy, S. J., Carr, K. A., Dearing, K. K. & Bickel, W. K. (2010). Food reinforcement, delay discounting and obesity. Physiology and Behavior, 100(5), 438–445. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.029Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B. G. & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: Their position in a dimensional system of personality description. Psychological Reports, 43, 1247–1255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Few, L. R., Acker, J., Murphy, J. G. & MacKillop, J. (2012). Temporal stability of a cigarette purchase task. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 14, 761–765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franck, C. T., Koffarnus, M. N., House, L. L. & Bickel, W. K. (2015). Accurate characterization of delay discounting: A multiple model approach using approximate Bayesian model selection and a unified discounting measure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 103, 218–233.Google Scholar
Grace, R. C., Kivell, B. M. & Laugesen, M. (2015). Assessing the temporal stability of a cigarette purchase task after an excise tax increase for factory-made and roll-your-own smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 17, 1393–1396.Google Scholar
Green, L. & Estle, S. J. (2003). Preference reversals with food and water reinforcers in rats. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 79(2), 233–242. doi:10.1901/jeab.2003.79-233Google Scholar
Green, L. & Myerson, J. (2004). A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 769–792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, L. & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, L., Fisher, E. B., Perlow, S. & Sherman, L. (1981). Preference reversal and self-control: Choice as a function of reward amount and delay. Behaviour Analysis Letters, 1(1), 43–51.Google Scholar
Green, L., Myerson, J., Oliveira, L. & Chang, S. E. (2014). Discounting of delayed and probabilistic losses over a wide range of amounts. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 101, 186–200.Google Scholar
Green, R. & Ray, L. A. (2018). Effects of varenicline on subjective craving and relative reinforcing value of cigarettes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 188, 53–59.Google Scholar
Greenwald, M. K. & Hursh, S. R. (2006). Behavioral economic analysis of opioid consumption in heroin-dependent individuals: Effects of unit price and pre-session drug supply. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85(1), 35–48. doi:Doi 10.1016/J.Drugalcdep.2006.03.007Google Scholar
Hariri, A. (2009). The neurobiology of individual differences in complex behavioral traits. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 225–247.Google Scholar
Hariri, A. R., Brown, S. M., Williamson, D. E., et al. (2006). Preference for immediate over delayed rewards is associated with magnitude of ventral striatal activity. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(51), 13213–13217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heil, S. H., Johnson, M. W., Higgins, S. T. & Bickel, W. K. (2006). Delay discounting in currently using and currently abstinent cocaine-dependent outpatients and non-drug-using matched controls. Addictive Behaviors, 31(7), 1290–1294.Google Scholar
Holt, D. D., Green, L. & Myerson, J. (2003). Is discounting impulsive? Evidence from temporal and probability discounting in gambling and non-gambling college students. Behavioural Processes, 64(3), 355–367. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00141-4Google Scholar
Holtyn, A. F., DeFulio, A. & Silverman, K. (2015). Academic skills of chronically unemployed drug-addicted adults. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 42, 67–74.Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1980). Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34(2), 219–238.Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1984). Behavioral economics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 42(3), 435–452.Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1991). Behavioral economics of drug self-administration and drug abuse policy. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 56(2), 377–393. doi:10.1901/jeab.1991.56-377Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. & Silberberg, A. (2008). Economic demand and essential value. Psychological Review, 115(1), 186–198. doi:2008-00265-008 [pii] 10.1037/0033-295X.115.1.186Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R., Raslear, T. G., Shurtleff, D., Bauman, R. & Simmons, L. (1988). A cost-benefit analysis of demand for food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 50(3), 419–440. doi:10.1901/jeab.1988.50-419Google Scholar
Jacobs, E. A. & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Modeling drug consumption in the clinic via simulation procedures: Demand for heroin and cigarettes in opioid-dependent outpatients. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7(4), 412–426.Google Scholar
