Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-rwnhh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-20T09:46:32.305Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - The Balkans

from Part Two - Linguistic Areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

By
Victor A. Friedman
Edited by
Salikoko S. Mufwene  and
Anna María Escobar
Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna María Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

The Balkans were the first sprachbund (linguistic league, area, etc.) identified as a locus of contact-induced change owing to multi-lateral, multi-directional, mutual multilingualism to be identified as such. In this model, multilingualism is shared by speakers of the various languages, it is stable across generations, and it involves varied social groups. While no linguistic situation is unchanging, the combination of the factors mentioned here differentiates the sprachbund from other contact situations such as a diaspora, a colony, or that of endangered indigenous languages. Owing to the complexity of a sprachbund, the directionality of contact-induced change is not always discernible, nor is such directionality necessarily relevant, the point being the fact of convergence itself. This chapter defines the basic linguistic features relevant to the study of the Balkans as a linguistic area and also gives an overview of the linguistic study of the region. An important conclusion is the fact that the Balkan sprachbund continues to be a relevant lens through which language contact – both historical and ongoing – can be viewed.

Keywords

Albanian AromanianBulgarianGreekJudezmoMacedonianMeglenoromanianRomaniRomanianTurkish
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
 , pp. 189 - 231
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamou, Evangelia. 2008. Armenian. In Le patrimonie plurilingue de la Grèce (Le nom des langues II), ed. by Adamou, Evangelia, 71–6. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Adams, J.N. 2003. Bilingualism and the Latin language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Ronelle. 2000. In honor of diversity: The linguistic resources of the Balkans (Kenneth E. Naylor Memorial Lecture Series in South Slavic Linguistics, No. 2). Columbus, OH: Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Aronson, Howard I. 2019. Reminiscences on the Balkan scene. Baltanistica 32.1.55–60.Google Scholar
Asenova, Petja. 2002. Balkansko ezikoznanie, 2nd ed. Veliko Tărnovo: Faber.Google Scholar
Beekes, Robert S.P. 2014. Pre-Greek: Phonology, morphology, lexicon. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belyavski-Frank, Masha. 2003. The Balkan conditional in South Slavic. Munich: Otto Sagner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1952. La construction passive du parfait transitif. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 48.52–62.Google Scholar
Bersirov, B.M. & Tlebzu, D.A.. 1981. Osobennosti sklonenija imen v reči jugoslavskix i iordanskix adygov. In Padezhnyj sostav i sistema sklonenija v iberijsko-kavkazskix jazykax. (IX regional’naja nauchnaja sessija.) Tezisy dokladov, ed. by Abdullaev, A.G., Abdullaev, I.X., Ibragimov, G.X., Magomedov, A.G., & Mikailov, K.Sh., 39–40. Maxachkala: Dag. Fil. AN SSSR.Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert & Igla, Birgit. 2004a. Komentierter Dialektatlas des Romani. Teil 1: Vergleich der Dialekte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Boretzky, Norbert, & Igla, Birgit. 2004b. Komentierter Dialektatlas des Romani. Teil 2: Dialektkarten mit einer CD Rom. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Boykov, Grigor. 2016. The human cost of warfare: Population loss during the Ottoman conquest and the demographic history of Bulgaria in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Era. In The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans: Interpretations and research debates, ed. by Schmitt, Oliver Jens, 103–66. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, Kaufman, Terrence, & Smith-Stark, Thomas C.. 1986. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62.530–70.Google Scholar
Charanis, Peter. 1961. The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire. Comparative Studies in Society and History 3.2.140–54.Google Scholar
Danforth, Loring & van Boeschoeten, Riki. 2012. Children of the Greek Civil War: Refugees and the politics of memory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Domoselickaja, M.V. 2002. Albansko-vostočnoromanskij sopostavitel’nyj ponjatnjy slovar’: Skotovodčeskaja leksika. St. Petersburg: Nauka.Google Scholar
