Interdisciplinary History of Intercultural Communication Studies

doi:10.1017/9781108854184.006

3 - Interdisciplinary History of Intercultural Communication Studies

From Roots to Research and Praxis

from Part I - Theoretical Foundations of Intercultural Training

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 September 2020

Steve J. Kulich ,

Liping Weng ,

Rongtian Tong and

Greg DuBois

Edited by

Dan Landis and

Dharm P. S. Bhawuk

Show author details

Dan Landis: Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Hilo
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk: Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The process of recording, defining, and narrating the development of any given academic field most often results in an unfortunate reduction and reification of multiple streams, movements, and figures into a single story. The field of intercultural communications faces this challenge to a greater degree, as it involves remembering and recognizing the nuanced roots and unique influences of multiple fields of origin (linguistics, anthropology, psychology, linguistics, communication, education, and more). Recent scholarship has called for re-examining the genealogy of lines traced back to Edward T. Hall to better account for, affirm, and give agency to other perspectives in our complex history. Thus, this chapter seeks to answer the question: “Outside of the mainstream narrative, what are the historical contexts, events, people, places, theories, concepts, processes, and impacts that we cannot afford to forget as a field?” This Bordieuan-guided sociology of knowledge and praxis will be organized into three main areas: (1) influential philosophical thinking on culture and social relations (pre-1900s); (2) comparative and intercultural initiatives that provided conceptualizations, critiques, and applications of social and cultural theory (pre-Hall and pre-1970s); and (3) concurrent parallel tracks that formalized fields of cross- or intercultural studies, which continue to cross-over, contend, and realign to meet the needs of today’s complex cultural contexts (since the 1970s). By approaching the disciplinary history of the field(s) of intercultural studies in an intercultural (multiple-perspectival, reflective, context-sensitive) manner, both revived and new insights are garnered for grappling with and finding new approaches to the important issues facing inter-group relations and intercultural communication research and praxis today.

Keywords

sociology of knowledge genealogy praxis intercultural studies intercultural relations expanded field history interdisciplinary influences

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training , pp. 60 - 163

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108854184.006 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamopolis, J., & Kashima, Y. (Eds.). (2000). Social psychology and cultural context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Addams, J., Balch, E., & Hamilton, A. (Eds.). (1915). Women at the Hague: The international congress of women and its results. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Adichie, C. N. (2009). The danger of a single story. TED talk. www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story Google Scholar

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (2007). Dialektik der Aufklärung [Dialectic of enlightenment]. (Jephcott, E., Trans., Noerr, G. S., Ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. (Originally published 1944).Google Scholar

Ady, J. C. (1995). Toward a differential demand model of sojourner adjustment. In Wiseman, R. L. (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 92–114). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books).Google Scholar

Allport., G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W., & Vernon, P. E. (1931). Study of values: A scale for measuring the dominant interests in personality. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W., Vernon, P. E., & Lindzey, G. (1960). Study of values: Test booklet and manual (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

American Association of School Administrators, Commission on Intercultural Education. (1947). From sea to shining sea [administrators handbook for intergroup education]. Washington, DC: American Association of School Administrators of the National Education Association.Google Scholar

Arnold, M. (1960). Culture and anarchy (Reprint, J. D. Wilson, , Ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University. (Original work published 1869).Google Scholar

Asante, M. K. (1980). Intercultural communication: An inquiry into research directions. In Nimmo, D. (Ed.), Communication yearbook 4 (pp. 401–411). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar

Asante, M. K., Blake, C. A., & Newmark, E. (Eds.). (1979). The handbook of intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Asante, M. K., & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.). (1989). Handbook of intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Asante, M. K., & Newmark, E. (Eds.). (1976). Intercultural communication: Theory into practice. Alexandria, VA: Speech Communication Association.Google Scholar

Asante, M. K., Miike, Y., & Yin., J. (Eds.). (2008). Global intercultural communication reader. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Asante, M. K., Newmark, E., & Blake, C. A. (Eds.). (1979). Handbook of intercultural communication. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Asante, M. K., Newmark, E., & Blake, C. A. (1979). The field of intercultural communication. In Asante, M. K., Newmark, E., & Blake, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural communication (pp. 11–22). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Asuncion-Lande, N. (1983). Language theory and linguistic principles. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 253–258). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Baker, A. G. (1927). Book review of Y. M. Mei’s Zoroasterism. International Journal of Ethics, 37(3), 333.Google Scholar

Baker, A. G. (1929), How shall we relate Christianity to other religions?. The Journal of Religion, 9(3), 478–480.Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. R. (2016). Murky waters: The histories of intercultural communication research. In Chen, L. (Ed.), Handbook of Intercultural Communication (Vol. 9, pp. 19–43). New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. R., Faulkner, S. L., Hecht, M. L., & Lindsley, S. L. (Eds.) (2006). Redefining culture: Perspectives across the disciplines. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.CrossRef Google Scholar

Baldwin, J. R., & Hecht, M. L. (1995). The layered perspective of cultural (in)tolerance(s): The roots of a multidisciplinary approach. In Wiseman, R. L. (Ed.). Intercultural communication theory (pp. 59–91). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Banks, C. A. (2006). Improving multicultural education: Lessons from the intergroup education movement. New York, NY: Teacher’s College Press.Google Scholar

Banks, C. (2012). A historical perspective on intercultural/multicultural education in the United States. In Nektaria, P. & Gunther, D. (Eds.), Mapping the broad field of multicultural and intercultural education worldwide: Towards the development of a new citizen (pp. 78–92). Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar

Barnett, G. A., & Kincaid, D. L. (1983). Cultural convergence: A mathematical theory. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 171–194). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Bastian, A. P. W. (1860). Der Mensch in der Geschichte [Man in history]. Berlin, Germany: University of Berlin.Google Scholar

Bastian, A. P. W. (1866–1871). Die Völker des östlichen Asien. Studien und Reisen.6 Bände [The people's of East Asia: Studies and Travels, 6 Vols.]. Leipzig, Germany: Otto Wigand Verlag/Jena.Google Scholar

Bastian, A. P. W. (1881). Der Völkergedanken in Aufbau einer Wissenschaft von Menschen [Peoples/ethnic thoughts in the building of a science of humanity]. Berlin, Germany: F. Dümmlers (Hoefer & Vohsen).Google Scholar

Bastian, A. P. W. (1884). Die algemeinen Grundzüge der Ethnologie [A general outline of ethnology]. Berlin, Germany: Deitrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar

Bastian, A. P. W. (1895). Der ethnische Elementargedanken in der Lehre vom Menschen [The psychic unity of peoples in understanding mankind]. Berlin, Germany: Deitrich Reimer Verlag (Hoefer & Vohsen; Weidmannsche Buchhandlung)Google Scholar

Batchelder, D., & Warner, E. G. (1977). Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education. Brattleboro, VT: Experiment Press.Google Scholar

Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (1999). Toward a paradigm for research on social representations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 29(2), 163–186.Google Scholar

Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2008). Social representations theory: A progressive research programme for social psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 88(4), 335–353. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00374CrossRef Google Scholar

Bean, R. (2006). Cross-cultural competence and training in Australia. Diversity Factor, 14(1), 14–22.Google Scholar

Bean, R. (2007). Australia measures the value of cross-cultural training. Diversity Factor, 15(2), 39–45.Google Scholar

Benedict, R. (1934). Patterns of culture. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Benedict, R. (1945). Race, science, and politics. New York, NY: Viking Adult.Google Scholar

Benedict, R. (1974). The chrysanthemum and the sword. Boston, MA: Charles Tuttle Company, an Imprint of Houghton Mifflin Company. (Original work published 1946).Google Scholar

Benjamin, W. (1936). Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit [The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction] (Arend, Hannah, Trans, Ed.) New York, NY: Schocken Books/Random House.Google Scholar

Bennett, M. J. (2013). Basic concepts of intercultural communication: Paradigms, principles, & practices (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Intercultural Press/Nicholas Brealey Publishing.Google Scholar

Bennett, J. M., Bennett, M. J., & Stillings, K. (1977). Description, interpretation, evaluation: Facilitators’ guidelines. Intercultural Communication Institute. Retrieved from: www.intercultural.org/resources.php Google Scholar

Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1(2), 99–112. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.xCrossRef Google Scholar

Berger, P. L., & Luckman, T. (1971). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. (Original work published 1966).Google Scholar

Berquist, G. (1990). The rhetorical travels of Robert T. Oliver. Rhetoric Review, 9(1), 173–183.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W. (1968). Directory of cross-cultural psychological research. International Journal of Psychology, 3(2), 137–148.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W. (1969). Directory of cross-cultural psychological research. International Journal of Psychology, 4(4), 333–336.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W., & Lonner, W. J. (1970). Directory of cross-cultural research and researchers. Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University Press.Google Scholar

Berry, J. W., Lonner, W. J., & Leroux, J. (1973). Directory of cross-cultural research and researchers (2nd ed.). Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University Press.Google Scholar