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Bruce, A. S., Glusman, M., et al. (2017). On how patients with multiple sclerosis weigh side effect severity and treatment efficacy when making treatment decisions. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, 479–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Lemley, S. M., Mateos, A. & Sofis, M. J. (2016a). A multiple-stimulus-without-replacement assessment for sexual partners: Purchase task validation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(3), 723–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., et al. (2013). Executive dysfunction in addiction. In MacKillop, J. & de Wit, H. (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Reed, D. D., Bruce, A. S., et al. (2016b). Using EP50 to forecast treatment adherence in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Behavioural Processes, 132, 94–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Reed, D. D., Bruce, A. S., et al. (2018). Modeling effects of side-effect probability, side effect severity, and medication efficacy on patients with multiple sclerosis medication choice. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(6), 599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Reed, D. D., DiGennaro Reed, F. D. & Bickel, W. K. (2016c). The behaviroal and neuroeconomics of reinforcer pathologies: Implications for manigerial and health decision making. Managerial and Decision Economics, 37, 274–293. doi:10.1002/mde.2716Google Scholar
Jo, S., Kim, K. U., Lee, D. & Jung, M. W. (2013). Effect of orbitofrontal cortex lesions on temporal discounting in rats. Behavioural Brain Research, 245, 22–28. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.014Google Scholar
Johnson, M. W. & Bickel, W. K. (2003). The behavioral economics of cigarette smoking: The concurrent presence of a substitute and an independent reinforcer. Behavioral Pharmacology, 14(2), 137–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. W. & Bickel, W. K. (2006). Replacing relative reinforcing efficacy with behavioral economic demand curves. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 85(1), 73–93.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. W., Bickel, W. K., Baker, F., et al. (2010). Delay discounting in current and former marijuana-dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(1), 99–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. L., Esber, G. R., McDannald, M. A., et al. (2012). Orbitofrontal cortex supports behavior and learning using inferred but not cached values. Science, 338(6109), 953-956. doi:10.1126/science.1227489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalivas, P. W. & Volkow, N. D. (2005). The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1403–1413.Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. (2009). One-year temporal stability of delay-discount rates. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16(3), 457–462. doi: 10.3758/Pbr.16.3.457Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N. & Marakovic, N. N. (1996). Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: rates decrease as amounts increase. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 33, 100–104.Google Scholar
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M. & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(1), 78–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koffarnus, M. N. & Bickel, W. K. (2014). A 5-trial adjusting delay discounting task: Accurate discount rates in less than one minute. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 22, 222–228.Google Scholar
Koffarnus, M. N., Franck, C. T., Stein, J. S. & Bickel, W. K. (2015). A modified exponential behavioral economic demand model to better describe consumption data. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23, 504–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koffarnus, M. N., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T. & Bickel, W. K. (2013). Changing discounting in light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 99(1), 32–57.Google Scholar
Kringelbach, M. L. (2005). The orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 691–702.Google Scholar
Lin, X., Zhou, H., Dong, G. & Du, X. (2015). Impaired risk evaluation in people with Internet gaming disorder: fMRI evidence from a probability discounting task. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 56, 142–148.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. F. (1988). Frames of the mind in intertemporal choice. Management Science, 34(2), 200–214.Google Scholar
MacKillop, J. & Murphy, J. G. (2007). A behavioral economic measure of demand for alcohol predicts brief intervention outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(2–3), 227–233.Google Scholar
MacKillop, J. & Tidey, J. W. (2011). Cigarette demand and delayed reward discounting in nicotine-dependent individuals with schizophrenia and controls: An initial study. Psychopharmacology, 216(1), 91–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Acker, J., et al. (2014). The neuroeconomics of alcohol demand: An initial investigation of the neural correlates of alcohol cost-benefit decision making in heavy drinking men. Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.47Google Scholar
MacKillop, J., Few, L. R., Murphy, J. G., et al. (2012). High-resolution behaviroal economic analysis of cigarette demand to inform tax policy. Addiction, 107(12), 2191–2200.Google Scholar
MacKillop, J., Murphy, C. M., Martin, R. A., et al. (2016). Predictive validity of a cigarette purchase task in a randomized controlled trial of contingent vouchers for smoking in individuals with substance use disorders. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 18, 531–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKillop, J., Murphy, J. G., Ray, L. A., et al. (2008). Further validation of a cigarette purchase task for assessing the relative reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in college smokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(1), 57–65. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.1.57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKillop, J., Murphy, J. G., Tidey, J. W., et al. (2009). Latent structure of facets of alcohol reinforcement from a behavioral economic demand curve. Psychopharmacology, 203(1), 33–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKillop, J., O'Hagen, S., Lisman, S. A., et al. (2010). Behavioral economic analysis of cue-elicited craving for alcohol. Addiction, 105(9), 1599–1607. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03004.xGoogle Scholar
Madden, G. J. & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Abstinence and price effects on demand for cigarettes: A behavioral-economic analysis. Addiction, 94(4), 577–588.Google Scholar
Madden, G. J. & Bickel, W. K. (2009). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Madden, G. J. & Kalman, D. (2010). Effects of bupropion on simulated demand for cigarettes and the subjective effects of smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 12, 416–422.Google Scholar
Madden, G. J., Bickel, W. K. & Jacobs, E. A. (2000). Three predictions of the economic concept of unit price in a choice context. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 73(1), 45–64.Google Scholar
Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J. & Bickel, W. K. (1997). Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5(3), 256–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M. & Johnson, P. S. (2009). Pathological gamblers discount probabilistic rewards less steeply than matched controls. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17(5), 283–290. doi:10.1037/a0016806CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manuck, S. B., Flory, J. D., Muldoon, M. F. & Ferrell, R. E. (2003). A neurobiology of intertemporal choice. In Loewenstein, G., Read, D. & Baumeister, R. (Eds.), Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 139–172.Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A. & Rachlin, H. (Eds.), Quantitative Analysis of Behavior (Volume 5). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 55–73.Google Scholar
McKerchar, T. L., Green, L., Myerson, J., et al. (2009). A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans. Behavioural Processes, 81(2), 256–259. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.12.017Google Scholar
McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Cacciola, J., et al. (1985). New data from the Addiction Severity Index: Reliability and validity in three centers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 173(7), 412–423.Google Scholar
Miedl, S. F., Peters, J. & Buchel, C. (2012a). Altered neural reward representations in pathological gamblers revealed by delay and probability discounting. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(2), 177–186.Google Scholar
Miedl, S. F., Peters, J. & Buchel, C. (2012b). Altered neural reward representations in pathological gamblers revealed by delay and probability discounting. JAMA Psychiatry, 69, 177–186.Google Scholar
Monterosso, J. & Ainslie, G. (2007). The behavioral economics of will in recovery from addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90 (Supplement 1), S100–111. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.004Google Scholar
Morrison, K. L., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L., Friedel, J. E. & Twohig, M. P. (2014). Altering impulsive decision making with an acceptance-based procedure. Behavior Therapy, 45, 630–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, C. M., MacKillop, J., Martin, R. A., et al. (2017). Effects of varenicline versus transdermal nicotine replacement therapy on cigarette demand on quit day in individuals with substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology, 234, 2443–2452.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. G. & MacKillop, J. (2006). Relative reinforcing efficacy of alcohol among college student drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14(2), 219–227. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.219Google Scholar
Myerson, J. & Green, L. (1995). Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 64(3), 263–276.Google Scholar
Myerson, J., Green, L. & Warusawitharana, M. (2001). Area under the curve as a measure of discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 76(2), 235–243. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235Google Scholar
NIDA. (2017). Overdose death rates. Retrieved from www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-ratesGoogle Scholar
O'Doherty, J. P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 769–776.Google Scholar
Odum, A. L. (2011). Delay discounting: Trait variable? Behavioral Processes, 87, 1–9.Google Scholar
Odum, A. L. & Baumann, A. A. (2007). Cigarette smokers show steeper discounting of both food and cigarettes than money. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 91(2–3), 293–296.Google Scholar
Peters, J. & Buchel, C. (2009). Overlapping and distinct neural systems code for subjective value during intertemporal and risky decision making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 15727–15734.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. (2001a). Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacology, 154(3), 243–250.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. (2001b). Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 482–487.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M. & Casarella, R. (1999). Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 56(1), 25–32.Google Scholar
Porrino, L. J. & Lyons, D. (2000). Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and psychostimulant abuse: studies in animal models. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 326–333.Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (2006). Notes on discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 85(3), 425–435. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2006.85-05Google Scholar
Rachlin, H., Raineri, A. & Cross, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55(2), 233–244. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1991.55-233Google Scholar
Reed, D. D., Kaplan, B. A., Becirevic, A., Roma, P. G. & Hursh, S. R. (2016). Toward quantifying the abuse liability of ultraviolet tanning: A behavioral economic approach to tanning addiction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 106, 93–106.Google Scholar
Reed, D. D., Naudé, G. P. Gelino, B. W. & Amlung, M. (2020). Behavioral economic considerations of novel addictions and nonaddictive behavior: Research and analytic methods. In Sussman, S. (Ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–86.Google Scholar
Reynolds, B., Richards, J. B., Horn, K. & Karraker, K. (2004). Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults. Behavioral Processes, 30(65), 35–42. doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(03)00109-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, B., Richards, J. B. & de Witt, H. (2006). Acute-alcohol effects on the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT) and a question-based measure of delay discounting. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 83(2), 194–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Mitchell, S. H. & de Wit, H. (1999). Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71(2), 121–143.Google Scholar
Ritschel, F., King, J. A., Geisler, D., et al. (2015). Temporal delay discounting in acutely ill and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychological Medicine, 45(6), 1229–1239.Google Scholar
Romer, D. (2010). Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 263–276.Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. (1937). A note on measurement of utility. The Review of Economic Studies, 4, 155–161.Google Scholar
Schoenbaum, G. & Esber, G. R. (2010). How do you (estimate you will) like them apples? Integration as a defining trait of orbitofrontal function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20(2), 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.009Google Scholar
Shahan, T. A., Bickel, W. K., Badger, G. J. & Giordano, L. A. (2001). Sensitivity of nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarette consumption to alternative non-drug reinforcement: A behavioral economic analysis. Behavioral Pharmacology, 12(4), 277–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahan, T. A., Bickel, W. K., Madden, G. J. & Badger, G. J. (1999). Comparing the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes: A behavioral economics analysis. Psychopharmacology, 147(2), 210–216.Google Scholar
Shahan, T. A., Odum, A. L. & Bickel, W. K. (2000). Nicotine gum as a substitute for cigarettes: A behavioral economics analysis. Behavioral Pharmacology, 11(1), 71–76.Google Scholar
Sheffer, C. E., Christensen, D. R., Landes, R. D., et al. (2014). Delay discountin rates: A strong prognastic indicator of smoking relapse. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1682–1689.Google Scholar
Sheffer, C. E., MacKillop, J., McGeary, J., et al. (2012). Delay discounting, locus of control, and cognitive impulsiveness independently predict tobacco dependence treatment outcomes in a highly dependent, lower socioeconomic group of smokers. American Journal on Addictions, 21(3), 221–232.Google Scholar
Sofis, M. J., Carrillo, A. & Jarmolowicz, D. P. (2016). Maintained physical activity induced changes in delay discounting. Behavioral Modification. doi:10.1177/0145445516685047Google Scholar
Sobell, L. C., Ellingstad, T. P. & Sobell, M. B. (2000). Natural recovery from alcohol and drug problems: Methodological review of the research with suggestions for future directions. Addiction, 95(5), 749–764.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T. (2006). Time-estimation error following Weber–Fechner law may explain subadditive time-discounting. Medical Hypotheses, pp. 1372–1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, T., Furukawa, A., Miyakawa, T., Maesato, H. & Higuchi, S. (2007). Two-month stability of hyperbolic discount rates for delayed monetary gains in abstinent inpatient alcoholics. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 28(2), 131–136.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Takahashi, H., Nishinaka, H., Makino, T. & Fukui, H. (2014). Neuroeconomics of psychopathy: Risk taking in probability discounting of gain and loss predicts psychopathy. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 35, 510–517.Google ScholarPubMed
Volkow, N. D. & Fowler, J. S. (2000). Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: Involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 10(3), 318–325. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.318Google Scholar
Washio, Y., Higgins, S. T., Heil, S. H., et al. (2011). Delay discounting is associated with treatment response among cocaine-dependent outpatients. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1037/a0023617Google Scholar
Watson, D. S. & Holman, M. A. (1977). Price Theory and Its Uses (4th edition.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Yi, R., Chase, W. D. & Bickel, W. K. (2007). Probability discounting among cigarette smokers and nonsmokers: Molecular analysis discerns group differences. Behavioural Pharmacology, 18(7), 633–639. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e3282effbd3 [doi]:00008877-200711000-00006 [pii]Google Scholar
Yi, R., Matusiewicz, A. K. & Tyson, A. (2016). Delay discounting and preference reversals by cigarette smokers. The Psychological Record, 66, 235–242.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×