Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:02:50.384Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Etiology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2020

Edited by
Carl W. Lejuez  and
Kim L. Gratz
Carl W. Lejuez
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Kim L. Gratz
Affiliation:
University of Toledo, Ohio
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders , pp. 1 - 100
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abi-Dargham, A., Mawlawi, O., Lombardo, I., Gil, R., Martinez, D., Huang, Y., … Laruelle, M. (2002). Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(9), 3708–3719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altshuler, L. L., Bartzokis, G., Grieder, T., Curran, J., & Mintz, J. (1998). Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: An MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7), 663–664.Google ScholarPubMed
Amad, A., & Radua, J. (2017). Resting-state meta-analysis in borderline personality disorder: Is the fronto-limbic hypothesis still valid? Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 7–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Asami, T., Whitford, T. J., Bouix, S., Dickey, C. C., Niznikiewicz, M., Shenton, M. E., … McCarley, R. W. (2013). Globally and locally reduced MRI gray matter volumes in neuroleptic-naive men with schizotypal personality disorder: Association with negative symptoms. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 361–372.Google Scholar
Baczkowski, B. M., van Zutphen, L., Siep, N., Jacob, G. A., Domes, G., Maier, S., … van de Ven, V. (2017). Deficient amygdala-prefrontal intrinsic connectivity after effortful emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(6), 551–565.Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 198-208.Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. (2010). Neuroimaging of psychopathy and antisocial behavior: A targeted review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(1), 76–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brambilla, P., Soloff, P. H., Sala, M., Nicoletti, M. A., Keshavan, M. S., & Soares, J. C. (2004). Anatomical MRI study of borderline personality disorder patients. Psychiatry Research, 131(2), 125–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunner, R., Henze, R., Parzer, P., Kramer, J., Feigl, N., Lutz, K., … Stieltjes, B. (2010). Reduced prefrontal and orbitofrontal gray matter in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Is it disorder specific? NeuroImage, 49(1), 114–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchsbaum, M. S., Nenadic, I., Hazlett, E. A., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Fleischman, M. B., Akhavan, A., … Siever, L. J. (2002). Differential metabolic rates in prefrontal and temporal Brodmann areas in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 54(1–2), 141–150.Google Scholar
Buchsbaum, M. S., Trestman, R. L., Hazlett, E., Siegel, B. V. Jr., Schaefer, C. H., Luu-Hsia, C., … Siever, L. J. (1997). Regional cerebral blood flow during the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 27(1), 21–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 215–222.Google Scholar
Byne, W., Buchsbaum, M. S., Kemether, E., Hazlett, E. A., Shinwari, A., Mitropoulou, V., & Siever, L. J. (2001). Magnetic resonance imaging of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus and pulvinar in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(2), 133–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrasco, J. L., Tajima-Pozo, K., Diaz-Marsa, M., Casado, A., Lopez-Ibor, J. J., Arrazola, J., & Yus, M. (2012). Microstructural white matter damage at orbitofrontal areas in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139(2), 149–153.Google Scholar
Chan, C. C., Szeszko, P. R., Wong, E., Tang, C. Y., Kelliher, C., Penner, J. D., … Hazlett, E. A. (2018). Frontal and temporal cortical volume, white matter tract integrity, and hemispheric asymmetry in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 197, 226–232.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Velakoulis, D., Carison, K., Gaunson, K., Wood, S. J., Yuen, H. P., … Pantelis, C. (2008). Orbitofrontal, amygdala and hippocampal volumes in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 163(2), 116–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christ, S. E., Van Essen, D. C., Watson, J. M., Brubaker, L. E., & McDermott, K. B. (2009). The contributions of prefrontal cortex and executive control to deception: Evidence from activation likelihood estimate meta-analyses. Cerebral Cortex, 19(7), 1557–1566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coccaro, E. F. (1992). Impulsive aggression and central serotonergic system function in humans: An example of a dimensional brain–behavior relationship. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7(1), 3–12.Google Scholar
Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P., Roberts, A., & Ullrich, S. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullen, K. R., Vizueta, N., Thomas, K. M., Han, G. J., Lim, K. O., Camchong, J., … Schulz, S. C. (2011). Amygdala functional connectivity in young women with borderline personality disorder. Brain Connectivity, 1(1), 61–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniels, W. M., Richter, L., & Stein, D. J. (2004). The effects of repeated intra-amygdala CRF injections on rat behavior and HPA axis function after stress. Metabolic Brain Disease, 19(1–2), 15–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, P., Calhoun, V., & Malhi, G. S. (2014). Bipolar and borderline patients display differential patterns of functional connectivity among resting state networks. NeuroImage, 98, 73–81.Google Scholar
De Brito, S. A., Mechelli, A., Wilke, M., Laurens, K. R., Jones, A. P., Barker, G. J., … Viding, E. (2009). Size matters: Increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Brain, 132(Pt 4), 843–852.Google Scholar
de Oliveira-Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Ignacio, F. A., Tovar-Moll, F., & Moll, J. (2008). Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 40(3), 1202–1213.Google Scholar
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., Voglmaier, M. M., Frumin, M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Hirayasu, Y., … Shenton, M. E. (2002). Smaller left Heschl’s gyrus volume in patients with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1521–1527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Seidman, L. J., Demeo, S., … Shenton, M. E. (2003). An MRI study of superior temporal gyrus volume in women with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(12), 2198–2201.Google Scholar
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Seidman, L. J., Hirayasu, Y., … Shenton, M. E. (1999). Schizotypal personality disorder and MRI abnormalities of temporal lobe gray matter. Biological Psychiatry, 45(11), 1393–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickey, C. C., McCarley, R. W., Xu, M. L., Seidman, L. J., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., … Shenton, M. E. (2007). MRI abnormalities of the hippocampus and cavum septi pellucidi in females with schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 89(1–3), 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickey, C. C., Morocz, I. A., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Voglmaier, M., Toner, S., Khan, U., … McCarley, R. W. (2008). Auditory processing abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder: An fMRI experiment using tones of deviant pitch and duration. Schizophrenia Research, 103(1–3), 26–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, A., Sorg, C., Manoliu, A., Woller, A., Meng, C., Forstl, H., … Riedl, V. (2013). Shifted intrinsic connectivity of central executive and salience network in borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downhill, J. E. Jr., Buchsbaum, M. S., Hazlett, E. A., Barth, S., Lees Roitman, S., Nunn, M., … Siever, L. J. (2001). Temporal lobe volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 48(2–3), 187–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driessen, M., Herrmann, J., Stahl, K., Zwaan, M., Meier, S., Hill, A., … Petersen, D. (2000). Magnetic resonance imaging volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala in women with borderline personality disorder and early traumatization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(12), 1115–1122.Google Scholar
Ellison-Wright, I., & Bullmore, E. (2009). Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 108(1–3), 3–10.Google Scholar
Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 359(9306), 545–550.Google Scholar
Fervaha, G., & Remington, G. (2013). Neuroimaging findings in schizotypal personality disorder: A systematic review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 43, 96–107.Google Scholar
Frick, C., Lang, S., Kotchoubey, B., Sieswerda, S., Dinu-Biringer, R., Berger, M., … Barnow, S. (2012). Hypersensitivity in borderline personality disorder during mindreading. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e41650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frodl, T., Meisenzahl, E. M., Zetzsche, T., Born, C., Groll, C., Jager, M., … Moller, H. J. (2002). Hippocampal changes in patients with a first episode of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(7), 1112–1118.Google Scholar
Frodl, T., Meisenzahl, E., Zetzsche, T., Bottlender, R., Born, C., Groll, C., … Moller, H. J. (2002). Enlargement of the amygdala in patients with a first episode of major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 51(9), 708–714.Google Scholar
Gan, J., Yi, J., Zhong, M., Cao, X., Jin, X., Liu, W., & Zhu, X. (2016). Abnormal white matter structural connectivity in treatment-naive young adults with borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134(6), 494–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrity, A. G., Pearlson, G. D., McKiernan, K., Lloyd, D., Kiehl, K. A., & Calhoun, V. D. (2007). Aberrant “default mode” functional connectivity in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 450–457.Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. E., Hazlett, E. A., New, A. S., Haznedar, M. M., Newmark, R. E., Zelmanova, Y., … Siever, L. J. (2009). Smaller superior temporal gyrus volume specificity in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 112(1–3), 14–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, M., Carpenter, D., Tang, C. Y., Goldstein, K. E., Avedon, J., Fernandez, N., … Hazlett, E. A. (2014). Dialectical behavior therapy alters emotion regulation and amygdala activity in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 57, 108–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goyer, P. F., Andreason, P. J., Semple, W. E., Clayton, A. H., King, A. C., Compton-Toth, B. A., … Cohen, R. M. (1994). Positron-emission tomography and personality disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10(1), 21–28.Google Scholar
Grant, J. E., Correia, S., Brennan-Krohn, T., Malloy, P. F., Laidlaw, D. H., & Schulz, S. C. (2007). Frontal white matter integrity in borderline personality disorder with self-injurious behavior. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 19(4), 383–390.Google Scholar
Gregg, T. R., & Siegel, A. (2001). Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: Implications for human aggression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 25(1), 91–140.Google Scholar
Gregory, S., ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Howard, M., Hodgins, S., & Blackwood, N. (2012). The antisocial brain: Psychopathy matters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(9), 962–972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunderson, J. G., & Singer, M. T. (1975). Defining borderline patients: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132(1), 1–10.Google Scholar
Gurrera, R. J., Nakamura, M., Kubicki, M., Dickey, C. C., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Voglmaier, M. M., … Seidman, L. J. (2007). The uncinate fasciculus and extraversion in schizotypal personality disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Schizophrenia Research, 90(1–3), 360–362.Google Scholar
Haldane, M., & Frangou, S. (2004). New insights help define the pathophysiology of bipolar affective disorder: Neuroimaging and neuropathology findings. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28(6), 943–960.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasan, K. M., Kamali, A., Abid, H., Kramer, L. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2010). Quantification of the spatiotemporal microstructural organization of the human brain association, projection and commissural pathways across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography. Brain Structure and Function, 214(4), 361–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Haznedar, M. M., Newmark, R., Goldstein, K. E., Zelmanova, Y., … Siever, L. J. (2008). Cortical gray and white matter volume in unmedicated schizotypal and schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 101(1–3), 111–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Zhang, J., Newmark, R. E., Glanton, C. F., Zelmanova, Y., … Siever, L. J. (2008). Frontal-striatal-thalamic mediodorsal nucleus dysfunction in schizophrenia-spectrum patients during sensorimotor gating. NeuroImage, 42(3), 1164–1177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, E. A., Collazo, T., Zelmanova, Y., Entis, J. J., Chu, K. W., Goldstein, K. E., … Byne, W. (2012). Anterior limb of the internal capsule in schizotypal personality disorder: Fiber-tract counting, volume, and anisotropy. Schizophrenia Research, 141(2–3), 119–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, E. A., Goldstein, K. E., & Kolaitis, J. C. (2012). A review of structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging in schizotypal personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(1), 70–78.Google Scholar
Hazlett, E. A., Lamade, R. V., Graff, F. S., McClure, M. M., Kolaitis, J. C., Goldstein, K. E., … Moshier, E. (2014). Visual-spatial working memory performance and temporal gray matter volume predict schizotypal personality disorder group membership. Schizophrenia Research, 152(2–3), 350–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hazlett, E. A., New, A. S., Newmark, R., Haznedar, M. M., Lo, J. N., Speiser, L. J., … Buchsbaum, M. S. (2005). Reduced anterior and posterior cingulate gray matter in borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 58(8), 614–623.Google Scholar
Hazlett, E. A., Zhang, J., New, A. S., Zelmanova, Y., Goldstein, K. E., Haznedar, M. M., … Chu, K. W. (2012). Potentiated amygdala response to repeated emotional pictures in borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 72(6), 448–456.Google Scholar
Haznedar, M. M., Buchsbaum, M. S., Hazlett, E. A., Shihabuddin, L., New, A., & Siever, L. J. (2004). Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2–3), 249–262.Google Scholar
Herve, H. F., Hayes, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2003). Psychopathy and sensitivity to the emotional polarity of metaphorical statements. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(7), 1497–1507.Google Scholar
Hill, K., Mann, L., Laws, K. R., Stephenson, C. M., Nimmo-Smith, I., & McKenna, P. J. (2004). Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(4), 243–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holtmann, J., Herbort, M. C., Wustenberg, T., Soch, J., Richter, S., Walter, H., … Schott, B. H. (2013). Trait anxiety modulates fronto-limbic processing of emotional interference in borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 54.Google Scholar
Huang, X. Q., Lui, S., Deng, W., Chan, R. C., Wu, Q. Z., Jiang, L. J., … Gong, Q. Y. (2010). Localization of cerebral functional deficits in treatment-naive, first-episode schizophrenia using resting-state fMRI. NeuroImage, 49(4), 2901–2906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.Google Scholar
Irle, E., Lange, C., & Sachsse, U. (2005). Reduced size and abnormal asymmetry of parietal cortex in women with borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(2), 173–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, G. A., Zvonik, K., Kamphausen, S., Sebastian, A., Maier, S., Philipsen, A., … Tuscher, O. (2013). Emotional modulation of motor response inhibition in women with borderline personality disorder: An fMRI study. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 38(3), 164–172.Google Scholar
Jiang, W., Li, G., Liu, H., Shi, F., Wang, T., Shen, C., … Shen, D. (2016). Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder. Neuroscience, 337, 143–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, W., Liu, H., Liao, J., Ma, X., Rong, P., Tang, Y., & Wang, W. (2013). A functional MRI study of deception among offenders with antisocial personality disorders. Neuroscience, 244, 90–98.Google Scholar
Jiang, W., Shi, F., Liao, J., Liu, H., Wang, T., Shen, C., … Shen, D. (2017). Disrupted functional connectome in antisocial personality disorder. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 11(4), 1071–1084.Google Scholar
Jiang, W., Shi, F., Liu, H., Li, G., Ding, Z., Shen, H., … Shen, D. (2017). Reduced white matter integrity in antisocial personality disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Scientific Reports, 7, 43002.Google Scholar
Kamphausen, S., Schroder, P., Maier, S., Bader, K., Feige, B., Kaller, C. P., … Tuscher, O. (2013). Medial prefrontal dysfunction and prolonged amygdala response during instructed fear processing in borderline personality disorder. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14(4), 307–318, S301–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kawasaki, Y., Suzuki, M., Nohara, S., Hagino, H., Takahashi, T., Matsui, M., … Kurachi, M. (2004). Structural brain differences in patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254(6), 406–414.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15(3), 641–685.Google Scholar
Koenigsberg, H. W., Buchsbaum, M. S., Buchsbaum, B. R., Schneiderman, J. S., Tang, C. Y., New, A., … Siever, L. J. (2005). Functional MRI of visuospatial working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: A region-of-interest analysis. Psychological Medicine, 35(7), 1019–1030.Google Scholar
Kolla, N. J., Dunlop, K., Downar, J., Links, P., Bagby, R. M., Simpson, A., & Meyer, J. (2015). Ventral striatum monoamine oxidase-A is associated with ventral striatum functional connectivity in antisocial personality disorder: A PET/FMRI study. Biological Psychiatry, 77(9), 366s–366s.Google Scholar
Kolla, N. J., Dunlop, K., Downar, J., Links, P., Bagby, R. M., Wilson, A. A., … Meyer, J. H. (2016). Association of ventral striatum monoamine oxidase-A binding and functional connectivity in antisocial personality disorder with high impulsivity: A positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(4), 777–786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolla, N. J., Matthews, B., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., Bagby, R. M., Links, P., … Meyer, J. H. (2015). Lower monoamine oxidase-A total distribution volume in impulsive and violent male offenders with antisocial personality disorder and high psychopathic traits: An [C-11] harmine positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(11), 2596–2603.Google Scholar
Koo, M. S., Levitt, J. J., McCarley, R. W., Seidman, L. J., Dickey, C. C., Niznikiewicz, M. A., … Shenton, M. E. (2006). Reduction of caudate nucleus volumes in neuroleptic-naive female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60(1), 40–48.Google Scholar
Kraguljac, N. V., White, D. M., Hadley, J., Reid, M. A., & Lahti, A. C. (2014). Hippocampal-parietal dysconnectivity and glutamate abnormalities in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia. Hippocampus, 24(12), 1524–1532.Google Scholar
Krause-Utz, A., Elzinga, B. M., Oei, N. Y., Paret, C., Niedtfeld, I., Spinhoven, P., … Schmahl, C. (2014). Amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate connectivity during an emotional working memory task in borderline personality disorder patients with interpersonal trauma history. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause-Utz, A., Oei, N. Y., Niedtfeld, I., Bohus, M., Spinhoven, P., Schmahl, C., & Elzinga, B. M. (2012). Influence of emotional distraction on working memory performance in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 42(10), 2181–2192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubicki, M., McCarley, R., Westin, C. F., Park, H. J., Maier, S., Kikinis, R., … Shenton, M. E. (2007). A review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(1–2), 15–30.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S., & Gallinat, J. (2013). Gray matter correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 73(1), 70–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuruoğlu, A. C., Arikan, Z., Vural, G., Karataş, M., Araç, , & Işik, E. (1996). Single photon emission computerised tomography in chronic alcoholism: Antisocial personality disorder may be associated with decreased frontal perfusion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169(3), 348–354.Google Scholar
Laakso, M. P., Gunning-Dixon, F., Vaurio, O., Repo-Tiihonen, E., Soininen, H., & Tiihonen, J. (2002). Prefrontal volumes in habitually violent subjects with antisocial personality disorder and type 2 alcoholism. Psychiatry Research, 114(2), 95–102.Google Scholar
Laakso, M. P., Vaurio, O., Koivisto, E., Savolainen, L., Eronen, M., Aronen, H. J., … Tiihonen, J. (2001). Psychopathy and the posterior hippocampus. Behavioural Brain Research, 118(2), 187–193.Google Scholar
Lange, C., & Irle, E. (2004). Enlarged amygdala volume and reduced hippocampal volume in young women with major depression. Psychological Medicine, 34(6), 1059–1064.Google Scholar
