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4 - Culture Theories and Intercultural Training

from Part I - Theoretical Foundations of Intercultural Training

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

By
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk
Edited by
Dan Landis  and
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk
Dan Landis
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Hilo
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
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Summary

In this chapter, the universal theories developed by cultural researchers that can be applied across geographic regions are reviewed. The theories reviewed include early works of Parsons and Shils (pattern variables), Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (universal human value orientations), and Hall (values associated with time and space). Following this the constructs of tightness and looseness by Pelto, and later Gelfand, a framework for traditional and modern values by Inkles, and later postmodern values by Inglehart, and instrumental and terminal values by Rokeach are discussed.Next, the cultural dimensions presented by Hofstede, individualism and collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, which were supplemented by Bond and colleagues’ work (long-term orientation) and Minkov’s work (indulgence versus restraint) are reviewed. House and colleagues’ GLOBE Project and its contributions to Hofstede’s framework is noted. Schwartz and colleagues work on a universal framework of values, cultural complexity, social exchange patterns identified by Fiske, and Social axioms presented by Leung and Bond are also briefly reviewed. The chapter is concluded with a discussion of the implications of cultural theories for intercultural training.

Keywords

pattern variablesuniversal human value orientationstimespacetightness–loosenessmodernitypostmodernismindividualism and collectivismcultural valuessocial axioms
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training , pp. 164 - 191
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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