Bhagat, R. S., & Prien, K. O. (1996). Cross-cultural training in organizational contexts. In Landis, D. & Bhagat, R. S. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 216–230). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2000, July). Evolution of cross-cultural training as a field of research: Contributions of Harry Triandis. Unpublished paper presented in 2000 at the XVth Congress of International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Pultusk, Poland, July 16–21, 2000, in the symposium “Social Psychology and Cultural Context.”Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2008). Globalization and indigenous cultures: Homogenization or differentiation?. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(4), 305–317.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2009a). Intercultural training for the global workplace: Review, synthesis, and theoretical explorations. In Bhagat, R. S. & Steers, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Culture, Organization, and Work (pp. 462–488). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2009b). Intercultural communication in a dynamic environment: Preparing managers of developing and developed countries using cultural standards. Psychology and Developing Societies, 21(2), 161–181.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2012). Diversity and intercultural communication: The influence of individualism and collectivism. In Christopher, E. (Ed.), Communication across Cultures (pp. 42–53). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. W. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 162–191. (concurrently published in Delhi Business Review, 1(1), 1–20, available online).CrossRef Google Scholar

Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Munusamy, V. P. (2010). Leading across cultural troups: Implications of self-concept. In Hannum, K., McFeeters, B., & Booysen, L. (Eds.), Leadership across differences: Cases and perspectives (pp. 155–162). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.Google Scholar

Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952a). Field methods and techniques: Body motion research and interviewing. Human Organization, 11(1), 37–38.Google Scholar

Birdwhistell, R. L. (1952b). Introduction to kinesics: An annotation system for analysis of body motion and gesture. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute.Google Scholar

Birdwhistell, R. L. (1954). Kinesics and communication. Explorations, 3, 31–41.Google Scholar

Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and context: Essays on body motion communication. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Blake, R. T., & Mouton, J. S. (1962). The instrumental training lab. In Weschler, I. R. & Schein, E. H. (Eds.), Issues in human relations training (pp. 61–76). Washington, DC. National Training Laboratories.Google Scholar

Blommaert, J. (1998, February). Different approaches to intercultural communication: A critical survey. Plenary lecture, Lernen und Arbeiten in einer international vernetzten und multikulturellen Gesellschaft, Expertentagung Universität Bremen, Institut für Projektmanagement und Witschaftsinformatik (IPMI). Retrieved May 6, 2015 from www.cie.ugent.be/CIE/blommaert1.htm Google Scholar

Blubaugh, J. A., & Pennington, D. (1976). Crossing differences: Interracial communication. Colombus, OH: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Bluedorn, A. C. (1998). An interview with anthropologist Edward T. Hall. Journal of Management Inquiry, 7, 109–115. DOI: 10.1177/105649269872003Google Scholar

Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Newark, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Boas, F. (1911). The mind of primitive man. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Boas, F. (1928). Anthropology and modern life. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Boas, F. (1940). Race, language, and culture. New York, NY: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bogardus, E. S. (1926). Social distance in the city. Proceedings and Publications of the American Sociological Society, 20, 40–46.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice (Cambridge Studies in social and cultural anthropology, Band 16) (Nice, R., trans.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (Original work published 1972).Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. (1993). The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. (1998). Von Gebrauch der Wissenschaft [On the use of science: Toward a clinical sociology of scientific fields]. Fuer eine klinische Soziologie des wissenschaftlichen Feldes. Konstanz, Germany: Universität Verlag Konstanz.Google Scholar

Braithwaite, C. A. (1990). Communicative silence: A cross-cultural study of Basso’s hypothesis. In Carbaugh, D. A. (Ed.), Cultural communication and intercultural contact (pp. 321–327). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Bramfeld, T. (1946). Minority problems in the public schools: A study of administrative policies and practices in seven school systems [BIE Vol. 4, Problems of race and culture in American schools]. New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (Ed.). (1973–77). Topics in culture learning, Vols. 1–5. Honolulu, HI: East–West Center.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (Ed.). (with Anderson, R., & Bruce, W.). (1976). Translation: Applications and research. New York, NY: Garden Press.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (Ed.). (1977). Culture learning: Concept, application, and research. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (2000). Understanding culture’s influence on behavior. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. (Original work published 1993).Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W. (2008). Working with cultural differences: Dealing effectively with diversity in the workplace. Westport, CT: Praeger Publisher.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., Bochner, S., & Lonner, W. J. (Eds.). (1975). Cross-cultural perspectives on learning. New York, NY: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Cushner, K. (Eds.). (1997). Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs, Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C., & Yong, M. (1986). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide. [Cross-cultural research and methodology series, Volume 9]. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Pedersen, P. (Eds.). (1976). Cross-cultural orientation programs. New York, NY: Garden Press and Wiley/Halsted Publishers.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Yoshida, T. (1994a). Intercultural communication training: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Brislin, R. W., & Yoshida, T. W. (Eds.) (1994b). Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Brown, D., & Martindale, T. (2012). A review of intercultural training in the workplace. Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Papers at the Annual Convention of the Association of Educational Communications and Technology.Google Scholar

Brown, F. J. (1939). Sociology and intercultural understanding. Journal of Educational Sociology 12(6), 328–331.Google Scholar

Brown, F. J., & Roucek, J. S. (1937). Our racial and national minorities. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, Inc.Google Scholar

Brown, I. C. (1949). Race relations in a democracy [BIE Vol. 5, Problems of race and culture in American schools]. New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Brown, S. (1945). They see for themselves: A documentary approach to intercultural education in high school [BIE Vol. 3, Problems of Race and Culture in American Schools, Vickery] New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Burgoon, J. K. (1995). Cross-cultural and intercultural applications of expectancy violations theory. In Wiseman, R. L. (Ed.), Intercultural Communication Theory (pp. 194–214). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Burgoon, J. K., & Ebesu Hubbard, A. S. (2014). Cross-cultural and intercultural applications of expectancy violations theory and interaction adaptation theory. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 149–172). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005).Google Scholar

Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar

Campa, A. L. (1951). Language barriers in intercultural relations. Journal of Communication, 1, 41–46.Google Scholar

Carbaugh, D. A. (2005). Cultures in conversation. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Casmir, F. L. (1973). International, intercultural communication: An annotated bibliography. Special communication module. ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills.Google Scholar

Casmir, F. L. (Ed.) (1974–1976). International and intercultural communication annual (Vols. 1, 2, and 3). Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association.Google Scholar

Casmir, F. L. (Ed). (1978). Intercultural and international communication. Washington, DC: University Press of America.Google Scholar

Casmir, F. L., & Harms, L. S. (1970). International studies of national speech education systems (Vol. 1). Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Pub. Co. and Pacific Speech Association.Google Scholar

Clarke, C. H. (2008). Practicing the integration of discipline and compassion (Keynote speech at the 2007 SIETAR Japan Conference). Journal of Intercultural Communication, 11, 1–21.Google Scholar

Clarke, C. H., & Takashiro, N. (2014). Evolving paradigms and research applications in intercultural training: A personal historical perspective of fifty-five years. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Cleveland, H., Mangone, G. J., & Adams, J. C. (1960). The overseas Americans. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Cole, S. G. (1941a). Intercultural education: Outlines of the problem. Contemporary Jewish Record, 4(2), 99–109.Google Scholar

Cole, S. G. (1941b). Intercultural education: Cultural diversity and education. Contemporary Jewish Record, 4(3), 269–282.Google Scholar

Cole, S. G. (1943). Intercultural education in American schools. New York, NY: Harper & Bros.Google Scholar

Cole, S., et al. (1946). Charting intercultural education 1945–1955: A report of the summer 1945 workshop on intercultural education sponsored by the Stanford University School of education and the west coast office of the Bureau for Intercultural Education. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, M. J. (2014). Theorizing cultural identifications: Critical updates and continuing evolution. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 235–256). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005).Google Scholar

Collier, M. J., & Thomas, M. (1988). Cultural identity: An interpretive perspective. In Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 99–120). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Comenius (Komensky), J. A. (1636). Janua Linguarum Reserata [The gate of tongues unlocked] (Anchoran, J. A., Trans., Horne, T., Ed.). London, UK: Licentiatein Divinity. (Original work published 1631).Google Scholar

Comenius (Komensky), J. A. (1968). Didactica Magna [The great didactic]. In Comenius, J. A. (Ed.), Opera didactica omnia (3 vols. compilation in Latin, reprinted in Prague, 1657) (M. W. Keatinge, trans., 1896). New York, NY: Publisher unknown. (Original work published 1633–1638).Google Scholar

Comenius, J. A. (1641). Via Lucis [The way of light]. (E.T. Campagnac, Trans.). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Ch. Cunrad. (Written in England in 1641 but fully published in 1668).Google Scholar

Comenius (Komensky), J. A. (1651). Pansophiae [A pattern of universal knowledge]. London, UK: Publisher unknown.Google Scholar

Comte, A. (2003). The positive philosophy of Auguste Comte (Martineau, H., Trans.). New York, NY: D. Appleton & Co. (Original work published 1853).Google Scholar

Condon, J. C., & Yousef, F. (1975). An introduction to intercultural communication. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs Merrill.Google Scholar

