Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:17:42.242Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Personality Pathology in Youth

from Part I - Etiology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2020

By
Carla Sharp  and
Barbara De Clercq
Edited by
Carl W. Lejuez  and
Kim L. Gratz
Carl W. Lejuez
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Kim L. Gratz
Affiliation:
University of Toledo, Ohio
Get access

Summary

In acknowledgment of the continued tension between the need to dimensionalize personality pathology in youth, and the reality of a categorical nosology in clinical settings, the goal of the present chapter is to review research on child and adolescent personality pathology from both these perspectives. While the review highlights several differences in constructs, methodology, and clinical implications of the two approaches, it also highlights significant commonalities in conclusions drawn from the traditions underlying categorical versus dimensional approaches. In particular, both categorical and dimensional approaches seem to support the idea that adolescence presents a unique developmental period for the crystallization of personality pathology.

Keywords

adolescenceyouthborderline personality disordermaladaptive traitsdevelopmental psychopathology
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders , pp. 74 - 90
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H. S., Chen, S. E., Davis, G. C., Puzantian, V. R., Kashgarian, M., & Bolinger, J. M. (1985). Borderline: An adjective in search of a noun. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46(2), 41–48.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Revised 3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1999). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Archer, R. P., Ball, J. D., & Hunter, J. A. (1985). MMPI characteristics of borderline psychopathology in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 47–55.Google Scholar
Archer, R. P., & Newsom, C. R. (2000). Psychological test usage with adolescent clients: Survey update. Assessment, 7, 227–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arens, E. A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Appel, K., Dudeck, M., Volzke, H., … Barnow, S. (2013). Borderline personality disorder in four different age groups: A cross-sectional study of community residents in Germany. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(2), 196–207.Google Scholar
Bach, B., Markon, K., Simonsen, E., & Krueger, R. F. (2015). Clinical utility of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 21(1), 3–25.Google Scholar
Belsky, D. W., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Bleidorn, W., Fonagy, P., Goodman, M., … Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Etiological features of borderline personality related characteristics in a birth cohort of 12-year-old children. Development and Psychopathology, 24(1), 251–265.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., Cohen, P., Velez, C. N., Schwab-Stone, M., Siever, L. J., & Shinsato, L. (1993). Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(8), 1237–1243.Google Scholar
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hellner, C., Hedman-Lagerlof, E., Gratz, K. L., Bjarehed, J., … Ljotsson, B. (2017). Emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: A feasibility study. BMC Psychiatry, 17. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bo, S., Sharp, C., Beck, E., Pedersen, J., Gondan, M., & Simonsen, E. (2017). First empirical evaluation of outcomes for mentalization-based group therapy for adolescents with BPD. Personality Disorders, 8(4), 396–401.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1335–1353.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2011). Development and validation of the Minnesota Borderline Personality Disorder Scale. Assessment, 18(2), 234–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornovalova, M. A., Huibregtse, B. M., Hicks, B. M., Keyes, M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. (2013). Tests of a direct effect of childhood abuse on adult borderline personality disorder traits: A longitudinal discordant twin design. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 180–194.Google Scholar
Brunner, R., Henze, R., Parzer, P., Kramer, J., Feigl, N., Lutz, K., … Stieltjes, B. (2010). Reduced prefrontal and orbitofrontal gray matter in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Is it disorder specific? NeuroImage, 49(1), 114–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butcher, J. N., Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1992). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI-A): Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cailhol, L., Jeannot, M., Rodgers, R., Guelfi, J. D., Perez-Diaz, F., Pham-Scottez, A., … Speranza, M. (2013). Borderline personality disorder and mental healthcare service use among adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(2), 252–259.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Moffit, T. E. (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2(2), 119–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabrol, H., Chouicha, K., Montovany, A., Callahan, S., Duconge, E., & Sztulman, H. (2002). Troubles de la personnalité dans un echantillon non clinique d’adolescents [Personality disorders in a nonclinical sample of adolescents]. Encéphale: Revue de psychiatrie clinique biologique et thérapeutique, 28(6 Pt 1), 520–524.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M. (2015). Borderline personality disorder in young people: Are we there yet? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(8), 778–791.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Berk, M., & Thompson, K. (2016). Integrating early intervention for borderline personality disorder and mood disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24(5), 330–341.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jackson, H. J., McCutcheon, L. K., Jovev, M., Dudgeon, P., Yuen, H. P., … McGorry, P. D. (2009). Early intervention for adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Quasi-experimental comparison with treatment as usual. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(5), 397–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chanen, A. M., Jackson, H. J., McGorry, P. D., Allot, K. A., Clarkson, V., & Yuen, H. P. (2004). Two-year stability of personality disorder in older adolescent outpatients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(6), 526–541.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jovev, M., Djaja, D., McDougall, E., Yuen, H. P., Rawlings, D., & Jackson, H. J. (2008). Screening for borderline personality disorder in outpatient youth. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(4), 353–364.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jovev, M., & Jackson, H. J. (2007). Adaptive functioning and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(2), 297–306.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., & Kaess, M. (2012). Developmental pathways to borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(1), 45–53.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., & McCutcheon, L. (2013). Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder: Current status and recent evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement, 54, s24–s29.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., McCutcheon, L. K., Germano, D., Nistico, H., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2009). The HYPE clinic: An early intervention service for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 15(3), 163–172.Google Scholar
Chanen, A., Sharp, C., Hoffman, P., & Global Alliance for Prevention and Early Intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017). Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder: A novel public health priority. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 215–216.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., & Thompson, K. N. (June 2018). Early intervention in personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 132–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chanen, A. M., Velakoulis, D., Carison, K., Gaunson, K., Wood, S. J., Yuen, H. P., … Pantelis, C. (2008). Orbitofrontal, amygdala and hippocampal volumes in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 163(2), 116–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, B., Sharp, C., & Ha, C. (2011). The criterion validity of the Borderline Personality Feature Scale for children in an adolescent inpatient setting. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(4), 492–503.Google Scholar
Chen, H., Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Kasen, S., Guan, B., & Gorden, K. (2009). Impact of early adolescent psychiatric and personality disorder on long-term physical health: A 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 39(5), 865–874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227–257.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Nuzum, H., & Ro, E. (2017). Manifestations of personality impairment severity: Comorbidity, course/prognosis, psychosocial dysfunction, and ‘borderline’ personality features. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 117–121.Google Scholar
Cohen, P. (2008). Child development and personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 477–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, P., Chen, H., Gordon, K., Johnson, J., Brook, J., & Kasen, S. (2008). Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 633–650.Google Scholar
Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2005). The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 466–486.Google Scholar
Cooney, E., Davis, K., Thompson, P., Wharewera-Mika, J., Stewart, J., & Miller, A. L. (2012). Feasibility of comparing dialectical behavior therapy with treatment as usual for suicidal and self-injuring adolescents: Follow-up data from a small randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 46th Annual Convention, National Harbor, MD.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Professional Manual: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor-Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., First, M. B., Skodol, A. E., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2008). Comorbid Axis I and Axis II disorders in early adolescence: Outcomes 20 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(6), 641–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: A short-term longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 17(4), 1051–1070.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 495–510.Google Scholar
De Caluwé, E., Verbeke, L., van Aken, M., van der Heijden, P. T., & De Clercq, B. (2019). The DSM-5 trait measure in a psychiatric sample of late adolescents and emerging adults: Structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33(1), 101–118.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B. (2018). Integrating developmental aspects in current thinking about personality pathology. Current Perspectives in Psychology, 21, 69–73.Google ScholarPubMed
De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2003). Personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(4), 269–292.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2004). A “little-five” lexically based perspective on personality disorder symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(5), 479–499.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., Van Leeuwen, K., & Mervielde, I. (2006). The structure of maladaptive personality traits in childhood: A step toward an integrative developmental perspective for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 639–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Clercq, B., Decuyper, M., & De Caluwé, E. (2014). Developmental manifestations of borderline personality pathology from an age-specific dimensional personality disorder trait framework. In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 81–94). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., Hofmans, J., Vergauwe, J., De Fruyt, F., & Sharp, C. (2017). Developmental pathways of childhood dark traits. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 843–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., Van den Noortgate, W., De Bolle, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood personality pathology: Dimensional stability and change. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 853–869.Google Scholar
