Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T20:49:38.601Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - An Analysis of Methods for Intercultural Training

from Part I - Theoretical Foundations of Intercultural Training

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

By
Sandra M. Fowler  and
Masahisa Yamaguchi
Edited by
Dan Landis  and
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk
Dan Landis
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Hilo
Dharm P. S. Bhawuk
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Get access

Summary

Various issues related to training methods and outcomes of intercultural training are reviewed by employing a typology of intercultural training that integrates aspects of culture-specific and culture-general training with didactic and experiential learning styles. This is followed by a brief discussion of the process of experiential learning, issues pertaining to cognitive affective and behavioral training, how context shapes the selection of methods, and how traditional methods can be updated with technology to meet modern needs. The role of culture in shaping the choice of methods and issues related to training across and about cultures is discussed.How knowledge, skill and attitudes shape the selection of intercultural training methods, and the significance of personal and cultural preferences in mediating training outcomes, and the interaction between desired outcomes, participant data, and situational factors are noted. In addition, 20 intercultural methods –lectures, written materials, online-based training, films, self-assessment, case studies, and critical incidents, role playing, simulation games, and intercultural exercises, contrast culture training, culture assimilator, cross-cultural analysis, cross-cultural dialogues, areas studies, immersion, visual imagery, and art and culture – that are currently employed are analyzed to examine current trends in training, the contexts in which methods are applied, and the factors that affect the choice of one method over another. The analyses include an assessment of strengths and weaknesses, typical outcomes, adaptability, ways the methods have or could be used, availability of the method in off-the-shelf versions, and resources for finding out more about it.Trainers are encouraged to master a variety of methods because no single method will work all of the time in producing the desired outcomes that best suit their client’s needs.

Keywords

training methodsintercultural trainingbehavioral trainingcultural sensitivity
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training , pp. 192 - 257
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albert, R. D. (1983). The intercultural sensitizer or culture assimilator: A cognitive approach. In Landis, D. & Brislin, R. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training: Issues in training methodologies (Vol. 2, pp. 186–217). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, R. D. (1995). The intercultural sensitizer/culture assimilator as a cross-cultural training method. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 157–167). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Alden, J., & Kirkhorn, J. (1996). Case studies. In Craig, R. L. (Ed.), The ASTD training and development handbook. A guide to human resource development (4th ed., pp. 497–516). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L., (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook on cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications (pp. 3–15). Armonk, NY: M. E. SharpeGoogle Scholar
Arthur, N. (2001). Using critical incidents to investigate cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 41–53.Google Scholar
Batchelder, D. (1993). Using critical incidents. In Gochenour, T. (Ed.), Beyond experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education (2nd ed., pp. 101–112). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Bathurst, L. A. (2015). Culture specific/culture general. In Bennett, J. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 1., pp. 210–212). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Baxter, J., & Ramsey, S. (1996). Improvising Critical Incidents. In Seelye, N. H. (Ed.). Experiential activities for intercultural learning (Vol. 1., pp. 211–218). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. M. (Ed.). (2015). The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vols. 1–2). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. M., & Bennett, M. J. (2003). Becoming a skillful intercultural facilitator [Training material]. Portland, OR: Summer Institute for Intercultural Communication.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. J. (1995). Critical incidents in an intercultural conflict-resolution exercise. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 147–156). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Berney, M. G. (1999). Field studies: Individual and group trips, expeditions, and hunts. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 175– 183). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Bersin, J. (2004). The blended learning book: Best practices, proven methodologies, and lessons learned. Wiley.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (1998). The role of culture theory in cross-cultural training: A multimethod study of culture-specific, culture-general, and culture theory-based assimilators. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(5), 630–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2001). Evolution of culture assimilators: Toward theory-based assimilators. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 141–163.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S. (2009). Intercultural communication in a dynamic environment: Preparing managers of developing and developed countries using cultural standards. Psychology and Developing Societies, 21(2), 161–181.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. W. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 162–191.Google Scholar
