Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-12T09:37:00.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - Self-Disclosure and “Coming Out” to Parents among LGBTQ Youth

from Part III - Informant and Contextual Differences in Disclosure and Secrecy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  aN Invalid Date NaN

By
Amy L. McCurdy  and
Stephen T. Russell
Edited by
Judith G. Smetana ,
Nicole Campione-Barr  and
Lauree C. Tilton-Weaver
Judith G. Smetana
Affiliation:
University of Rochester, New York
Nicole Campione-Barr
Affiliation:
University of Missouri, Columbia
Lauree C. Tilton-Weaver
Affiliation:
Örebro University
Get access

Summary

For lesbian, bisexual, gay, and queer (LGBQ+) youth, disclosure of a nonheterosexual identity to parents (“coming out”) is part of identity development processes during adolescence. LGBQ+ youth in the United States who disclose at the present time do so in the context of heightened visibility and rights for LGBQ+ people, yet disclosure to parents remains complicated for many. In this chapter, we discuss contemporary research on LGBQ+ youth disclosing to parents. Focal topics include (a) disclosure as part of forming an LGBQ+ identity, (b) navigating identity disclosure and concealment decisions, (c) implications of disclosure on youth well-being and parent-adolescent relationships, and (d) methodological and ethical concerns, such as protecting the rights of LGBQ+ adolescents to participate in research and safeguarding participants’ privacy. Although most research involves LGBQ+ youth disclosing to cisgender, heterosexual parents, we discuss emerging research on “second-generation” LGBQ+ youth who disclose to sexual minority parents. We conclude with future directions for research to progress the work on information management and parental monitoring in the lives of LGBQ+ youth.

Keywords

LGBTQ+ adolescentscoming outself-disclosureLGBTQ+ parentsparent–adolescent relationship
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Parental Monitoring and Information Management during Adolescence , pp. 342 - 366
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abreu, R. L., Lefevor, G. T., Gonzalez, K. A., Teran, M., & Watson, R. J. (2022, July 22). Parental support, depressive symptoms, and LGBTQ adolescents: Main and moderation effects in a diverse sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2022.2096047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baiocco, R., Fontanesi, L., Santamaria, F., Ioverno, S., Marasco, B., Baumgartner, E., Willoughby, B. L. B., & Laghi, F. (2015). Negative parental responses to coming out and family functioning in a sample of lesbian and gay young adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(5), 1490–1500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9954-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baiocco, R., Pistella, J., & Morelli, M. (2020). Coming out to parents in lesbian and bisexual women: The role of internalized sexual stigma and positive LB identity. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 609885. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.609885CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ben-Ari, A. (1995). The discovery that an offspring is gay: parents’, gay men’s, and lesbians’ perspectives. Journal of Homosexuality, 30(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v30n01_05CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkley, R. A., Beard, R., & Daus, C. S. (2019). The emotional context of disclosing a concealable stigmatized identity: A conceptual model. Human Resource Management Review, 29(3), 428–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, M. D., Fish, J. N., Hammack, P. L., & Russell, S. T. (2020). Sexual identity development milestones in three generations of sexual minority people: A national probability sample. Developmental Psychology, 56(11), 2177–2193. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bockting, W., Benner, A., & Coleman, E. (2009). Gay and bisexual identity development among female-to-male transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a transgender sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 688–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bry, L. J., Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., & Burns, M. N. (2017). Management of a concealable stigmatized identity: A qualitative study of concealment, disclosure, and role flexing among young, resilient sexual and gender minority individuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(6), 745–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236574CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, M., Zaporozhets, O., & Yarhouse, M. A. (2017). Changes in parent–child relationships and religious views in parents of LGB youth post selfdisclosure. Family Journal, 25(4), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480717741650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cass, V. C. (1979). Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v04n03_01CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chrisler, A. J. (2017). Understanding parent reactions to coming out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual: A theoretical framework. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(2), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, K. A., Dougherty, L. R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2022). A study of parents of sexual and gender minority children: Linking parental reactions with child mental health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9, 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000456CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouter, A. C., Bumpus, M. F., Davis, K. D., & McHale, S. M. (2005). How do parents learn about adolescents’ experiences? Implications for parental knowledge and adolescent risky behavior. Child Development, 76(4), 869–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00883.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Amico, E., Julien, D., Tremblay, N., & Chartrand, E. (2015). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths coming out to their parents: Parental reactions and youths’ outcomes. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 11(5), 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.981627CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R., & Grossman, A. H. (2006). Researching lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: Conceptual, practical, and ethical considerations. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 3(2–3), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.1300/J367v03n02_03CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., Starks, M. T., & Sinclair, K. O. (2010). Factors associated with parents’ knowledge of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths’ sexual orientation. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 6(2), 178–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504281003705410CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Augelli, A. R., Hershberger, S. L., & Pilkington, N. W. (1998). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Self- disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 361–371. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denes, A., & Afifi, T. D. (2014). Coming out again: Exploring GLBQ individuals’ communication with their parents after the first coming out. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(3), 298–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2013.838150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhoest, A. (2023). Generations and shifting sexual identifications among Flemish non-straight men. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(10), 2011–2034. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2048164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubé, E. M., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (1999). Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youths. Developmental Psychology, 35(6), 1389–1398. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ettinghoff, E. (2014). Outed at school: Student privacy rights and preventing unwanted disclosures of sexual orientation. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 47, 579–617. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol47/iss2/10Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Furman, E., Singh, A. K., Darko, N. A., & Wilson, C. L. (2018). Activism, intersectionality, and community psychology: The way in which Black Lives Matter Toronto helps us the examine white supremacy in Canada’s LGBTQ community. Community Psychology in Global Perspective, 4(2), 34–54. https://doi.org/10.1285/i24212113v4i2p34Google Scholar
Gamarel, K. E., Watson, R. J., Mouzoon, R., Wheldon, C. W., Fish, J. N., & Fleischer, N. L. (2020). Family rejection and cigarette smoking among sexual and gender minority adolescents in the USA. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 179–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09846-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garner, A. (2004). Families like mine: Children of gay parents tell it like it is. Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Gattamorta, K. A., Salerno, J., & Quidley-Rodriguez, N. (2019). Hispanic parental experiences of learning a child identifies as a sexual minority. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 15(2), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2018.1518740CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, A. E. (2007). Talking about family: Disclosure practices of adults raised by lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 100–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06293606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafsky, E. L. (2018). Deciding to come out to parents: Toward a model of sexual orientation disclosure decisions. Family Process, 57(3), 783–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, T. W. (2003). Adolescent homosexuality and concerns regarding disclosure. Journal of School Health, 73(3), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2003.tb03584.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherington, L., & Lavner, J. A. (2008). Coming to terms with coming out: Review and recommendations for family systems-focused research. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higa, D., Hoppe, M. J., Lindhorst, T., Mincer, S., Beadnell, B., Morrison, D. M., Wells, E. A., Todd, A., & Mountz, S. (2014). Negative and positive factors associated with the well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth. Youth & Society, 46(5), 663–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X12449630CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, N., Aquan‐Assee, J., Bukowski, W. M., Lehoux, P. M., & Rinaldi, C. M. (2001). Siblings as confidants: Emotional understanding, relationship warmth, and sibling self‐disclosure. Social Development, 10(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00174CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huebner, D. M., Roche, K. M., & Rith, K. A. (2019). Effects of family demographics and the passage of time on parents’ difficulty with their lesbian, gay, or bisexual youth’s sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(5), 1581–1588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1430-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jhang, J. (2018). Scaffolding in family relationships: A grounded theory of coming out to family. Family Relations, 67(1), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenneady, D. A., & Oswalt, S. B. (2014). Is Cass’s Model of Homosexual Identity Formation relevant to today’s society? American Journal of Sexuality Education, 9(2), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2014.900465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiekens, W. J., & Mereish, E. H. (2022). The association between daily concealment and affect among sexual and gender minority adolescents: The moderating role of family and peer support. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuper, L. E., Wright, L., & Mustanski, B. (2018). Gender identity development among transgender and gender nonconforming emerging adults: An intersectional approach. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(4), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1443869CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuvalanka, K. (2020). The “second generation”: LGBTQ youth with LGBTQ parents. In Goldberg, A. E. & Allen, K. R. (Eds.) LGBT-parent families: Innovations in research and implications for practice (pp. 163–175). Springer.Google Scholar
Kuvalanka, K. A., & Goldberg, A. E. (2009). “Second generation” voices: Queer youth with lesbian/bisexual mothers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 904–919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9327-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapidus, E. P., Diomede, M. T., Cashen, K. K., & Farr, R. H. (2022, November). I want you to be you: How adoptive parents describe adolescents’ gender and sexuality [Paper presentation]. “Adoption, Gender, and Sexuality: Shedding Light on Complex Issues in Adoption” Symposium, NCFR Annual Conference. Minneapolis, MN.Google Scholar
Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Is coming out always a “good thing”? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611411929CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozano, A., Fernández, A., Tapia, M. I., Estrada, Y., Juan Martinuzzi, L., & Prado, G. (2021). Understanding the lived experiences of Hispanic SMY and their parents. Family Process, 60(4), 1488–1506. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12629CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macapagal, K., Coventry, R., Arbeit, M. R., Fisher, C. B., & Mustanski, B. (2017). “I won’t out myself just to do a survey”: Sexual and gender minority adolescents’ perspectives on the risks and benefits of sex research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1393–1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0784-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maguen, S., Floyd, F. J., Bakeman, R., & Armistead, L. (2002). Developmental milestones and disclosure of sexual orientation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23(2), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(02)00105-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martos, A. J., Nezhad, S., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Variations in sexual identity milestones among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12, 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-014-0167-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConnell, E., Néray, B., Hogan, B., Korpak, A., Clifford, A., & Birkett, M. (2018). “Everybody puts their whole life on Facebook”: Identity management and the online social networks of LGBTQ youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061078CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCormack, M., Anderson, E., & Adams, A. (2014). Cohort effect on the coming out experiences of bisexual men. Sociology, 48(6), 1207–1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513518851CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCurdy, A. L., Marx, R. A., & Peña, F. J. (2023). Latinx and Asian American transgender and gender-expansive youth’s experiences with parental ambivalent support and coping processes. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 19(4), 327–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2023.2211530Google Scholar
McCurdy, A. L., & Russell, S. T. (2023). Perceived parental social support and psychological control predict depressive symptoms for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning youth in the United States. Child Development, 94(3), 691–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13894CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meanley, S., Chandler, C., Jaiswal, J., Flores, D. D., Stevens, R., Connochie, D., & Bauermeister, J. A. (2021). Are sexual minority stressors associated with young men who have sex with men’s (YMSM) level of engagement in PrEP?. Behavioral Medicine, 47(3), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2020.1731675CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meidlinger, P. C., & Hope, D. A. (2014). Differentiating disclosure and concealment in measurement of outness for sexual minorities: The Nebraska Outness Scale. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000080CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, E. M. (2013). Contemporary issues in sexual orientation and identity development in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812469187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newcomb, M. E., Feinstein, B. A., Matson, M., Macapagal, K., & Mustanski, B. (2018). “I have no idea what’s going on out there:” Parents’ perspectives on promoting sexual health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescents. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15, 111–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pachankis, J. E., & Jackson, S. D. (2022). A developmental model of the sexual minority closet: Structural sensitization, psychological adaptations, and post-closet growth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(5), 1869–1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02381-wCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pastrana, A. J. (2016). It takes a family: An examination of outness among Black LGBT people in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 37(6), 765–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14530971CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pistella, J., Caricato, V., & Baiocco, R. (2020). Coming out to siblings and parents in an Italian sample of lesbian women and gay men. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(10), 2916–2929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01597-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollitt, A. M., Muraco, J. A., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2017). Disclosure stress, social support, and depressive symptoms among cisgender bisexual youth. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(5), 1278–1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12418CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, J. L., Stratton, S. P., Koprowski, G., Dillon, C., Dean, J. B., Yarhouse, M. A., Lastoria, M., & Bucher, E. K. (2020). “Coming out” to parents in a Christian context: A consensual qualitative analysis of LGB student experiences. Counseling & Values, 65(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, S. (2017). “Family support would have been like amazing”: LGBTQ youth experiences with parental and family support. Family Journal, 25(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480716679651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2008). Predicting different patterns of sexual identity development over time among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A cluster analytic approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 42(3–4), 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9207-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., Hunter, J., & Levy-Warren, A. (2009). The coming-out process of young lesbian and bisexual women: Are there butch/femme differences in sexual identity development? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9221-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, J. D., & McClelland, S. I. (2015). “Even though it’s a small checkbox, it’s a big deal”: stresses and strains of managing sexual identity (s) on Facebook. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(4), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.994229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-clinpsy-021815-093153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2019). SMY, social change, and health: A developmental collision. Research in Human Development, 16(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2018.1537772CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, S. T., Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., & Diaz, R. M. (2014). Being out at school: The implications for school victimization and young adult adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(6), 635–643. https://doi:10/1037/ort0000037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3524CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, W. S., Legate, N., & Weinstein, N. (2015). Coming out as lesbian, gay, or bisexual: The lasting impact of initial disclosure experiences. Self and Identity, 14(5), 549–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029516CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savin-Williams, R. C. & Diamond, L. M. (2000). Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(6), 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1002058505138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Savin-Williams, R. C., & Dubé, E. M. (1998). Parental reactions to their child’s disclosure of a gay/lesbian identity. Family Relations, 47(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.2307/584845CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savin-Williams, R. C., & Ream, G. L. (2003). Suicide attempts among sexual-minority male youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(4), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3204_3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrager, S. M., Steiner, R. J., Bouris, A. M., Macapagal, K., & Brown, C. H. (2019). Methodological considerations for advancing research on the health and wellbeing of sexual and gender minority youth. LGBT Health, 6(4), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0141CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shilo, G., & Savaya, R. (2011). Effects of family and friend support on LGB youths’ mental health and sexual orientation milestones. Family Relations, 60(3), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00648.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., Gettman, D. C., & Campione‐Barr, N. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent–parent relationships. Child Development, 77(1), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00865.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snapp, S. D., Russell, S. T., Arredondo, M., & Skiba, R. (2016). A right to disclose: LGBTQ youth representation in data, science, and policy. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 50, 135–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2015.11.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sorrell, S. A., Lefevor, G. T., Bell, J. H., Berg, C. O., & Skidmore, S. J. (2023). “You’re not gay; You’re a child of god”: Microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ+ teens and their parents in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints. Family Process, 63(1), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12863CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A. B., & Neppl, T. K. (2021). Sexual identity in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning emerging adults: The role of parental rejection, and sexuality specific family support. Journal of Family Issues, 44(2), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211050063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, P. S. (2021). Coming-out in the intersections: Examining relationality in how Korean gay men in Seattle navigate church, culture and family through a Pacific lens. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(6), 1015–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1695423CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilton‐Weaver, L. C., Marshall, S. K., & Darling, N. (2013). What’s in a name? Distinguishing between routine disclosure and self‐disclosure. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12090CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, T. R., & Abetz, J. S. (2021). Parent–LGBTQ child communication about disclosure to their social networks. Journal of LGBT Youth, 18(3), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2020.1731400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Bergen, D. D., Wilson, B. D. M., Russell, S. T., Gordon, A. G., & Rothblum, E. D. (2021). Parental responses to coming out by lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or two-spirited people across three age cohorts. Journal of Marriage and Family, 83(4), 1116–1133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12731CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldner, L. K., & Magrader, B. (1999). Coming out to parents: Perceptions of family relations, perceived resources, and identity expression as predictors of identity disclosure for gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 37(2), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v37n02_05CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y. (2021). Revisiting the dominant coming out discourses in China’s LGBT activism and research: Lesbians’ chugui experiences within the family. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 25(4), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2021.1969720CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, R. J., Rose, H. A., Doull, M., Adjei, J., & Saewyc, E. (2019). Worsening perceptions of family connectedness and parent support for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(11), 3121–3131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01489-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willoughby, B. L. B., Doty, N. D., & Malik, N. M. (2008). Parental reactions to their child’s sexual orientation disclosure: A family stress perspective. Parenting, 8(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190701830680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willoughby, B. L. B., Malik, N. M., & Lindahl, K. M. (2006). Parental reactions to their sons’ sexual orientation disclosures: The roles of family cohesion, adaptability, and parenting style. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.7.1.14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimman, L. (2009). “The other kind of coming out”: Transgender people and the coming out narrative genre. Gender & Language, 3(1), 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v3i1.53CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×