DuNay, André. 1996. The origins of the Rumanians: The early history of the Rumanian language. Buffalo, NY: Matthias Corvinus.Google Scholar
Emeneau, Murray B. 1956. India as a linguistic area. Language 32.3–16.Google Scholar
Enfield, Nicholas J. 2003. Linguistic epidemiology: Semantics and grammar of language contact in Mainland Southeast Asia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fielder, Grace E. 2008. The status of discourse markers as Balkanisms in South Slavic. In American contributions to the 14th International Congress of Slavists, Ohrid, September 2008, vol. 1: Linguistics, ed. by Bethin, Christina Y., 111–29. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Fielder, Grace E. 2018. The semiotics of ideology: The Bulgarian definite article. In Чекај: Papers for Christina E. Kramer on the occasion of her retirement, ed. by Donald L. Dyer & Jane Hacking, special edition of Balkanistica 32.2.45–70.Google Scholar
Fine, John V.A. 1983. The Early Medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Fine, John V.A. 1987. The Late Medieval Balkans: A critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 1996. The Turkish lexical element in the languages of the Republic of Macedonia from the Ottoman period to independence. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 32.2.133–50.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 1998. The Albanian language in its eastern diaspora. In Arvanitika kai Ellēnika: Zētēmata polyglōssikōn kai polypolitismikōn koinotētōn, vol. 2, ed. by Tsitsipis, Loukas, 215–31. Livadeia: European Union & The Prefecture of Levadeia.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 1999. Macedonian language and identity: Recent history and recent historiography. In Guard the word well bound: Proceedings of the Third North American-Macedonian Conference on Macedonian Studies (Indiana Slavic Studies 10), ed. by Kramer, Christina & Cook, Brian, 71–86. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2000. Romani in the Balkan Linguistic League. In Valkanikē Glōssologia: Sygkhronia kai Diakhronia/Balkanlinguistik: Synchronie und Diachronie, ed. by Tzitzilis, Chr. & Symeonidēs, Kh., 95–105. Thessaloniki: University of Thessaloniki.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2002/3. Boundaries and borders in Balkan Slavic. International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 44–5.161–73. (Actually published 2006.)Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2003. Language in Macedonia as an identity construction site. In When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, ed. by Joseph, Brian D., DeStafano, Johanna, Jacobs, Neil, & Lehiste, Ilse, 257–95. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2004. Review of Kočev 2001. Language 80.626–7.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2006. Dialectological perspectives on Romani in the Balkan Linguistic League. Balkansko ezikoznanie – Linguistique balkanique 45.1.45–54.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2007. Balkanizing the Balkan sprachbund: A closer look at grammatical permeability and feature distribution. In Grammars in contact: A cross linguistic typology, ed. by Aikhenvald, A. and Dixon, R.F.W., 201–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2008a. Macedonian dialectology and eurology: Areal and typological perspectives. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 61.2.139–46.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2008b. Balkan object reduplication in areal and dialectological perspective. In Clitic doubling in the Balkan languages, ed. by Kallulli, Dalina & Tasmowski, Liliane, 25–63. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2011a. The Balkan languages and Balkan linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 40.275–91.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2011b. Families, leagues, and hybridity: The past and future of Slavic and East European languages. Distinguished Professor Lecture, AATSEEL Keynote Address. Slavic and East European Journal 55.1–13.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2012a. A tantrum from the cradle of democracy: On the dangers of studying Macedonian. In Macedonia: The political, social, economic and cultural foundations of a Balkan state, ed. by de Munck, Victor C. & Risteski, Ljupcho, 22–43. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2012b. Conjunction calquing – a heartland Balkanism. In Balkanismen heute – Balkanisms today –Balkanizmy segodnja, ed. by Kahl, Thede, Metzelin, Michael, & Schaller, Helmut, 31–7. Vienna: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2014. Languages are wealth: The sprachbund as linguistic capital. In Proceedings: 38th Annual Meeting, Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Lionnet, Florian, Carpenter, Kayla, David, Oana, Stark, Tammy, Wauters, Vivian, & Sheil, Christine, 163–77. Berkeley, CA: LSA eLanguage.