Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T11:21:55.387Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Prosocial Behaviors in Adolescence

from Part I - Development of Prosociality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2023

By
Gustavo Carlo ,
Fiorella L. Carlos Chavez  and
Clara López-Mora
Edited by
Tina Malti  and
Maayan Davidov
Tina Malti
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Maayan Davidov
Affiliation:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Get access

Summary

This chapter provides an integrative review of the literature on prosocial development across adolescence. Despite core developmental theories addressing biological, cognitive, moral, social, and cultural related domains, our understanding of prosocial development across adolescence in non-Western countries is still quite limited. This chapter summarizes prosocial development work in culturally diverse samples that has application to migrant and minoritized adolescents who navigate a myriad of stressors while pursing work in other countries around the world and when socially integrating into majority communities. These examples highlight the need to deepen the current literature of prosocial development and shed light into more inclusive models of development and on culturally diverse adolescents

Keywords

prosocial behaviorsadolescenceparentingculturemorality
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Prosociality
Development, Mechanisms, Promotion
 , pp. 163 - 188
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251Google Scholar
Armenta, B. E., Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., & Jacobson, R. P. (2011). The relation between ethnic group attachment and prosocial tendencies: The mediating role of cultural values. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.742Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2007). Socialization in emerging adulthood: From the family to the wider world, from socialization to self-socialization. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 208–231). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Atkins, P. W. B., & Parker, K. S. (2012). Understanding individual compassion in organisations: The roles of appraisals and psychological flexibility. Academy of Management Review, 37, 524–546. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489), 1390–1396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7466396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3Google Scholar
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control of early adolescents and adolescents. In Barber, B. K. (Ed.), Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15–52). American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., Olsen, J. A., Collins, W. A., & Burchinal, M. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), i–147. www.jstor.org/stable/3701442Google ScholarPubMed
Barry, C. M., & Wentzel, K. R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17, 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.xGoogle Scholar
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In Millon, T. & Lerner, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 463–484). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazarova, N. N., Choi, Y. H., Schwanda Sosik, V., Cosley, D., & Whitlock, J. (2015). Social sharing of emotions on Facebook: Channel differences, satisfaction, and replies. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW ’15) (pp. 154–164). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675297Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturative stress. In Wong, P. T. P. & Wong, L. C. J. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26238-5_12Google Scholar
Bono, G., Froh, J., Disabato, D., Blalock, D., McKnight, P., & Bausert, S. (2019). Gratitude’s role in adolescent antisocial and prosocial behavior: A 4-year longitudinal investigation. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 14, 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1402078Google Scholar
Boykin, A. W., Jagers, R. J., Ellison, C. M., & Albury, A. (1997). Communalism: Conceptualization and measurement of an Afrocultural social orientation. Journal of Black Studies, 27(3), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479702700308Google Scholar
Brittian, A. S., Toomey, R. B., Gonzales, N. A., & Dumka, L. E. (2013). Perceived discrimination, coping strategies, and Mexican origin adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors: Examining the moderating role of gender and cultural orientation. Applied Developmental Science, 17(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2013.748417CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., … & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five‐year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77(5), 1170–1189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1998). Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families. Child Development, 69, 803–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06244.xGoogle Scholar
Calderón-Tena, C. O., Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2011). The socialization of prosocial behavioral tendencies among Mexican American adolescents: The role of familism values. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021825Google Scholar
Carlo, G. (2006). Care-based and altruistically based morality. In Killen, M. & Smetana, J. G. (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 551–579). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Carlo, G. (2014). The development and correlates of prosocial moral behaviors. In Killen, M. & Smetana, J. G. (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (2nd ed., pp. 208–234). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203581957.ch10Google Scholar
Carlo, G., & Conejo, L. D. (2019). Traditional and culture-specific parenting of prosociality in US Latino/as. In Laible, D., Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development. Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.013.15Google Scholar
Carlo, G., Hastings, P. D., Dicus, J. L., & Ugarte, E. (2022). Development, culture, and neurobiology of moral emotions in ethnic/racial minority children: A case study of U.S. Latino/a children. In Dukes, D., Samson, A. C., & Walle, E. A. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotional development. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198855903.013.2Google Scholar
Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., & Hayes, R. (2011b). The roles of parental inductions, moral emotions, and moral cognitions in prosocial tendencies among Mexican American and European American early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(6), 757–781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431610373100Google Scholar
Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Davis, A., & Streit, C. (2012). Behaving badly or goodly: Is it because I feel guilty, shameful, or sympathetic? Or is it a matter of what I think? New Directions for Youth Development, 2012(136), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., Batenhorst, C., & Wilkinson, J. (2007). Parenting styles or practices? Parenting, sympathy, and prosocial behaviors among adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 168(2), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.168.2.147-176Google Scholar
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2010). Feelings or cognitions? Moral cognitions and emotions as longitudinal predictors of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 872–877. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203581957.ch10Google Scholar
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2011a). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410375921Google Scholar
Carlo, G., & Padilla‐Walker, L. (2020). Adolescents’ prosocial behaviors through a multidimensional and multicultural lens. Child Development Perspectives, 14(4), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlo, G., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nielson, M. G. (2015). Longitudinal bidirectional relations between adolescents’ sympathy and prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 51(12), 1771–1777. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 31–44. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014033032440Google Scholar
Carlo, G., Samper, P., Malonda, E., Tur-Porcar, A. M., & Davis, A. (2018a). The effects of perceptions of parents’ use of social and material rewards on prosocial behaviors in Spanish and US youth. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616665210Google Scholar
Carlo, G., Streit, C., & Crockett, L. (2018). Generalizability of a traditional social cognitive model of prosocial behaviors to U.S. Latino/a youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24, 596–604.Google Scholar
Carlo, G., White, R. M. B., Streit, C., Knight, G. P., & Zeiders, K. H. (2018b). Longitudinal relations among parenting styles, prosocial behaviors, and academic outcomes in U.S. Mexican adolescents. Child Development, 89(2), 577–592. http://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12761Google Scholar
Carlos Chavez, F. L., Wolford, S. N., Kimmes, J. G., May, R. W., & Fincham, F. D. (2019). “I had let everyone, including myself, down”: Illuminating the self-forgiveness process among female college students. Journal of College and Character, 20(2), 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2019.1591286Google Scholar
Chadha, N., & Misra, G. (2004). Patterns of prosocial reasoning in Indian children. Psychology and Developing Societies, 16(2), 159–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133360401600205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christ, C. C., Carlo, G., & Stoltenberg, S. F. (2016). Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) single nucleotide polymorphisms indirectly predict prosocial behavior through perspective taking and empathic concern. Journal of Personality, 84(2), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., & Turan, N. (2012). Guilt proneness and moral character. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 355–359. http://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412454874Google Scholar
Colby, A., & Damon, W. (1992). Some do care: Contemporary lives of moral commitment. Free Press.Google Scholar
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218Google Scholar
Corporation for National and Community Service [AmeriCorps] (n.d.). Millennials. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from www.nationalservice.gov/vcla/demographic/millennials#:~:text=21.9%25%20of%20millennials%20volunteer,%2438.5%20billion%20of%20service%20contributedGoogle Scholar
Darlington, P. J. (1978). Altruism: Its characteristics and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 75(1), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.75.1.385CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. P. (2015). Perceived maternal parenting styles, cultural values, and prosocial tendencies among Mexican American youth. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176(4), 235–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2015.1044494CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., Lorenzo-Blanco, E. I., … & Martinez, M. M. (2016). The longitudinal associations between discrimination, depressive symptoms, and prosocial behaviors in US Latino/a recent immigrant adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(3), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–015-0394-xGoogle Scholar
Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Armenta, B., Kim, S. Y., … & Streit, C. (2018a). The roles of familism and emotion reappraisal in the relations between acculturative stress and prosocial behaviors in Latino/a college students. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 6(3), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000092Google Scholar
Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Streit, C., Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., & Szapocznik, J. (2018b). Longitudinal associations between maternal involvement, cultural orientations, and prosocial behaviors among recent immigrant Latino adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(2), 460–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964?017-0792-3Google Scholar
De Caroli, M. E., & Sagone, E. (2013). Self-efficacy and prosocial tendencies in Italian adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92, 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.666Google Scholar
de Guzman, M. R. T., Do, K. A., & Kok, C. M. (2014). The cultural contexts of children’s prosocial behaviors. In Padilla-Walker, L. M. & Carlo, G. (Eds.), Prosocial development: A multidimensional approach (pp. 221–241). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199964772.003.0011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hooge, I. E., Zeelenberg, M., & Breugelmans, S. M. (2007). Moral sentiments and cooperation: Differential influences of shame and guilt. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 1025–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600980874Google Scholar