Bhawuk, D. P. S., Munusamy, V. P., & Sakuda, K. H. (2010). Preparing Managers for Intercultural Leadership: Application of an Economy-Based Theoretical Framework. In Leong, C. H. & Berry, J. W. (Eds.), Intercultural Relations In Asia: Migration and Work Effectiveness (pp. 69–103). Singapore: World Scientific.Google Scholar
Blohm, J. M. (1995). Markhall: A comparative corporate-culture simulation. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 109–115). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Blohm, J. M. (1996). Where in the world are you going? Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Blohm, J. M. (1997). The cocktail party: Exploring nonverbal communication. In Richards, J. C. (Series Ed.) & Fantini, A. E. (Vol. Ed.), New ways in teaching culture. New ways in TESOL Series 11: Innovative classroom techniques. Alexandria, VA: TESOL.Google Scholar
Boyle, D. (Director), & Colson, C. (Producer), (2008). Slumdog Millionaire [Motion picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1993). Understanding culture's influence on behavior. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1995). The culture-general assimilator. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 169–177). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Brislin, R. W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C., & Yong, M. (1986). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Brown, C., & Knight, K. (1999). Introduction to self-awareness inventories. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 19–30). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Cardon, P. W. (2010). Using films to learn about the nature of cross-cultural stereotypes in cross-cultural business communication courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 73(2), 150–165.Google Scholar
Carr-Ruffino, N. (2002). Managing diversity: People skills for a multicultural workplace (5th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom.Google Scholar
Casse, P. (1999). The four-value orientation exercise using a self-awareness inventory. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 31–44). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Chadha, G. (Director), & Nayer, D. (Producer), (2002). Bend It Like Beckham [Motion picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.Google Scholar
Champoux, J. (1999). Film as a teaching resource. Journal of Management Inquiry, 8, 206–217.Google Scholar
Chase, M., Macfadyen, L., Reeder, K., & Roche, J. (2002, August). Intercultural challenges in networked learning: Hard technologies meet soft skills. First Monday, 7(8). Retrieved August 20, 2003, from http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue 7_8/chase/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chase, M., Rolston, K., Macfadyen, L., & English, A. (2002, November). Designing and moderating online intercultural courses. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research (SIETAR-USA), Portland, OR.Google Scholar
Chu, P. (1996). The culture compass. In Seelye, H. N. (Ed.), Experiential activities for intercultural learning (pp. 155–170). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Cushner, K. (1989). Assessing the impact of a culture-general assimilator: An approach to cross cultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13(2), 125–146.Google Scholar
Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1996). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1997). Key concepts in the field of cross-cultural training: An introduction. In Cushner, K. & Brislin, W. (Eds.), Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs (Vol. 2, pp. 1–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: SageGoogle Scholar
Cyr, R. (1999). A primer for designing and using participant training manuals. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 195–202). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Dant, W. (1995). Using critical incidents as a tool for reflection. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 141–146). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Deardorff, R. K. (2015a). Assessments of intercultural competence. In Bennett, J. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 1, pp. 17–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Deardorff, R. K. (2015b). Definitions: Knowledge, skills, attitudes. In Bennett, J. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 1, pp. 217–220). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
DeMello, C. (1995). Acting the culture contrast. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 59–68). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
DiSabatino, J., & Oliver, J. (2002, July). Training 101. Training + Development, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Fantini, A. E. (1995). Aba-Zak: A worldview exercise. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19(2), 297–302.Google Scholar
Fantini, A. E. (Vol. Ed.), & Richards, J. C. (Series Ed.). (1997). New ways in teaching culture. New ways in TESOL Series II: Innovative classroom techniques. Alexandria, VA: TESOL.Google Scholar
Fennes, H., & Hapgood, K. (1997). Intercultural learning in the classroom. London, UK: Cassell.Google Scholar
Fiedler, F., Mitchell, T., & Triandis, H. (1971). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross-cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanagan, J. C. 1954. The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327–358.Google Scholar