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2015. The effects of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest on the languages spoken in Macedonia. In On Macedonian matters: From the partition and annexation of Macedonia to the present, ed. by Friedman, Victor A. & Hlavač, Jim, 133–60. Munich: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2018a. Reflexes of common Slavic nasal vowels in Southwest Macedonian dialects revisited: An areal and Balkanological account. In American contributions to the XVI International Congress of Slavists: Linguistics, ed. by Bethin, Christina, 85–98. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2018b. Where do evidentials come from? In The Oxford handbook of evidentiality, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., 124–47. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2019a. Turkisms in the Macedonian “bombs” of 2015: On language as flag in the Balkans in the 21st century. Balkanistika 32.1.1–17.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2019b. Parallel universes and universal parallels: Balkan Romani evidential strategies. In Balkan syntax and (universal) principles of grammar, ed. by Joseph, Brian D. & Krapova, Iliana, 37–48. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Dankoff, Robert. 1991. The earliest text in Balkan (Rumelian) Romani: A passage from Evliya Çelebi’s Seyāhat‑nāme. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society (Fifth Series) 1.1.1–20.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Joseph, Brian D.. 2014. Lessons from Judezmo about the Balkan sprachbund and contact linguistics. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 226.3–23.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Joseph, Brian D.. 2017. Reassessing sprachbunds: A view from the Balkans. In The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics, ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 55–87. Cambridge: Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Joseph, Brian D.. 2018. Non-nominative and depersonalized subjects in the Balkans: Areality vs. genealogy. In Non-canonically case-marked subjects. The Reykjavík-Eyjafjallajökull papers, ed. by Barðdal, Johanna, Pat-El, Na’ama, & Carey, Stephen Mark, 22–53. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Joseph, Brian D.. forthcoming. The Balkan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan & Irvine, Judith T.. 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: How ideologies construct difference. Social Research 64.967–1001.Google Scholar
Gołąb, Zbigniew. 1964. Conditionalis typu bałkańskiego w językach południowosłowiańskich. Krakow: Polska Akademia Nauk.Google Scholar
Gołąb, Zbigniew. 1976. On the mechanism of Slavic–Rumanian linguistic interference in the Balkans. In Bulgaria, past and present: Studies in history, literature, economics, music, sociology, folklore & linguistics, ed. by Butler, Thomas, 296–309. Columbus, OH: AAASS.Google Scholar
Gołąb, Zigniew. 1984. The Arumanian dialect of Kruševo SR Macedonia. Skopje: Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite.Google Scholar
Gołąb, Zbigniew. 1997. The ethnic background and internal linguistic mechanism of the so-called Balkanization of Macedonian. Balkanistica 10.13–19.Google Scholar
Gradeva, Rossitza. 2011. Conversion to Islam in Bulgarian historiography: An overview. In Religion, ethnicity and contested nationhood in the former Ottoman space, ed. by Nielsen, J., 187–222. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Robert. 1996. Politics of dialects among Serbs, Croats, and Muslims in the Former Yugoslavia. East European Politics and Societies 10.3.393–415.Google Scholar
Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. 2013. Instilling religion in Greek and Turkish nationalism: A “sacred synthesis.” New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Haarmann, Harald. 1978. Balkanlinguistik. Tübingen: Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1981/2. On the name Ohrid. Makedonski jazik 32–3.777–84.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1982. The oldest Albanian syntagma. Balkansko ezikoznanie 25.77–9.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1989. Yugoslavia – A crossroads of Sprachbünde. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 25.1.44–7.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric. P. 1992. Albanian. In Indo-European numerals, ed. by Gvozdanović, Jadranka, 835–921. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1994. Albanian. In The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, ed. by Asher, R.E., 65–7. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 2008. Studime për gjuhën shqipe. Paper presented at the International Symposium Vepra Themelore në Albanologji – Çmimi i Albanologjisë 2008, Center for Albanology, Tirana, December 18, 2008. Reported in Shekulli (December 19, 2009), 12–13.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 2010. On the etymology of Crimean Gothic apel. North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) 58–9.453–80.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1998. How young is Standard Average European? Language Sciences 20.271–87.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Uwe. 2004. Südosteuropa-Linguistik und Kreolisierung. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 40.1.1–16.Google Scholar
Höeg, C. 1925. Les Saracatsans: une tribu nomade grecque I. Étude linguistique. Paris: Édouard Champion.Google Scholar
Hoijer, Harry. 1948. Linguistic and cultural change. Language 24.4.335–45.Google Scholar
Holzer, Georg. 1995. Die Einheitlichkeit des Slavischen um 600 n. Chr. und ihr Zerfall. Wiener Slavistisches Jahbuch 41.55–89.Google Scholar
Horrocks, Geoffrey. 1997. Greek: A history of a language and its speakers. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Ilievski, Petar. 1973. Kon interpretacijata na modelot na udvoeniot objekt vo makedonskiot jazik. Godišen zbornik, Filozofski fakultet na Univerzitetot Skopje 205–20.Google Scholar
Illič-Svityč, Vladislav M. 1962. O studiiakh utraty rinezma v iugozapadnykh makedonskikh govorakh. Voprosy slavianskogo iazykoznaniia 6.77–88.Google Scholar
Isaac, Benjamin. 2004. The invention of racism in classical antiquity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ismajli, Rexhap. 2015. Studime për historinë e shqipes në kontekst ballkanik. Prishtina: Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës.Google Scholar
Jaranov, D. 1932. Preselničkoto dviženie na bălgari ot Makedonija i albanija kăm istočnite bălgarski zemi prez XV do XIX vek. Makedonski pregled 7.2/3.63–118.Google Scholar
Jakobson, R. 1931/1962/1971. Kharakteristike evrazijskogo jazykovogo sojuza. Reprinted in Selected Writings, vol. 1 (The Hague: Mouton). Reprinted again in 2nd ed. of Selected Writings, vol. 1.143–201, which is the version cited here.Google Scholar
Jireček, Constantin. 1911. Geschichte der Serben. Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes.Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. 1983. The synchrony and diachrony of the Balkan infinitive. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahl, Thede. 2006. The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the “Nântinets” in present-day Turkey. Nationalities Papers 34.71–90.Google Scholar
Kahl, Thede. 2008. Does Aromanian have a chance of survival? In The Romance Balkans, ed. by Sikimić, Biljana & Ašić, Tijana, 123–40. Belgrade: Institute for Balkans Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.Google Scholar
Kaimio, Jorma. 1979. The Romans and the Greek language (Comentationes Humanarum Litterarum 64). Helsiniki: Societa Scientarium Fennica.Google Scholar
Kănčov, Vasil. 1900. Makedonija: Etnografija i statistika. Sofia: Bălgarsko knižovno družestvo.Google Scholar
Katičić, Radoslav. 1976. Ancient languages of the Balkans. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Kazazis, Kostas. 1972. The status of Turkisms in the present-day Balkan languages. In Aspects of the Balkans: Continuity and change. Contributions to the International Balkan Conference held at UCLA, October 23–28, 1969, ed. by Birnbaum, Henrik & Vryonis, Speros Jr., 87–116. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Kočev, Ivan (ed.). 2001. Bălgarski dialekten Atlas. Obobštavašt tom: I–III Fonetika, Akcentologija, Leksika. Sofia: Trud.Google Scholar
Koneski, Blaže. 1983. A historical phonology of the Macedonian language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.Google Scholar
Koneski, Blaže, Vidoeski, Božo, & Jašar-Nasteva, Olivera. 1968. Distribution des balkanismes en macédonien. In Actes du premier congrès international des études balkaniques et sud-est européens, vol. 6, ed. by Gălăbov, Ivan, Georgiev, Vladimir, & Zaimov, Jordan, 517–46. Sofia: Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite.Google Scholar
Kopitar, Jernej. 1829. Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache. Jahrbücher der Literatur 46.59–106.Google Scholar