Deater-Deckard, K., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Alampay, L. P., Sorbring, E., Bacchini, D., … & Al-Hassan, S. M. (2011). The association between parental warmth and control in thirteen cultural groups. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025120Google Scholar
Decety, J. (2016). How evolutionary theory and neuroscience contribute to understanding the development of prosociality: Commentary. In Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. 2nd rev. ed. www.child-encyclopedia.com/pdf/expert/prosocial-behaviour/accordingexperts/how-evolutionary-theory-andneuroscience-contributeGoogle Scholar
Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., & Greenwood, D. (2007). Media and youth socialization: Underlying processes and moderators of effects. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 404–430). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. (2007). Siblings and socialization. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 309–327). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In Eisenberg, N., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 646–718). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0311Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Morris, A. S., McDaniel, B., & Spinrad, T. L. (2009). Moral cognitions and prosocial responding in adolescence. In Lerner, R. M. & Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Individual bases of adolescent development (pp. 229–265). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001009Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., & Shell, R. (1986). Prosocial moral judgment and behavior in children: The mediating role of cost. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(4), 426–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167286124005Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2015). Prosocial development. In Lamb, M. E., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Socioemotional processes (7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 610–656) John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy315Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., & Koller, S. (2001). Brazilian adolescents’ prosocial moral judgment and behavior: Relations to sympathy, perspective taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics. Child Development, 72(2), 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2017). Nice or naughty? The role of emotions and digital media use in explaining adolescents’ online prosocial and antisocial behavior. Media Psychology, 20(3), 374–400. http://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1200990Google Scholar
Fraser, A. M., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Coyne, S. M., Nelson, L. J., & Stockdale, L. A. (2012). Associations between violent video gaming, empathic concern, and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family members. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(5), 636–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964?012-9742-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131600Google Scholar
García-Vázquez, F. I., Valdés-Cuervo, A. A., Martínez-Ferrer, B., & Parra-Pérez, L. G. (2020). Forgiveness, gratitude, happiness, and prosocial bystander behavior in bullying. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2827. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02827Google Scholar
Gibbons, J. L. (2013). Guatemalan adolescents’ reports of helping in urban and rural Mayan communities. In Vakoch, D. A. (Ed.), Altruism in cross-cultural perspective (pp. 45–56). Springer.Google Scholar
Gooden, A. S., & McMahon, S. D. (2016). Thriving among African‐American adolescents: Religiosity, religious support, and communalism. American Journal of Community Psychology, 57(1–2), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12026Google Scholar
Greitemeyer, T. (2009a). Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial behaviour: Further evidence and a mediating mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(11), 1500–1511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209341648Google Scholar
Greitemeyer, T. (2009b). Effects of songs with prosocial lyrics on prosocial thoughts, affect, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 186–190. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.003Google Scholar
Greitemeyer, T., Osswald, S., & Brauer, M. (2010). Playing prosocial video games increases empathy and decreases schadenfreude. Emotion, 10(6), 796–802. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0020194Google Scholar
Grossman, J. M., & Liang, B. (2008). Discrimination distress among Chinese American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964?007-9215-1Google Scholar
Grusec, J. E., Goodnow, J. J., & Kuczynski, L. (2000). New directions in analyses of parenting contributions to children’s acquisition of values. Child Development, 71(1), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00135Google Scholar
Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Religiosity and prosocial behaviours in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Moral Education, 34(2), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240500127210Google Scholar
Hardy, S. A., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2009). Links between adolescents’ expected parental reactions and prosocial behavioral tendencies: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 84–95. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–008-9383-7Google Scholar
Harper, J. M., Padilla‐Walker, L. M., & Jensen, A. C. (2016). Do siblings matter independent of both parents and friends? Sympathy as a mediator between sibling relationship quality and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12174Google Scholar
Hastings, P. D., Utendale, W. T., & Sullivan, C. (2007). The Socialization of Prosocial Development. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 638–664). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152XGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Toward a comprehensive empathy-based theory of prosocial moral development. In Bohart, A. C. & Stipek, D. J. (Eds.), Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society (pp. 61–86). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10433-003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, C., McHarg, G., & White, N. (2018). Sibling influences on prosocial behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.015Google Scholar