Cooley, R. E. (1983). Codes and contexts: An argument for their description. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 241–252). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Crawford, W. C. (1956, December). Intercultural Project Summary. Grant No. 146, 146-A, Rosenberg Foundation Files.Google Scholar

Crider, F. J. (1922). The effect of intercultural practices on temperatures and humidity in citrus orchards. Science, New Series 58(1429), 542–550.Google Scholar

Cronbach, L. J., & Drenth, P. J. D. (1972). Mental tests and cultural adaptation. The Hague, Netherlands: Monton.Google Scholar

Cronen, V. E., Chen, V., & Pearce, W. B. (1988). Coordinated management of meaning: A critical theory. In Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 66–98). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Croucher, S. J., Sommier, M., & Rahmani, D. (2015). Intercultural communication: Where we’ve been, where we’re going, issues we face. Communication Research and Practice, 1(1), 71–87. DOI: 10.1080/22041451.2015.1042422Google Scholar

Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1996). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Darwin, C. (1872). The origin of species (6th ed.). New York, NY/London, UK: D. Appleton.Google Scholar

Davey, W. G. (Ed.). (1979). Intercultural theory and practice, Vol. 2. La Grange Park, IL: Intercultural Network.Google Scholar

Davis, A., & Dollard, J. (1940). Children of bondage: The personality development of Negro youth in the urban south. [Personality Series]. Washington, DC: American Council of Education.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1928). Education in worldmindedness: A series of assembly programs given by students of Woodbury high school, Woodbury High School, Woodbury, New Jersey, 1927–1928. Newark, NJ: American Friends Service Committee/Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1934). Changing attitudes toward other races and nations. New York, NY: Service Bureau for Education in Human Relations.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1936). Practical problems of international and interracial education. Junior-Senior High School Clearing House, 10(8), pp. 486–490.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1938–39). Americans all, immigrants all. Retrieved from www.wnyc.org/series/americans-all-immigrants-all Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1939). Out of the many – one: A plan for intercultural education. New York, NY: Service Bureau for Intercultural Education.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1943). Get together Americans: Friendly approaches to racial and cultural conflicts through the neighborhood-home festival. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1946). The face-to-face group as a unit for a program of intercultural education. The Journal of Educational Sociology, 19(9), 555–561.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R. (1950). Neighbors in action: a manual for local leaders in intergroup relations. New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R., & Li, M. (1963). The art of group conversation: A new breakthrough in social media communication. New York, NY: Association Press.Google Scholar

Davis-DuBois, R., & Okoradudu, C. (1984). All this and something more: Pioneering in intercultural education, an autobiography. Bryn Mawr, PA: Dorrance.Google Scholar

Dawson, J. L. M. B., & Lonner, W. J. (Eds.). (1974). Readings in cross-cultural psychology. Hong Kong, China: University of Hong Kong Press.Google Scholar

Deardorff, D. K. (2008). What is intercultural competence? In Schreiber, & Berninghausen, (Eds.), Global competence for the future: Employability, mobility, quality. Germany: Kellner-Verlag.Google Scholar

Deardorff, D. K. (2009). Handbook of intercultural competence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Dervin, F. (2016). Interculturality in education: A theoretical and methodological toolbox. London, UK: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Dollard, J. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Doron, A. (2009). Towards a definition of intercultural dialogue. In Aharoni, A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of life support systems (EOLSS), peace, literature, and art (Vol. 2). Retrieved from www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E1-39A-30.pdf Google Scholar

DuBois, G. J., Potts, L. B., & Kulich, S. J. (2017). IC scholars before their time: Rachel Davis-DuBois and the IC education movement. Kulich, In S. J. & English, A. S. (Eds.), China intercultural communication annual, Vol. 2 (pp. 54–79). Beijing, China: Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS) Press.Google Scholar

DuBois, W. E. B. (1903). The souls of black folk (3rd ed.). Chicago IL: A. C. McClure & Co.Google Scholar

Durkheim, É. (1964). De la division du travail social [The division of labor in society]. (Simpson, G., Trans.). New York, NY: Free Press. (Original work published in 1893, first translated version 1933).Google Scholar

Durkheim, É. (1938). Les règles de la méthode sociologique [The rules of sociological method]. (Solovay, S. A. & Mueller, J. H., Trans.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1894, Paris, France)Google Scholar

Edwards, D., & McCaffery, J. (1980). Cross-cultural training for peace corps volunteers. Washington, DC: Peace Corps Office of Programming and Training Coordination.Google Scholar

Ehrenhaus, P. (1983). Culture and the attribution process: Barriers to effective communication. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 259–270). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Elberfeld, R. (2008a). Durchbruch zum Plural. Der Begriff der Kulturen bei Nietzsche [Breakthrough to the plural. The concept of cultures in Nietzsche]. Nietzsche-Studien 37, 115–142.Google Scholar

Elberfeld, R. (2008b). Forschungsperspektive “Interkulturalität”: Transformation der Wissensordnungen in Europa [Research perspective on “Interculturality”: Transformation of the ordering of knowledge in Europe]. In Konersmann, R., Krois, J. M., & Weserkamp, D. (Eds.), Zeitschrift fuer Kulturphilosophie, Band 2, Heft 1 (pp. 7–26). Hamburg, Germany: Felix Meiner Verlag.Google Scholar

Ellingsworth, H. W. (1983). Adaptive intercultural communication. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 195–204). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Ellingsworth, H. W. (1988). A theory of adaptation in intercultural dyads. In Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 259–279). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Ellis, R. R. (2006). The middle kingdom through Spanish eyes: Depictions of China in the writings of Juan González de Mendoza and Domingo Fernández Navarrete. Retrieved August 5, 2009, from http://bulletinofhispanicstudies.lupjournals.org/uploads/bulletinofhispanicstudies lupjournalsorg/gratis/2.pdf Google Scholar

Engels, F. (1893). Letter to Franz Mehring, 14 July 1893, In Institute für Marxismus-Leninismus beim ZK der SED (Ed.), Werke (Vol. 39, pp. 96–101). Berlin, Germany: Dietz-Verlag.Google Scholar

Fei, X. T. (1939). Peasant life in China: A field study of country life in the Yangtze valley. Preface by Malinowski., B. London, UK: G. Routledge/ New York, NY: Dutton.Google Scholar

Fei, X. T. (1945). Earthbound China. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Fiedler, F., Mitchell, T., & Triandis, H. (1971). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(2), 95–102.Google Scholar

Fischer, H. D., & Merrill, J. C. (Eds.). (1976). International and intercultural communication (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Hastings House.Google Scholar

Foa, U., & Foa., E. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1972). The archology of knowledge. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1980). Truth and power. In Gordon, C. (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews & other writings, 1972–1977 (pp. 109–133). New York, NY: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Frijda, N., & Jahoda, G. (1966). On the scope and methods of cross-cultural research. International Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 109–127.Google Scholar

Fritz, J. M. H. (Ed.). (2010). The Pennsylvania Scholars Series, Vol. 5: Robert T. Oliver – Standard bearer of the discipline. Pittsburgh, PA: Pennsylvania Communication Association.Google Scholar

Fulbright, W. J. (1974). Founding address. The Fulbright Program. Washington, DC: The United States Senate.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Gadamer, H.-G. (1960). Wahrheit und Methode [Truth and method]. (P. Siebeck, Trans.). Tübingen, Germany: Mohr (Siebeck).Google Scholar

Gallois, C., Franklyn-Stokes, A., Giles, H., & Coupland, N. (1988). Communication accommodation in intercultural encounters. In Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 157–185). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Gallois, C., Giles, H., Jones, E., Cargile, A. C., & Ota, H. (1995). Accommodating intercultural encounters: Elaborations and extensions. In Wiseman, R. L. (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 115–147). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Gallois, C., Ogay, T., & Giles, H. (2014). Communication accommodation theory. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 121–148). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005).Google Scholar

Ganesh, S., & Holmes, P. (2011). Positioning intercultural dialogue: Theories, pragmatics, and an agenda. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 4(2), 81–86.Google Scholar

Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Gehrke, P. J., & Keith, W. M. (2014). Introduction: A brief history of the national communication association. In Gehrke, P. J. & Keith, W. M. (Eds.), A century of communication studies: The unfinished conversation (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Georges-Louis Leclerc, C. (1749–1804). Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du cabinet du roi [Natural history, general and particular, with a description of the king’s cabinet]. Paris, France: Imprimerie Royale.Google Scholar

Glenn, E. S. (1954). Semantic difficulties in international communication. A Review of General Semantics, 11, 163–180.Google Scholar

Glenn, E. S. (1956). Languages and patterns of thought. Washington, DC: Georgetown University (Paper presented at the 5th International Conference of Anthropology and Ethnology).Google Scholar

Glenn, E. S. (1957–1958). Introduction [to the Special Issue: Interpretation and intercultural communication]. A Review of General Semantics, 15, 87–97.Google Scholar

Glenn, E. S. (1966). Meaning and behavior: Communication and culture. Journal of Communication, 16(4), 248–272.Google Scholar