Kostopoulos, Tasos. 2000. Hē apagoreumenē glōssa: kratikē katastolē tōn Slavikōn dialektōn stēn Hellēnikē Makedonia. Athens: Maure Lista.Google Scholar
Kramer, Christina E. 2019. Anglicisms in colloquial Macedonian: What the Bombi tell us. In And thus you are everywhere honored: Papers in honor of Brian D. Joseph, ed. by Penninton, James J., Friedman, Victor A., Grenble, Lenore A., & Collins, Daniel, 163–74. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1941. Some relations of linguistics and ethnology. Language 17.4.287–91.Google Scholar
Krstić, Tijana. 2016. New directions in the study of conversion to Islam in Ottoman Rumeli between the fourteenth and the seventeenth centuries: Reconsidering methods, theories and terminology. In The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans: Interpretations and research debates, ed. by Schmitt, Oliver Jens, 167–87. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2007. Transmission and diffusion. Language 83.2.344–87.Google Scholar
Ladas, S.P. 1932. The exchange of minorities: Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Leake, William Martin. 1814. Researches in Greece. London: John Booth.Google Scholar
Lindstedt, Jouko. 2016. South Macedonian decomposed nasal vowels are not an archaism but an early Balkanism, Paper presented at the Eleventh Meeting of the Slavic Linguistic Society, September 24–26, 2016, Toronto.Google Scholar
Lithoksoou, Dimitris. 2013. The Greek anti-Macedonian struggle, from St. Elias’ day to Zagorichani (1903–1905). Melbourne: Salient Publishing.Google Scholar
Lunt, Horace G. 1985. Slavic, Common Slavic, and Old Church Slavonic. In Litterae slavicae medii aevi Francisco Venceslao Mareš sexagenario oblatae, ed. by Reinhart, Johannes, 185–204. Munich: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Maiden, Martin. 2016. Romanian. In The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, ed. by Ledgeway, Adam & Maiden, Martin, 91–125. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Markovikj, Marjan. 2007. Aromanskiot i makedonskiot govor od ohridsko-struškiot region (vo balkanski kontekst). Skopje: Makedonska Akademija na Naukite i Umetnostite.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1994. Structural Balkanisms in Romani. In Sprachlicher Standard und Substandard in Südosteuropa und Osteuropa, ed. by Reiter, Norbert, Hinrichs, Uwe, & van Leeuwen-Turnovcová, Jiřina, 195–210. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2002. Romani: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2005. The classification of Romani dialects: A historical-geographic perspective. In General and applied Romani linguistics: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Romani Linguistics, ed. by Schrammel, Barbara, Halwachs, Dieter, & Ambrosch, Gerd, 7–26. Munich: LinCom Europa.Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2010. Romani in Britain: The afterlife of a language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Miklosich, Franz. 1862. Die slavischen Elemente im Rumunischen. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse 12.1–70.Google Scholar
Mladenova, Olga. 2007. Definiteness in Bulgarian: Modelling the process of language change. Berlin: Mouton DeGruyter.Google Scholar
Mošin, Vladimir 1963. O periodizacii russko-južnoslavjanskih literaturnyh svjazej X–XV vv. Trudy otdela drevnerusskoj literatury 19.28–106.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2004. Language birth and death. Annual Review of Anthropology 33.201–22.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language evolution: Contact, competition and change. London: Continuum Press.Google Scholar
Obolensky, Dimitri. 1971. The Byzantine commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Pippidi, Andrei. 2016. Taking possession of Wallachia: Facts and interpretations. In The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans: Interpretations and research debates, ed. by Schmitt, Oliver Jens, 189–208. Vienna: ÖsterreichischeAkademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Rudin, Catherine. 2019. Language contact continues: Bulgarian–Turkish code switching in the 21st century. Balkanistika 32.1.233–55.Google Scholar
Sampson, John. 1926. The dialect of the Gypsies of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sandfeld, Kristian. 1930. Linguistique balkanique: problèmes et résultats. Paris: C. Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Sankoff, Gillian. 2002. Linguistic outcomes of language contact. In The handbook of language variation and change, ed. by Jack Chambers, Peter Trudgill, & Natalie Schilling-Estes, 638-668. Malden, MA / Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sawicka, Irena. 2014. Fonetskite problemi vo arealnata lingvistika (vrz osnova na jazičnata situacija vo jugoistočna Evropa). Skopje: MANU.Google Scholar