Johnson, J. D., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Spicer, C. V., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008). The role of blacks’ discriminatory expectations in their prosocial orientations toward whites and blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(6), 1498–1505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.001Google Scholar
Juang, L. P., Qin, D., & Park, I. K. (2013). Deconstructing the myth of the “tiger mother”: An introduction to the special issue on tiger parenting, Asian-heritage families, and child/adolescent well-being. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032136Google Scholar
Kerr, M. H., Beck, K., Downs Shattuck, T., Kattar, C., & Uriburu, D. (2003). Family involvement, problem and prosocial behavior outcomes of Latino youth. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27(1), S55–S65. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.27.1.s1.6Google Scholar
Knight, G. P. (1981). Behavioral and sociometric methods of identifying cooperators, competitors, and individualists: Support for the validity of the social orientation construct. Developmental Psychology, 17(4), 430–433. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.17.4.430Google Scholar
Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2012). Prosocial development among Mexican American youth. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00233.xGoogle Scholar
Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., Basilio, C. D., & Jacobson, R. P. (2015). Familism values, perspective taking, and prosocial moral reasoning: Predicting prosocial tendencies among Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(4), 717–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, G. P., Carlo, G., Mahrer, N. E., & Davis, A. N. (2016). The socialization of culturally related values and prosocial tendencies among Mexican-American adolescents. Child Development, 87(6), 1758–1771. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12634Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-development approach. In Lickona, T. (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research and social issues (pp. 31–53). Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Krahé, B., & Möller, I. (2010). Longitudinal effects of media violence on aggression and empathy among German adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(5), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2010.07.003Google Scholar
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012). Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor. Psychological Review, 119(3), 546–572. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028756Google Scholar
Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children’s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67(6), 3263–3277.Google Scholar
Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2019). Parenting and moral development. In Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (pp. 3–18). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 27(6), 703–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.05.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laible, D., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Early socialization: A relationship perspective. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 181–207). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lam, C. B., Solmeyer, A. R., & McHale, S. M. (2012). Sibling relationships and empathy across the transition to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1657–1670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–012-9781-8Google Scholar
Laosa, L. M. (1991). The cultural context of construct validity and the ethics of generalizability. ETS Research Report Series, 1991(2), i–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885?2006(05)80058-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, E. W., Colwell, M. J., Frabutt, J. M., Chambers, J. C., & MacKinnon-Lewis, C. (2008). Mother-child dyadic synchrony in European American and African American families during early adolescence: Relations with self-esteem and prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 54(3), 289–315. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, A., Najafi, B., Rogoff, B., & Mejía-Arauz, R. (2012). Collaboration and helping as cultural practices. In Valsiner, J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 869–884). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Mussen, P. H. & Hetherington, E. M. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Socialization, personality and social development (Vol. 4, pp. 1–101). Wiley.Google Scholar
Main, A. (2019). Parenting and prosocial/moral development in Asians and Asian immigrants to the United States. In Laible, D., Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (pp. 213–226). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.013.13Google Scholar
Marshall, S. L., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P. D., & Sahdra, B. K. (2020). Is self‐compassion selfish? The development of self‐compassion, empathy, and prosocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(S2), 472–484. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12492Google Scholar
Mattis, J. S., Beckham, W. P., Saunders, B. A., Williams, J. E., Myers, V., Knight, D., … & Dixon, C. (2004). Who will volunteer? Religiosity, everyday racism, and social participation among African American men. Journal of Adult Development, 11(4), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jade.0000044529.92580.6dGoogle Scholar
Mattis, J. S., & Jagers, R. J. (2001). A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(5), 519–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.1034Google Scholar
McGinley, M., Carlo, G., Crockett, L. J., Raffaelli, M., Torres Stone, R. A., & Iturbide, M. I. (2009). Stressed and helping: The relations among acculturative stress, gender, and prosocial tendencies in Mexican Americans. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(1), 34–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903365323Google Scholar
McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Whiteman, S. D. (2012). Sibling relationships and influences in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01011.xGoogle Scholar
Memmott-Elison, M. K., Holmgren, H. G., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Hawkins, A. J. (2020). Associations between prosocial behavior, externalizing behaviors, and internalizing symptoms during adolescence: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 80, 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.012Google Scholar
Mesurado, B., & Richaud, M. C. (2017). The relationship between parental variables, empathy and prosocial-flow with prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(3), 843–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902–016-9748-7Google Scholar
Mesurado, B., Richaud, M. C., Mestre, M. V., Samper-García, P., Tur-Porcar, A., Morales Mesa, S. A., & Viveros, E. F. (2014). Parental expectations and prosocial behavior of adolescents from low-income backgrounds: A cross-cultural comparison between three countries – Argentina, Colombia, and Spain. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(9), 1471–1488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114542284CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. G., & Hastings, P. D. (2019). Prosocial development. In Laible, D., Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (pp. 129–145). Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Narvaez, D., & Lapsley, D. K. (2009). Moral identity, moral functioning, and the development of moral character. In Bartels, Daniel M., Bauman, Christopher W., Skitka, Linda J., & Medin, Douglas L. (Eds.), The psychology of learning and Motivation (Vol. 50, pp. 237–274). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)00408-8Google Scholar
Neff, K., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004Google Scholar
Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Son, D. (2019). Helicopter parenting, parental control, and moral development during emerging adulthood. In Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (pp. 355–372). http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190638696.013.21Google Scholar
North, A. C., Tarrant, M., & Hargreaves, D. J. (2004). The effects of music on helping behavior: A field study. Environment and Behavior, 36(2), 266–275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916503256263Google Scholar
O’Leary, A., & Romero, A. (2011). Chicana/o students respond to Arizona’s anti-ethnic studies bill, SB 1108: Civic engagement, ethnic identity, and well-being. Aztlan: A Journal of Chicano Studies, 36(1), 9–36.Google Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Moral development during emerging adulthood. In Arnett, J. J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 449–463). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.23Google Scholar
Padilla‐Walker, L. M., & Christensen, K. J. (2011). Empathy and self‐regulation as mediators between parenting and adolescents’ prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00695.xGoogle Scholar
Padilla‐Walker, L. M., Dyer, W. J., Yorgason, J. B., Fraser, A. M., & Coyne, S. M. (2015). Adolescents’ prosocial behavior toward family, friends, and strangers: A person‐centered approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25(1), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12102Google Scholar
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Millett, M. A., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2020). Can helping others strengthen teens? Character strengths as mediators between prosocial behavior and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12102Google Scholar
Phinney, J. S., Ong, A., & Madden, T. (2000). Cultural values and intergenerational value discrepancies in immigrant and non-immigrant families. Child Development, 71(2), 528–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00162Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral development of the child. Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Prot, S., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K., Swing, E., Lim, K. M., Horiuchi, Y., Jelic, M., Krahé, B., Liuqing, W., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Petrescu, P. D., Sakamoto, A., Tajima, S., Toma, R. A., Warburton, W., Zhang, X., & Lam, B. C. P. (2014). Long-term relations among prosocial-media use, empathy, and prosocial behavior. Psychological Science, 25(2), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613503854Google Scholar
Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Zelli, A., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., & Bombi, A. S. (2018). Parental acceptance–rejection and child prosocial behavior: Developmental transactions across the transition to adolescence in nine countries, mothers and fathers, and girls and boys. Developmental Psychology, 54(10), 1881–1890. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000565Google Scholar
Recchia, H. E., Howe, N., Ross, H. S., & Alexander, S. (2010). Children’s understanding and production of verbal irony in family conversations. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151008X401903Google Scholar
Richaud, M. C., Mesurado, B., & Lemos, V. (2013). Links between perceptions of parental actions and prosocial behavior in early adolescence. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 22, 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9617-xGoogle Scholar
Riek, B. M., & DeWit, C. C. (2018). Differences and similarities in forgiveness seeking across childhood and adolescence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(8), 1119–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218760797Google Scholar
Roberts, D. F., Christenson, P. G., & Gentile, D. A. (2003). The effects of violent music on children and adolescents. In Gentile, D. A. (Ed.), Media violence and children: A complete guide for parents and professionals (pp. 153–170). Praeger.Google Scholar
Rotheram, M. J., & Phinney, J. S. (1987). Ethnic behavior patterns as an aspect of ethnic identity. In Phinney, J. S. & Rotheram, M. J. (Eds.), Children’s ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (pp. 201–218). Sage.Google Scholar