Foreign Service Institute (Producer). (2000). Crisis Response [Motion picture]. Washington, DC: Overseas Briefing Center, US Department of State.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. M. (2015). Simulations and games. In Bennett, J. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 2, pp. 755–756). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. M., & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.). (1995). Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. M., & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.). (1999a). Intercultural sourcebook. Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. M., & Mumford, M. G. (1999b). Small group exercises as intercultural training tools. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 113–121). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, S. M., & Pusch, M. (2011). Intercultural simulation games: State of the art in the United States (and beyond). Simulation & Gaming, 41(1), 94–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, S. M., & Silberstein, F. J. (2001, July). Art and culture [Training material]. Portland, OR: Summer Institute for Intercultural Communication.Google Scholar
Gardenswartz, L., & Rowe, A. (2010). Managing diversity: A complete desk reference & planning guide (3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Society for Human Resource Management.Google Scholar
Gochenour, T. (Ed.). (1993). Beyond Experience: The experiential approach to cross-cultural education (2nd ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Graham, C. R. (2006). Blended learning systems. In Bonk, C. J. & Graham, C. R. (Eds.), The handbook of blended learning: Global perspectives, local designs (pp. 3–21). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer Publishing.Google Scholar
Grove, C., & Hallowell, W. (2001). Randömia Balloon Factory: A unique simulation for working across the cultural divide. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B., Guzley, R. M., & Hammer, M. R. (1996). Designing intercultural training. In Landis, D. & Bhagat, R. S. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 61–80). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.Google Scholar
Hammer, M. R., & Bennett, M. J. (2001). The Intercultural Development Inventory [Instrument]. Portland, OR: Intercultural Communication Institute.Google Scholar
Hartley, C., & Lapinsky, T. (1999). Piglish: A language learning simulation. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 131–141). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. J., Pedersen, P. B., & Hofstede, G. H. (2002). Exploring culture: Exercises, stories and synthetic cultures. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, R. S. (1999). Using videos as training tools. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 73–112). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Horton, W. (2002, November). Horseless carriage thinking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Simulation and Gaming Association, San Diego, CA. Available at www.horton.comGoogle Scholar
Howard, R. (Director Executive Producer), Ganz, T. (Producer), & Blum, D. (Producer). (1986). Gung Ho [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.Google Scholar
Ito, K., & Triandis, H. C. (1989). Culture assimilator for Japanese visiting the United States. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Jeffcoat, J. (Director), & Gorai, T. (Producer). (2006). Outsourced [Motion picture]. United States: ShadowCatcher Entertainment.Google Scholar
Kayes, D. C., Kayes, A., & Kolb, D. A. (2005) Experiential learning in teams, Simulation & Gaming, 36(3):330–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, C., & Meyers, J. (1995). The cross-cultural adaptability inventory: Self-assessment. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Pearson.Google Scholar
Kimball, A. (2002, November). Blended learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Simulation and Gaming Association, San Diego, CA. Retrieved March 3, 2003, from www.qube.comGoogle Scholar
Kimmel, P. R. (1995). Facilitating the contrast-culture method. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 69–79). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1960). Techniques for evaluating training programs. Journal of the American Society of Training Directors, 14(1), 13–18, 28–32.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, R., & Strodtbeck, R. (1961). Variations in value orientation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Knowles, M. (1970). The modern practice of adult education. Chicago, IL: Associated Press.Google Scholar
Kohls., L. R. (with Brussow, H. L.). (1995). Training know-how for cross-cultural and diversity trainers. Duncanville, TX: Adult Learning Systems.Google Scholar
Kohls, L. R. (1999a). Conceptual model for country/area studies. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 273–284). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Kohls, L. R. (1999b). A selection of small group exercises. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 143–153). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Kohls, L. R., & Knight, J. M. (1994). Developing intercultural awareness: A cross-cultural training handbook (2nd ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Kolb, D. A., & Lewis, L. H. (1986). Facilitating experiential learning: Observations and reflections. In Lewis, L. H. (Ed.), Experiential and simulation techniques for teaching adults (pp. 99–107). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Kraemer, A. J. (1999). A method for developing deep cultural self-awareness through intensive practice. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 225–239). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Lacey, L., & Trowbridge, J. (1995). In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 187–195). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Landis, D., & Miller, A. (1973). The army culture assimilator: Interaction with black soldiers. Philadelphia, PA: Center for Social DevelopmentGoogle Scholar
Lane, H. W., & DiStefano, J. J. (1988). International management behavior: From policy to practice. Scarborough, Ontario, Canada: Nelson.Google Scholar
Lippard, L. (1990). Mixed blessings: Art in multicultural America. New York, NY: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Littrell, L. N., Salas, E., Hess, K. P., Paley, M., & Riedel, S. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 355–388.Google Scholar