Schallert, Joseph. 2017. Conev’s Macedonians: The Aegean Macedonian emigree dialect of Derekjoj/Voden in southeastern Bulgaria. In Proceedings from the Ninth Macedonian-North American Conference on Macedonian Studies, ed. by Friedman, Victor A., Markovikj, Marjan, & Dyer, Donald L., special edition of Balkanistica 30.2.295–321.Google Scholar
Schleicher, August. 1850. Die Sprachen Europas in systematischer Übersicht. Bonn: König.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). 2016. Introduction. In The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans: Research questions and interpretations. Interpretations and research debates, ed. by Schmitt, Oliver Jens, 7–45. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1884. Slawo-Deutsches und Slawo-Italienisches. Graz: Leuschner & Lubesnky.Google Scholar
Seliščev, Afanasij M. 1925. Des traits linguistiques communs aux langues balkaniques: un balkanisme ancien en bulgare. Révue des études slaves 5.38–57.Google Scholar
Skok, Petar. 1972. Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, vol. 1. Zagreb: Jugoslovenska akademija znanosti i umjetnost.Google Scholar
Skok, Petar. 1973. Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, vol. 3. Zagreb: Jugoslovenska akademija znanosti i umjetnost.Google Scholar
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove & Bucak, Sertaç. 1994. Killing a mother tongue – how the Kurds are deprived of linguistic human rights. In Linguistic human rights: Overcoming linguistic discrimination, ed. by Skutnabb-Kanagas, Tove & Philipson, Robert, 347–70. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sobolev, Andrej N. (ed.). 2009. Malyi dialektologičeskij atlas balkanskih iazykov: Serija leksičeskaja. Tom III: Životnovodstvo. Munich: Biblion Verlag.Google Scholar
Solta, Georg R. 1980. Einführung in die Balkanlinguistik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas. 2006. All or nothing. In Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective, ed. by Matras, Yaron, McMahon, April, & Vincent, Nigel, 32–50. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California.Google Scholar
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. 1923. Vavilonskaja bašnja i smešenie jazykov. Evrazijskij vremennik 3.107–24.Google Scholar
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. 1930. Proposition 16. In Actes du Premier Congrès International des Linguistes à La Haye, du 10–15 Avril 1928, ed. by de Boer, Cornelis, van Ginneken, Jacobus, & van Hamel, Anton G., 17–18. Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff.Google Scholar
Trummer, Manfred. 1983. “Südslavische Sprachgeographie und Balkanlinuistik.” In Ziele und Wege der Balkanlinguistik, ed. by Reiter, Norbert, 245–54. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Tsitsipis, Lukas D. 1998. A linguistic anthropology of praxis and language shift: Arvanítika (Albanian) and Greek in contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tuite, Kevin. 1999. The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: The case of ergativity. Lingua 108.1–26.Google Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan. 1998a. Revisiting the Balkan and Meso-American linguistic areas. Language Sciences 20.3.259–70.Google Scholar
van der Auwera, Johan. 1998b. Conclusions. In Adverbial constructions in the languages of Europe, ed. by van der Auwera, Johan, 813–36. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Vasmer, Max. 1941. Die Slaven in Griechenland. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. (Reprinted Leipzig 1970.)Google Scholar
Wace, Alan J.B. & Thompson, Maurice S.. 1914. The Nomads of the Balkans: An account of life and customs among the Vlachs of Northern Pindus. London: Methuen & Co.Google Scholar
Wahlström, Max. 2015. Loss of case inflection in Bulgarian and Macedonian. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Wissemann, Heinz. 1939. Die Syntax der nominalen Determination im Grossrussischen. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.Google Scholar
Wittek, Paul. 1951/2. Les gagaouzes – gens de Kaykāūs. Rocznik orientalistyczny 17.12–24. (Actually published 1953.)Google Scholar
Woodard, Roger D. 2008. The ancient languages of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ylli, Xhelal. 1997. Die Slavische Lehngut im Albanischen. 1. Teil: Lehnworter. Munich: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar
Ylli, Xhelal. 2000. Die Slavische Lehngut im Albanischen. 2. Teil: Ortsnamen. Munich: Otto Sagner.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×