Lei, X., Zhong, M., Liu, Y., Jin, X., Zhou, Q., Xi, C., … Yi, J. (2017). A resting-state fMRI study in borderline personality disorder combining amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity and seed based functional connectivity Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 299–305.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 377(9759), 74–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lener, M. S., Wong, E., Tang, C. Y., Byne, W., Goldstein, K. E., Blair, N. J., … Hazlett, E. A. (2015). White matter abnormalities in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(1), 300–310.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F., Lane, M. C., Loranger, A. W., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 62(6), 553–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindner, P., Savic, I., Sitnikov, R., Budhiraja, M., Liu, Y., Jokinen, J., … Hodgins, S. (2016). Conduct disorder in females is associated with reduced corpus callosum structural integrity independent of comorbid disorders and exposure to maltreatment. Translational Psychiatry, 6(1), e714.Google Scholar
Lischke, A., Domin, M., Freyberger, H. J., Grabe, H. J., Mentel, R., Bernheim, D., & Lotze, M. (2015). Structural alterations in white-matter tracts connecting (para-)limbic and prefrontal brain regions in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3171–3180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lischke, A., Domin, M., Freyberger, H. J., Grabe, H. J., Mentel, R., Bernheim, D., & Lotze, M. (2017). Structural alterations in the corpus callosum are associated with suicidal behavior in women with borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 196.Google Scholar
Liu, H., Liao, J., Jiang, W., & Wang, W. (2014). Changes in low-frequency fluctuations in patients with antisocial personality disorder revealed by resting-state functional MRI. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e89790.Google Scholar
Lucas, P. B., Gardner, D. L., Cowdry, R. W., & Pickar, D. (1989). Cerebral structure in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 27(2), 111–115.Google Scholar
Lyoo, I. K., Han, M. H., & Cho, D. Y. (1998). A brain MRI study in subjects with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50(2–3), 235–243.Google Scholar
Maier-Hein, K. H., Brunner, R., Lutz, K., Henze, R., Parzer, P., Feigl, N., … Stieltjes, B. (2014). Disorder-specific white matter alterations in adolescent borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 75(1), 81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsui, M., Suzuki, M., Zhou, S. Y., Takahashi, T., Kawasaki, Y., Yuuki, H., … Kurachi, M. (2008). The relationship between prefrontal brain volume and characteristics of memory strategy in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 32(8), 1854–1862.Google Scholar
McClure, M. M., Harvey, P. D., Bowie, C. R., Iacoviello, B., & Siever, L. J. (2013). Functional outcomes, functional capacity, and cognitive impairment in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 144(1–3), 146–150.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. H., Wilson, A. A., Rusjan, P., Clark, M., Houle, S., Woodside, S., … Colleton, M. (2008). Serotonin(2A) receptor binding potential in people with aggressive and violent behaviour. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 33(6), 499–508.Google Scholar
Mier, D., Lis, S., Esslinger, C., Sauer, C., Hagenhoff, M., Ulferts, J., … Kirsch, P. (2013). Neuronal correlates of social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(5), 531–537.Google Scholar
Minzenberg, M. J., Fan, J., New, A. S., Tang, C. Y., & Siever, L. J. (2008). Frontolimbic structural changes in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(9), 727–733.Google Scholar
Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2011). Reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(48), 17348–17357.Google Scholar
Muller, J. L., Ganssbauer, S., Sommer, M., Dohnel, K., Weber, T., Schmidt-Wilcke, T., & Hajak, G. (2008). Gray matter changes in right superior temporal gyrus in criminal psychopaths: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 163(3), 213–222.Google Scholar
Muller, J. L., Sommer, M., Dohnel, K., Weber, T., Schmidt-Wilcke, T., & Hajak, G. (2008). Disturbed prefrontal and temporal brain function during emotion and cognition interaction in criminal psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 26(1), 131–150.Google Scholar
Nakamura, M., McCarley, R. W., Kubicki, M., Dickey, C. C., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Voglmaier, M. M., … Shenton, M. E. (2005). Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 58(6), 468–478.Google Scholar
Narayan, V. M., Narr, K. L., Kumari, V., Woods, R. P., Thompson, P. M., Toga, A. W., & Sharma, T. (2007). Regional cortical thinning in subjects with violent antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(9), 1418–1427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
New, A. S., Buchsbaum, M. S., Hazlett, E. A., Goodman, M., Koenigsberg, H. W., Lo, J., … Siever, L. J. (2004). Fluoxetine increases relative metabolic rate in prefrontal cortex in impulsive aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 176(3–4), 451–458.Google Scholar
New, A. S., Carpenter, D. M., Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Ripoll, L. H., Avedon, J., Patil, U., … Goodman, M. (2013). Developmental differences in diffusion tensor imaging parameters in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(8), 1101–1109.Google Scholar
New, A. S., Hazlett, E. A., Buchsbaum, M. S., Goodman, M., Mitelman, S. A., Newmark, R., … Siever, L. J. (2007). Amygdala-prefrontal disconnection in borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32(7), 1629–1640.Google Scholar
New, A. S., Hazlett, E. A., Newmark, R. E., Zhang, J., Triebwasser, J., Meyerson, D., … Buchsbaum, M. S. (2009). Laboratory induced aggression: A positron emission tomography study of aggressive individuals with borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66(12), 1107–1114.Google Scholar
Niedtfeld, I., Kirsch, P., Schulze, L., Herpertz, S. C., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2012). Functional connectivity of pain-mediated affect regulation in borderline personality disorder. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e33293.Google Scholar
Niedtfeld, I., Schmitt, R., Winter, D., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2017). Pain-mediated affect regulation is reduced after dialectical behavior therapy in borderline personality disorder: A longitudinal fMRI study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(5), 739–747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ninomiya, T., Oshita, H., Kawano, Y., Goto, C., Matsuhashi, M., Masuda, K., … Akiyoshi, J. (2018). Reduced white matter integrity in borderline personality disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 723–732.Google Scholar
Nunes, P. M., Wenzel, A., Borges, K. T., Porto, C. R., Caminha, R. M., & de Oliveira, I. R. (2009). Volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala in patients with borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(4), 333–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogloff, J. R. P. (2006). Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(6–7), 519–528.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. M. (2006). Borderline personality disorder and suicidality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(1), 20–26.Google Scholar
Oquendo, M. A., Krunic, A., Parsey, R. V., Milak, M., Malone, K. M., Anderson, A., … John Mann, J. (2005). Positron emission tomography of regional brain metabolic responses to a serotonergic challenge in major depressive disorder with and without borderline personality disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(6), 1163–1172.Google Scholar
Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., New, A. S., Goldstein, K. E., Rosell, D., Yuan, Q., Zhou, Z., … Hazlett, E. A. (2017). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met genotype modulates amygdala habituation. Psychiatry Research, 263, 85–92.Google Scholar
Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., Skeem, J. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., Douglas, K. S., Frick, P. J., … Wang, T. (2010). Identifying subtypes among offenders with antisocial personality disorder: A cluster-analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(2), 389–400.Google Scholar
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98(2), 676–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(2), 119–127; discussion 128–129.Google Scholar
Rosenkranz, J. A., & Grace, A. A. (2002). Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(1), 324–337.Google Scholar
Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V., Oertel-Knochel, V., Uhlhaas, P. J., Vogeley, K., & Linden, D. E. (2010). Resting-state functional network correlates of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 117(1), 21–30.Google Scholar
Ruocco, A. C., Amirthavasagam, S., Choi-Kain, L. W., & McMain, S. F. (2013). Neural correlates of negative emotionality in borderline personality disorder: An activation-likelihood-estimation meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 73(2), 153–160.Google Scholar
Ruocco, A. C., Amirthavasagam, S., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2012). Amygdala and hippocampal volume reductions as candidate endophenotypes for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Psychiatry Research, 201(3), 245–252.Google Scholar
Rusch, N., Bracht, T., Kreher, B. W., Schnell, S., Glauche, V., Il’yasov, K. A., … van Elst, L. T. (2010). Reduced interhemispheric structural connectivity between anterior cingulate cortices in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 181(2), 151–154.Google Scholar
Rusch, N., van Elst, L. T., Ludaescher, P., Wilke, M., Huppertz, H. J., Thiel, T., … Ebert, D. (2003). A voxel-based morphometric MRI study in female patients with borderline personality disorder. NeuroImage, 20(1), 385–392.Google Scholar
Rusch, N., Weber, M., Il’yasov, K. A., Lieb, K., Ebert, D., Hennig, J., & van Elst, L. T. (2007). Inferior frontal white matter microstructure and patterns of psychopathology in women with borderline personality disorder and comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. NeuroImage, 35(2), 738–747.Google Scholar
Rylands, A. J., Hinz, R., Jones, M., Holmes, S. E., Feldmann, M., Brown, G., … Talbot, P. S. (2012). Pre- and postsynaptic serotonergic differences in males with extreme levels of impulsive aggression without callous unemotional traits: A positron emission tomography study using C-11-DASB and C-11-MDL100907. Biological Psychiatry, 72(12), 1004–1011.Google Scholar
Scherpiet, S., Bruhl, A. B., Opialla, S., Roth, L., Jancke, L., & Herwig, U. (2014). Altered emotion processing circuits during the anticipation of emotional stimuli in women with borderline personality disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264(1), 45–60.Google Scholar
Schiffer, B., Muller, B. W., Scherbaum, N., Hodgins, S., Forsting, M., Wiltfang, J., … Leygraf, N. (2011). Disentangling structural brain alterations associated with violent behavior from those associated with substance use disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(10), 1039–1049.Google Scholar
Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., Esposito, F., Treede, R. D., Di Salle, F., Greffrath, W., … Seifritz, E. (2006). Neural correlates of antinociception in borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(6), 659–667.Google Scholar
Schmahl, C. G., Elzinga, B. M., Vermetten, E., Sanislow, C., McGlashan, T. H., & Bremner, J. D. (2003). Neural correlates of memories of abandonment in women with and without borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 54(2), 142–151.Google Scholar
Schnell, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Effects of dialectic-behavioral-therapy on the neural correlates of affective hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(10), 837–847.Google Scholar
Schulz, S. C., Koller, M. M., Kishore, P. R., Hamer, R. M., Gehl, J. J., & Friedel, R. O. (1983). Ventricular enlargement in teenage patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140(12), 1592–1595.Google Scholar
Schulze, L., Schmahl, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2016). Neural correlates of disturbed emotion processing in borderline personality disorder: A multimodal meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 79(2), 97–106.Google Scholar
Shepherd, A. M., Laurens, K. R., Matheson, S. L., Carr, V. J., & Green, M. J. (2012). Systematic meta-review and quality assessment of the structural brain alterations in schizophrenia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1342–1356.Google Scholar
Shihabuddin, L., Buchsbaum, M. S., Hazlett, E. A., Silverman, J., New, A., Brickman, A. M., … Siever, L. J. (2001). Striatal size and relative glucose metabolic rate in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(9), 877–884.Google Scholar
Siever, L. J., & Davis, K. L. (2004). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: Perspectives from the spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 398–413.Google Scholar
Silbersweig, D., Clarkin, J. F., Goldstein, M., Kernberg, O. F., Tuescher, O., Levy, K. N., … Stern, E. (2007). Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in the context of negative emotion in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(12), 1832–1841.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., Chiappetta, L., Mason, N. S., Becker, C., & Price, J. C. (2014). Effects of serotonin-2A receptor binding and gender on personality traits and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 222(3), 140–148.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., Meltzer, C. C., Becker, C., Greer, P. J., & Constantine, D. (2005). Gender differences in a fenfluramine-activated FDG PET study of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 138(3), 183–195.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., Meltzer, C. C., Greer, P. J., Constantine, D., & Kelly, T. M. (2000). A fenfluramine-activated FDG-PET study of borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 47(6), 540–547.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., Pruitt, P., Sharma, M., Radwan, J., White, R., & Diwadkar, V. A. (2012). Structural brain abnormalities and suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(4), 516–525.Google Scholar
Stein, M. B., Koverola, C., Hanna, C., Torchia, M. G., & McClarty, B. (1997). Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine, 27(4), 951–959.Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Ancharaz, S. S., Cheng, S., Sun, W., Wang, H., & Sun, Y. (2016). Decreased fractional anisotropy values in two clusters of white matter in patients with schizotypal personality disorder: A DTI study. Behavioural Brain Research, 310, 68–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundram, F., Deeley, Q., Sarkar, S., Daly, E., Latham, R., Craig, M., … Murphy, D. G. (2012). White matter microstructural abnormalities in the frontal lobe of adults with antisocial personality disorder. Cortex, 48(2), 216–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, M., Zhou, S. Y., Hagino, H., Takahashi, T., Kawasaki, Y., Nohara, S., … Kurachi, M. (2004). Volume reduction of the right anterior limb of the internal capsule in patients with schizotypal disorder. Psychiatry Research, 130(3), 213–225.Google Scholar
Suzuki, M., Zhou, S. Y., Takahashi, T., Hagino, H., Kawasaki, Y., Niu, L., … Kurachi, M. (2005). Differential contributions of prefrontal and temporolimbic pathology to mechanisms of psychosis. Brain, 128(Pt 9), 2109–2122.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Kawasaki, Y., Kurokawa, K., Hagino, H., Nohara, S., Yamashita, I., … Kurachi, M. (2002). Lack of normal structural asymmetry of the anterior cingulate gyrus in female patients with schizophrenia: A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Schizophrenia Research, 55(1–2), 69–81.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Zhou, S. Y., Nakamura, K., Tanino, R., Kawasaki, Y., … Kurachi, M. (2008). Prevalence and length of the adhesio interthalamica in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Research, 164(1), 90–94.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Zhou, S. Y., Tanino, R., Hagino, H., Niu, L., … Kurachi, M. (2006). Temporal lobe gray matter in schizophrenia spectrum: A volumetric MRI study of the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and middle and inferior temporal gyri. Schizophrenia Research, 87(1–3), 116–126.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Zhou, S. Y., Tanino, R., Nakamura, K., Kawasaki, Y., … Kurachi, M. (2010). A follow-up MRI study of the superior temporal subregions in schizotypal disorder and first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 119(1–3), 65–74.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Zhou, S. Y., Nakamura, K., Tanino, R., Furuichi, A., Kido, M., … Suzuki, M. (2011). A follow-up MRI study of the fusiform gyrus and middle and inferior temporal gyri in schizophrenia spectrum. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 35(8), 1957–1964.Google Scholar
Tang, Y., Jiang, W., Liao, J., Wang, W., & Luo, A. (2013). Identifying individuals with antisocial personality disorder using resting-state FMRI. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e60652.Google Scholar
Tang, Y., Long, J., Wang, W., Liao, J., Xie, H., Zhao, G., & Zhang, H. (2016). Aberrant functional brain connectome in people with antisocial personality disorder. Scientific Reports, 6, 26209.Google Scholar
Tebartz van Elst, L., Hesslinger, B., Thiel, T., Geiger, E., Haegele, K., Lemieux, L., … Ebert, D. (2003). Frontolimbic brain abnormalities in patients with borderline personality disorder: A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 54(2), 163–171.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. L., Rosell, D. R., Slifstein, M., Girgis, R. R., Xu, X., Ehrlich, Y., … Siever, L. J. (2014). Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: A PET study with [(1)(1)C]NNC112. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 231(21), 4231–4240.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, J., Rossi, R., Laakso, M. P., Hodgins, S., Testa, C., Perez, J., … Frisoni, G. B. (2008). Brain anatomy of persistent violent offenders: More rather than less. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 163(3), 201–212.Google Scholar
Visintin, E., De Panfilis, C., Amore, M., Balestrieri, M., Wolf, R. C., & Sambataro, F. (2016). Mapping the brain correlates of borderline personality disorder: A functional neuroimaging meta-analysis of resting state studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 262–269.Google Scholar
Vu, M. A., Thermenos, H. W., Terry, D. P., Wolfe, D. J., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., … Dickey, C. C. (2013). Working memory in schizotypal personality disorder: fMRI activation and deactivation differences. Schizophrenia Research, 151(1–3), 113–123.Google Scholar
Wagner, G., Krause-Utz, A., de la Cruz, F., Schumann, A., Schmahl, C., & Bar, K. J. (2018). Resting-state functional connectivity of neurotransmitter producing sites in female patients with borderline personality disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 83, 118–126.Google Scholar
Waller, R., Dotterer, H. L., Murray, L., Maxwell, A. M., & Hyde, L. W. (2017). White-matter tract abnormalities and antisocial behavior: A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies across development. NeuroImage: Clinical, 14, 201–215.Google Scholar
Weniger, G., Lange, C., Sachsse, U., & Irle, E. (2009). Reduced amygdala and hippocampus size in trauma-exposed women with borderline personality disorder and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34(5), 383–388.Google Scholar
Whalley, H. C., Nickson, T., Pope, M., Nicol, K., Romaniuk, L., Bastin, M. E., … Hall, J. (2015). White matter integrity and its association with affective and interpersonal symptoms in borderline personality disorder. NeuroImage: Clinical, 7, 476–481.Google Scholar
Wheeler, A. L., & Voineskos, A. N. (2014). A review of structural neuroimaging in schizophrenia: From connectivity to connectomics. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 653.Google Scholar
Whittle, S., Chanen, A. M., Fornito, A., McGorry, P. D., Pantelis, C., & Yucel, M. (2009). Anterior cingulate volume in adolescents with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 172(2), 155–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2009). Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 174(2), 81–88.Google Scholar
Yang, Y. L., Raine, A., Narr, K. L., Colletti, P., & Toga, A. W. (2009). Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(9), 986–994.Google Scholar
Yoneyama, E., Matsui, M., Kawasaki, Y., Nohara, S., Takahashi, T., Hagino, H., … Kurachi, M. (2003). Gray matter features of schizotypal disorder patients exhibiting the schizophrenia-related code types of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(5), 333–340.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Williams, A. A., Lewis, R. E., Reich, R. B., Vera, S. C., Marino, M. F., … Frankenburg, F. R. (1997). Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(8), 1101–1106.Google Scholar
Zetzsche, T., Preuss, U. W., Frodl, T., Schmitt, G., Seifert, D., Munchhausen, E., … Meisenzahl, E. M. (2007). Hippocampal volume reduction and history of aggressive behaviour in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 154(2), 157–170.Google Scholar
Zhang, Q., Shen, J., Wu, J., Yu, X., Lou, W., Fan, H., … Wang, D. (2014). Altered default mode network functional connectivity in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 160(1–3), 51–56.Google Scholar
Zhang, T., Wang, D., Zhang, Q., Wu, J., Lv, J., & Shi, L. (2017). Supervoxel-based statistical analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in schizotypal personality disorder. NeuroImage, 163, 368–378.Google Scholar
Zhu, Y., Tang, Y., Zhang, T., Li, H., Tang, Y., Li, C., … Wang, J. (2017). Reduced functional connectivity between bilateral precuneus and contralateral parahippocampus in schizotypal personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 48.Google Scholar