Mallinger, M., & Rossy, G. (2003). Film as lens for teaching culture: Balancing concepts, ambiguity, and paradox. Journal of Management Education, 27, 608–624.Google Scholar
McCaffery, J. A. (1995). The role play: A powerful but difficult training tool. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 17–25). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
McCaig, N. M. (1999). The Malonarian cultural expedition team: Exploring behavioral reflections of mainstream U.S. values. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 155–166). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Mikk, B. K. (2015). Training intercultural trainers. In Bennett, J.M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 2, pp. 814–818). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Moran, R. T., Braaten, D. O., & Walsh, J. E. (Eds.). (1994). International business case studies for the multicultural marketplace. Houston, TX: Gulf.Google Scholar
Myers, I. B. (1962). The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Nava, G. (Director), & Thomas, A. (Producer). (1983). El Norte [Motion picture]. United States: American Playhouse.Google Scholar
Ng, K.Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management of Management Learning and Education, 8, 511–526.Google Scholar
Nickols, F. W. (1990, January). Why those darned training problems won't go away. Performance & Instruction, pp. 13–15.Google Scholar
Nipporica Associates. (1993). Ecotonos: A multicultural problem-solving simulation. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Osland, J. S. (2015). Global leadership development. In Bennett, J. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 1, pp. 17–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Paige, R. M. (Ed.). (1993). Education for the intercultural experience (2nd ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Corps., Peace (2003a). A community economic development (CED) training guide for Peace Corps volunteers. Retrieved August 21, 2003, from www.peace.corps.gov/library/pdf/M0069 cedeomplete.pdfGoogle Scholar
Corps., Peace (2003b). The roles of the volunteer in development. Available from Peace Corps Online Library Web site, www.peace.corps.gov/library/pdf/TO005 rvidcomplete.pdfGoogle Scholar
Corps, Peace, (2003c). Working with NGOs. Washington, DC: Peace Corps, Information Collection and Exchange.Google Scholar
Corps., Peace (2003d). Building Bridges: A Peace Corps Classroom Guide to Cross-Cultural Understanding. Retrieved October 11, 2015, from http://files.peacecorps.gov/wws/pdf/BuildingBridges.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pfeiffer, J. W., & Ballew, A. C. (1988). Using case studies, simulations, and games in human resource development (UA Training Technologies Series 5). San Diego, CA: University Associates.Google Scholar
Powers, R. B. (1999). An alien among us: A diversity game. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Pusch, M. D. (Ed.). (1979). Multicultural education: A cross-cultural training approach. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Rae, L. (1999 ). Using activities in training and development (2nd ed.). Sterling, VA: Stylus.Google Scholar
Ramsey, S. (1999). Adapting intercultural methods for training across cultures. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.). Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 323–332). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Reddin, W., & Rowell, K. (1976). Culture Shock Inventory [Instrument]. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Organizational Tests.Google Scholar
Renwick, G. W. (1999). Culture-specific training: China. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 285–321). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Roell, C. (2010). Intercultural Training with Films. English Teaching Forum, v48 n2 p2–15 2010 (http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum/archives/docs/files-folder111111/48_2-etf-intercultural-training-with-films.pdf)Google Scholar
Schingen, K. M. (2002). Archie Bunkers neighborhood. Simulation conducted at the 3rd annual meeting of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training, and Research USA (SUSA), Portland, OR.Google Scholar
Sebera, G. T. (2015). Coaching for intercultural competence. In Bennett, J. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of intercultural competence (Vol. 1, pp. 54–58). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Seelye, H. N. (Ed.). (1996). Experiential activities for intercultural learning. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Shirts, R. G. (1970). StarPower. Del Mar, CA: Simile II.Google Scholar
Shirts, R. G. (1974). BaFá BaFá: A cross-cultural simulation. Del Mar, CA: Simile II.Google Scholar
Shirts, R. G. (1976). RaFá RaFá: A cross-cultural simulation. Del Mar, CA: Simile II.Google Scholar
Shirts, R. G. (1992). Pumping the colors. Del Mar, CA: Simulation Training Systems.Google Scholar
Shirts, R. G. (1993). StarPower. Del Mar, CA: Simulation Training Systems.Google Scholar
Shirts, R. G. (1995). Beyond ethnocentrism: Promoting cross-cultural understanding with BaFá BaFá. In Fowler, S. M. (Ed.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 93–100). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Silberstein, F. (2020). Art inSight. Chicago, IL: Intellectual Press.Google Scholar
Silberstein, F. J., & Sisk, D. A. (1999). Visual imagery as a training tool. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 185–194). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Silverman, M. (1995). 101 ways to make training active. San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer.Google Scholar