Gochenour, T. (1995). Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education (2nd ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Goethe, J. W. (2010). Maxims and reflections (Saunders, T. B., Trans.,). New York, NY: The Macmillan Company. (Original work published 1833).Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

González, A. (2010). A critique of research in intercultural communication. In Nakayama, T. K. & Halualani, R. T. (Eds.), The handbook of critical intercultural communication studies (pp. 53–56). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Gorer, G. (1948). The American people: A study in national character. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar

Gorski, P. C. (2008). Good intentions are not enough: A decolonizing intercultural education. Intercultural Education, 19(6), 515–525.Google Scholar

Gramsci, A. (2011). Quaderni del carcere [Prison notebooks]. (Buttigieg, J. A., Trans. & Ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. (Original work published 1992–2007).Google Scholar

Greenfield, P. (2009). Linking social change and developmental change: Shifting pathways of human development. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 401–418.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). (1983). Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives. International and intercultural communication annual (Vol. 7). Beverly Hills, CA: SCA/Sage.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). (1984). Methods for intercultural communication research. International and intercultural communication annual (Vol. 8). Beverly Hills, CA: SCA/Sage.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (1985). Intercultural communication: Current status and proposed directions. In Dervin, B. & Voigt, M. J. (Eds.), Progress in communication sciences, Vol. 6 (pp. 1–46). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (1998). Bridging differences, Effective intergroup communication (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (Originally published 1991, 2nd ed., 1994).Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (2002). Intercultural communication theories. In Gudykunst, W. B. & Mody, B. (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 183–206). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). (2005). Theorizing about intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B. (2014). An anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory of effective communication: Making the mesh of the net finer. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 281–322, 419–458). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005).Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (2002). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication (Original edition, 1984; 2nd ed., 1991; 3rd ed., 1996; 4th ed., 2002). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Lee, C. M. (2002). Cross-cultural communication theories. In Gudykunst, W. B. & Mody, B. (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 25–50). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Mody, B. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of international and intercultural communication, (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, K. (1989). Theoretical perspectives for studying intercultural communication. In Asante, M. K. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. 17–46). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Gullahorn, J. T., & Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33–47.Google Scholar

Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns [Theory of communicative action]. (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp Verlag.Google Scholar

Habib, M. A. R. (2017). Hegel and empire: From postcolonialism to globalism. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1950). Military government on Truk. Human Organization, 9, 25–30.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1955). The anthropology of manners. Scientific American, 192, 85–89.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T., & Trager, G. L. (1953). The analysis of culture. Washington, DC: American Council of Learned Societies/Foreign Service Institute.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T., & Whyte, W. F. Jr. (1960). Intercultural communication. A guide to men of action. Human Organization, 19(1), 5–12.Google Scholar

Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and decoding in the television discourse. Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham Press.Google Scholar

Hall, S. (1992). Race, culture, and communications: Looking backward and forward at cultural studies. Rethinking Marxism, 5(1), 10–18.Google Scholar

Hamnett, M. P., & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.). (1980). Research in culture learning: Language and conceptual studies. Honolulu, HI: East-West Culture Learning Institute.Google Scholar

Harman, R. C., & Briggs, N. E. (1991). SIETAR Survey: Perceived contributions of the social sciences to intercultural communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15(1), 19–28.Google Scholar

Harris, P., & Moran, R. T. (1979). Managing cultural differences. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Hart, W. B. (1999). Historical contributions of Boasian anthropology to the interdiscipline of intercultural relations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Retrieved from UMI.Google Scholar

Hart, W. B. (2005). Everett M. Rogers: His role in intercultural communication study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 491–495.Google Scholar

Hasslet, B. B. (2017). Establishing a unique intercultural communication learning environment: The University of Minnesota heritage in the 1970s and 1980s. In Kulich, S. J. & English, A. S. (Eds.), China intercultural communication annual, Vol. 2 (pp. 80–94). Beijing, China: China Social Sciences Publishing House.Google Scholar

Haydon, A. E. (Ed.) (1934). Modern trends in world religions. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hebdige, D. (1979). Subculture: The meaning of style. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hegel, G. W. F. (1807). Phänomenologie des geistes [The Phenomenology of Spirit]. Bamberg und Würzburg, Germany: Joseph Anton Goebhardt.Google Scholar

Hegel, G. W. F. (1902). Vorlesungen über die philosophie der weltgeschichte [Lectures on the philosophy of world history]. (J. Sibree, Trans). London, UK: George Bell and Sons. (Original work published 1837).Google Scholar

Henry, D. D. (1963, October). The American university looks abroad: View from the President’s office. Paper presented at Regional Conference of Education and World Affairs, East Lansing, MI.Google Scholar

Herder, J. G. von. (1800-1803). Ideen zur Philosophie des Geschicte der Menschheit (Vol. 1–2) [Outlines of a philosophy of the history of man]. (Churchill, T. O., Trans.). London, UK: J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church-Yard. (Original work published 1784–1791).Google Scholar

Herskovits, M. J. (1941). The myth of the negro past. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Herskovits, M. J. (1972). Cultural relativism: Perspectives in cultural pluralism. New York, NY: Vintage Books/Random House.Google Scholar

Ho, E., Holmes, P., & Cooper, J. (2004). Review and evaluation of international literature on managing cultural diversity in classrooms. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.Google Scholar

Hocking, W. E. (1934). Christianity and intercultural contacts. The Journal of Religion 14(2), 127–138.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (copublished in the PRC as Vol. 10 in the Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press SFLEP Intercultural Communication Reference Series, 2008).Google Scholar

Hoggart, R. (1957). The uses of literacy. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar

Holliday, A. (2011). Intercultural communication and ideology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Holmes, P. (2014). Intercultural dialogue: Challenges to theory, practice and research. Language and Intercultural Communication 14(1), 1–6. DOI: 10.1080/14708477.2013.866120Google Scholar

Hoopes, D. S. (Ed.). (1975). Readings in intercultural communication, Vol. 1. The intercultural communication workshop. Pittsburgh, PA: The Intercultural Communications Network (original collection, 1970; June 1975 reprint, Washington, DC: Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research, SIETAR).Google Scholar

Hoopes, D. S. (Ed.). (1971, 72, 73, 74, 75/76). Readings in intercultural communications, (Vols. 1–5). Pittsburgh, PA, later Washington, DC: The Intercultural Communications Network/Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR).Google Scholar

Hoopes, D. S. (1980). Intercultural education (Phi Delta Kappa Fastback # 142). Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.Google Scholar

Hoopes, D. S., Bretz, F. H., Hoffman, N. M., & Spencer, A. M. (1971). A study of the dynamics of inter-institutional cooperation for international education development, Final report. Pittsburgh, PA: Regional Council for International Education (RCIE) (retrieved from ERIC EDO48716).Google Scholar

Hoopes, D. S., Pedersen, P. B., & Renwick, G. W. (Eds.). (1977). Overview of intercultural education, training and research, Vol. I: Theory. Washington, DC: International Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research.Google Scholar

Houghton, S. (2009). Managing stereotypes in intercultural communication. The Humanities and Social Studies in the Far East, 1(21), 139–141.Google Scholar

Howell, W. S. (1979). Theoretical foundations for intercultural communication. In Asante, M. K., Newmark, E., & Blake, C. A. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural communication (pp. 23–42). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Hsu, F. L. K. (1953). Americans and Chinese: Two ways of life. New York, NY: Abelard-Schuman.Google Scholar

Hsu, F. L. K. (Ed.). (1972). Psychological anthropology: Approaches to culture and personality (rev. ed.). Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press. (Original work published 1972, Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Pub. Co).Google Scholar

Hsu, F. L. K. (1963). Clan, caste, and club. New York, NY: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar

Hsu, F. L. K. (1969). The study of literate civilizations. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar

Hume, D. (1751). An enquiry concerning the principles of morals (1st ed.). London, UK: A. Millar.Google Scholar

Husserl, E. (1974). Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität. Dritter Teil. [The phenomenology of intersubjectivity. Third part]. Husserliana, Volume Band 15. Den Haag, The Netherlands: Iso Kern. (original series of volumes published 1929–1935).Google Scholar

Hymes, D. (1974). Foundations in sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Inglis, F. (2004). Culture. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press Ltd.Google Scholar

Jain, N. C. (Ed.). (1977, 1979, 1982). International and intercultural communication annual (Vols. 4–6). Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association.Google Scholar

Jain, N. C., Prosser, M. H., & Miller, M. H. (Eds.). (1974). Intercultural communication: Proceedings of the speech communication association summer conference X. Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association.Google Scholar

Jebsen, I. (1999). The practice of intercultural communication – Reflections for professions in cultural meetings. Online Journal of Intercultural Communication. Retrieved from immi.seGoogle Scholar

Johnson, L. D., & Pak, Y. K. (2019). Teaching for diversity: Intercultural and intergroup education in the public schools, 1920s–1970s. Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 1–31. doi:10.3102/0091732X18821127 Google Scholar