References

Bender, D. S., Morey, L. C., & Skodol, A. E. (2011). Toward a model for assessing level of personality functioning in DSM-5, part I: A review of theory and methods. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(4), 332–346.Google Scholar
Bressler, S. L., & Menon, V. (2010). Large-scale brain networks in cognition: Emerging methods and principles. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(6), 277–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullmore, E., Bullmore, E., Sporns, O., & Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(3), 186–198.Google Scholar
Calhoun, V. D., Maciejewski, P. K., Pearlson, G. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2008). Temporal lobe and “default” hemodynamic brain modes discriminate between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 29(11), 1265–1275.Google Scholar
Gates, K. M., Molenaar, P. C. M., Hillary, F. G., & Slobounov, S. (2011). Extended unified SEM approach for modeling event-related fMRI data. NeuroImage, 54(2), 1151–1158.Google Scholar
Holtmaat, A., & Svoboda, K. (2009). Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(9), 647–658.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C. J., Malone, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., … Morey, L. C. (2011). Personality assessment in DSM-5: Empirical support for rating severity, style, and traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(3), 305–320.Google Scholar
Houston, I., Peter, C. J., Mitchell, A., Straubhaar, J., Rogaev, E., & Akbarian, S. (2013). Epigenetics in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(1), 183–197.Google Scholar
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.Google Scholar
Kanske, P., & Kotz, S. A. (2011). Conflict processing is modulated by positive emotion: ERP data from a flanker task. Behavioural Brain Research, 219(2), 382–386.Google Scholar
Kobel, M., Bechtel, N., Specht, K., Klarhöfer, M., Weber, P., Scheffler, K., … Penner, I. K. (2010). Structural and functional imaging approaches in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Does the temporal lobe play a key role? Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 183(3), 230–236.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477.Google Scholar
Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., Bullmore, E. T., Sadek, S. A., Pasco, G., Wheelwright, S. J., … Baron-Cohen, S. (2010). Atypical neural self-representation in autism. Brain, 133, 611–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menon, V. (2015). Salience network. In Toga, A. (ed.), Brain Mapping: An Encyclopedic Reference (Vol. 2, pp. 597–611). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rosell, D. R., Futterman, S. E., McMaster, A., & Siever, L. J. (2014). Schizotypal personality disorder: A current review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16: 452.Google Scholar
Silbersweig, D., Clarkin, J. F., Goldstein, M., Kernberg, O. F., Tuescher, O., Levy, K. N., … Stern, E. (2007). Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in the context of negative emotion in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(12), 1832–1841.Google Scholar
Sporns, O. (2012). From simple graphs to the connectome: networks in neuroimaging. NeuroImage, 62(2), 881–886.Google Scholar
Uttal, W. R. (2002). Précis of the new phrenology: The limits of localizing cognitive processes in the brain. Brain and Mind, 3(2), 221–228.Google Scholar
Wang, J., Zuo, X., & He, Y. (2010). Graph-based network analysis of resting-state functional MRI. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 4, 16.Google Scholar

References

Behrens, T. E., Hunt, L. T., Woolrich, M. W., & Rushworth, M. F. (2008). Associative learning of social value. Nature, 456(7219), 245–249.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Lejuez, C. W., Daughters, S. B., Zachary Rosenthal, M., & Lynch, T. R. (2005). Impulsivity as a common process across borderline personality and substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(6), 790–812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brazil, I. A., van Dongen, J. D. M., Maes, J. H. R., Mars, R. B., & Baskin-Sommers, A. R. (2018). Classification and treatment of antisocial individuals: From behavior to biocognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 259–277.Google Scholar
Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(3), 186–198.Google Scholar
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006). The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain, 129(3), 564–583.Google Scholar
Dickey, C. C., Panych, L. P., Voglmaier, M. M., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Terry, D. P., Murphy, C., … McCarley, R. W. (2011). Facial emotion recognition and facial affect display in schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 131(1), 242–249.Google Scholar
Dolan, M., & Fullam, R. (2006). Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: Association with psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 36(11), 1563–1569.Google Scholar
Domes, G., Czieschnek, D., Weidler, F., Berger, C., Fast, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2008). Recognition of facial affect in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(2), 135–147.Google Scholar
Friston, K. J., Rotshtein, P., Geng, J. J., Sterzer, P., & Henson, R. N. (2006). A critique of functional localisers. NeuroImage, 30(4), 1077–1087.Google Scholar
Glenn, A. L., & Yang, Y. (2012). The potential role of the striatum in antisocial behavior and psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry, 72(10), 817–822.Google Scholar
Gregory, S., Blair, R. J., ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Hodgins, S., & Blackwood, N. (2015). Punishment and psychopathy: A case-control functional MRI investigation of reinforcement learning in violent antisocial personality disordered men. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(2), 153–160.Google Scholar
Holtmann, J., Herbort, M. C., Wustenberg, T., Soch, J., Richter, S., Walter, H., … Schott, B. H. (2013). Trait anxiety modulates fronto-limbic processing of emotional interference in borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 54.Google Scholar
Jehna, M., Neuper, C., Ischebeck, A., Loitfelder, M., Ropele, S., Langkammer, C., … Enzinger, C. (2011). The functional correlates of face perception and recognition of emotional facial expressions as evidenced by fMRI. Brain Research, 1393, 73–83.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F., Lane, M. C., Loranger, A. W., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 62(6), 553–564.Google Scholar
Poldrack, R. A. (2007). Region of interest analysis for fMRI. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(1), 67–70.Google Scholar
Schönenberg, M., & Jusyte, A. (2014). Investigation of the hostile attribution bias toward ambiguous facial cues in antisocial violent offenders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264(1), 61–69.Google Scholar
Schuermann, B., Kathmann, N., Stiglmayr, C., Renneberg, B., & Endrass, T. (2011). Impaired decision making and feedback evaluation in borderline personality disorder. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 1917–1927.Google Scholar
Soeteman, D. I., Roijen, L. H.-v., Verheul, R., & Busschbach, J. J. (2008). The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(2), 259–265.Google Scholar
Uludağ, K., & Roebroeck, A. (2014). General overview on the merits of multimodal neuroimaging data fusion. NeuroImage, 102, 3–10.Google Scholar
van Zutphen, L., Siep, N., Jacob, G. A., Goebel, R., & Arntz, A. (2015). Emotional sensitivity, emotion regulation and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: A critical review of fMRI studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 64–76.Google Scholar
Waltz, J. A., Frank, M. J., Robinson, B. M., & Gold, J. M. (2007). Selective reinforcement learning deficits in schizophrenia support predictions from computational models of striatal-cortical dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry, 62(7), 756–764.Google Scholar
Wolfers, T., Buitelaar, J. K., Beckmann, C. F., Franke, B., & Marquand, A. F. (2015). From estimating activation locality to predicting disorder: A review of pattern recognition for neuroimaging-based psychiatric diagnostics. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 328–349.Google Scholar

References

Bastiaansen, J. A., Servaas, M. N., Marsman, J. B. C., Ormel, J., Nolte, I. M., Riese, H., & Aleman, A. (2014). Filling the gap: Relationship between the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region and amygdala activation. Psychological Science, 25(11), 2058–2066.Google Scholar
Broome, M. R., He, Z., Iftikhar, M., Eyden, J., & Marwaha, S. (2015). Neurobiological and behavioural studies of affective instability in clinical populations: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 243–254.Google Scholar
Calati, R., Gressier, F., Balestri, M., & Serretti, A. (2013). Genetic modulation of borderline personality disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(10), 1275–1287.Google Scholar
Hankin, B. L., Barrocas, A. L., Jenness, J., Oppenheimer, C. W., Badanes, L. S., Abela, J. R. Z., … Smolen, A. (2011). Association between 5-HTTLPR and borderline personality disorder traits among youth. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 6.Google Scholar
Hariri, A. R., & Holmes, A. (2006). Genetics of emotional regulation: The role of the serotonin transporter in neural function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(4), 182–191.Google Scholar
Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Blecker, C., Walter, B., Kuepper, Y., Hennig, J., & Stark, R. (2015). The association between the 5-HTTLPR and neural correlates of fear conditioning and connectivity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(5), 700–707.Google Scholar
Madsen, M. K., McMahon, B., Andersen, S. B., Siebner, H. R., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2016). Threat-related amygdala functional connectivity is associated with 5-HTTLPR genotype and neuroticism. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(1), 140–149.Google Scholar
Maurex, L., Zaboli, G., Ohman, A., Asberg, M., & Leopardi, R. (2010). The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and affective symptoms among women diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 25(1), 19–25.Google Scholar
Munafò, M. R., Brown, S. M., & Hariri, A. R. (2008). Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: A meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 63(9), 852–857.Google Scholar
Munafò, M. R., Clark, T., & Flint, J. (2005). Does measurement instrument moderate the association between the serotonin transporter gene and anxiety-related personality traits? A meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 10(4), 415–419.Google Scholar
Munafò, M. R., Freimer, N. B., Ng, W., Ophoff, R., Veijola, J., Miettunen, J., … Flint, J. (2009). 5-HTTLPR genotype and anxiety-related personality traits: A meta-analysis and new data. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B(2), 271–281.Google Scholar
Pezawas, L., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Drabant, E. M., Verchinski, B. A., Munoz, K. E., Kolachana, B. S., … Weinberger, D. R. (2005). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nature Neuroscience, 8(6), 828–834.Google Scholar
Sen, S., Burmeister, M., & Ghosh, D. (2004). Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 127B(1), 85–89.Google Scholar

References

Allport, G. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., & Caspi, A. (2014). The behavioural genetics of personality development in adulthood: Classic, contemporary, and future trends. European Journal of Personality, 28(3), 244–255.Google Scholar
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Hülsheger, U. R., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2010). Nature and nurture of the interplay between personality traits and major life goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(2), 366–379.Google Scholar
Briley, D. A., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2013). Explaining the increasing heritability of cognitive ability across development. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1704–1713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Genetic sensitivity to the environment: The case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 509–527.Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573–588.Google Scholar
Cloninger, R. (2012). Genetics of personality disorders. In Nurnberger, J. I. & Berrettini, W. H. (Eds.), Principles of Psychiatric Genetics (pp. 316–323). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Derringer, J., Krueger, R. F., Dick, D. M., Saccone, S., Grucza, R. A., Agrawal, A., … Schuckit, M. A. (2010). Predicting sensation seeking from dopamine genes: A candidate-system approach. Psychological Science, 21(9), 1282–1290.Google Scholar
Draycott, S. G., & Kline, P. (1995). The big three or the big five—the EPQ-R vs the NEO-PI: A research note, replication and elaboration. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(6), 801–804.Google Scholar
Ersche, K. D., Turton, A. J., Chamberlain, S. R., Müller, U., Bullmore, E. T., & Robbins, T. W. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction and anxious-impulsive personality traits are endophenotypes for drug dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry,169, 926–936.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1994). The big five or giant three: Criteria for a paradigm. In Halverson, C. F. Jr., Kohnstamm, G. A., & Martin, R. P. (Eds.), The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood (pp. 37–51). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Felson, J. (2014). What can we learn from twin studies? A comprehensive evaluation of the equal environments assumption. Social Science Research, 43, 184–199.Google Scholar
Fosse, R., Joseph, J., & Richardson, K. (2015). A critical assessment of the equal-environment assumption of the twin method for schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 62.Google Scholar
Franić, S., Borsboom, D., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014). The big five personality traits: Psychological entities or statistical constructs? Behavior Genetics, 44(6), 591–604.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229.Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636–645.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1984). Evolutionary trends and evolutionary origins: Relevance to theory in comparative psychology. Psychological Review, 91(4), 448–456.Google Scholar
Heck, A., Lieb, R., Ellgas, A., Pfister, H., Lucae, S., Roeske, D., … Ising, M. (2009). Investigation of 17 candidate genes for personality traits confirms effects of the HTR2A gene on novelty seeking. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 8, 464–472.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C. J., Donnellan, M. B., Blonigen, D. M., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., & Burt, S. A. (2011). Genetic and environmental influences on personality trait stability and growth during the transition to adulthood: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(3), 545–556.Google Scholar
Hur, Y. M., & Craig, J. M. (2013). Twin registries worldwide: An important resource for scientific research. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. N., & Messnick, S. (1962). Response styles on the MMPI: Comparison of clinical and normal samples. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 285–299.Google Scholar
Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1998). A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to gender differences in traits delineating personality disorder. European Journal of Personality, 12(5), 331–344.Google Scholar
Jang, K. L., & Vernon, P. A. (2018). Genetics. In J. Livesley, W. (Ed.), Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp. 177–195). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kandler, C., & Papendick, M. (2017). Behavior genetics and personality development: a methodological and meta-analytic review. In Specht, J. (Ed.), Personality Development Across the Lifespan (pp. 473–495). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kirschner, M. W., & Gerhart, J. C. (2005). The Plausibility of Life: Resolving Darwin’s Dilemma. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kraus, M. W. (2013). Do genes influence personality? Psychology Today, July 11. Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/under-the-influence/201307/do-genes-influence-personality.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F., Lane, M. C., Loranger, A. W., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 62(6), 553–564.Google Scholar
Livesley, W. J. (2008). Research trends and directions in the study of personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 545–559.Google Scholar
Livesley, W. J., Jackson, D. N., & Schroeder, M. L. (1992). Factorial structure of traits delineating personality disorders in clinical and general population samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 432–440.Google Scholar
Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., Jackson, D. N., & Jang, K. L. (1994). Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: Implications for classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 6–17.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R. (2015). A more nuanced view of reliability: Specificity in the trait hierarchy. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 19, 97–112.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215.Google Scholar
Middeldorp, C. M., Ruigrok, P., Cath, D. C., Van Dyck, R., and Boomsma, D. I. (2002). Candidate genes for mood disorders in humans: A literature review. American Journal of Human Genetics, 114, 768.Google Scholar
Middeldorp, C. M., Slof-Op, M. C. T., Landt, S. O., Medland, S. E., van Beijsterveldt, C. E., Bartels, M., … Boomsma, D. I. (2010). Anxiety and depression in children and adults: Influence of serotonergic and neurotrophic genes? Genes, Brain and Behavior, 9, 808–816.Google Scholar
Mohammad, S. M., & Kiritchenko, S. (2013). Using nuances of emotion to identify personality. Paper presented at the ICWSM Workshop on Computational Personality Recognition. Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.6352.Google Scholar
Mõttus, R., Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., Riemann, R., & McCrae, R. R. (2017). Personality traits below facets: The consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and utility of personality nuances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), 474–490.Google Scholar
Munafò, M. R., Durrant, C., Lewis, G., & Flint, J. (2009). Gene–environment interactions at the serotonin transporter locus. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 211–219.Google Scholar
Munafò, M. R., Freimer, N. B., Ng, W., Ophoff, R., Veijola, J., Miettunen, J., … Flint, J. (2009). 5-HTTLPR genotype and anxiety-related personality traits: A meta-analysis and new data. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 150B(2), 271–281.Google Scholar
Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992). Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families. London: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). The power of the classical twin study to resolve variation in threshold traits. Behavior Genetics, 24(3), 239–258.Google Scholar
Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N., & Feldman, M. W. (2003). Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution. Monographs in Population Biology, vol. 37. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. M. (2015). The alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 14(2), 234–236.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2011). Endophenotypes and the diagnosis of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 260–268.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & McClearn, G. E. (1990). Behavioral Genetics: A Primer (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., & von Stumm, S. (2018). The new genetics of intelligence. Nature Reviews Genetics, 19, 148–159.Google Scholar
Qiu, F., Akiskal, H. S., Kelsoe, J. R., & Greenwood, T. A. (2017). Factor analysis of temperament and personality traits in bipolar patients: Correlates with comorbidity and disorder severity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 282–290.Google Scholar
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2008). Genetics of personality disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 421–440.Google Scholar
Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K. Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J. … Merikangas, K. R. (2009). Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 2462–2471.Google Scholar
Ruocco, A. C., Amirthavasagam, S., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2012). Amygdala and hippocampal volume reductions as candidate endophenotypes for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Psychiatry Research, 201(3), 245–252.Google Scholar
Ruocco, A. C., & Carcone, D. (2016). A neurobiological model of borderline personality disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24(5), 311–329.Google Scholar
Savitz, J., Van Der Merwe, L., & Ramesar, R. (2008). Personality endophenotypes for bipolar affective disorder: a family‐based genetic association analysis. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 7(8), 869–876.Google Scholar
Siever, L. J. (2005). Endophenotypes in the personality disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 139–151.Google Scholar
Torgersen, S. (2009). The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 624–632.Google Scholar
Torgersen, S., Myers, J., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Røysamb, E., Kubarych, T. S., & Kendler, K. S. (2012). The heritability of Cluster B personality disorders assessed both by personal interview and questionnaire. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(6), 848–866.Google Scholar
Trull, T. J., & Widiger, T. A. (2013). Dimensional models of personality: The five-factor model and the DSM-5. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(2), 135–146.Google Scholar
Verweij, K. J., Zietsch, B. P., Medland, S. E., Gordon, S. D., Benyamin, B., Nyholt, D. R., … Wray, N. R. (2010). A genome-wide association study of Cloninger’s Temperament scales: Implications for the evolutionary genetics of personality. Biological Psychology, 85(2), 306–317.Google Scholar
Verweij, K. J., Yang, J., Lahti, J., Veijola, J., Hintsanen, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., … Zietsch, B. P. (2012). Maintenance of genetic variation in human personality: Testing evolutionary models by estimating heritability due to common causal variants and investigating the effect of distant inbreeding. Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution, 66(10), 3238–3251.Google Scholar
Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Pedersen, N. L., Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Magnusson, P. K. E., Iacono, W. G., … Wray, N. R. (2012). Common SNPs explain some of the variation in the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion. Translational Psychiatry, 2(4), e102.Google Scholar
Wakefield, J. (2016). Diagnostic issues and controversies in DSM-5: Return of the false positives problem. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 105–132.Google Scholar
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitfield, C. W., Cziko, A.-M., & Robinson, G. E. (2003). Gene expression profiles in the brain predict behavior in individual honey bees. Science, 302(5643), 296–299.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. (2007). Dimensional models of personality disorder. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 6(2), 79–83.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., & Lowe, J. R. (2008). A dimensional model of personality disorder: Proposal for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 363–378.Google Scholar

References

Assary, E., Vincent, J. P., Keers, R., & Pluess, M. (2018). Gene–environment interaction and psychiatric disorders: Review and future directions. Seminars in Cellular and Developmental Biology, 77, 133–143.Google Scholar
Back, M. D., Baumert, A., Denissen, J. J. A., Hartung, F. M., Penke, L., Schmukle, S. C., … Wrzus, C. (2011). PERSOC: A unified framework for understanding the dynamic interplay of personality and social relationships. European Journal of Personality, 25, 90–107.Google Scholar
Bulbena-Cabre, A., Bassir Nia, A., & Perez-Rodriguez, M. M. (2018). Current knowledge on gene–environment interactions in personality disorders: An update. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 74.Google Scholar
Derefinko, K. J., & Widiger, T. A. (2016). Antisocial personality disorder. In Fatemi, S. H. & Clayton, P. J., (Eds.), The Medical Basis of Psychiatry (pp. 229–245). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
DeYoung, C. G. (2015). Cybernetic big five theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 33–58.Google Scholar
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2015). Whole trait theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 82–92.Google Scholar
Franić, S., Dolan, C. V., Borsboom, D., Hudziak, J. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013). Can genetics help psychometrics? Improving dimensionality assessment through genetic factor modeling. Psychological Methods, 18, 406–433.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C. J. (2018). Interpersonal dynamics in personality and personality disorders. European Journal of Personality, 32, 499–524.Google Scholar
Hyde, L. W., Waller, R., Trentacosta, C. J., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., … Leve, L. D. (2016). Heritable and nonheritable pathways to early callous-unemotional behaviors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 903–910.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454–477.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890.Google Scholar
Mancke, F., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2015). Aggression in borderline personality disorder: A multidimensional model. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6, 278–291.Google Scholar
Markon, K. E. (2013). Epistemological pluralism and scientific development: An argument against authoritative nosologies. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 554–579.Google Scholar
Miller, G. W., & Jones, D. P. (2014). The nature of nurture: Refining the definition of the exposome. Toxicological Sciences, 137(1), 1–2.Google Scholar
Perez-Perez, B., Cristobal-Narvaez, P., Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T. R., Ballespi, S., Pena, E., … Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2018). Interaction between FKBP5 variability and recent life events in the anxiety spectrum: Evidence for the differential susceptibility model. PLoS ONE, 13, e0193044.Google Scholar
Pincus, A. L., Hopwood, C. J., & Wright, A. G. C. (in press). The interpersonal situation: An integrative framework for the study of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. In Rauthmann, J. F., Funder, D., & Sherman, R. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rauthmann,  J. F., Gallardo-Pujol,  D., Guillaume,  E. M., Todd,  E., Nave, C. S., Sherman, R. A., … Funder,  D. C. (2014). The Situational Eight DIAMONDS: A taxonomy of major dimensions of situation characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 677–718.Google Scholar
Rosenström, T., Ystrom, E., Torvik, F. A., Czajkowski, N. O., Gillespie, N. A., Aggen, S. H., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2017). Genetic and environmental structure of DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder: A twin study. Behavior Genetics, 47, 265–277.Google Scholar
Steckling, N., Gotti, A., Bose-O’Reilly, S., Chapizanis, D., Costopoulou, D., De Vocht, F., … Sarigiannis, D. A. (2018). Biomarkers of exposure in environment-wide association studies: Opportunities to decode the exposome using human biomonitoring data. Environmental Research, 164, 597–624.Google Scholar
Viding, E., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy. Developmental Psychopathology, 24, 969–983.Google Scholar
Wessels, N. M., Zimmermann, J., & Leising, D. (2016). Toward a shared understanding of important consequences of personality. Review of General Psychology, 20, 426–436.Google Scholar
Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017). Processes of personality and development in adulthood: The TESSERA framework. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21, 253–277.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2013). Longitudinal twin study of borderline personality disorder traits and substance use in adolescence: Developmental change, reciprocal effects, and genetic and environmental influences. Personality Disorders, 4(1), 23–32.Google Scholar
Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Vernon, P. A., & Jackson, D. N. (1996). Heritability of personality disorder traits: A twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94(6), 438–444.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb,  E., Tambs,  K., Torgersen,  S., … Reichborn-Kjennerud,  T. (2008). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for DSM-IV personality disorders: A multivariate twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(12), 1438–1446.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J. M., & Keyes, C. L. (2011). The relationship between the genetic and environmental influences on common externalizing psychopathology and mental wellbeing.  Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 14(6), 516–523.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126, 454–477.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2014). The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 477–501.Google Scholar
Marigorta, U. M., Rodríguez, J. A., Gibson, G., & Navarro, A. (2018). Replicability and prediction: Lessons and challenges from GWAS. Trends in Genetics, 34(7), 504–517.Google Scholar
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2016). Measures of narcissism and their relations to DSM-5 pathological traits: A critical reappraisal. Assessment, 23(1), 3–9.Google Scholar
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2010). The genetic epidemiology of personality disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(1), 103–114.Google Scholar
Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Zapolski, T. C. B. (2009). On the value of homogenous constructs for construct validation, theory testing, and the description of psychopathology. Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 272–284.Google Scholar
South, S. C., & DeYoung, N. J. (2013). Behavior genetics of personality disorders: Informing classification and conceptualization in DSM-5. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(3), 270–283.Google Scholar
South, S. C., Krueger, R. F., Knudsen, G. P., Ystrom, E., Czajkowski, N., Aggen, S. H., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2017). A population based twin study of DSM-5 maladaptive personality domains. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(4), 366–375.Google Scholar
Thomas, K. M., Yalch, M. M., Krueger, R. F., Wright, A. G. C., Markon, K. E., & Hopwood, C. J. (2013). The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and five-factor model trait domains. Assessment, 20(3), 308–311.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. (2011). Integrating normal and abnormal personality structure: A proposal for DSM-V. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(3), 338–363.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Bach, B., Chmielewski, M., Clark, L. A., DeYoung, C., Hopwood, C. J., … Thomas, K. M. (2019). Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(4), 345–355.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62(2), 71–83.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C. (2016). On the measure and mismeasure of narcissism: A response to ‘Measures of narcissism and their relations to DSM-5 pathological traits: a critical reappraisal’. Assessment, 23(1), 10–17.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., & Simms, L. J. (2014). On the structure of personality disorder traits: Conjoint analyses of the CAT-PD, PID-5, and NEO-PI-3 trait models. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 43–54.Google Scholar
Wright, Z. E., Pahlen, S., & Krueger, R. F. (2017). Genetic and environmental influences on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) maladaptive personality traits and their connections with normative personality traits. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 416–428.Google Scholar