Saleem, M., Anderson, C. A., & Gentile, D. A. (2012). Effects of prosocial, neutral, and violent video games on college students’ affect. Aggressive Behavior, 38(4), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21428CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, E. E. (1987). A critical constructionist view of personhood. In Stam, H. J., Rogers, T. B., & Gergen, K. J. (Eds.), The analysis of psychological theory: Metapsychological perspectives (pp. 4–59). Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Sinha, D. (1984). Community as target: A new perspective to research on prosocial behavior. In Staub, E., Bar-Tal, D., Karylowski, J., & Reykowski, J. (Eds.), Development and maintenance of prosocial behavior (pp. 445–455). Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Smith, E. P., Walker, K., Fields, L., Brookins, C. C., & Seay, R. C. (1999). Ethnic identity and its relationship to self-esteem, perceived efficacy and prosocial attitudes in early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 22(6), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0281Google Scholar
Smith, E. P., Witherspoon, D. P., Bhargava, S., & Bermudez, J. M. (2019). Cultural values and behavior among African American and European American children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(5), 1236–1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01367-yGoogle Scholar
Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality, Vol. 1: Social and personal influences. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Staub, E., & Vollhardt, J. (2008). Altruism born of suffering: The roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 267–280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014223Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., Vandell, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2010). Development: Infancy through adolescence. Nelson Education.Google Scholar
Stoll, M. A. (2001). Race, neighborhood poverty, and participation in voluntary associations. Sociological Forum, 16(3), 529–557. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011956632018Google Scholar
Streit, C., Carlo, G., Ispa, J. M., & Palermo, F. (2017). Negative emotionality and discipline as long-term predictors of behavioral outcomes in African American and European American children. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1013–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000306Google Scholar
Streit, C., Carlo, G., & Killoren, S. E. (2020). Family support, respect, and empathy as correlates of US Latino/Latina college students’ prosocial behaviors toward different recipients. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(5), 1513–1533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520903805Google Scholar
Streit, C., Carlo, G., Killoren, S. E., & Alfaro, E. C. (2018). Family members’ relationship qualities and prosocial behaviors in US Mexican young adults: The roles of familism and ethnic identity resolution. Journal of Family Issues, 39(4), 1056–1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16686134Google Scholar
Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1997). The cultural structuring of child development. In Berry, J. W., Dasen, P. R., & Saraswathi, T. S. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Basic processes and human development (pp. 1–39). Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Teng, Y. P. T., Kuo, L. T. W., & Zhou, Q. (2018). Maternal employment and family socioeconomic status: Unique relations to maternal stress, parenting beliefs, and preschoolers’ adjustment in Taiwanese families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3506–3519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826?018-1173-6Google Scholar
Torstveit, L., Sütterlin, S., & Lugo, R. G. (2016). Empathy, guilt proneness, and gender: Relative contributions to prosocial behaviour. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 260–270. http://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i2.1097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755Google Scholar
Tucker, C. J., Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (1999). Older siblings as socializers of younger siblings’ empathy. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(2), 176–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431699019002003Google Scholar
Tudge, J. R. H., Freitas, L. B. L., & O’Brien, L. T. (2015). The virtue of gratitude: A developmental and cultural approach. Human Development, 58, 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444308Google Scholar
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Yazedjian, A., & Bámaca-Gómez, M. (2004). Developing the ethnic identity scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0401_2Google Scholar
Van der Graaff, J., Branje, S., De Wied, M., Hawk, S., Van Lier, P., & Meeus, W. (2014). Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: Gender differences in developmental changes. Developmental Psychology, 50(3). http://doi.org/10.1037/a0034325Google Scholar
Van der Graaff, J., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H. M., & Branje, S. (2018). Prosocial behavior in adolescence: Gender differences in development and links with empathy. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(5), 1086–1099. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964–017-0786-1Google Scholar
Wentzel, K. R., Filisetti, L., & Looney, L. (2007). Adolescent prosocial behavior: The role of self-processes and contextual cues. Child Development, 78(3), 895–910. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01039.xGoogle Scholar
White-Johnson, R. L. (2012). Prosocial involvement among African American young adults: Considering racial discrimination and racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 38(3), 313–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798411420429Google Scholar
Whiting, B., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). A cross-cultural analysis of sex differences in the behavior of children aged 3 through 11. In Handel, G. (Ed.), Childhood socialization (pp. 281–297). Aldine de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1973.9923040Google Scholar
Williams, J. L., Anderson, R. E., Francois, A. G., Hussain, S., & Tolan, P. H. (2014). Ethnic identity and positive youth development in adolescent males: A culturally integrated approach. Applied Developmental Science, 18(2), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2014.894871Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1975). A theory of group selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 72(1), 143–146.Google Scholar
Zaff, J. F., Moore, K. A., Papillo, A. R., & Williams, S. (2003). Implications of extracurricular activity participation during adolescence on positive outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(6), 599–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403254779Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×