Kant, I. (1968). Von den verschiedenen racen der menschen [On the different races of men]. In I. Kant, & Werke, , (W. Weischedel, Ed.), Vol XI (pp. 9–30). Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany: Suhrkamp. (Original work published 1775).Google Scholar

Kant, I. (1781). Kritik der reinen Vernunft [Critique of pure reason]. Riga, Latvia: Hartknoch.Google Scholar

Kant, I. (1793). Determination and the concept of a human race. Reprinted in I. Kant, Zerstreute Aufsatze, Frankfurt/Leipzig, Germany: Neuweid. (Original work published 1785).Google Scholar

Kant, I. (2006). Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht [Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view]. (R. B. Louden & M. Kuehn, Trans.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1798).Google Scholar

Katriel, T. (1995). From “context” to “contexts” in intercultural communication research. In Wiseman, R. L. (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 271–284). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1935). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30(2), 175–193.Google Scholar

Kawakami, H. S. (2009). A history and development of the intercultural communication field in Japan (1950–present). Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of New Mexico. Retrieved December, 2010, from gradworks.umi.com.Google Scholar

Kealey, D. J., & Protheroe, D. R. (1996). The effectiveness of cross-cultural training for expatriates: An assessment of the literature on the issue. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 141–165.Google Scholar

Kennard, E. A. (1948). Cultural anthropology and the Foreign Service. American Foreign Service Journal, 25, 18–19, 42, 44.Google Scholar

Khaldûn, I. (1968). Al-Muqaddima (Discours sur l’histoire universelle) [Introduction: Discourse on universal history]. Paris, France: Sindbad. (Original work published 1377).Google Scholar

Kim, M. S. (2014). Culture-based conversational constraints theory: Individual- and culture-level analyses. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 93–118). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005).Google Scholar

Kim, M. S. (2010). Intercultural communication in Asia: Current state and future prospects. Asian Journal of Communication, 20(5), 166–180.Google Scholar

Kim, Y. Y. (Ed.). (2017). The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons/BlackwellGoogle Scholar

Kim, Y. Y., & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.). (1988). Theories in intercultural communication: International and intercultural communication annual (Vol. 12). Newbury Park, CA: SCA/Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Klemm, G. F. (1843–52). Allgemeine Cultur-Geschichte der Menschheit [General cultural history of mankind]. Leipzig, Germany: Teubner.Google Scholar

Klineberg, O. (1940). Social psychology. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar

Klineberg, O. (1944). Characteristics of the American negro. Manhattan, NY: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Kluckhohn, C. K. M. (1954). Culture and behavior. In Lindzey, G. (Ed.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 921–976). Reading/Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Kluckhohn, C. K. M. (1962). Universal categories of culture. In Tax, S. (Ed.), Anthropology today: Selections (pp. 304–320). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1952).Google Scholar

Kluckhohn, C. K. M. (1964). Education, values, and anthropological relativity. In Kluckhohn, R. (Ed.), Culture and behavior: Collected essays of Clyde Kluckhohn (pp. 286–300). (Original work published 1952 as “Universal values and anthropological relativism,” in Modern education and human values: The Pitcairn-Crabbe Foundation lecture series, (Vol. 4, pp. 87–112). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press).Google Scholar

Kluckhohn, F. R., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (concurrently by Bloomington, IN: Row & Peterson).Google Scholar

Klyukanov, I. E. (2005). Principles of intercultural communication. Boston, MA: Pearson Education/Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Klyukanov, I. E. (2010). A communication universe: Manifestations of meaning, stagings of significance. Lanham, MD: Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar

Knowles, M. S. (1969). An experiment with group self-directed learning: The learning teaching team. In Runkel, P., Harrison, R., & Runkel, M. (Eds.), The changing college classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Knowles, M. S. (1970). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy. New York, NY: Association Press.Google Scholar

Knowles, M. S. (1973). The adult learner: A neglected species. Madison, WI: American Society for Training and Development.Google Scholar

Knowles, M. S. (1985). Shifting to an HRD systems approach. Training & Development Journal, 39(5), 24–25.Google Scholar

Kochman, T. (1983) Black and white styles in conflict. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Kohls, L. R. (1979). Survival kit for overseas living. Chicago, IL: Intercultural Network, SYSTRAN Publications.Google Scholar

Kolb, D. A., & Fry, R. (1981). Experiential learning theory and learning experiences in liberal arts education: New directions for experiential learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Kotthoff, H., & Spencer-Oatey, H. (2007). Handbook of intercultural communication. New York, NY: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Ku, H. M. (1998). The spirit of the Chinese people. Beijing, China: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. (Original work published 1915).Google Scholar

Kulich, S. J. (2011). Applying cross-cultural values research to “the Chinese”: A critical integration of etic and emic approaches (in 2 Volumes). Doctoral dissertation, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, published online at http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/docviews/abstract.php?lang=ger&id=39023 Google Scholar

Kulich, S. J. (2012). Reconstructing the histories and influences of 1970s intercultural leaders: Prelude to biographies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 744–759. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.08.004Google Scholar

Kulich, S. J. (2017). Reviewing intercultural study roots: From reviving histories toward reassessing the status of the field (Part 1 Intro). In Kulich, S. J. & English, A. S. (Eds.), China intercultural communication annual, Vol. 2 (pp. 33–53). Beijing, China: Chinese Academy of Social Science (CASS) Press.Google Scholar

Kulich, S. J., & Zhang, X. J. (2012). Profiling people in multiple domains: Toward a sociology of science for intercultural disciplines. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 885–901. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.08.019Google Scholar

Kurylo, A. (Ed.) (2012). Inter/cultural communication: Representation and construction of culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. K. M. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Lal, S. (2004). 1930s multiculturalism: Rachel Davis-Dubois and the bureau for intercultural education. Radical Teacher, 69, 18–22.Google Scholar

Landis, D., & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of intercultural training (Vols. 1–3). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar

Landis, D., & Wasilewski, J. H. (1999). Reflections on 22 years of the Intercultural Journal of International Relations and 23 years in other areas of intercultural practice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 535–574.Google Scholar

LaPiere, R. T. (2010). Attitudes vs. actions. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 7–11. (Original work published 1934)Google Scholar

Lasker, B. (1929). Race attitudes in children. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar

Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. (1954). Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. In Berger, M., Able, T., & Page, C. H. (Eds.), Freedom and control in modern society (pp. 18–66). New York, NY: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar

Lebedko, M. (2010). Tackling ethnic stereotypes in an intercultural communication course. Intercultural Communication Studies, 19(1), 168–181.Google Scholar

Lederer, W. J., & Burdick, E. (1958). The ugly American. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar

Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1990). Notes in the history of intercultural communication: The Foreign Service Institute and the mandate for intercultural training. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 76, 262–281.Google Scholar

Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2010a). Writing the intellectual history of intercultural communication. In Nakayama, T. K. & Halualani, R. T. (Eds.), The handbook of critical intercultural communication (pp. 21–33). Chichester, West Sussex/Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2010b). The social history of language and social interaction: People, places, ideas. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.Google Scholar

Lefringhausen, K., Spencer-Oatey, H., & Debray, C. (2019). Culture, norms, and the assessment of communication contexts: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(10), 1098–1111.Google Scholar

Lehtonen, J. (1994). Cultural stereotypes and intercultural communication. In Bartelt, G. (Ed.), The dynamics of language process (pp. 173–182). Tübingen, Germany: Günter Narr Verlag.Google Scholar

Leighton, A. H. (1984). Then and now: Some notes on the interaction of person and social environment. Human Organization, 43(3), 189–197.Google Scholar

Leighton, A. H. (2000). Science and values: A historical perspective. In Russo, K. W. (Ed.), Finding the middle ground: Insights and applications of the value orientation method (pp. 21–30). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Lewin, K. (1936). Some social-psychological differences between the United States and Germany. Character and Personality, 4, 265–293.Google Scholar

Lewin, K. (1947a). Frontiers in group dynamics: I, Concept, method, and reality in social science, social equilibria, and social change. Human Relations, 1(1), 5–42.Google Scholar

Lewin, K. (1947b). Frontiers in group dynamics: II, channels of group life, social planning and action research. Human Relations 1(2), 179–193.Google Scholar

Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflict: Selected papers on group dynamics. New York, NY: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar

Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers. New York: NY: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar

Liebniz, G. W. (1957). Novissima Sinica [Letters from China]. (D. Lach, Trans.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. (Original work published 1697).Google Scholar

Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar

Locke, J. (1996) An essay concerning human understanding (Winker, K. P., Ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company. (Original work published 1690).Google Scholar

Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 45–51.Google Scholar

Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the western pacific: An account of native enterprise and adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Malinowski, B. (1944). A scientific theory of culture, and other essays. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Mandeville, J. (1684). The voyages and travels of Sir John Mandeville. London, United Kingdom: Printed for R. Scot, T. Basset, J. Wright, and R. Chiswel. (Original work published 1370).Google Scholar