References

Allport, G. (1937). Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Bulbena-Cabre, A., Bassir Nia, A., & Perez-Rodriguez, M. M. (2018). Current knowledge on gene–environment interactions in personality disorders: An update. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 74.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. W., Tomko, R. L., Trull, T. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013). Gene–environment studies and borderline personality disorder: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 336.Google Scholar
Gescher, D. M., Kahl, K. G., Hillemacher, T., Frieling, H., Kuhn, J., & Frodl, T. (2018). Epigenetics in personality disorders: Today’s insights. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 579.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., & Price, T. S. (2007). Gene–environment correlations: A review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 432–442.Google Scholar
Turkheimer, E., Pettersson, E., & Horn, E. A. (2014). Phenotypic null hypothesis for the genetics of personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 515–540.Google Scholar

References

Afifi, T. O., Mather, A., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., Enns, M. W., MacMillan, H., & Sareen, J. (2011). Childhood adversity and personality disorders: Results from a nationally representative population-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(6), 814–822.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Alarcón, R. D., & Foulks, E. F. (1995a). Personality disorders and culture: Contemporary clinical views (Part A). Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 1(1), 3–17.Google Scholar
Alarcón, R. D., & Foulks, E. F. (1995b). Personality disorders and culture: Contemporary clinical views (Part B). Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, 1(2), 79–91.Google Scholar
Alden, L. E., Laposa, J. M., Taylor, C. T., & Ryder, A. G. (2002). Avoidant personality disorder: Current status and future directions. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16(1), 1–29.Google Scholar
Allik, J. (2005). Personality dimensions across cultures. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(3), 212–232.Google Scholar
Amad, A., Ramoz, N., Thomas, P., Jardri, R., & Gorwood, P. (2014). Genetics of borderline personality disorder: Systematic review and proposal of an integrative model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 40, 6–19.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Bandelow, B., Krause, J., Wedekind, D., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Rüther, E. (2005). Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. Psychiatry Research, 134(2), 169–179.Google Scholar
Barrett, D. H., Resnick, H. S., Foy, D. W., Dansky, B. S., Flanders, W. D., & Stroup, N. E. (1996). Combat exposure and adult psychosocial adjustment among U.S. Army veterans serving in Vietnam, 1965–1971. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105(4), 575–581.Google Scholar
Battle, C. L., Shea, M. T., Johnson, D. M., Zlotnick, C., Zanarini, M. C., Battle, C. L., … Morey, T. H. (2004). Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: Findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(2), 193–211.Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887–907.Google Scholar
Benjet, C., Borges, G., & Medina-Mora, M. E. (2008). DSM-IV personality disorders in Mexico: Results from a general population survey. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 30(3), 227–234.Google Scholar
Bezirganian, S., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. S. (1993). The impact of mother–child interaction on the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(12), 1836–1842.Google Scholar
Björkenstam, E., Ekselius, L., Burström, B., Kosidou, K., & Björkenstam, C. (2017). Association between childhood adversity and a diagnosis of personality disorder in young adulthood: A cohort study of 107,287 individuals in Stockholm County. European Journal of Epidemiology, 32(8), 721–731.Google Scholar
Bjorklund, P. (2006). No man’s land: Gender bias and social constructivism in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27(1), 3–23.Google Scholar
Boggs, C. D., Morey, L. C., Skodol, A. E., Tracie Shea, M., & Sanislow, C. A. (2005). Differential impairment as an indicator of sex bias in DSM-IV criteria for four personality disorders. Recommended Citation. Psychological Assessment Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 17(41), 492–496.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and Loss, Volume 1: Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Burt, S. A., McGue, M., Carter, L. A., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 37(1), 27–38.Google Scholar
Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic–environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(11), 916–924.Google Scholar
Caldwell-Harris, C. L., & Ayçiçegi, A. (2006). When personality and culture clash: The psychological distress of allocentrics in an individualist culture and idiocentrics in a collectivist culture. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43(3), 331–361.Google Scholar
Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2002). Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: A review and integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(8), 1179–1207.Google Scholar
Calliess, I., Sieberer, M., Machleidt, W., & Ziegenbein, M. (2008). Personality disorders in a cross-cultural perspective: Impact of culture and migration on diagnosis and etiological aspects. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 4(1), 39–47.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. W., Tomko, R. L., Trull, T. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013). Gene–environment studies and borderline personality disorder: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(1), 336.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2000). Neighborhood deprivation affects children’s mental health: Environmental risks identified in a genetic design. Psychological Science, 11(4), 338–342.Google Scholar
Chavira, D. A., Grilo, C. M., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Gunderson, J. G., Morey, L. C., … Mcglashan, T. H. (2003). Ethnicity and four personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44(6), 483–491.Google Scholar
Chen, C., & Stevenson, H. W. (1995). Motivation and mathematics achievement: A comparative study of Asian-American, Caucasian-American, and East Asian high school students. Child Development, 66(4), 1215–1234.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Nettles, M. E., & Chen, S.-W. (2009). Rethinking dependent personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(11), 793–800.Google Scholar
Clarkin, J. F., Lenzenweger, M. F., Yeomans, F., Levy, K. N., & Kernberg, O. F. (2007). An object relations model of borderline pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(5), 474–499.Google Scholar
Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P., Roberts, A., & Ullrich, S. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423–431.Google Scholar
Cooke, D. J. (2009). Understanding cultural variation in psychopathic personality disorder: Conceptual and measurement issues. Neuropsychiatrie, 23, 64–68.Google Scholar
Cutajar, M. C., Mullen, P. E., Ogloff, J. R. P., Thomas, S. D., Wells, D. L., & Spataro, J. (2010). Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(11), 813–822.Google Scholar
Cwik, J. C., Papen, F., Lemke, J.-E., & Margraf, J. (2016). An investigation of diagnostic accuracy and confidence associated with diagnostic checklists as well as gender biases in relation to mental disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1813.Google Scholar
de Bernier, G., Kim, Y., & Sen, P. (2014). A systematic review of the global prevalence of personality disorders in adult Asian populations. Personality and Mental Health, 8, 264–275.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., De Fruyt, F., Van Hiel, A., & Mervielde, I. (2008). Maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: The moderating effect of parenting. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 357–383.Google Scholar
De Genna, N. M., & Feske, U. (2013). Phenomenology of borderline personality disorder: The role of race and socioeconomic status. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(12), 1027–1034.Google Scholar
Dereboy, C., Güzel, H. S., Dereboy, F., Okyay, P., & Eskin, M. (2014). Personality disorders in a community sample in Turkey: Prevalence, associated risk factors, temperament and character dimensions. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(2), 139–147.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., Winter, C. E., & Bullock, B. M. (2004). Adolescent friendship as a dynamic system: Entropy and deviance in the etiology and course of male antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(6), 651–663.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189–214.Google Scholar
Distel, M. A., Middeldorp, C. M., Trull, T. J., Derom, C. A., Willemsen, G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2011). Life events and borderline personality features: The influence of gene–environment interaction and gene–environment correlation. Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 849–860.Google Scholar
Distel, M. A., Trull, T. J., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., Grimmer, M. A., Martin, N. G., … Boomsma, D. I. (2008). Heritability of borderline personality disorder features is similar across three countries. Psychological Medicine, 38(9), 1219–1229.Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. (1994). Personality disorders as medical entities: A cultural interpretation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 8(2), 149–167.Google Scholar
Farrington, D. P. (1993). Childhood origins of teenage antisocial behavior and adult social dysfunction. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 86(1), 13–17.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder: A mentalizing model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(1), 4–21.Google Scholar
Ford, M. R., & Widiger, T. A. (1989). Sex bias in the diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(2), 301–305.Google Scholar
Funtowicz, M. N., & Widiger, T. A. (1999). Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: An evaluation of the DSM-IV criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(2), 195–201.Google Scholar
Gawda, B., & Czubak, K. (2017). Prevalence of personality disorders in a general population among men and women. Psychological Reports, 120(3), 503–519.Google Scholar
Gibbs, T. A., Okuda, M., Oquendo, M. A., Lawson, W. B., Wang, S., Thomas, Y. F., & Blanco, C. (2013). Mental health of African Americans and Caribbean blacks in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. American Journal of Public Health, 103(2), 330–338.Google Scholar
Gjerde, L. C., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Ystrom, E., Tambs, K., Aggen, S. H., … Knudsen, G. P. (2015). A longitudinal, population-based twin study of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits from early to middle adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 45(16), 3539–3548.Google Scholar
Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., Saha, T. D., … Ruan, W. J. (2008). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder: Results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 533–545.Google Scholar
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(7), 948–958.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. (2007). Disturbed relationships as a phenotype for borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(11), 1637–1640.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G., & Sabo, A. N. (1993). The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(1), 19–27.Google Scholar
Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rodgers, S., Müller, M., & Rössler, W. (2013). Childhood adversity in association with personality disorder dimensions: New findings in an old debate. European Psychiatry, 28(8), 476–482.Google Scholar
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(6), 749–775.Google Scholar
Horton, R. S., Bleau, G., & Drwecki, B. (2006). Parenting Narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism? Journal of Personality, 74(2), 345–376.Google Scholar
Huang, J., Napolitano, L. A., Wu, J., Yang, Y., Xi, Y., Li, Y., & Li, K. (2014). Childhood experiences of parental rearing patterns reported by Chinese patients with borderline personality disorder. International Journal of Psychology, 49(1), 38–45.Google Scholar
Huang, Y., Kotov, R., de Girolamo, G., Preti, A., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., … Kessler, R. C. (2009). DSM-IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195(1), 46–53.Google Scholar
Iacovino, J. M., Jackson, J. J., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2014). The relative impact of socioeconomic status and childhood trauma on black–white differences in paranoid personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 225–230.Google Scholar
Infurna, M. R., Fuchs, A., Fischer-Waldschmidt, G., Reichl, C., Holz, B., Resch, F., … Kaess, M. (2016). Parents’ childhood experiences of bonding and parental psychopathology predict borderline personality disorder during adolescence in offspring. Psychiatry Research, 246, 373–378.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Dodge, K. A., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., & Tully, L. A. (2005). Nature × nurture: genetic vulnerabilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 17(1), 67–84.Google Scholar
Jane, J. S., Oltmanns, T. F., South, S. C., & Turkheimer, E. (2007). Gender bias in diagnostic criteria for personality disorders: An item response theory analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 166–175.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., & Bernstein, D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(7), 600–606.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Chen, H., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2006). Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(5), 579–587.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Ehrensaft, M. K., & Crawford, T. N. (2006). Associations of parental personality disorders and axis I disorders with childrearing behavior. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 69(4), 336–350.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Smailes, E. M., Cohen, P., Brown, J., & Bernstein, D. P. (2000). Associations between four types of childhood neglect and personality disorder symptoms during adolescence and early adulthood: Findings of a community-based longitudinal study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(2), 171–187.Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. (1983). A woman’s view of DSM-III. American Psychologist, 38(7), 786–792.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Tambs, K., Torgersen, S., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2008). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for DSM-IV personality disorders: A multivariate twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(12), 1438–1446.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). Borderline personality disorder traits and their relationship with dimensions of normative personality: A web-based cohort and twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123(5), 349–359.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., Torgersen, S., Neale, M. C., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2007). The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 655–665.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson Inc.Google Scholar
Kim, J., Rapee, R. M., Ja Oh, K., & Moon, H.-S. (2008). Retrospective report of social withdrawal during adolescence and current maladjustment in young adulthood: Cross-cultural comparisons between Australian and South Korean students. Journal of Adolescence, 31(5), 543–563.Google Scholar
Kohut, H. (1977). The Restoration of the Self. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lahti, M., Pesonen, A.-K., Räikkönen, K., Heinonen, K., Wahlbeck, K., Kajantie, E., … Eriksson, J. G. (2012). Temporary separation from parents in early childhood and serious personality disorders in adult life. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(5), 751–762.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F., Lane, M. C., Loranger, A. W., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 553–564.Google Scholar
Levy, K. N. (2005). The implications of attachment theory and research for understanding borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 17(4), 959–986.Google Scholar
Lewis, K. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2009). Borderline personality or complex posttraumatic stress disorder? An update on the controversy. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 17(5), 322–328.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders: Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., & Bernstein, D. P. (2010). Disentangling the relationship between different types of childhood maltreatment and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24(3), 285–295.Google Scholar
Loranger, A. W., Sartorius, N., Andreoli, A., Berger, P., Vuchheim, P., Channabusavanna, S. M., … Regier, D. A. (1994). The international personality disorder examination: The World Health Organization/Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration International Pilot Study of Personality Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 215–224.Google Scholar
Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2007). Using a general model of personality to understand sex differences in the personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(6), 583–602.Google Scholar
Lyons, M. J., Jerskey, B. A., & Genderson, M. R. (2011). The epidemiology of personality disorders: findings, methods and concepts. In Tsuang, M. T., Tohen, M., & Jones, P. B. (Eds.), Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology (pp. 401–434). New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Martin, N. G., Eaves, L. J., Kearsey, M. J., & Davies, P. (1978). The power of the classical twin study. Heredity, 40(1), 97–116.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 407–425.Google Scholar
McGilloway, A., Hall, R. E., Lee, T., & Bhui, K. S. (2010). A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: Prevalence, aetiology and treatment. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 33.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Gadermann, A. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H., … Kessler, R. C. (2012). Parent psychopathology and offspring mental disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 200(4), 290–299.Google Scholar
Meyer, B., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2005). An attachment model of personality disorders. In Lenzenweger, M. & Clarkin, J. F. (Eds.), Major Theories of Personality Disorder (2nd ed., pp. 231–281). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C., Warner, M. B., & Boggs, C. D. (2002). Gender bias in the personality disorders criteria: An investigation of five bias indicators. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24(1), 55–65.Google Scholar
Mulder, R. T. (2012). Cultural aspects of personality disorder. In Widiger, T. A. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders (pp. 260–274). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Munjiza, J., Britvic, D., Radman, M., & Crawford, M. J. (2017). Severe war-related trauma and personality pathology: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 100.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M. (1976). Psychiatric labeling in cross-cultural perspective. Science, 191(4231), 1019–1028.Google Scholar
Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., & Hetherington, E. M. (2007). The Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) project: A longitudinal family study of twins and siblings from adolescence to young adulthood. Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 10(1), 74–83.Google Scholar
Oltmanns, T. F., & Powers, A. D. (2012). Gender and personality disorders. In Widiger, T. A. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders (pp. 206–218). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oltmanns, T. F., Rodrigues, M. M., Weinstein, Y., & Gleason, M. E. J. (2014). Prevalence of personality disorders at midlife in a community sample: Disorders and symptoms reflected in interview, self, and informant reports. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(2), 177–188.Google Scholar
Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3–72.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (1997). Social factors in the personality disorders. Transcultural Psychiatry, 34(4), 421–452.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2003). Personality disorders over time: Precursors, course and outcome. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(6), 479–488.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2014). Modernity and narcissistic personality disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(2), 220–226.Google Scholar
Paris, J., & Lis, E. (2013). Can sociocultural and historical mechanisms influence the development of borderline personality disorder? Transcultural Psychiatry, 50(1), 140–151.Google Scholar
Pedersen, L., & Simonsen, E. (2014). Incidence and prevalence rates of personality disorders in Denmark: A register study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 68(8), 543–548.Google Scholar
Perry, J. C. (1992). Problems and considerations in the valid assessment of personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(12), 1645–1653.Google Scholar
Pfohl, B., Blum, N. S., & Zimmerman, M. (1997). Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality: SIDP-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Pincus, A. L., & Hopwood, C. J. (2012). A contemporary interpersonal model of personality pathology and personality disorder. In Widiger, T. A. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders (pp. 372–398). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., Asbury, K., & Dunn, J. (2001). Why are children in the same family so different? Nonshared environment a decade later. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(3), 225–233.Google Scholar
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Czajkowski, N., Neale, M. C., Ørstavik, R. E., Torgersen, S., Tambs, K., … Kendler, K. S. (2007). Genetic and environmental influences on dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster C personality disorders: A population-based multivariate twin study. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 645–653.Google Scholar
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Czajkowski, N., Ystrøm, E., Ørstavik, R., Aggen, S. H., Tambs, K., … Kendler, K. S. (2015). A longitudinal twin study of borderline and antisocial personality disorder traits in early to middle adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 3121–3131.Google Scholar
Rhee, S. H., & Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 128(3), 490–529.Google Scholar
Rossier, J., & Rigozzi, C. (2008). Personality disorders and the five-factor model among French speakers in Africa and Europe. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 534–544.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., & Smith, D. J. (1995). Psychosocial Problems in Young People. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ryder, A. G., Dere, J., Sun, J., & Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E. (2014). The cultural shaping of personality disorder. In Leong, F. T. L., Comas-Diaz, L., Hall, G. C. N., McLloyd, V. C., & Trimble, J. E. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Multicultural Psychology, Volume 2: Applications and Training (pp. 307–328). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Ryder, A. G., Sunohara, M., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2015). Culture and personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(1), 40–45.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.Google Scholar
Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2009). Comparative gender biases in models of personality disorder. Personality and Mental Health, 3, 12–25.Google Scholar
Samuels, J., Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., Brown, C., Costa, P. T. Jr., & Nestadt, G. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(6), 536–542.Google Scholar
Schuppert, H., Albers, C. J., Minderaa, R. B., Emmelkamp, P. M., & Nauta, M. H. (2012). Parental rearing and psychopathology in mothers of adolescents with and without borderline personality symptoms. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), 29.Google Scholar
Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Ethnic variations in the structure of borderline personality disorder symptomatology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(2), 115–123.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (1997). A History of Psychiatry. New York: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Skodol, A. E., & Bender, D. S. (2003). Why are women diagnosed borderline more than men? Psychiatric Quarterly, 74(4), 349–360.Google Scholar
Smith, C. A., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Continuities in antisocial behavior and parenting across three generations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 45(2), 230–247.Google Scholar
Smith Benjamin, L. (2005). Interpersonal theory of personality disorders: the structural analysis of social behavior and interpersonal reconstructive therapy. In Lenzenweger, M. F. & Clarkin, J. F. (Eds.), Major Theories of Personality Disorder (2nd ed., pp. 157–230). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, J., Schrepferman, L., & St. Peter, C. (1997). Origins of antisocial behavior. Behavior Modification, 21(2), 187–215.Google Scholar
Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity & Femininity: Their Psychological Dimensions, Correlates, and Antecedents. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Sprague, J., Javdani, S., Sadeh, N., Newman, J. P., & Verona, E. (2012). Borderline personality disorder as a female phenotypic expression of psychopathy? Personality Disorders, 3(2), 127–139.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 349–367.Google Scholar
Stack Sullivan, H. (1953). The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Stepp, S. D., Pilkonis, P. A., Yaggi, K. E., Morse, J. Q., & Feske, U. (2009). Interpersonal and emotional experiences of social interactions in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(7), 484–491.Google Scholar
Stravynski, A., Elie, R., & Franche, R.-L. (1989). Perception of early parenting by patients diagnosed avoidant personality disorder: A test of the overprotection hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80(5), 415–420.Google Scholar
Suliman, S., Stein, D. J., Williams, D. R., & Seedat, S. (2008). DSM-IV personality disorders and their axis I correlates in the South African population. Psychopathology, 41(6), 356–364.Google Scholar
Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2006). Cross-cultural studies of personality traits and their relevance to psychiatry. Epidemiologia E Psichiatria Sociale, 15(3), 176–184.Google Scholar
Tessner, K. D., Mittal, V., & Walker, E. F. (2011). Longitudinal study of stressful life events and daily stressors among adolescents at high risk for psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 432–441.Google Scholar
Torgersen, S. (2012). Epidemiology. In Widiger, T. A. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders (pp. 186–205). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Torgersen, S., Czajkowski, N., Jacobson, K., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Røysamb, E., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2008). Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: A multivariate study. Psychological Medicine, 38(11), 1617–1625.Google Scholar
Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 590–596.Google Scholar
Trull, T. J., Jahng, S., Tomko, R. L., Wood, P. K., & Sher, K. J. (2010). Revised NESARC personality disorder diagnoses: Gender, prevalence, and comorbidity with substance dependence disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24, 412–426.Google Scholar
Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(5), 160–164.Google Scholar
Tuvblad, C., & Beaver, K. M. (2013). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(5), 273–276.Google Scholar
Tuvblad, C., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2006). Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: Gene–environment interaction. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(7), 734–743.Google Scholar
Tyrer, P., Crawford, M., Mulder, R., & ICD-11 Working Group for the Revision of Classification of Personality Disorders. (2011). Reclassifying personality disorders. The Lancet, 377(9780), 1814–1815.Google Scholar
Walsh, Z., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., Ansell, E. B., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., … Gunderson, J. G. (2013). Socioeconomic status and mental health in a personality disorder sample: The importance of neighborhood factors. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(6), 820–831.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J., Little, T., & Biderman, M. D. (1992). Narcissism and parenting styles. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9(2), 231–244.Google Scholar
Wetzel, E., & Robins, R. W. (2016). Are parenting practices associated with the development of narcissism? Findings from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth. Journal of Research in Personality, 63, 84–94.Google Scholar
Whaley, A. L. (1997). Ethnicity/race, paranoia, and psychiatric diagnoses: Clinician bias versus sociocultural differences. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 19(1), 1–20.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. (1998). Invited essay: Sex biases in the diagnosis of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12(2), 95–118.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., & Bornstein, R. F. (2002). Histrionics, dependent, and narcissistic personality disorders. In Adams, H. E. & Sutker, P. B. (Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology (pp. 509–531). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Paris, J. (2009). A prospective investigation of borderline personality disorder in abused and neglected children followed up into adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(5), 433–446.Google Scholar
Wiggins, J. S. (1991). Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. In Cicchetti, D. & Grove, W. M. (Eds.), Thinking Clearly about Psychology: Essays in Honor of Paul E. Meehl (pp. 89–113). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. In Olson, J. M. & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 46, pp. 55–123). Burlington, VT: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Woodward, H. E., Taft, C. T., Gordon, R. A., & Meis, L. A. (2009). Clinician bias in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(4), 282–290.Google Scholar
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2010). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th ed.). Geneva: WHO Press.Google Scholar
Yang, J., McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Yao, S., Dai, X., Cai, T., & Gao, B. (2000). The cross-cultural generalizability of Axis-II constructs: An evaluation of two personality disorder assessment instruments in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(3), 249–263.Google Scholar
Yang, K., & Bond, M. H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1087–1095.Google Scholar
Zhong, J., & Leung, F. (2009). Diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in China: Current status and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 11(1), 69–73.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Barnett, D., Ganiban, J., & Cicchetti, D. (1999). Maltreatment, negative expressivity, and the development of type D attachments from 12 to 24 months of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63(3), 97–118.Google Scholar
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2001). Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: An 18-month follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 36–42.Google Scholar
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2008). 8-Year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 631–638.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, Volume 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, E. A., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (2009). A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1311–1334.Google Scholar
Carlson, E. A., & Ruiz, S. K. (2016). Transactional processes in the development of adult personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 28(3), 639–651.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 495–510.Google Scholar
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Whalen, D. J., Scott, L. N., Cummins, N. D., & Stepp, S. D. (2016). The main and interactive effects of maternal interpersonal emotion regulation and negative affect on adolescent girls’ borderline personality disorder symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 381–393.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (2003). On making behavioral genetics truly developmental. Human Development, 46(6), 337–355.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G., & Halpern, C. T. (2002). A relational view of causality in normal and abnormal development. Development and Psychopathology, 14(3), 421–435.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G., & Lickliter, R. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10(1), 1–11.Google Scholar
Hoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E., Buteau, E., Neiditch, E. R., Penney, D., Bruce, M. L., … Struening, E. (2005). Family connections: A program for relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder. Family Process, 44(2), 217–225.Google Scholar
Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Kelly, K. M., Reynoso, J. S., Weber, M., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Change in attachment patterns and reflective functioning in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1027–1040.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Liotti, G., & Pasquini, P. (2000). Predictive factors for borderline personality disorder: Patients’ early traumatic experiences and losses suffered by the attachment figure. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102(4), 282–289.Google Scholar
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (Eds.) (1990). Procedures for Identifying Infants as Disorganized/Disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The Schema Questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19(3), 295–321.Google Scholar
Scott, L. N., Zalewski, M., Beeney, J. E., Jones, N. P., & Stepp, S. D. (2017). Pupillary and affective responses to maternal feedback and the development of borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 29(3), 1089–1104.Google Scholar
Stepp, S. D., Scott, L. N., Jones, N. P., Whalen, D. J., & Hipwell, A. E. (2016). Negative emotional reactivity as a marker of vulnerability in the development of borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 28(1), 213–224.Google Scholar
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11(2), 225–249.Google Scholar
Young, J. E. (1994). Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach (rev. ed.). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.Google Scholar

References

Bagby, R. M., & Widiger, T. A. (2018). Five factor model personality disorder scales: An introduction to a special section on assessment of maladaptive variants of the five factor model. Psychological Assessment, 30, 1–9.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2012). Physiological markers of emotion and behavior dysregulation in externalizing psychopathology. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77, 79–86.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Beaver, K. M. (2011). Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting, and adolescent self-regulation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 619–626.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2016). Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 2: Developmental Neurosciences (3rd ed., pp. 59–106). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Belsky, J., Schlomer, G. L., & Ellis, B. J. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 662–673.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Volume 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Yu, T., Beach, S. R. H., Kogan, S. M., Simons, R. L., … Philibert, R. A. (2012). Life stress, the dopamine receptor gene, and emerging adult drug use trajectories: A longitudinal, multilevel, mediated moderation analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 941–951.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2012). Gene × environment interaction and resilience: Effects of child maltreatment and serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and oxytocin genes. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 411–427.Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., & Martin, M. J. (2013). The reformulation of emotional security theory: The role of children’s social defense in developmental psychopathology. Development & Psychopathology, 25, 1435–1454.Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., Martin, M. J., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2016). Emotional security theory and developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 1: Theory and Methods (3rd ed., pp. 199–264). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Davies, P. T., Martin, M. J., Sturge-Apple, M., Ripple, M. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). The distinctive sequelae of children’s coping with interparental conflict: Testing the reformulated emotional security theory. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1646–1665.Google Scholar
De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2014). Antecedents of personality disorder in childhood and adolescence: Toward an integrative developmental model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 449–476.Google Scholar
DeYoung, C. G., Weisberg, Y. J., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. (2013). Unifying the aspects of the big five, the interpersonal circumplex, and trait affiliation. Journal of Personality, 81, 465–475.Google Scholar
Hentges, R. F., Davies, P. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Temperament and interparental conflict: The role of negative emotionality in predicting child behavior problems. Child Development, 86, 1333–1350.Google Scholar
Hinnant, J. B., Erath, S. A., Tu, K. M., & El-Sheikh, M. (2016). Permissive parenting, deviant peer affiliations, and delinquent behavior in adolescence: The moderating role of sympathetic nervous system reactivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 1071–1081.Google Scholar
Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Kouros, C. D. (2016). Interparental conflict and child adjustment. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 4: Risk, Resilience, and Intervention (3rd ed., pp. 608–659). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Tackett, J. L., & MacDonald, A. (2016). Toward validation of a structural approach to conceptualizing psychopathology: A special section of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 1023–1026.Google Scholar
Liu, S., Zhou, N., Wang, Z., Liang, X., & Shi, J. (2018). Maternal life stress and subsequent Chinese toddlers’ social adjustment: The moderating role of inhibitory control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(2), 412–420.Google Scholar
Obradovic, J. (2012). How can the study of physiological reactivity contribute to our understanding of adversity and resilience processes in development? Development and Psychopathology, 24, 371–387.Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (2011). Commentary: Why are children in the same family so different? Non-shared environment three decades later. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 582–592.Google Scholar
Repetti, R. L., Robles, T. F., & Reynolds, B. (2011). Allostatic processes in the family. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 921–938.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006). Gene–environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 47, 226–261.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood antecedents of personality disorder: An alternative perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 771–791.Google Scholar

References

Bagby, R. M., & Widiger, T. A. (2018). Five factor model personality disorder scales: An introduction to a special section on assessment of maladaptive variants of the five factor model. Psychological Assessment, 30, 1–9.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Farchione, T. J., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B., & Ehrenreich-May, J. T. (2010). Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, C., & Stevenson, H. W. (1995). Motivation and mathematics achievement: A comparative study of Asian-American, Caucasian-American, and East Asian high school students. Child Development, 66(4), 1215–1234.Google Scholar
De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2014). Antecedents of personality disorder in childhood and adolescence: Toward an integrative developmental model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 449–476.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich-May, J., & Chu, B. C. (2013). Transdiagnostic Treatments for Children and Adolescents: Principles and Practice. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kim, J., Rapee, R. M., Ja Oh, K., & Moon, H.-S. (2008). Retrospective report of social withdrawal during adolescence and current maladjustment in young adulthood: Cross-cultural comparisons between Australian and South Korean students. Journal of Adolescence, 31(5), 543–563.Google Scholar

References

Achenbach, T. M., McConaughy, S. H., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Chen, S. E., Davis, G. C., Puzantian, V. R., Kashgarian, M., & Bolinger, J. M. (1985). Borderline: An adjective in search of a noun. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46(2), 41–48.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Revised 3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1999). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Archer, R. P., Ball, J. D., & Hunter, J. A. (1985). MMPI characteristics of borderline psychopathology in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 47–55.Google Scholar
Archer, R. P., & Newsom, C. R. (2000). Psychological test usage with adolescent clients: Survey update. Assessment, 7, 227–235.Google Scholar
Arens, E. A., Stopsack, M., Spitzer, C., Appel, K., Dudeck, M., Volzke, H., … Barnow, S. (2013). Borderline personality disorder in four different age groups: A cross-sectional study of community residents in Germany. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(2), 196–207.Google Scholar
Bach, B., Markon, K., Simonsen, E., & Krueger, R. F. (2015). Clinical utility of the DSM-5 alternative model of personality disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 21(1), 3–25.Google Scholar
Belsky, D. W., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Bleidorn, W., Fonagy, P., Goodman, M., … Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Etiological features of borderline personality related characteristics in a birth cohort of 12-year-old children. Development and Psychopathology, 24(1), 251–265.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. P., Cohen, P., Velez, C. N., Schwab-Stone, M., Siever, L. J., & Shinsato, L. (1993). Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III-R personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(8), 1237–1243.Google Scholar
Bjureberg, J., Sahlin, H., Hellner, C., Hedman-Lagerlof, E., Gratz, K. L., Bjarehed, J., … Ljotsson, B. (2017). Emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: A feasibility study. BMC Psychiatry, 17. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4Google Scholar
Bo, S., Sharp, C., Beck, E., Pedersen, J., Gondan, M., & Simonsen, E. (2017). First empirical evaluation of outcomes for mentalization-based group therapy for adolescents with BPD. Personality Disorders, 8(4), 396–401.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1335–1353.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2011). Development and validation of the Minnesota Borderline Personality Disorder Scale. Assessment, 18(2), 234–252.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Huibregtse, B. M., Hicks, B. M., Keyes, M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. (2013). Tests of a direct effect of childhood abuse on adult borderline personality disorder traits: A longitudinal discordant twin design. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 180–194.Google Scholar
Brunner, R., Henze, R., Parzer, P., Kramer, J., Feigl, N., Lutz, K., … Stieltjes, B. (2010). Reduced prefrontal and orbitofrontal gray matter in female adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Is it disorder specific? NeuroImage, 49(1), 114–120.Google Scholar
Butcher, J. N., Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1992). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI-A): Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cailhol, L., Jeannot, M., Rodgers, R., Guelfi, J. D., Perez-Diaz, F., Pham-Scottez, A., … Speranza, M. (2013). Borderline personality disorder and mental healthcare service use among adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(2), 252–259.Google Scholar
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., … Moffit, T. E. (2014). The p factor: One general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science, 2(2), 119–137.Google Scholar
Chabrol, H., Chouicha, K., Montovany, A., Callahan, S., Duconge, E., & Sztulman, H. (2002). Troubles de la personnalité dans un echantillon non clinique d’adolescents [Personality disorders in a nonclinical sample of adolescents]. Encéphale: Revue de psychiatrie clinique biologique et thérapeutique, 28(6 Pt 1), 520–524.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M. (2015). Borderline personality disorder in young people: Are we there yet? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(8), 778–791.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Berk, M., & Thompson, K. (2016). Integrating early intervention for borderline personality disorder and mood disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24(5), 330–341.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jackson, H. J., McCutcheon, L. K., Jovev, M., Dudgeon, P., Yuen, H. P., … McGorry, P. D. (2009). Early intervention for adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Quasi-experimental comparison with treatment as usual. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(5), 397–408.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jackson, H. J., McGorry, P. D., Allot, K. A., Clarkson, V., & Yuen, H. P. (2004). Two-year stability of personality disorder in older adolescent outpatients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(6), 526–541.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jovev, M., Djaja, D., McDougall, E., Yuen, H. P., Rawlings, D., & Jackson, H. J. (2008). Screening for borderline personality disorder in outpatient youth. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(4), 353–364.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Jovev, M., & Jackson, H. J. (2007). Adaptive functioning and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(2), 297–306.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., & Kaess, M. (2012). Developmental pathways to borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(1), 45–53.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., & McCutcheon, L. (2013). Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder: Current status and recent evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement, 54, s24–s29.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., McCutcheon, L. K., Germano, D., Nistico, H., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2009). The HYPE clinic: An early intervention service for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 15(3), 163–172.Google Scholar
Chanen, A., Sharp, C., Hoffman, P., & Global Alliance for Prevention and Early Intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017). Prevention and early intervention for borderline personality disorder: A novel public health priority. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 215–216.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., & Thompson, K. N. (June 2018). Early intervention in personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 132–135.Google Scholar
Chanen, A. M., Velakoulis, D., Carison, K., Gaunson, K., Wood, S. J., Yuen, H. P., … Pantelis, C. (2008). Orbitofrontal, amygdala and hippocampal volumes in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, 163(2), 116–125.Google Scholar
Chang, B., Sharp, C., & Ha, C. (2011). The criterion validity of the Borderline Personality Feature Scale for children in an adolescent inpatient setting. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(4), 492–503.Google Scholar
Chen, H., Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Kasen, S., Guan, B., & Gorden, K. (2009). Impact of early adolescent psychiatric and personality disorder on long-term physical health: A 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 39(5), 865–874.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227–257.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Nuzum, H., & Ro, E. (2017). Manifestations of personality impairment severity: Comorbidity, course/prognosis, psychosocial dysfunction, and ‘borderline’ personality features. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 117–121.Google Scholar
Cohen, P. (2008). Child development and personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 477–493.Google Scholar
Cohen, P., Chen, H., Gordon, K., Johnson, J., Brook, J., & Kasen, S. (2008). Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 633–650.Google Scholar
Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2005). The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 466–486.Google Scholar
Cooney, E., Davis, K., Thompson, P., Wharewera-Mika, J., Stewart, J., & Miller, A. L. (2012). Feasibility of comparing dialectical behavior therapy with treatment as usual for suicidal and self-injuring adolescents: Follow-up data from a small randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 46th Annual Convention, National Harbor, MD.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Professional Manual: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor-Inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., First, M. B., Skodol, A. E., Johnson, J. G., & Kasen, S. (2008). Comorbid Axis I and Axis II disorders in early adolescence: Outcomes 20 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(6), 641–648.Google Scholar
Crick, N. R., Murray-Close, D., & Woods, K. (2005). Borderline personality features in childhood: A short-term longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 17(4), 1051–1070.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 495–510.Google Scholar
De Caluwé, E., Verbeke, L., van Aken, M., van der Heijden, P. T., & De Clercq, B. (2019). The DSM-5 trait measure in a psychiatric sample of late adolescents and emerging adults: Structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33(1), 101–118.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B. (2018). Integrating developmental aspects in current thinking about personality pathology. Current Perspectives in Psychology, 21, 69–73.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2003). Personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(4), 269–292.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., & Van Leeuwen, K. (2004). A “little-five” lexically based perspective on personality disorder symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(5), 479–499.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., Van Leeuwen, K., & Mervielde, I. (2006). The structure of maladaptive personality traits in childhood: A step toward an integrative developmental perspective for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 639–657.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., Decuyper, M., & De Caluwé, E. (2014). Developmental manifestations of borderline personality pathology from an age-specific dimensional personality disorder trait framework. In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 81–94). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., Hofmans, J., Vergauwe, J., De Fruyt, F., & Sharp, C. (2017). Developmental pathways of childhood dark traits. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(7), 843–858.Google Scholar
De Clercq, B., Van Leeuwen, K., Van den Noortgate, W., De Bolle, M., & De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood personality pathology: Dimensional stability and change. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 853–869.Google Scholar
Decuyper, M., De Bolle, M., De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2011). General and maladaptive personality dimensions and the assessment of callous-unemotional traits in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 681–701.Google Scholar
De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2014). Antecedents of personality disorder in childhood and adolescence: Toward an integrative developmental model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 449–476.Google Scholar
De Los Reyes, A., Thomas, S. A., Goodman, K. L., & Kundey, S. M. A. (2013). Principles underlying the use of multiple informants’ reports. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 123–149.Google Scholar
Durbin, E. C., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., Johnson, W., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2016). Personality trait change across late childhood to young adulthood: Evidence for nonlinearity and sex differences in change. European Journal of Personality, 30, 31–44.Google Scholar
Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2011). Borderline personality disorder co-morbidity: Relationship to the internalizing-externalizing structure of common mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 41(5), 1041–1050.Google Scholar
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood in Society. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). The development of borderline personality disorder: A mentalizing model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(1), 4–21.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2016). A multilevel perspective on the development of borderline personality disorder. In Cicchetti, D. C. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (3rd ed., pp. 726–792). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fossati, A., Sharp, C., Borroni, S., & Somma, A. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children-11 (BPFSC-11) in a sample of community dwelling Italian adolescents. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35, 70–77.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). The Antisocial Process Screening Device. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Goldstein, T. R., Axelson, D. A., Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. A. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: A 1-year open trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 820–830.Google Scholar
Goodman, M., Hazlett, E. A., Avedon, J. B., Siever, D. R., Chu, K. W., & New, A. S. (2011). Anterior cingulate volume reduction in adolescents with borderline personality disorder and co-morbid major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(6), 803–807.Google Scholar
Goodman, M., Perez-Rodriguez, M., & Siever, L. (2014). The neurobiology of adolescent-onset borderline personality disorder. In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 113–128). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). BPD’s interpersonal hypersensitivity phenotype: A gene-environment-developmental model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(1), 22–41.Google Scholar
Ha, C., Balderas, J. C., Zanarini, M. C., Oldham, J., & Sharp, C. (2014). Psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalized adolescents with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(5), e457–e464.Google Scholar
Haltigan, J. D., & Vaillancourt, T. (2016). Identifying trajectories of borderline personality features in adolescence: Antecedent and interactive risk factors. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61(3), 166–175.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Harter, S. (1999). The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, R., Blum, N., Black, D. W., Burgess, J., & Henley-Cragg, P. (2014). Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS). In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 415–430). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Herpertz, S. C., Huprich, S. K., Bohus, M., Chanen, A., Goodman, M., Mehlum, L., … Sharp, C. (2017). The challenge of transforming the diagnostic system of personality disorders. Journal Personality Disorders, 31(5), 577–589.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, S. P. (2017). Developmental psychopathology as a scientific discipline: a 21st-century perspective. In Beauchaine, T. P. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (pp. 3–32). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hopwood, C. J., Wright, A. G., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013). The interpersonal core of personality pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(3), 270–295.Google Scholar
Hudziak, J. J., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., & Pine, D. S. (2007). A dimensional approach to developmental psychopathology. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 16, S16–S23.Google Scholar
Jahng, S., Trull, T. J., Wood, P. K., Tragesser, S. L., Tomko, R., Grant, J. D., … Sher, K. J. (2011). Distinguishing general and specific personality disorder features and implications for substance dependence comorbidity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 656–669.Google Scholar
James, L. M., & Taylor, J. (2008). Revisiting the structure of mental disorders: borderline personality disorder and the internalizing/externalizing spectra. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(Pt 4), 361–380.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Skodol, A. E., & Oldham, J. M. (2008). Cumulative prevalence of personality disorders between adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(5), 410–413.Google Scholar
Kaess, M., Brunner, R., & Chanen, A. (2014). Borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Pediatrics, 134(4), 782–793.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15(3), 641–685.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477.Google Scholar
Krabbendam, A. A., Colins, O. F, Doreleijers, T. A. H., van der Molen, E., Beekman, A. T. F., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2015). Personality disorders in previously detained adolescent females: A prospective study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85, 63–71.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (2005). Continuity of Axes I and II: Toward a unified model ofpersonality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 233–261.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890.Google Scholar
Krueger, B., & Markon, K. E. (2014). The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1–25.Google Scholar
Kushner, S., Tackett, J. L., & De Clercq, B. (2013). The joint hierarchical structure of adolescent personality pathology: Converging evidence from two approaches to measurement. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 199–205.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B., Hakes, J. K., Zald, D. H., Hariri, A. R., & Rathouz, P. J. (2012). Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(4), 971–977.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 377(9759), 74–84.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F. (2008). Epidemiology of personality disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(3), 395–403.Google Scholar
Leung, S. W., & Leung, F. (2009). Construct validity and prevalence rate of borderline personality disorder among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(5), 494–513.Google Scholar
Levy, K. N., Becker, D. F., Grilo, C. M., Mattanah, J. J., Garnet, K. E., Quinlan, D. M., … McGlashan, T. H. (1999). Concurrent and predictive validity of the personality disorder diagnosis in adolescent inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(10), 1522–1528.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Klein, D. N. (1997). Axis II psychopathology as a function of Axis I disorders in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(12), 1752–1759.Google Scholar
Linde, J. A., Stringer, D., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. (2013). The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality for Youth (SNAP-Y): A new measure for assessing adolescent personality and personality pathology. Assessment, 20(4), 387–404.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Luby, J. L., Si, X., Belden, A. C., Tandon, M., & Spitznagel, E. (2009). Preschool depression: Homotypic continuity and course over 24 months. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 897–905.Google Scholar
Lynam, D. R. (1997). Capturing the fledging psychopath in a nomological net. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 425–438.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238.Google Scholar
McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 517–542.Google Scholar
McLean, K. C., & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life’s little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 714–722.Google Scholar
Meares, R., Gerull, F., Stevenson, J., & Korner, A. (2011). Is self disturbance the core of borderline personality disorder? An outcome study of borderline personality factors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(3), 214–222.Google Scholar
Mehlum, L., Ramberg, M., Tørmoen, A., Haga, E., Larsson, B., Stanley, B., … Grøholt, B. (2012). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with recent and repeated suicidal and self-harm behavior: A randomized controlled trial. Paper presented at the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 46th Annual Convention, National Harbor, MD.Google Scholar
Mesman, J., & Koot, H. (2001). Early preschool predictors of preadolescent internalizing and externalizing DSM-IV diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1029–1036.Google Scholar
Michonski, J. D., Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., & Zanarini, M. C. (2013). An item response theory analysis of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder criteria in a population-based sample of 11- to 12-year-old children. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(1), 15–22.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality Assessment Inventory: Adolescent Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Nestadt, G., Eaton, W. W., Romanoski, A. J., Garrison, R., Folstein, M. F., & McHugh, P. R. (1994). Assessment of DSM-III personality structure in a general-population survey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35(1), 54–63.Google Scholar
Nestadt, G., Hsu, F. C., Samuels, J., Bienvenu, O. J., Reti, I., Costa, P. T. Jr., & Eaton, W. W. (2006). Latent structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition personality disorder criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47(1), 54–62.Google Scholar
Noblin, J. L., Venta, A., & Sharp, C. (2013). The validity of the MSI-BPD among inpatient adolescents. Assessment, 21(2), 210–217.Google Scholar
Normandin, L., Ensink, K., Yeomans, F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2014). Transference-focused psychotherapy for personality disorders in adolescence. In Sharp, C. & Tackett, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Borderline Personality Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 333–359). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (1997). Antisocial and borderline personality disorders: Two separate diagnoses or two aspects of the same psychopathology? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38(4), 237–242.Google Scholar
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 3–25.Google Scholar
Rojas, E. C., Cummings, J. R., Bornovalova, M. A., Hopwood, C. J., Racine, S. E., Keel, P. K., … Klump, K. L. (2014). A further validation of the Minnesota Borderline Personality Disorder Scale. Personality Disorders, 5(2), 146–153.Google Scholar
Rossouw, T. I., & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-based treatment for self-harm in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(12), 1304–1313.Google Scholar
Roysamb, E., Kendler, K. S., Tambs, K., Orstavik, R. E., Neale, M. C., Aggen, S. H., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). The joint structure of DSM-IV axis I and axis II disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 198–209.Google Scholar
Saulsman, L. M., & Page, A. C. (2004). The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1055–1085.Google Scholar
Schuppert, H. M., Bloo, J., Minderaa, R. B., Emmelkamp, P. M., & Nauta, M. H. (2012). Psychometric evaluation of the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index-IV: Adolescent version and parent version. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(4), 628–640.Google Scholar
Sebastian, C., Burnett, S., & Blakemore, S. J. (2008). Development of the self-concept during adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(11), 441–446.Google Scholar
Sevecke,  K., Schmeck,  K., & Krischer,  M. (2014). The dimensional-categorical hybrid model of personality disorders in DSM-5 from an adolescent psychiatric perspective - criticism and critical outlook. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 42(4), 279–283.Google Scholar
Sharp, C. (2016). Bridging the gap: The assessment and treatment of adolescent personality disorder in routine clinical care. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(1), 103–108.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Elhai, J. D., Kalpakci, A., Michonski, J., & Pavlidis, I. (2014). Locating adolescent BPD within the internalizing-externalizing spectrum. Manuscript submitted for publicationGoogle Scholar
Sharp, C., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Practitioner review: Emergent borderline personality disorder in adolescence: Recent conceptualization, intervention, and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(12), 1266–1288.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Green, K., Venta, A., Pettit, J., & Zanarini, M. C. (2012). The incremental validity of borderline personality disorder relative to major depressive disorder for suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm in adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(6), 927–38.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Ha, C., Michonski, J., Venta, A., & Carbone, C. (2012). Borderline personality disorder in adolescents: Evidence in support of the Childhood Interview for DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder in a sample of adolescent inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(6), 765–774.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Kim, S. (2015). Recent advances in the developmental aspects of borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 17(21), 1–9.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Mosko, O., Chang, B., & Ha, C. (2011). The cross-informant concordance and concurrent validity of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children in a sample of male youth. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16(3), 335–349.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Rossouw, T. (2019). Borderline personality pathology in adolescence. In Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (Eds.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (2nd ed., pp. 281–300). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Steinberg, L., Temple, J., & Newlin, E. (2014). An 11-item measure to assess borderline traits in adolescents: Refinement of the BPFSC using IRT. Personality Disorders, 5(1), 70–78.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Vanwoerden, S., & Wall, K. (2018). Adolescence as a sensitive period for the development of personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 41(4), 669–683.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wall, K. (2017). Personality pathology grows up: Adolescence as a sensitive period. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 111–116.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wright, A. (2018). Editorial: Personality pathology is what personality pathologists do. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, iv–vii.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Wright, A. G. C., Fowler, J. C., Frueh, B. C., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J., & Clark, L. A. (2015). The structure of personality pathology: Both general (‘g’) and specific (‘s’) factors? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 387–398.Google Scholar
Shaw, P., Kabani, N. J., Lerch, J. P., Eckstrand, K., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., … Wise, S. P. (2008). Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(14), 3586–3594.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L. (1998). How shall we speak of children’s personalities in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 308–332.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., & Allen, T. A. (2013). Assessing personality disorders in adolescents: seven guiding principles. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 20(4), 361–377Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., & DeYoung, C. G. (2013). The structure of temperament and personality traits: A developmental perspective. In Zelazo, P. D. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, Volume 2: Self and Other (pp. 113–141). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shiner, R. L., & Tackett, J. L. (2014). Personality disorders in children and adolescents. In Mash, E. J. & Barkley, R. A. (Eds.), Child Psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 848–896). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Shea, M. T., McGlashan, T. H., Morey, L. C., Sanislow, C. A., … Stout, R. L. (2005). The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS): Overview and implications. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 487–504.Google Scholar
Snyder, H. R., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2016). Strong homotypic continuity in common psychopathology: Internalizing-, and externalizing-specific factors over time in adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Science, 5, 98–110.Google Scholar
Somerville, L. H., Jones, R. M., Ruberry, E. J., Dyke, J. P., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2013). The medial prefrontal cortex and the emergence of self-conscious emotion in adolescence. Psychological Science, 24(8), 1554–1562.Google Scholar
Somma, A., Fossati, A., Terrinoni, A., Williams, R., Ardizzone, I., Fantini, F., … Ferrara, M. (2016). Reliability and clinical usefulness of the personality inventory for DSM-5 in clinically referred adolescents: A preliminary report in a sample of Italian inpatients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 70, 141–151.Google Scholar
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). The developmental psychometrics of big five self-reports: Acquiescence, factor structure, coherence, and differentiation from ages 10 to 20. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 718–737.Google Scholar
Speranza, M., Revah-Levy, A., Cortese, S., Falissard, B., Pham-Scottez, A., & Corcos, M. (2011). ADHD in adolescents with borderline personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 158.Google Scholar
Steinberg, L., Albert, D., Cauffman, E., Banich, M., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2008). Age differences in sensation-seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: evidence for a dual systems model. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1764–1778.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L. (2011). Parent informants for child personality: Agreement, discrepancies, and clinical utility. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(6), 539–544.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Balsis, S., & Cooper, L. (2016). Toward a unifying perspective on personality pathology across the lifespan. In Cicchetti, D. C. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (3rd ed., pp. 1039–1078). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., Bushman, B., Olthof, T., & Denissen, J. (2008). Development and validation of the Childhood Narcissism Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 382–391.Google Scholar
Tromp, N. B., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Dimensions of personality pathology in adolescents: Psychometric properties of the DAPP-BQ-A. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(6), 623–638.Google Scholar
Van den Akker, A. L., Dekovic, M., Asscher, J., & Prinzie, P. (2014). Mean-level personality development across childhood and adolescence: A temporary defiance of the maturity principle and bidirectional associations with parenting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 736–750.Google Scholar
Vanwoerden, S., Garey, L., Ferguson, T., Temple, J., & Sharp, C. (2019). Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children-11: Measurement invariance over time and across gender in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 114–119.Google Scholar
Venta, A., Magyar, M., Hossein, S., & Sharp, C. (2018). The psychometric properties of the Personality Assessment Inventory–Adolescent’s Borderline Features Scale across two high-risk samples. Psychological Assessment, 30(6), 827–833.Google Scholar
Verbeke, L., De Caluwé, E., & De Clercq, B. (2017). A five-factor model of personality pathology precursors. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8, 130–139.Google Scholar
Verbeke, L., & De Clercq, B. (2014). Integrating oddity traits in a dimensional model for personality pathology precursors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 598–612.Google Scholar
Verbeke, L., De Clercq, B., Van der Heijden, P., Hutsebaut, J., & Van Aken, M. A. G. (2017). The relevance of schizotypal traits for understanding interpersonal functioning in adolescents with psychiatric problems. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(1), 54–63.Google Scholar
Wall, J., Ahmed, Y., & Sharp, C. (2018). Parent–adolescent concordance in borderline pathology and why it matters. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(3), 529–542.Google Scholar
Wall, K., Sharp, C., Ahmed, Y., Goodman, M., & Zanarini, M. C. (2017). Parent–adolescent concordance on the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) and the Childhood Interview for Borderline Personality Disorder (CI-BPD). Personality and Mental Health, 11(3), 179–188.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Bach, B., Chmielewski, M., Clark, L. A., DeYoung, C., Hopwood, C. J., … Thomas, K. M. (2019). Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(4), 345–355.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. & Costa, P. T. (2013). Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(2), 110–130.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Trull, T. J., Clarkin, J. F., Sanderson, C., & Costa, P. T. (2002). A description of the DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In Costa, P. T. Jr. & Widiger, T. A. (Eds.), Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality (2nd ed., pp. 89–99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Winograd, G., Cohen, P., & Chen, H. N. (2008). Adolescent borderline symptoms in the community: Prognosis for functioning over 20 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(9), 933–941.Google Scholar
Winsper, C., Marwaha, S., Lereya, S. T., Thompson, A., Eyden, J., Singh, S. P. (2015). Clinical and psychosocial outcomes of borderline personality disorder in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2237–2251.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G. C., Hopwood, C. J., Skodol, A. E., & Morey, L. C. (2016). Longitudinal validation of general and specific structural features of personality pathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(8), 1120–1134.Google Scholar
Wright, A. G., Zalewski, M., Hallquist, M. N., Hipwell, A. E., & Stepp, S. D. (2016). Developmental trajectories of borderline personality disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(3), 351–372.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C. (2003). The Child Interview for DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder. Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Dubo, E. D., Sickel, A. E., Trikha, A., Levin, A., & Reynolds, V. (1998). Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1733–1739.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Reich, D. B., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2012). Attainment and stability of sustained symptomatic remission and recovery among patients with borderline personality disorder and Axis II comparison subjects: A 16-year prospective follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 476–483.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Horwood, J., Wolke, D., Waylen, A., Fitzmaurice, G., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence of DSM-IV borderline personality disorder in two community samples: 6,330 English 11-year-olds and 34,653 American adults. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(5), 607–619.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). A screening measure for BPD: The McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(6), 568–573.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Baer, R. A., Wetter, M. W., & Berry, D. T. (1992). Detection of underreporting of psychopathology on the MMPI: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 509–525.Google Scholar
Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2009). MATCH-ADTC: Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems. Satellite Beach, FL: PracticeWise.Google Scholar
Chu, B. C. (2012). Translating transdiagnostic approaches to children and adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 1–4.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Kaufman, E. A., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2013). The development of borderline personality and self-inflicted injury. In Beauchaine, T. E. & Hinshaw, S. P. (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 577–609). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
McHugh, R. K., Murray, H. W., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). Balancing fidelity and adaptation in the dissemination of empirically-supported treatments: The promise of transdiagnostic interventions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 946–953.Google Scholar
Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (2000). Integrating person‐centered and variable‐centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 882–891.Google Scholar
Rosen, K. S. (2016). Adolescent identity and the consolidation of the self. In Rosen, K., Social and Emotional Development: Attachment Relationships and the Emerging Self (pp. 278–330). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
White, J. L., Moffitt, T. E., Earls, F., Robins, L., & Silva, P. A. (1990). How early can we tell? Predictors of childhood conduct disorder and adolescent delinquency. Criminology, 28, 507–535.Google Scholar

References

Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44, 875–896.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). A new generation of comorbidity research in the era of neuroscience and the Research Domain Criteria. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 891–894.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Constantino, J. N. (2017). Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity. Biomarkers in Medicine, 11, 769–780.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Constantino, J. N., & Hayden, E. P. (2018). Psychiatry and developmental psychopathology: Unifying themes and future directions. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 143–152.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Hinshaw, S. P., & Bridge, J. A. (2019). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors in maltreated girls with ADHD: The case for targeted prevention in preadolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 7, 643–667.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Klein, D. N., Crowell, S. E., Derbidge, C., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2009). Multifinality in the development of personality disorders: A biology × sex × environment interaction model of antisocial and borderline traits. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 735–770.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 745–774.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Uyeji, L. L. (2019). Self-injuring adolescent girls exhibit insular cortex volumetric abnormalities that are similar to those observed in adults with borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology. Advance Online Publication.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., & Zisner, A. (2017). Motivation, emotion regulation, and the latent structure of psychopathology: An integrative and convergent historical perspective. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 119, 108–118.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A. R., & Hayden, E. P. (2019). Neurobiological mechanisms of psychopathology and treatment action. In Ollendick, T. H., White, S. W., & White, B. A. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (pp. 699–722). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P., Zisner, A. R., & Sauder, C. L. (2017). Trait impulsivity and the externalizing spectrum. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 343–368.Google Scholar
Birn, R. M., Roeber, B. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2017). Early childhood stress exposure, reward pathways, and adult decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 114, 13549–13554.Google Scholar
Blair, C. (2016). Developmental science and executive function. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 3–7.Google Scholar
Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2013). Longitudinal twin study of borderline personality disorder traits and substance use in adolescence: Developmental change, reciprocal effects, and genetic and environmental influences. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4, 23–32.Google Scholar
Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471–502.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., & Linehan, M. (2009). A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending Linehan’s theory. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 495–510.Google Scholar
Crowell, S. E., Butner, J., Wiltshire, T. J., Munion, A. K., Yaptangco, M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2017). Evaluating emotional and biological sensitivity to maternal behavior among depressed and self-injuring adolescent girls using nonlinear dynamics. Clinical Psychological Science, 5, 272–285.Google Scholar
De Brito, S. A., Mechelli, A., Wilke, M., Laurens, K. R., Jones, A. P., Barker, G. J., … Viding, E. (2009). Size matters: increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Brain, 132, 843–852.Google Scholar
Finucane, B., Challman, T. D., Martin, C. L., & Ledbetter, D. H. (2016). Shift happens: Family background influences clinical variability in genetic neurodevelopmental disorders. Genetics in Medicine, 4, 302–304.Google Scholar
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M. (2011). The canary in the coalmine: Sensitivity of mesolimbic dopamine to environmental adversity during development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 794–803.Google Scholar
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., … Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 8174–8179.Google Scholar
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 577–586.Google Scholar
Goldman, S. J., D’Angelo, E. J., & DeMaso, D. R. (1993). Psychopathology in the families of children and adolescents with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1832–1835.Google Scholar
Gratz, K. L., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Breetz, A., & Tull, M. (2013). A laboratory-based examination of responses to social rejection in borderline personality disorder: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 157–171.Google Scholar
Hair, N. L., Hanson, J. L., Wolfe, B. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2015). Association of child poverty, brain development, and academic achievement. JAMA Pediatrics, 169, 822–829.Google Scholar
Kliem, S., Kröger, C., & Kosfelder, J. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 936–951.Google Scholar
Krause-Utz, A., Winter, D., Niedtfeld, I., & Schmahl, C. (2014). The latest neuroimaging findings in borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16, 438.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). Contributions of the mother–infant relationship to dissociative, borderline, and conduct symptoms in young adulthood. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29, 203–218.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Holms, B., Sasvari-Szekely, M., Ronai, Z., Nemoda, Z., & Pauls, D. (2007). Serotonin transporter polymorphism and borderline or antisocial traits among low-income young adults. Psychiatric Genetics, 17, 339–343.Google Scholar
Ripke, S., O’Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Moran, J. L., Kähler, A. K., Akterin, S., … Multicenter Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia Consortium. (2013). Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nature Genetics, 45, 1150–1159.Google Scholar
Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016). Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 277–291.Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17–29.Google Scholar
Stepp, S. D., Burke, J. D., Hipwell, A. E., & Loeber, R. (2012). Trajectories of ADHD and ODD as precursors of borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 7–20.Google Scholar
Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2009). Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 30, 81–88.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Bender, D. S., & Skodol, A. E. (2007). Borderline personality as a self–other representational disturbance. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(5), 500–517.Google Scholar
Chorpita, B. F., & Weisz, J. R. (2009). MATCH-ADTC: Modular Approach to Therapy for Children with Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, or Conduct Problems. Satellite Beach, FL: PracticeWise.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Nuzum, H., & Ro, E. (2017). Manifestations of personality impairment severity: Comorbidity, course/prognosis, psychosocial dysfunction, and ‘borderline’ personality features. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 117–121.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of Self. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 15(3), 641–685.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F. (2005). Continuity of axes I and II: Toward a unified model of personality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(3), 233–261.Google Scholar
Krueger, R. F., & Eaton, N. R. (2015). Transdiagnostic factors of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 2, 27–29.Google Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In Wiggins, J. S. (Ed.), The Five-Factor Model of Personality (pp. 51–78). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, K. (2016). Social and Emotional Development: Attachment Relationships and the Emerging Self. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., Vanwoerden, S., & Wall, K. (2018). Adolescence as a sensitive period for the development of personality pathology. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 41(4), 669–83.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wall, K. (2018a). Invited commentary on Hopwood: Maladaptive interpersonal signatures as “re-descriptions” of Criterion B. European Journal of Personality.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wall, K. (2018b). Personality pathology grows up: Adolescence as a sensitive period. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, 111–116.Google Scholar
Sharp, C., & Wright, A. (2018). Editorial: Personality pathology is what personality pathologists do. Current Opinion in Psychology, 21, iv–vii.Google Scholar
Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Balsis, S., & Cooper, L. (2016). Toward a unifying perspective on personality pathology across the lifespan. In Cicchetti, D. C. (Ed.), Developmental Psychopathology, Volume 3: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation (3rd ed., pp. 1039–1078). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A., Bach, B., Chmielewski, M., Clark, L. A., DeYoung, C., Hopwood, C. J., … Thomas, K. M. (2019). Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(4), 345?355.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Etiology
  • Edited by Carl W. Lejuez, University of Kansas, Kim L. Gratz, University of Toledo, Ohio
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders
  • Online publication: 24 February 2020
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Etiology
  • Edited by Carl W. Lejuez, University of Kansas, Kim L. Gratz, University of Toledo, Ohio
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders
  • Online publication: 24 February 2020
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Etiology
  • Edited by Carl W. Lejuez, University of Kansas, Kim L. Gratz, University of Toledo, Ohio
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Disorders
  • Online publication: 24 February 2020
Available formats
×