Singelis, T. M. (Ed.). (1998). Teaching about culture, ethnicity und diversity: Exercises and planned activities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Sisk, D. A. (1995). Simulation games as training tools. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 81–92). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, E. C., & Bennett, M. J. (1991). American cultural patterns: A cross-cultural perspective (Rev. ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, E. C., Danielian, J., & Foster, R. J. (1969). Simulating intercultural communication through role-playing (TR 69-7). Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization.Google Scholar
Storti, C. (1994). Cross-cultural dialogues: 74 brief encounters with cultural difference. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Storti, C. (1999). Cross-cultural dialogues. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 203–209). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Storti, C. (2001). Old world/new world. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Storti, C., & Bennhold-Samaan, L. (1997). Culture matters: The Peace Corps cross-cultural workbook (ICE Pub. No. TOO87). Washington, DC: Peace Corps, Information Collection and Exchange.Google Scholar
Stringer, D., & Cassiday, P. (2003). 52 activities for exploring values differences. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Summerfield, E. (1994). Crossing cultures through film. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Summerfield., E., & Lee, S. (2001). Seeing the big picture: Exploring American cultures on film. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S. (1991). Games by Thiagi. Bloomington, IN: Workshops by Thiagi.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S. (1994). Lecture games: From passive presentations to interactive instruction. Amherst, MA: HRD Press.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S. (with Thiagarajan, R.). (2003a). Design your own games and activities: Thiagi's templates for performance improvement. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S. (2003b, March). The library and the playground. Play for Performance. Retrieved August 19, 2003, from www.thiagi .com/pfp/Genericomarch 2003.html#E-LearningGoogle Scholar
Thiagarajan, S., & Steinwachs, B. (1990). Barnga: A simulation game on cultural clashes. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S., & Thiagarajan, R. (1995a). Diversity simulation games: Exploring and celebrating differences. Amherst, MA: HRD Press.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S., & Thiagarajan, R. (1995b). Interactive lectures: Add participation to your presentation. Amherst, MA: HRD Press.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, S., & Thiagarajan, R. (2000). Frame games by Thiagi. Bloomington, IN: Workshops by Thiagi.Google Scholar
Tidwell, C. H. Jr. (2001, November). Fools rush in: Developing cross-cultural sensitivity using ilm-based group projects. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Tolbert, A. S. S. (1990). Venezuelan culture assimilator: Incidents designed for training US professionals conducting business in Venezuela. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Tjosvold, D. (1991). Team organization. An enduring competitive advantage. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. (1995). Culture-specific assimilators. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 179–186). Yarmouth. ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Tucker, M. F. (1999). Self-awareness and development using the Overseas Assignment Inventory. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 45–52). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
United Nation Secretariat, Office of Human Resources Management (Producer) (1996). The Agenda Is Peace [Motion picture for internal use only]. New York.Google Scholar
Varner, I., & Beamer, L. (2005). Intercultural communication in the global workplace (3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Verluyten, S. P. (2007). Cultures: From observation to understanding. Leuven, Belgium: ACCO.Google Scholar
Verluyten, S. P. (2008, October). The use of video excerpts in intercultural training. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Convention of the Association for Business Communication, Lake Tahoe, NV.Google Scholar
Vink, C. D. (1989). Development of an intercultural sensitizer training program for Americans going to China. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Temple University.Google Scholar
Wang, M. M., Brislin, R. W., Wang, W., Williams, D., & Chao, J. H. (2000). Turning bricks into jade: Critical incidents for mutual understanding among Chinese and Americans. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Wankel, M. J., & Gowda, S. (2002, November). Implementing strategies for blended e-learning with gaming simulations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Simulation and Gaming Association, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
Wight, A. (1995). The critical incident as a training tool. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 1, pp. 127–140). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Wight, A. (1999). Cross-cultural analysis as a training tool. In Fowler, S. M. & Mumford, M. G. (Eds.), Intercultural sourcebook: Cross-cultural training methods (Vol. 2, pp. 211–224). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.Google Scholar
Worchel, S., & Mitchell, T. R. (1972). An evaluation of the effectiveness of the culture assimilator in Thailand and Greece. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 472–479Google Scholar
Wurzel, J. (Producer). (1993). A Different Place: The Intercultural Classroom (Parts 1–2) [Motion picture]. Newtonville, MA: Intercultural Resource Corporation.Google Scholar
Youth for Understanding. (1985, 1995). Volunteers in Intercultural Programs [Training manual series]. J. Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Zwick, J. (Director), & Wilson, R. (Producer). (2002). My Big Fat Greek Wedding [Motion picture]. United States: HBO Films.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×