Marcuse, H. (1964). One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Markham, J. W. (1969). International communication as a field of study: Reports and papers from the Wingspread Symposium on education and research in international and comparative communication. Iowa, IA: City: Publication Department of the University of Iowa.Google Scholar

Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (1999). Thinking dialectically about culture and communication. Communication Theory, 9, 1–25.Google Scholar

Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2010). Intercultural communication in contexts (5th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Martin, J. N., Nakayama, T. K., & Carbaugh, D. (2012). The history and development of the study of intercultural communication and applied linguistics. In Jackson, J. (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication (pp. 17–36). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Martin, J. N., Nakayama, T. K., & Carbaugh, D. (2020). A global look at the history and development of language and intercultural communication. In Jackson, J. (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication, (2nd ed.) (online Chap 3). Abingdon, UK: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Marx, K. (1843). Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie [Critique of Hegel’s philosophy of right]. Reprinted in K. M. Guth (Ed.), Berlin, Germany: Hofenberg. (Original “Einleitung” written in 1843–44).Google Scholar

Marx, K. (1859). Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie [A contribution to the critique of political economy]. Berlin, Germany: Franz Duncker.Google Scholar

McLuhan, M. & Powers, B. R. (1989). The global village: Transformations in world life and media in the 21st century. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society: From the standpoint of a social behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Mead, M. (1928). Coming of age in Samoa: A psychological study of primitive youth for Western civilization. New York, NY: Morrow.Google Scholar

Mead, M. (1942). And keep your powder dry: An anthropologist looks at America. New York, NY: Morrow.Google Scholar

Mead, M. (1951). The study of national character. In Lerner, D. & Lasswell, H. D. (Eds.), The policy sciences: Recent developments in scope and method (pp. 70–85). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Mead, M., & Metraux, R. (Eds.). (1953). The study of culture at a distance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Merton, R. K. (1949). Social theory and social structure: Toward a codification of theory and research. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.Google Scholar

Mikkelson, J. M. (2013). Kant and the concept of race. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Milhouse, V. H. (1996). Intercultural communication education and training: Goals, content, and methods. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 69–95.Google Scholar

Mills, C. W. (1959). The sociological imagination. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Montagu, A. (1945). Man's most dangerous myth: The fallacy of race (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Montagu, A. (Ed.). (1964). The concept of race. New York, NY: MacMillan.Google Scholar

Montagu, A. (1972). Statement on race: An annotated elaboration and exposition of the four statements on race issued by the United Nations. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Montaigne, M. (1969) Essais [Essays]. (J. Folio, Trans.). Retrieved March 30, 2019 from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/766/montaigne.pdf?sequence=1 (Original work published 1580)Google Scholar

Montalto, N. (1982). A history of the intercultural educational movement, 1924–1941. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar

Montesquieu, C. S. (1748). De l’esprit des lois [The spirit of the laws]. Geneva, Switzerland: Chez Barrillot & Fills.Google Scholar

Moon, D. G. (1996). Concept of ‘culture’: Implications for intercultural communication research. Communication Quarterly, 44(1), 70–84.Google Scholar

Moon, D. G. (2010). Critical reflections on culture and critical intercultural communication. In Nakayama, T. K. & Halualani, R. T. (Eds.), The handbook of critical intercultural communication (pp. 34–52). Chichester, West Sussex/Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

More, T. (1909–1914). Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia [Utopia]. (R. Robinson, Trans.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier & Son. (Original work published 1516).Google Scholar

Moscovici, S. (1961). La psychanalyse, son image et son public [Psychoanalysis: Its image and its public]. Paris, France / Cambridge, MA: Presses Universitaires de France / Polity Press.Google Scholar

Murdock, G. P. (1938). Outline of cultural materials. New Haven, CT: Yale University Institute of Human Relations. (reprint 2004, Human Relations Area Files).Google Scholar

Murdock, G. P. (1975). The outline of world cultures. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files. (Original work published 1954).Google Scholar

Murdock, G. P., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1945). Outline of cultural materials. New Haven, CT: Yale University Institute of Human Relations.Google Scholar

Nakamura, H. (1964). Ways of thinking of Eastern people: India, China, Tibet, Japan. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center Press.Google Scholar

Nakayama, T. K., & Halualani, R. T. (Eds.). (2010). The handbook of critical intercultural communication. West Sussex/Oxford, UK: Wiley/Blackwell.Google Scholar

Nam, K.-A. (2012). DAE Exercise. In Berardo, K. & Deardorff, D. (Eds.), Building cultural competence: Innovative activities and models (pp. 53–57). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.Google Scholar

Nam, K.-A., Choi, Y., & Lee, M. (2013). Cross-cultural training and its implications for HRD. In Poell, R. F., Rocco, T. S., & Roth, G. L. (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Human Resource Development (pp. 582–591). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Nam, K.-A., Choi, Y., & Lee, M. (2014). When “West meets East”: Identifying the gap in current cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 13(1) 36–57.Google Scholar

Nam, K.-A., & Condon, J. C. (2010). The DIE is cast: The continuing evolution of intercultural communication’s favorite classroom exercise. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(1), 81–87.Google Scholar

Navarrette, D. F. d. (1960). Tratados históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarquia de China [The travels and controversies of Friar Domingo Navarrete] (Vols. 1–2) (J. S. Cummins, Ed. & Trans.) Second series, No. 118. London, UK: Hakluyt Society. (Original work published in Madrid in Spanish 1676).Google Scholar

Nietzsche, F. (1887). On the genealogy of morality (Clark, M. & Swensen, A. J., Trans.). Indianapolis, IN/Cambridge, UK: Hackett.Google Scholar

Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177–182.Google Scholar

Ogay, T., & Edelmann, D. (2016). Taking culture seriously: Implications for intercultural education and training. European Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3), 388–400.Google Scholar

Oliver, R. T. (1962). Culture and communication: The problem of penetrating national and cultural boundaries. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar

Oliver, R. T. (1971). Communication and culture in ancient India and China. New York, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar

Olneck, M. (1990). The recurring dream: Symbolism and ideology in intercultural and multicultural education. American Journal of Education, 98(2). 147–174. www.jstor.org/stable/1085376.Google Scholar

Osgood, C. E. (1964). Semantic differential technique in the comparative study of cultures. American Anthropologist, 66, 171–200. DOI: 10.1525/aa.1964.66.3.02a00880Google Scholar

Osgood, C. E., May, W. H., & Miron, M. S. (1975). Cross-cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Pak, Y. K. (2002). “If there is a better intercultural plan in any school system in America, I do not know where it is?: The San Diego City Schools? Intercultural Education Program, 1946–1949. Urban Education, 37(5), 588–609. DOI: 10.1177/0042085902238675Google Scholar

Park, R. (1916). Suggestions for the investigations of human behavior in the urban environment. American Journal of Sociology, 20(5), 577–612.Google Scholar

Park, R. E. (1926). The urban community as a spatial pattern and a moral order. The Urban Community, 2, 3–18.Google Scholar

Park, R. E., & Burgess, E. W. (1921). Introduction to science and sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Parsons, T., & Shils, E. A. (Eds.) (1951). Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, MA / New York, NY: Harvard University Press / Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Pascal, B. (1966). Pensées [The meditations]. (Krailshemer, A. J., Trans.). London, UK: Penguin.Google Scholar

Pearce, W. B. (2014). The coordinated management of meaning (CMM). In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 35–54). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005)Google Scholar

Pearce, W. B., & Wiseman, R. L. (1983). Rules theories: Varieties, limitations, and potentials. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 79–88). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Pedersen, P., Lonner, W., & Draguns, J. (1976). Counseling across cultures. Honolulu, HI: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar

Pelto, P. (1968). The difference between “tight” and “loose” societies. Transaction, 5, 37–40.Google Scholar

Peterson, E. E. (2009). An introduction to communication and public policy. In E. E. Petersen (Ed.), Communication and public policy: Proceedings of the 2008 International Colloquium on Communication (pp. 1–3). Retrieved from: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ICC/2008/ICC2008Peterson.pdf Google Scholar

Pettigrew, T. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29–42.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, T. (1978). Three issues in ethnicity. In Yinger, J. & Cutler, S. (Eds.), Major social issues. (pp. 25–49). New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, T. (1979). The ultimate attribution error. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–476.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, T. (1982). Cognitive styles and social behavior. In Wheeler, L. (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol 3, pp. 199–233). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Pettigrew, T. (1986). The intergroup hypothesis reconsidered. In Hewstone, M. & Brown, R. (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 169–195). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Philipsen, G. (1992). Speaking culturally: Explorations in social communication. Albany, NY: State University Press of New York.Google Scholar

Philipsen, G., Coutu, L. M., & Covarrubias, P. (2014). Speech codes theory: Restatement, revisions, and response to criticisms. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 55–68). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005)Google Scholar

Pike, K. L. (1966). Etic and emic standpoints for the description of behavior. In Smith, A. (Ed.), Communication and culture. (pp. 152–63). New York, NY: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston.Google Scholar