Decuyper, M., De Bolle, M., De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2011). General and maladaptive personality dimensions and the assessment of callous-unemotional traits in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 681–701.Google Scholar
De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2014). Antecedents of personality disorder in childhood and adolescence: Toward an integrative developmental model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 449–476.Google Scholar
De Los Reyes, A., Thomas, S. A., Goodman, K. L., & Kundey, S. M. A. (2013). Principles underlying the use of multiple informants’ reports. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 123–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durbin, E. C., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., Johnson, W., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2016). Personality trait change across late childhood to young adulthood: Evidence for nonlinearity and sex differences in change. European Journal of Personality, 30, 31–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2011). Borderline personality disorder co-morbidity: Relationship to the internalizing-externalizing structure of common mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 41(5), 1041–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood in Society. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder: A mentalizing model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(1), 4–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2016). A multilevel perspective on the development of borderline personality disorder. In Cicchetti, D. C. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (3rd ed., pp. 726–792). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fossati, A., Sharp, C., Borroni, S., & Somma, A. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children-11 (BPFSC-11) in a sample of community dwelling Italian adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35, 70–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). The Antisocial Process Screening Device. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Goldstein, T. R., Axelson, D. A., Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. A. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: A 1-year open trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 820–830.Google Scholar
Goodman, M., Hazlett, E. A., Avedon, J. B., Siever, D. R., Chu, K. W., & New, A. S. (2011). Anterior cingulate volume reduction in adolescents with borderline personality disorder and co-morbid major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(6), 803–807.Google Scholar
Goodman, M., Perez-Rodriguez, M., & Siever, L. (2014). The neurobiology of adolescent-onset borderline personality disorder. In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 113–128). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). BPD’s interpersonal hypersensitivity phenotype: A gene-environment-developmental model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(1), 22–41.Google Scholar
Ha, C., Balderas, J. C., Zanarini, M. C., Oldham, J., & Sharp, C. (2014). Psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalized adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(5), e457–e464.Google Scholar
Haltigan, J. D., & Vaillancourt, T. (2016). Identifying trajectories of borderline personality features in adolescence: Antecedent and interactive risk factors. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(3), 166–175.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (1999). The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, R., Blum, N., Black, D. W., Burgess, J., & Henley-Cragg, P. (2014). Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS). In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 415–430). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Herpertz, S. C., Huprich, S. K., Bohus, M., Chanen, A., Goodman, M., Mehlum, L., … Sharp, C. (2017). The challenge of transforming the diagnostic system of personality disorders. Journal Personality Disorders, 31(5), 577–589.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P. (2017). Developmental psychopathology as a scientific discipline: a 21st-century perspective. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (pp. 3–32). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C. J., Wright, A. G., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013). The interpersonal core of personality pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(3), 270–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudziak, J. J., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., & Pine, D. S. (2007). A dimensional approach to developmental psychopathology. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 16, S16–S23.Google Scholar
Jahng, S., Trull, T. J., Wood, P. K., Tragesser, S. L., Tomko, R., Grant, J. D., … Sher, K. J. (2011). Distinguishing general and specific personality disorder features and implications for substance dependence comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 656–669.Google Scholar
James, L. M., & Taylor, J. (2008). Revisiting the structure of mental disorders: borderline personality disorder and the internalizing/externalizing spectra. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(Pt 4), 361–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Skodol, A. E., & Oldham, J. M. (2008). Cumulative prevalence of personality disorders between adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(5), 410–413.Google Scholar
