Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T01:20:28.158Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - Adolescence and Puberty

Understanding the Emergence of Psychopathology

from Part IV - Developmental Psychopathology and Longitudinal Methods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2020

By
Sarah D. Lynne ,
Allison S. Metz  and
Julia A. Graber
Edited by
Aidan G. C. Wright  and
Michael N. Hallquist
Aidan G. C. Wright
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Michael N. Hallquist
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University
Get access

Summary

This chapter takes an ecological approach to understanding the emergence of psychopathology in adolescence with a focus on the role of puberty. It reviews the state of knowledge regarding measurement of puberty, links between puberty and psychopathology, and possible underlying mechanisms including neurodevelopmental pathways as well as social and environmental influences. Disparities by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, and sexual/gender identity are also discussed. It concludes by reviewing the knowledge and methods of four promising areas of future research in developmental psychopathology during adolescence. First is the biological basis of mental and behavioral health with a focus on the interplay between pubertal hormones and brain development. Second is translation of links between pubertal development, and behavioral and psychological health to the pediatric setting. Third is the role of technological advances in facilitating research and shaping the adolescent experience. Finally, research on laws and policies that have implications for adolescent mental and behavioral health are discussed, including changing drug laws and policies related to marriage equality. Throughout the chapter, the focus is on providing practical recommendations for researchers. The ecological perspective provides a multilevel framework for understanding the development and prevention of psychopathology as well as the reduction of disparities for vulnerable populations.

Keywords

adolescencepubertypubertal measurementhormonesneurodevelopmentmental healthbehavioral healthdual-process modeldisparitiessocial determinants of health
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology , pp. 205 - 218
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M. (1993). Taxonomy and Comorbidity of Conduct Problems: Evidence from Empirically Based Approaches. Development and Psychopathology, 5(1–2), 51‒64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biro, F. M., & Deardorff, J. (2013). Identifying Opportunities for Cancer Prevention during Preadolescence and Adolescence: Puberty as a Window of Susceptibility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), S15‒S20.Google Scholar
Beltz, A. M., & Berenbaum, S. A. (2013). Cognitive Effects of Variations in Pubertal Timing: Is Puberty a Period of Brain Organization for Human Sex-Typed Cognition? Hormones and Behavior, 63(5), 823‒828.Google Scholar
Beltz, A., Acharya, R., Graber, J. A., Nixon, S. J., & Lynne, S. D. (2017). Puberty Influences Reward-Related Neural Connectivity: Girls with Early versus Typical Maturation. Paper presented as part of a symposium at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Austin, TX, April 6‒8.Google Scholar
Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011). The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 381‒398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2009). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J., Petersen, A. C., & Eichorn, D. (1985). The Study of Maturational Timing Effects in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14(3), 149‒161.Google Scholar
Byrne, M. L., Whittle, S., Vijayakumar, N., Dennison, M., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2017). A Systematic Review of Adrenarche as a Sensitive Period in Neurobiological Development and Mental Health. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 12–28.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Moffitt, T. E. (2014). The P Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2(2), 119‒137.Google Scholar
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2017). 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD.Google Scholar
Cerdá, M., Sarvet, A. L., Wall, M., Feng, T., Keyes, K. M., Galea, S., & Hasin, D. S. (2018). Medical Marijuana Laws and Adolescent Use of Marijuana and Other Substances: Alcohol, Cigarettes, Prescription Drugs, and Other Illicit Drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 183, 62–68.Google Scholar
Charalampopoulos, D., McLoughlin, A., Elks, C. E., & Ong, K. K. (2014). Age at Menarche and Risks of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 180(1), 29–40.Google Scholar
Chavarro, J. E., Watkins, D. J., Afeiche, M. C., Zhang, Z., Sánchez, B. N., Cantonwine, D., … Peterson, K. E. (2017). Validity of Self-Assessed Sexual Maturation against Physician Assessments and Hormone Levels. Journal of Pediatrics, 186, 172‒178.Google Scholar
Choo, E. K., Benz, M., Zaller, N., Warren, O., Rising, K. L., & McConnell, K. J. (2014). The Impact of State Medical Marijuana Legislation on Adolescent Marijuana Use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 160–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chumlea, W. C., Schubert, C. M., Roche, A. F., Kulin, H. E., Lee, P. A., Himes, J. H., & Sun, S. S. (2003). Age at Menarche and Racial Comparisons in US Girls. Pediatrics, 111(1), 110–113.Google Scholar
Chow, J. C. C., Jaffee, K., & Snowden, L. (2003). Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Mental Health Services in Poverty Areas. American Journal of Public Health, 93(5), 792‒797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Compas, B. E., & Oppedisano, G. ( 2000 ). Mixed Anxiety/Depression in Childhood and Adolescence. In Sameroff, A. J., Lewis, M., & Miller, S. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (2nd edn., pp. 531–548). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Understanding Adolescence as a Period of Social-Affective Engagement and Goal Flexibility. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 13(9), 636‒650.Google Scholar
Dimick, J. B., & Ryan, A. M. (2014). Methods for Evaluating Changes in Health Care Policy: The Difference-in-Differences Approach. JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods, 312(22), 2401–2402.Google Scholar
Dorn, L. D., Susman, E. J., & Ponirakis, A. (2003). Pubertal Timing and Adolescent Adjustment and Behavior: Conclusions Vary by Rater. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(3), 157–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorn, L. D., & Biro, F. M. (2011). Puberty and Its Measurement: A Decade in Review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 180‒195.Google Scholar
Dubas, J. S., Graber, J. A., & Petersen, A. C. (1991). A Longitudinal Investigation of Adolescents’ Changing Perceptions of Pubertal Timing. Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 580‒586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Preschool Children: Presentation, Nosology, and Epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313‒337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential Susceptibility to the Environment: An Evolutionary-Neurodevelopmental Theory. Development and Psychopathology, 23(1), 7‒28.Google Scholar
Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the Cognitive and the Psychodynamic Unconscious. American Psychologist, 49(8), 709–724.Google Scholar
Evans, J. S. B. T, & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223–241.Google Scholar
Floyd, F. J., & Stein, T. S. (2002). Sexual Orientation Identity Formation among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths: Multiple Patterns of Milestone Experiences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12(2), 167‒191.Google Scholar
Freedman, D. S., Khan, L. K., Serdula, M. K., Dietz, W. H., Srinivasan, S. R., & Berenson, G. S. (2003). The Relation of Menarcheal Age to Obesity in Childhood and Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study. BMC Pediatrics, 3(1), 3‒11.Google Scholar
French, B., & Heagerty, P. J. (2008). Analysis of Longitudinal Data to Evaluate a Policy Change. Statistics in Medicine, 27, 5005–5025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X., & Natsuaki, M. N. (2009). In Search of Explanations for Early Pubertal Timing Effects on Developmental Psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 327‒331.Google Scholar
Graber, J. A. (2013). Pubertal Timing and the Development of Psychopathology in Adolescence and Beyond. Hormones and Behavior, 64(2), 262‒269.Google Scholar
Graber, J. A., & Sontag, L. M. (2009). Internalizing Problems during Adolescence. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development (pp. 642‒682). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Graber, J. A., Petersen, A. C., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996). Pubertal Processes: Methods, Measures, and Models. In Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Petersen, A. C. (Eds.), Transition through Adolescence: Interpersonal Domains and Context (pp. 23–54). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Harper, S., Strumpf, E. C., & Kaufman, J. S. (2012). Do Medical Marijuana Laws Increase Marijuana Use? Replication Study and Extension. Annals of Epidemiology, 22(3), 207–212.Google Scholar
Harris, K. M., Gordon-Larsen, P., Chantala, K., & Udry, J. R. (2006). Longitudinal Trends in Race/Ethnic Disparities in Leading Health Indicators from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160(1), 74‒81.Google Scholar
Hasin, D. S., Wall, M., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., Schulenberg, J., O’Malley, P. M., … Feng, T. (2015). Medical Marijuana Laws and Adolescent Marijuana Use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: Results from Annual, Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys. The Lancet, 2(7), 601–608.Google Scholar
Herman-Giddens, M. E., Slora, E. J., Wasserman, R. C., Bourdony, C. J., Bhapkar, M. V., Koch, G. G., & Hasemeier, C. M. (1997). Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network. Pediatrics, 99(4), 505‒512.Google Scholar
Herman-Giddens, M. E., Steffes, J., Harris, D., Slora, E., Hussey, M., Dowshen, S. A., … Reiter, E. O. (2012). Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Boys: Data from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network. Pediatrics, 130(5), e1058‒e1068.Google Scholar
Hottes, T. S., Bogaert, L., Rhodes, A. E., Brennan, D. J., & Gesink, D. (2016). Lifetime Prevalence of Suicide Attempts among Sexual Minority Adults by Study Sampling Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), e1‒e12.Google Scholar
Insel, T. R. (2009). Translating Scientific Opportunity into Public Health Impact: A Strategic Plan for Research on Mental Illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(2), 128‒133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz-Wise, S. L., Rosario, M., Calzo, J. P., Scherer, E. A., Sarda, V., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Endorsement and Timing of Sexual Orientation Developmental Milestones among Sexual Minority Young Adults in the Growing Up Today Study. Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 172‒185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A Systematic Review of Mental Disorder, Suicide, and Deliberate Self Harm in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70‒87.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1998). The Structure and Stability of Common Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R): A Longitudinal-Epidemiological Study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 216–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladouceur, C. D., Peper, J. S., Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). White Matter Development in Adolescence: The Influence of Puberty and Implications for Affective Disorders. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2, 36‒54.Google Scholar
Lanza, S. T., & Collins, L. M. (2002). Pubertal Timing and the Onset of Substance Use in Females during Early Adolescence. Prevention Science, 3(1), 69‒82.Google Scholar
Lee, P. A., Guo, S. S., & Kulin, H. E. (2001). Age of Puberty: Data from the United States of America. APMIS Journal of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, 109(S103), 81‒88.Google Scholar
Lee, Y., & Styne, D. (2013). Influences on the Onset and Tempo of Puberty in Human Beings and Implications for Adolescent Psychological Development. Hormones and Behavior, 64(2), 250‒261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lerner, R. M. (2006). Developmental Science, Developmental Systems, and Contemporary Theories. In Lerner, R. M. (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical Models of Human Development (pp. 1–17). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Zinbarg, R., Seeley, J. R., Lewinsohn, M., & Sack, W. H. (1997). Lifetime Comorbidity among Anxiety Disorders and between Anxiety Disorders and Other Mental Disorders in Adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(4), 377‒394.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Shankman, S. A., Gau, J. M., & Klein, D. N. (2004). The Prevalence and Co-Morbidity of Subthreshold Psychiatric Conditions. Psychological Medicine, 34(4), 613–622.Google Scholar
Lynne, S. D., Graber, J. A., Nichols, T. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Botvin, G. J. (2007). Links between Pubertal Timing, Peer Influences, and Externalizing Behaviors among Urban Students followed through Middle School. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 181.e7–181.e13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynne-Landsman, S. D. & Wagenaar, A. C. (2015). Alcohol Policy: Interventions to Prevent Youth Alcohol Use. In Scheier, L. M. (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Drug Use Prevention: Research, Intervention Strategies, and Practice (pp. 329–341). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynne-Landsman, S. D., Graber, J. A., & Andrews, J. A. (2010). Do Trajectories of Household Risk in Childhood Moderate Pubertal Timing Effects on Substance Initiation in Middle School? Developmental Psychology, 46(4), 853‒868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynne-Landsman, S. D., Livingston, M. D., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2013). Effects of State Medical Marijuana Laws on Adolescent Marijuana Use. American Journal of Public Health, 103(8), 1500–1506.Google Scholar
Martí-Henneberg, C., & Vizmanos, B. (1997). The Duration of Puberty in Girls Is Related to the Timing of Its Onset. Journal of Pediatrics, 131(4), 618‒621.Google Scholar
Mendle, J. (2014). Beyond Pubertal Timing: New Directions for Studying Individual Differences in Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(3), 215‒219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendle, J., & Ferrero, J. (2012). Detrimental Psychological Outcomes Associated with Pubertal Timing in Adolescent Boys. Developmental Review, 32(1), 49‒66.Google Scholar
Mussen, P. H., & Jones, M. C. (1957). Self-Conceptions, Motivations, and Interpersonal Attitudes of Late- and Early-Maturing Boys. Child Development, 28(2), 243‒256.Google Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674‒697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natsuaki, M. N., Leve, L. D., & Mendle, J. (2011). Going Through the Rites of Passage: Timing and Transition of Menarche, Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Anxiety Symptoms in Girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(10), 1357‒1370.Google Scholar
Negriff, S., & Susman, E. J. (2011). Pubertal Timing, Depression, and Externalizing Problems: A Framework, Review, and Examination of Gender Differences. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 717‒746.Google Scholar
Parent, A. S., Teilmann, G., Juul, A., Skakkebaek, N. E., Toppari, J., & Bourguignon, J. P. (2003). The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration. Endocrine Reviews, 24(5), 668‒693.Google Scholar
Peper, J. S., & Dahl, R. E. (2013). The Teenage Brain: Surging Hormones – Brain-Behavior Interactions during Puberty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 134‒139.Google Scholar
Peper, J. S., Pol, H. E. H., Crone, E. A., & Van Honk, J. (2011). Sex Steroids and Brain Structure in Pubertal Boys and Girls: A Mini-Review of Neuroimaging Studies. Neuroscience, 191, 28–37.Google Scholar
Petersen, A. C., Crockett, L., Richards, M., & Boxer, A. (1988). A Self-Report Measure of Pubertal Status: Reliability, Validity, and Initial Norms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17(2), 117‒133.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Arrested Development? Reconsidering Dual-Systems Models of Brain Function in Adolescence and Disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(6), 322–329.Google Scholar
Pomerantz, H., Parent, J., Forehand, R., Breslend, N. L., & Winer, J. P. (2017). Pubertal Timing and Youth Internalizing Psychopathology: The Role of Relational Aggression. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 416‒423.Google Scholar
Poteat, V. P., Sinclair, K. O., DiGiovanni, C. D., Koenig, B. W., & Russell, S. T. (2012). Gay-Straight Alliances Are Associated with Student Health: A Multischool Comparison of LGBTQ and Heterosexual Youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(2), 319‒330.Google Scholar
Raifman, J., Moscoe, E., Austin, S. B., & McConnell, M. (2017). Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(4), 350–356.Google Scholar
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., Hunter, J., & Gwadz, M. (2002). Gay-Related Stress and Emotional Distress among Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Youths: A Longitudinal Examination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 967‒975.Google Scholar
Rusby, J. C., Westling, E., Crowley, R., & Light, J. M. (2018). Legalization of Recreational Marijuana and Community Sales Policy in Oregon: Impact on Adolescent Willingness and Intent to Use, Parent Use, and Adolescent Use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 84–92.Google Scholar
Sannino, S., Chini, B., & Grinevich, V. (2016). Lifespan Oxytocin Signaling: Maturation, Flexibility, and Stability in Newborn, Adolescent, and Aged Brain. Developmental Neurobiology, 77, 158‒168.Google Scholar
Schulz, K. M., Molenda-Figueira, H. A., & Sisk, C. L. (2009). Back to the Future: The Organizational-Activational Hypothesis Adapted to Puberty and Adolescence. Hormones and Behavior, 55(5), 597‒604.Google Scholar
Shirtcliff, E. A., Dahl, R. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2009). Pubertal Development: Correspondence between Hormonal and Physical Development. Child Development, 80(2), 327‒337.Google Scholar
Shulman, E. P., Smith, A. R., Silva, K., Icenogle, G., Duell, N., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The Dual Systems Model: Review, Reappraisal, and Reaffirmation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 103–117.Google Scholar
Sisk, C. L., & Zehr, J. L. (2005). Pubertal Hormones Organize the Adolescent Brain and Behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 26(3–4), 163‒174.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L. (2010). Commentary: A Behavioral Scientist Looks at the Science of Adolescent Brain Development. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 160‒164.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 83‒110.Google Scholar
Styne, D. M. & Grumbach, M. M. (2011). Puberty, Ontogeny, Neuroendocrinology, Physiology, and Disorders. In Melmed, S, Polonsky, K. S., Larsen, P. R., & Kronenberg, H. M (Eds.), Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (12th edn., pp. 1054‒1201). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Suleiman, A. B., & Dahl, R. E. (2017). Leveraging Neuroscience to Inform Adolescent Health: The Need for an Innovative Transdisciplinary Developmental Science of Adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(3), 240‒248.Google Scholar
Sun, S. S., Schubert, C. M., Chumlea, W. C., Roche, A. F., Kulin, H. E., Lee, P. A., … Ryan, A. S. (2002). National Estimates of the Timing of Sexual Maturation and Racial Differences among US Children. Pediatrics, 110(5), 911‒919.Google Scholar
Susman, E. J., & Dorn, L. D. (2009). Puberty: Its Role in Development. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology: Individual Bases of Adolescent Development (pp. 116‒151). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Susman, E. J., Houts, R. M., Steinberg, L., Belsky, J., Cauffman, E., DeHart, G., … Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2010). Longitudinal Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Girls and Boys between Ages 9½ and 15½ Years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(2), 166‒173.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M., & Whitehouse, R. H. (1976). Clinical Longitudinal Standards for Height, Weight, Height Velocity, Weight Velocity, and Stages of Puberty. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 51(3), 170‒179.Google Scholar
Tebbe, E. A., & Moradi, B. (2016). Suicide Risk in Trans Populations: An Application of Minority Stress Theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 520‒533.Google Scholar
Teilmann, G., Pedersen, C. B., Jensen, T. K., Skakkebæk, N. E., & Juul, A. (2005). Prevalence and Incidence of Precocious Pubertal Development in Denmark: An Epidemiologic Study Based on National Registries. Pediatrics, 116(6), 1323‒1328.Google Scholar
Ullsperger, J. M., & Nikolas, M. A. (2017). A Meta-Analytic Review of the Association between Pubertal Timing and Psychopathology in Adolescence: Are There Sex Differences in Risk?. Psychological Bulletin, 143(9), 903‒938.Google Scholar
Wall, M. M., Mauro, C., Hasin, D. S., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., Martins, S. S., & Feng, T. (2016). Prevalence of Marijuana Use Does not Differentially Increase among Youth after States Pass Medical Marijuana Laws: Commentary on Stolzenberg et al. (2015) and Reanalysis of US National Survey on Drug Use in Households Data 2001–2011. International Journal of Drug Policy, 29, 9–13.Google Scholar
Walvoord, E. C. (2010). The Timing of Puberty: Is It Changing? Does It Matter?. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(5), 433‒439.Google Scholar
Wen, H., Hockenberry, J. M., & Cummings, J. R. (2015). The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Adolescent and Adult Use of Marijuana, Alcohol, and Other Substances. Journal of Health Economics, 42, 64–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health: Evidence and Needed Research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), 20‒47.Google Scholar
Williams, D. R., Costa, M. V., Odunlami, A. O., & Mohammed, S. A. (2008). Moving Upstream: How Interventions That Address the Social Determinants of Health Can Improve Health and Reduce Disparities. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 14(Supplement), S8‒S17.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×