Piller, I. (2017). Intercultural communication: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Plato, (1966). Phaedo [Phaedo]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press & William Heinemann Ltd. (Original work published 1925)Google Scholar

Porter, R. E., & Samovar, L. A. (1973). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Powdermaker, H. F. (1944). Probing our prejudices: A unit for high school students [BIE Vol. 2, Problems of race and culture in American schools]. New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Pribham, K. (1949). Conflicting patterns of thought. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press.Google Scholar

Prosser, M. H. (1973a). Intercommunication among nations and peoples. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Prosser, M. H. (Ed.). (1973b, 1974). Prosser, M. H. (Ed.). (1973b, 1974). Intercultural communication and social change [Syllabus]. Charlottesville, VA: Department of Speech Communication, University of Virginia.Google Scholar

Prosser, M. H. (Ed.). (1977). USIA Intercultural Communications course proceedings. Washington, DC: International Communication Agency/SIETAR. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED163545 Google Scholar

Prosser, M. H. (1978a). Intercultural communication theory and research: An overview of major constructs. In Ruben, B. D. (Ed.), Communication yearbook 2 (pp. 335–343). New Brunswick, NJ: ICA-Transaction Books.Google Scholar

Prosser, M. (1978b). The cultural dialogue: An introduction to intercultural communication. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.Google Scholar

Prosser, M. H. (2012). K. S. Sitaram, an early interculturalist: Founding the field May 6, 1970. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(6), 857–868.Google Scholar

Prosser, M. H., & Kulich, S. J. (Eds.). Early American pioneers of intercultural communication [Special issue]. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(6), 743–902.Google Scholar

Pusch, M. D. (Ed.). (1979). Multicultural education: A cross cultural training approach. Chicago, IL: Intercultural Network, Inc.Google Scholar

Pusch, M. D. (2004). Intercultural training in historical perspective. In Landis, D., Bennett, J. & Bennett, M. (Eds.), The handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 13–36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Renwick, G. W. (1994). A longitudinal analysis and assessment of intercultural education, training, and research, 1932–1984. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar

Rich, A. (1974). Interracial communication. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Rogers, E. M. (1999). Georg Simmel’s concept of the stranger and intercultural communication research. Communication Theory, 9(1), 58–74.Google Scholar

Rogers, E. M., Hart, W. B., & Miike, Y. (2002). Edward T. Hall and the history of intercultural communication: The United States and Japan. Keio Communication Review, 24, 3–26.Google Scholar

Rogers, E. M., & Steinfatt, (1999). Georg Simmel’s concept of the stranger and intercultural communication research. Communication Theory, 9(1), 58–74.Google Scholar

Rohmer, R. P. (1984). Toward a conception of culture for cross-cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15(2), 111–138.Google Scholar

Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind: Investigations into the nature of belief systems and personality systems. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Rousseau, J. J. (1755). Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes [Discourse on the origin and basis of inequality among men]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Marc-Michel Rey.Google Scholar

Rousseau, J. J. (1762). Du contrat social [The social contract]. Paris, France: Marc-Michel Rey.Google Scholar

Ruben, B. D. (1983). A system-theoretic view. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 131–145). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Rummel, R. J. (1966). Some dimensions in the foreign behavior of nations. Journal of Peace Research, 3, 201–223.Google Scholar

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1973). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, and Co.Google Scholar

Sapir, E. (1949). Culture, language, personality: Selected essays. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Saral, T. B. (1977). Intercultural communication theory and research: An overview. In Ruben, B. D. (Ed.), Communication yearbook 1 (pp. 389–396). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar

Saral, T. B. (1979). Intercultural communication theory and research: An overview of challenges and opportunities. In Nimmo, D. (Ed.), Communication yearbook 3 (pp. 395–406). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar

Schramm, W. L. (1997). The beginnings of communication study in America: A memoir. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). San Deigo, CA/New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Scollon, R., Scollon, S. W., & Jones, R. H. (2012). Intercultural communication: A discourse approach (3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Seelye, H. N., & Tyler, L. (1977). Intercultural communicator resources. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Language and Intercultural Research Center/Bilingual Education. Department, Illinois Office of Education.Google Scholar

Selig, D. (2008). Americans all: The cultural gifts movement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Selmer, J. (2005). Western business managers in China: Adjusting to the most foreign of all foreign places. In Scullion, H. & Linehan, M. (Eds.), International human resource management: A critical text (pp. 68–84). London, UK: Palgrave/Macmillan.Google Scholar

Shuter, R. (2011). Robert T. Oliver: Trailblazer in intercultural communication. China Media Research, 7(2), 121–126.Google Scholar

Sieyès, A., Lafayette., M., & Jefferson, T. (1789). Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen [Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen]. In Conseil Constitutionnel. Retrieved from www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/sites/default/files/as/root/bank_mm/anglais/cst2.pdf.Google Scholar

Simmel, G. (1900). Philosophie des Geldes [Philosophy of money]. Leipzig, Germany: Duncker & Humblot.Google Scholar

Simmel, G. (1908). Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die formen der vergesellschaftung [Sociology: Studies in the forms of societalization]. Leipzig, Germany: Duncker and Humblot.Google Scholar

Simmel, G. (1921) The social significance of the “stranger.” In Park, R. E. & Burgess, E. W. (Eds.), Introduction to the science of sociology (pp. 322–327). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Simmel, G. (1955). Conflict and the web of group affiliations. (K. Wolff, Trans. and Ed.). Glencoe, IL: Free Press. (Original work published 1922)Google Scholar

Simmel, G. (1950). The stranger. In Wolff, K. (Trans. & Ed.), The sociology of Georg Simmel. New York, NY: Free Press. (Original work published 1908).Google Scholar

Smith, A. G. (1966). Culture and communication. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar

Smith, A. G. (1977). Research and theory in intercultural communication. In D. S. Hoopes, P. B. Pedersen, & G. W. Renwick (Eds.). Overview of intercultural education, training, and research, Vol I: Theory (pp. 3–9).Google Scholar

Smith, A. H. (1890). Chinese characteristics. Shanghai, China: Fleming H. Revell Company.Google Scholar

Smith, A. L. [a.k.a. Asante, M. K.] (1973). Transracial communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Smith, H. L. Jr. (1946). Language training for the Foreign Service and the Department of State. American Foreign Service Journal 23, 11–13, 43–44, 47.Google Scholar

Smith, W. D. (2019). Volkgeist: Bibliography. Science Encyclopedia – Jrank Articles. Retrieved April 11, 2019 from https://science.jrank.org/pages/8147/Volksgeist.html Google Scholar

Sorrells, K. (1998): Gifts of wisdom: An interview with Dr. Edward T. Hall (On the past and future of intercultural relations study). The Edge: The E-Journal of Intercultural Relations 1(3), 1–12. http://interculturalrelations.com/v1i3Summer1998/sum98sorellshall.htm#santafe Google Scholar

Sorrells, K. (2012). Intercultural training in the global context. In Jackson, J. (Ed.), Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication (pp. 372–389). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sorrells, K. (2013). Intercultural communication: Globalization and social justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Spencer-Oatey, H. (2000). Introduction. In Spencer-Oatey, H. (Ed.), Culturally speaking: Managing rapport through talk across cultures (pp. 1–8). London, England: Continuum.Google Scholar

Spencer-Oatey, H., & Franklin, P. (2009). Intercultural interaction: A multidisciplinary approach to intercultural communication. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Spinoza, B. (1677). Ethica [Ethics]. Quinque Partes Diflincta: Quibus Agitur.Google Scholar

Starosta, W. J. (2011). Sojourning through intercultural communication: A retrospective. China Media Research, 7(2), 1–5.Google Scholar

Stephan, W., & Rosenfield, D. (1982). Racial and ethnic stereotyping. In Millar, A. (Ed.), In the eye of the beholder. New York, NY: Prager.Google Scholar

Stephan, W., & Stephan, C. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41,157–166.Google Scholar

Stephan, W., & Stephan, C. (1992). Reducing intergroup anxiety though intercultural contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 409–426.Google Scholar

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1996). Intergroup relations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Stewart, E. C. (1978). Outline of intercultural communication. In Casmir, F. L. (Ed.), Intercultural and international communication (pp. 265–344). Washington DC: University Press of America. (Original work published 1973, circulated at the 1974 Chicago SCA/ICA/SIETAR International Conference, and published in Casmir, 1974, and again in 1978)Google Scholar

Stonequist, E. V. (1929). The marginal man. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Storti, C., & Bennhold-Samaan, L. (1998). Culture matters: The peace corps cross-cultural workbook. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Storti, C., & Bennhold-Samaan, L. (1999). Culture matters: Trainer’s guide. Washington, DC: Peace Corps.Google Scholar

Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. M. Jr (1949). The American soldier: Adjustment during army life. (Studies in social psychology in World War II, Vol. 1). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sui, P. C. P. (1952). The sojourner. American Journal of Sociology, 58(1), 34–44.Google Scholar

Sumner, W. G. (1940). Folkways: A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals. New York, NY: Ginn. (Original work published 1906)Google Scholar