Kaess, M., Brunner, R., & Chanen, A. (2014). Borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Pediatrics, 134(4), 782–793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kernberg, O. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15(3), 641–685.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, A. A., Colins, O. F, Doreleijers, T. A. H., van der Molen, E., Beekman, A. T. F., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2015). Personality disorders in previously detained adolescent females: A prospective study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85, 63–71.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (2005). Continuity of Axes I and II: Toward a unified model ofpersonality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 233–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890.Google Scholar
Krueger, B., & Markon, K. E. (2014). The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1–25.Google Scholar
Kushner, S., Tackett, J. L., & De Clercq, B. (2013). The joint hierarchical structure of adolescent personality pathology: Converging evidence from two approaches to measurement. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 199–205.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Hakes, J. K., Zald, D. H., Hariri, A. R., & Rathouz, P. J. (2012). Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 971–977.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 377(9759), 74–84.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F. (2008). Epidemiology of personality disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 395–403.Google Scholar
Leung, S. W., & Leung, F. (2009). Construct validity and prevalence rate of borderline personality disorder among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(5), 494–513.Google Scholar
Levy, K. N., Becker, D. F., Grilo, C. M., Mattanah, J. J., Garnet, K. E., Quinlan, D. M., … McGlashan, T. H. (1999). Concurrent and predictive validity of the personality disorder diagnosis in adolescent inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(10), 1522–1528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Klein, D. N. (1997). Axis II psychopathology as a function of Axis I disorders in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(12), 1752–1759.Google Scholar
Linde, J. A., Stringer, D., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. (2013). The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality for Youth (SNAP-Y): A new measure for assessing adolescent personality and personality pathology. Assessment, 20(4), 387–404.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Luby, J. L., Si, X., Belden, A. C., Tandon, M., & Spitznagel, E. (2009). Preschool depression: Homotypic continuity and course over 24 months. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 897–905.Google Scholar
Lynam, D. R. (1997). Capturing the fledging psychopath in a nomological net. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 425–438.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 517–542.Google Scholar
McLean, K. C., & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life’s little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 714–722.Google Scholar
Meares, R., Gerull, F., Stevenson, J., & Korner, A. (2011). Is self disturbance the core of borderline personality disorder? An outcome study of borderline personality factors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(3), 214–222.Google Scholar
Mehlum, L., Ramberg, M., Tørmoen, A., Haga, E., Larsson, B., Stanley, B., … Grøholt, B. (2012). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with recent and repeated suicidal and self-harm behavior: A randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 46th Annual Convention, National Harbor, MD.Google Scholar
Mesman, J., & Koot, H. (2001). Early preschool predictors of preadolescent internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1029–1036.Google Scholar
Michonski, J. D., Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., & Zanarini, M. C. (2013). An item response theory analysis of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder criteria in a population-based sample of 11- to 12-year-old children. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(1), 15–22.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality Assessment Inventory: Adolescent Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Nestadt, G., Eaton, W. W., Romanoski, A. J., Garrison, R., Folstein, M. F., & McHugh, P. R. (1994). Assessment of DSM-III personality structure in a general-population survey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35(1), 54–63.Google Scholar
Nestadt, G., Hsu, F. C., Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., Reti, I., Costa, P. T. Jr., & Eaton, W. W. (2006). Latent structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition personality disorder criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(1), 54–62.Google Scholar
Noblin, J. L., Venta, A., & Sharp, C. (2013). The validity of the MSI-BPD among inpatient adolescents. Assessment, 21(2), 210–217.Google Scholar
Normandin, L., Ensink, K., Yeomans, F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2014). Transference-focused psychotherapy for personality disorders in adolescence. In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 333–359). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (1997). Antisocial and borderline personality disorders: Two separate diagnoses or two aspects of the same psychopathology? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38(4), 237–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 3–25.Google Scholar
Rojas, E. C., Cummings, J. R., Bornovalova, M. A., Hopwood, C. J., Racine, S. E., Keel, P. K., … Klump, K. L. (2014). A further validation of the Minnesota Borderline Personality Disorder Scale. Personality Disorders, 5(2), 146–153.Google Scholar
Rossouw, T. I., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-based treatment for self-harm in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1304–1313.Google Scholar
Roysamb, E., Kendler, K. S., Tambs, K., Orstavik, R. E., Neale, M. C., Aggen, S. H., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). The joint structure of DSM-IV axis I and axis II disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 198–209.Google Scholar
Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1055–1085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuppert, H. M., Bloo, J., Minderaa, R. B., Emmelkamp, P. M., & Nauta, M. H. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index-IV: Adolescent version and parent version. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(4), 628–640.Google Scholar
Sebastian, C., Burnett, S., & Blakemore, S. J. (2008). Development of the self-concept during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(11), 441–446.Google Scholar
Sevecke,  K., Schmeck,  K., & Krischer,  M. (2014). The dimensional-categorical hybrid model of personality disorders in DSM-5 from an adolescent psychiatric perspective - criticism and critical outlook. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 42(4), 279–283.Google Scholar
Sharp, C. (2016). Bridging the gap: The assessment and treatment of adolescent personality disorder in routine clinical care. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(1), 103–108.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Elhai, J. D., Kalpakci, A., Michonski, J., & Pavlidis, I. (2014). Locating adolescent BPD within the internalizing-externalizing spectrum. Manuscript submitted for publicationGoogle Scholar
Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Practitioner review: Emergent borderline personality disorder in adolescence: Recent conceptualization, intervention, and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(12), 1266–1288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, C., Green, K., Venta, A., Pettit, J., & Zanarini, M. C. (2012). The incremental validity of borderline personality disorder relative to major depressive disorder for suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(6), 927–38.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Ha, C., Michonski, J., Venta, A., & Carbone, C. (2012). Borderline personality disorder in adolescents: Evidence in support of the Childhood Interview for DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder in a sample of adolescent inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(6), 765–774.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Kim, S. (2015). Recent advances in the developmental aspects of borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 17(21), 1–9.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Mosko, O., Chang, B., & Ha, C. (2011). The cross-informant concordance and concurrent validity of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children in a sample of male youth. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16(3), 335–349.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Rossouw, T. (2019). Borderline personality pathology in adolescence. In Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (2nd ed., pp. 281–300). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., Temple, J., & Newlin, E. (2014). An 11-item measure to assess borderline traits in adolescents: Refinement of the BPFSC using IRT. Personality Disorders, 5(1), 70–78.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Vanwoerden, S., & Wall, K. (2018). Adolescence as a sensitive period for the development of personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 41(4), 669–683.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wall, K. (2017). Personality pathology grows up: Adolescence as a sensitive period. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 111–116.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wright, A. (2018). Editorial: Personality pathology is what personality pathologists do. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, iv–vii.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Wright, A. G. C., Fowler, J. C., Frueh, B. C., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J., & Clark, L. A. (2015). The structure of personality pathology: Both general (‘g’) and specific (‘s’) factors? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 387–398.Google Scholar
Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., … Wise, S. P. (2008). Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(14), 3586–3594.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L. (1998). How shall we speak of children’s personalities in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 308–332.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., & Allen, T. A. (2013). Assessing personality disorders in adolescents: seven guiding principles. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 20(4), 361–377Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., & DeYoung, C. G. (2013). The structure of temperament and personality traits: A developmental perspective. In Zelazo, P. D. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Volume 2: Self and Other (pp. 113–141). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., & Tackett, J. L. (2014). Personality disorders in children and adolescents. In Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. A. (Eds.), Child Psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 848–896). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T. H., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., … Stout, R. L. (2005). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS): Overview and implications. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 487–504.Google Scholar
Snyder, H. R., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2016). Strong homotypic continuity in common psychopathology: Internalizing-, and externalizing-specific factors over time in adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Science, 5, 98–110.Google Scholar
Somerville, L. H., Jones, R. M., Ruberry, E. J., Dyke, J. P., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2013). The medial prefrontal cortex and the emergence of self-conscious emotion in adolescence. Psychological Science, 24(8), 1554–1562.Google Scholar
Somma, A., Fossati, A., Terrinoni, A., Williams, R., Ardizzone, I., Fantini, F., … Ferrara, M. (2016). Reliability and clinical usefulness of the personality inventory for DSM-5 in clinically referred adolescents: A preliminary report in a sample of Italian inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 70, 141–151.Google Scholar
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The developmental psychometrics of big five self-reports: Acquiescence, factor structure, coherence, and differentiation from ages 10 to 20. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 718–737.Google Scholar
Speranza, M., Revah-Levy, A., Cortese, S., Falissard, B., Pham-Scottez, A., & Corcos, M. (2011). ADHD in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 158.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age differences in sensation-seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1764–1778.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L. (2011). Parent informants for child personality: Agreement, discrepancies, and clinical utility. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(6), 539–544.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Balsis, S., & Cooper, L. (2016). Toward a unifying perspective on personality pathology across the lifespan. In Cicchetti, D. C. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (3rd ed., pp. 1039–1078). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., Bushman, B., Olthof, T., & Denissen, J. (2008). Development and validation of the Childhood Narcissism Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 382–391.Google Scholar
Tromp, N. B., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Dimensions of personality pathology in adolescents: Psychometric properties of the DAPP-BQ-A. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(6), 623–638.Google Scholar
Van den Akker, A. L., Dekovic, M., Asscher, J., & Prinzie, P. (2014). Mean-level personality development across childhood and adolescence: A temporary defiance of the maturity principle and bidirectional associations with parenting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 736–750.Google Scholar
Vanwoerden, S., Garey, L., Ferguson, T., Temple, J., & Sharp, C. (2019). Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children-11: Measurement invariance over time and across gender in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 114–119.Google Scholar
Venta, A., Magyar, M., Hossein, S., & Sharp, C. (2018). The psychometric properties of the Personality Assessment Inventory–Adolescent’s Borderline Features Scale across two high-risk samples. Psychological Assessment, 30(6), 827–833.Google Scholar
Verbeke, L., De Caluwé, E., & De Clercq, B. (2017). A five-factor model of personality pathology precursors. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8, 130–139.Google Scholar
Verbeke, L., & De Clercq, B. (2014). Integrating oddity traits in a dimensional model for personality pathology precursors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 598–612.Google Scholar
Verbeke, L., De Clercq, B., Van der Heijden, P., Hutsebaut, J., & Van Aken, M. A. G. (2017). The relevance of schizotypal traits for understanding interpersonal functioning in adolescents with psychiatric problems. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(1), 54–63.Google Scholar
Wall, J., Ahmed, Y., & Sharp, C. (2018). Parent–adolescent concordance in borderline pathology and why it matters. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(3), 529–542.Google Scholar
Wall, K., Sharp, C., Ahmed, Y., Goodman, M., & Zanarini, M. C. (2017). Parent–adolescent concordance on the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) and the Childhood Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder (CI-BPD). Personality and Mental Health, 11(3), 179–188.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Bach, B., Chmielewski, M., Clark, L. A., DeYoung, C., Hopwood, C. J., … Thomas, K. M. (2019). Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(4), 345–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widiger, T. A. & Costa, P. T. (2013). Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(2), 110–130.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In Costa, P. T. Jr. & Widiger, T. A. (Eds.), Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality (2nd ed., pp. 89–99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Winograd, G., Cohen, P., & Chen, H. N. (2008). Adolescent borderline symptoms in the community: Prognosis for functioning over 20 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(9), 933–941.Google Scholar
Winsper, C., Marwaha, S., Lereya, S. T., Thompson, A., Eyden, J., Singh, S. P. (2015). Clinical and psychosocial outcomes of borderline personality disorder in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2237–2251.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., Hopwood, C. J., Skodol, A. E., & Morey, L. C. (2016). Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(8), 1120–1134.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G., Zalewski, M., Hallquist, M. N., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2016). Developmental trajectories of borderline personality disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(3), 351–372.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C. (2003). The Child Interview for DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder. Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Dubo, E. D., Sickel, A. E., Trikha, A., Levin, A., & Reynolds, V. (1998). Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1733–1739.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2012). Attainment and stability of sustained symptomatic remission and recovery among patients with borderline personality disorder and Axis II comparison subjects: A 16-year prospective follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 476–483.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Horwood, J., Wolke, D., Waylen, A., Fitzmaurice, G., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in two community samples: 6,330 English 11-year-olds and 34,653 American adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(5), 607–619.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). A screening measure for BPD: The McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(6), 568–573.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×