Swift, J. (1726). Gulliver’s travels. London, UK: Benjamin Motte.Google Scholar

Szkudlarek, B. (2009). Through Western eyes: Insights into the intercultural training field. Organization Studies, 30(9), 975–986.Google Scholar

Szkudlarek, B., & Romani, L. (2017, July). From an imperialist to a responsible agenda: Going beyond the limitations of cross-cultural training models. Paper presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business AIB, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.Google Scholar

Taba, H. (1953). Research oriented programs in intergroup education in schools and colleges. Review of Educational Research, 23(4), 362–371.Google Scholar

Taba, H., & Van Til, W. (Eds.). (1945). Democratic human relations: Promising practices in intergroup and intercultural education in the social studies (16th yearbook). Washington, DC: National Council for the Social Studies.Google Scholar

The Committee on the University and World Affairs, & Morrill, J. L. (Chairman). (1960). The university and world affairs. New York, NY: The Ford Foundation.Google Scholar

Thomas, W. I., & Znaniecki, F. (1918–1920). The Polish peasant in Europe and America: Monograph of an Immigrant Group (5 volumes). Boston, MA: Richard G. Baxter/Gorham Press.Google Scholar

Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Intercultural conflict styles: A face-negotiation theory. In Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 213–235). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Ting-Toomey, S. (2014a). Identity negotiation theory: Crossing cultural boundaries. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 211–234). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005)Google Scholar

Ting-Toomey, S. (2014b). The matrix of face: An updated face-negotiation theory. In Gudykunst, W. B. (Ed.). Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 71–92). Shanghai, China: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. (Original work published 2005)Google Scholar

Ting-Toomey, S., & Dorjee, T. (2019). Communicating across cultures (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Tönnies, F. (1957). Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft [Community and society] (Loomis, C. P., Trans. & Ed.). East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. (Original work published 1887, Leipzig, Germany)Google Scholar

Trager, G. L. (1958). Paralinguistics: A first approximation. Studies in Linguistics, 13, 1–12.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (1964). Cultural influences upon cognitive processes. In Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–48). New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (Ed). (1968). Cross-cultural social psychology newsletter. Champaign-Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., et al. (1972). Analysis of subjective culture. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C. (2008). An autobiography: Why did culture shape my career? In Levine, R., Rodrigues, A., & Zelezny, L. (Eds.) Journeys in social psychology: Looking back to inspire the future (pp. 145–164). New York, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., & Berry, J. W. (Eds.). (1979). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology (Vol. 2). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., Berry, J. W., Brislin, R. W., Draguns, J. D., Heron, A., & Lonner, W. J. (Eds.). (1979–1981). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vols. 1–6). Rockleigh, NJ: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., & Brislin, R. W. (1980). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Social psychology (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., & Draguns, J. G. (Eds.). (1981). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Psychopathy (Vol. 6). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., & Heron, A. (Eds.). (1980). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Developmental psychology (Vol. 4). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., & Lambert, W. W. (Eds.). (1979). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Perspectives (Vol. 1). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., & Lonner, W. W. (Eds.). (1980). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Basic processes (Vol. 3). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Triandis, H. C., Vassiliou, V., Vassiliou, G., Tanaka, Y., & Sanmugam, A. V. (1972). The analysis of subjective culture. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar

Truman, H. S. (1948). Executive order 9981. Independence, MO: Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum.Google Scholar

Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive culture (Vols. 1–2). London, England: John Murray.Google Scholar

Tzeng, C. S., Landis, D., & Tzeng, D. Y. (2012). Charles E. Osgood’s continuing contributions to intercultural communication and far beyond! International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(6), 832–842.Google Scholar

University of Birmingham: Centre for Contemporary Studies. (1992). The empire strikes back: Race and racism in 70s Britain. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar

Useem, J., Useem, R. H., & Donoghue, J. D. (1963). Men in the middle of the third-culture: The role of American and non-Western people in cross-cultural administration. Human Organization, 22(3), 169–179.Google Scholar

Vickery, W. E., & Cole, S. G. (1943). Intercultural education in American schools: Proposed objectives and methods [BIE Vol. 1, Problems of race and culture in American schools.] New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Vickery, W. E., & Cole, S. G. (Eds.). (1943–1954). Problems of race and culture in American schools (Bureau of Intercultural Education Series, Vols. 1–10). New York, NY: Harper.Google Scholar

Voltaire., (1756). Essai sur les mœurs et l’esprit des nations [Essay on the manners and spirit of nations]. Paris, France: Treuttel et Würtz.Google Scholar

Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Myshlenie i rech’. [Thinking and speech]. Moscow, Russia: Gosudarstvennoe Sotsial’no-Ekonomicheskoe Izdatel’stvo.Google Scholar

Walford, D. (Ed.). (1977). Antony Ashley Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury: An inquiry concerning virtue, or merit. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. (Original work published by Cooper, A. A., in 1699).Google Scholar

Wan, C. (2015). Understanding cultural identification through intersubjective cultural representation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 1267–1272.Google Scholar

Wang, Y. A., & Kulich, S. J. (2015). Does context count? Developing and accessing intercultural competence through an interview- and model-based domestic course design in China. (Deardorff & Asaratnam, Eds., Special issue on intercultural communication competence). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48(5), 38–57. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.013Google Scholar

Wasilewski, J. [with Renwick, G. W.] (1999, October). Then and now: Catching up with ourselves/The picture without boundaries. SIETAR (25th Anniversary ed.). SIETAR International Communiqué, XXX (2), 4–8.Google Scholar

Weaver, G. R., (Ed.) (2001). Culture, communication, and conflict: Readings in intercultural relations, (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing.Google Scholar

Weaver, G. R. (2014). The evolution of international communication as a field of study: A personal reflection. In Asante, M. K., Miike, Y. & Yin, J. (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader, (2nd ed., pp. 35–47). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1976). The Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism. London, UK: George Allen & Unwin. (Original work published 1904–1905, first English ed. in 1949).Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1978). Wirtschaft und gesellschaft: Classes, stände, partie [Economics and society, “Class, status, party”]. (G. Ruth & C. Wittich, Trans.). Oakland, CA: University of California Press. (Original work published 1922).Google Scholar

Weeks, W. H. (1968). A manual of structured experiences for cross-cultural learning. Chicago, IL: Intercultural Network.Google Scholar

Weeks, W. H., Pedersen, P. B., & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.). (1977). A manual of structured experiences for cross-cultural learning. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar

Wells, H. B. (1970). International education: The present decade. VIDYA, Journal of the Regional Council for International Education, 15.Google Scholar

Whiting, J. W. M., & Whiting, B. B. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Whorf, B. L. (1956). Language, thought and reality. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Wight, A. (2008, October). Where SIETAR began. In 2008 Global SIETAR conference, Grenada, Spain. Retrieved from: www.sietar-italia.org/cosa-e-sietar.Google Scholar

Wight, A. R., & Hammons, M. A. (1970a). Guidelines for Peace Corps cross-cultural training: Philosophy and methodology (Part I). Washington, DC: Office of Training Support, Peace Corps; and Estes Park, CO: The Center for Research and Education.Google Scholar

Wight, A. R., & Hammons, M. A. (1970b). Guidelines for Peace Corps cross-cultural training: Specific methods and techniques (Part II). Washington, DC: Office of Training Support, Peace Corps, and Estes Park, CO: The Center for Research and Education.Google Scholar

Wight, A. R., Hammons, M. A., & Bing, J. (1969). A draft handbook for cross-cultural and community involvement training. Estes Park, CO: Peace Corps Center for Research and Education.Google Scholar

Wight, A. R., Hammons, M. A., & Wight, W. (1970). Guidelines for Peace Corps cross-cultural training. Estes Park, CO: Center for Research and Education.Google Scholar

Williams, R. (1958). Culture and society. London, UK: Chatto and Windus.Google Scholar

Williams, R. (1961). The long revolution. London, UK: Penguin.Google Scholar

Williams, R. (1983). Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society (Rev. ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wiseman, R. L. (Ed.). (1995). Intercultural communication theory. International and intercultural communication annual, Vol. XIX. Thousand Oaks, CA: SCA/Sage.Google Scholar

Wundt, W. (1911–1920). Völkerpsychologie: eine Untersuchung der entwicklunsgesetze von sprachen, mythus und sitte. [People-groups psychology: An examination of the development of languages, myths, and customs]. Leipzig, Germany: Kröner.Google Scholar

Wundt, W. (1916). Elements of folk psychology. London, UK: Allen & Unwin. (English translation of the earliest volumes 1911–1920)Google Scholar

Yum, J. O. (1988). Network theory in intercultural communication. In Kim, Y. Y. & Gudykunst, W. B. (Eds.), Theories in intercultural communication (pp. 239–258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Zhang, H. L., & Kulich, S. J. (2012). The quintessential intercultural learner, teacher, and trainer: A preliminary profile of L. Robert Kohls. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(6), 823–831. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.08.010 Google Scholar

Book contents

3 - Interdisciplinary History of Intercultural Communication Studies

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive