Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:20:44.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

34 - Cultural Intelligence

from Part VI - Kinds of Intelligence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2019

By
Soon Ang ,
Kok Yee Ng  and
Thomas Rockstuhl
Edited by
Robert J. Sternberg
Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Get access

Summary

Cultural intelligence (CQ) refers to an individual’s capability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity. Unlike many cultural competency models that are developed inductively, CQ offers a theoretically derived and comprehensive framework based on the theory of multiple loci of intelligence. CQ comprises four factors – metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral CQ. Since our review in 2011, there has been much theoretical and methodological advancement. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of research on CQ, with a focus on these recent developments. They include an expanded conceptualization of CQ with more granular subdimensions; a new performance-based measure of CQ to complement report-based assessments; and a broader nomological network at the individual, dyadic, team, and firm level of analyses. We conclude with ideas for future research, and suggest ways to leverage on emerging technologies to advance the conceptualization, measurement, and applications of CQ.

Keywords

cultural intelligencecultural competenceintercultural effectivenessdiversitymulticulturalism
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence , pp. 820 - 845
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adair, W. L., Buchan, N. R., Chen, X. P., & Liu, D. (2016). A model of communication context and measure of context dependence. Academy of Management Discoveries, 2, 198–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adair, W. L., Hideg, I., & Spence, J. R. (2013). The culturally intelligent team: The impact of team cultural intelligence and cultural heterogeneity on team shared values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 941–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al‐Dossary, S. A. (2016). Psychometric properties of the cultural intelligence scale in a Saudi Arabian context. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 24, 305–311.Google Scholar
Alexandra, V. (2018). Predicting CQ development in the context of experiential cross-cultural training: The role of social dominance orientation and the propensity to change stereotypes. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 17, 62–78.Google Scholar
Allen, M., Dietz, M., Blair, K. S., van Beek, M., Rees, G., Vestergaard-Poulsen, P., … & Roepstorff, A. (2012). Cognitive-affective neural plasticity following active-controlled mindfulness intervention. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 15601–15610.Google Scholar
Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Ang, S., & Inkpen, A. C. (2008). Cultural intelligence and offshore outsourcing success: A framework of firm-level intercultural capability. Decision Sciences, 39, 337–358.Google Scholar
Ang, S., Rockstuhl, T., & Ng, K. Y. (2014). Performance-based cultural intelligence (CQ): Development and validation of an intercultural situational judgment test (iSJT). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University, Center for Leadership and Cultural Intelligence.Google Scholar
Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 3–15). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31, 100–123.Google Scholar
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K.Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N.A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335–371.Google Scholar
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Rockstuhl, T. (2015). Cultural intelligence: Origins, conceptualization, evolution and methodological diversity. In Gelfand, M., Chiu, C. Y., & Hong, Y. Y. (Eds.), Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 273–323). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Berthoz, S., Armony, J. L., Blair, R. J. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2002). An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms. Brain, 125(8), 1696–1708.Google Scholar
Brannen, M. Y., & Thomas, D. C. (2010). Bicultural individuals in organizations: Implications and opportunity. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 10, 5–16.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In Dunnette, M. D. & Hough, L. M. (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 687–732). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.Google Scholar
Chao, M. M., Takeuchi, R., & Farh, J. L. (2017). Enhancing cultural intelligence: The roles of implicit culture beliefs and adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 70, 257–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2015). Cultural intelligence of entrepreneurs and international network ties: The case of small and medium manufacturing firms in Thailand. Management Research Review, 38, 421–436.Google Scholar
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Cultural intelligence and export performance of small and medium enterprises in Thailand: Mediating roles of organizational capabilities. International Small Business Journal, 34, 105–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, A. S. (2015). CQ at work and the impact of intercultural training: An empirical test among foreign laborers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 101–112.Google Scholar
Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kim, K., Farh, C. I., & Tangirala, S. (2010). When does intercultural motivation enhance expatriate effectiveness? A multilevel investigation of the moderating roles of subsidiary support and cultural distance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1110–1130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, M. L., & Lin, C. P. (2013). Assessing the effects of cultural intelligence on team knowledge sharing from a socio‐cognitive perspective. Human Resource Management, 52, 675–695.Google Scholar
Chen, X. P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 93–106.Google Scholar
Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Mor, S. (2012). Collaborating across cultures: Cultural metacognition and affect-based trust in creative collaboration. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118, 116–131.Google Scholar
Chua, R. Y., & Ng, K. Y. (2017). Not just how much you know: Interactional effect of cultural knowledge and metacognition on creativity in a global context. Management and Organization Review, 13, 281–300.Google Scholar
Church, A. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 540–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C., Tan, M. L., Murfett, U. M., Rogers, P., & Ang, S. (2018). The call center agent’s performance paradox. A mixed-methods study of discourse strategies and paradox resolution. Academy of Management Discoveries (Advance online publication.) https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2016.0024Google Scholar
Crotty, S. K., & Brett, J. M. (2012). Fusing creativity: Cultural metacognition and teamwork in multicultural teams. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 5, 210–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowne, K. A. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51, 391–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowne, K. A., & Engle, R. L. (2016). Antecedents of cross-cultural adaptation stress in short-term international assignments. Organization Management Journal, 13, 32–47.Google Scholar
Dheer, R. J., & Lenartowicz, T. (2018). Multiculturalism and entrepreneurial intentions: Understanding the mediating role of cognitions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42, 426–466.Google Scholar
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13, 73–92.Google Scholar
Engle, R. L., & Crowne, K. A. (2014). The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: An application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme. Human Resource Development International, 17(1), 30–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R., & Shokef, E. (2013). Going global: Developing management students’ cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 12, 330–355.Google Scholar
Firth, B. M., Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., & Kim, K. (2014). Newcomers abroad: Expatriate adaptation during early phases of international assignments. Academy of Management Journal, 57, 280–300.Google Scholar
Gelfand, M. J., Imai, L., & Fehr, R. (2008). Thinking intelligently about cultural intelligence: The road ahead. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 375–387). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
George, G., Osinga, E. C., Lavie, D., & Scott, B. A. (2016). Big data and data science methods for management research. Academy of Management Journal, 59, 1493–1507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Goh, M. (2012). Teaching with cultural intelligence: Developing multiculturally educated and globally engaged citizens. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 32, 395–415.Google Scholar
Gölgeci, I., Swiatowiec-Szczepanska, J., & Raczkowski, K. (2017). How does cultural intelligence influence the relationships between potential and realised absorptive capacity and innovativeness? Evidence from Poland. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 29, 857–871.Google Scholar
Groves, K. S., & Feyerherm, A. E. (2011). Leader cultural intelligence in context: Testing the moderating effects of team cultural diversity on leader and team performance. Group and Organization Management, 36, 535–566.Google Scholar
Groves, K. S., Feyerherm, A., & Gu, M. (2015). Examining cultural intelligence and cross-cultural negotiation effectiveness. Journal of Management Education, 39, 209–243.Google Scholar
Gudykunst, W. B. (1993). Toward a theory of effective interpersonal and intergroup communication. In Wiseman, R. J. & Koester, J. (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence, international and intercultural communication annual (Vol. 16, pp. 3–17). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Guðmundsdóttir, S. (2015). Nordic expatriates in the US: The relationship between cultural intelligence and adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 175–186.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Hesketh, B., & Neal, A. (1999). Technology and performance. In Ilgen, D. R. & Pulakos, E. D. (Eds.), The changing nature of performance: Implications for staffing, motivation, and development (pp. 21–55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Huff, K. C., Song, P., & Gresch, E. B. (2014). Cultural intelligence, personality and cross-cultural adjustment: A study of expatriates. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 151–157.Google Scholar
Imai, L., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112, 83–98.Google Scholar
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 54–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jyoti, J., & Kour, S. (2015). Assessing the cultural intelligence and task performance equation: Mediating role of cultural adjustment. Cross Cultural Management, 22, 236–258.Google Scholar
Kanfer, R., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Motivational traits and skills: A person-centered approach to work motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 1–56.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. J., & Van Dyne, L. (2012). Cultural intelligence and international leadership potential: The importance of contact for members of the majority. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61, 272–294.Google Scholar
Klafehn, J., Li, C., & Chiu, C. Y. (2013). To know or not to know, is that the question? Exploring the role and assessment of metacognition in cross-cultural contexts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 963–991.Google Scholar
Korzilius, H., Bücker, J. J., & Beerlage, S. (2017). Multiculturalism and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of cultural intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 56, 13–24.Google Scholar
Krakovsky, M. (2018). Artificial (emotional) intelligence. Communications of the ACM, 61, 18–19.Google Scholar
Kramsch, C. (2014). Language and Culture. AILA Review, 27, 30–55.Google Scholar
Lance, C. E., Hoffman, B. J., Gentry, W. A., & Baranik, L. E. (2008). Rater source factors represent important subcomponents of the criterion construct space, not rater bias. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 223–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, H., Jiang, Z., & Nielsen, I. (2018). Cognitive cultural intelligence and life satisfaction of migrant workers: The roles of career engagement and social injustice. Social Indicators Research, 139, 237–257.Google Scholar
Lee, Y.-T., Masuda, A., Fu, X., & Reiche, S. (2018). Navigating between home, host, and global: Consequences of multicultural team members’ identity configurations. Academy of Management Discoveries, 4, 180–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, K., Ang, S., & Tan, M. L. (2014). Intercultural competence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 489–519.Google Scholar
Li, M., Mobley, W. H., & Kelly, A. (2013). When do global leaders learn best to develop cultural intelligence? An investigation of the moderating role of experiential learning style. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 12, 32–50.Google Scholar
Li, Y., Rau, P. P., Li, H., & Maedche, A. (2017). Effects of a dyad’s cultural intelligence on global virtual collaboration. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 60, 56–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.-C., Chen, A., S.-Y., & Song, Y.-C. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 541–552.Google Scholar
Lisak, A., & Erez, M. (2015). Leadership emergence in multicultural teams: The power of global characteristics. Journal of World Business, 50, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, M. P., Ramsey, J. R., & Richey, R. G. (2018). Expatriates’ international opportunity recognition and innovativeness: The role of metacognitive and cognitive cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 53, 222–236.Google Scholar
MacNab, B. R. (2012). An experiential approach to cultural intelligence education. Journal of Management Education, 36, 66–94.Google Scholar
MacNab, B., Brislin, R., & Worthley, R. (2012). Experiential cultural intelligence development: Context and individual attributes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1320–1341.Google Scholar
Magnusson, P., Schuster, A., & Taras, V. (2014). A process-based explanation of the psychic distance paradox: Evidence from global virtual teams. Management International Review, 54, 283–306.Google Scholar
Magnusson, P., Westjohn, S. A., Semenov, A. V., Randrianasolo, A. A., & Zdravkovic, S. (2013). The role of cultural intelligence in marketing adaptation and export performance. Journal of International Marketing, 21(4), 44–61.Google Scholar
Marin, R. S. (1990). Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 22–30.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & Hwang, H. C. (2013). Assessing cross-cultural competence: A review of available tests. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 849–873.Google Scholar
Maynes, T. D., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2014). Speaking more broadly: An examination of the nature, antecedents, and consequences of an expanded set of employee voice behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99, 87–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, 433–442.Google Scholar
Molinsky, A. (2005). Language fluency and the evaluation of cultural faux pas: Russians interviewing for jobs in the United States. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 103–120.Google Scholar
Moon, H. K., Choi, B. K., & Jung, J. S. (2012). Previous international experience, intercultural training, and expatriates’ intercultural adjustment: Effects of cultural intelligence and goal orientation. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23, 285–330.Google Scholar
Moon, T. (2010a). Emotional intelligence correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25, 876–898.Google Scholar
Moon, T. (2010b). Organizational cultural intelligence: Dynamic capability perspective. Group and Organization Management, 35, 456–493.Google Scholar
Morris, M. W., Savani, K., & Fincher, K. (2019). Metacognition fosters cultural learning: Evidence from individual differences and situational prompts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116, 46–68.Google Scholar
Moynihan, L. M., Peterson, R. S., & Earley, P. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence and the multinational team experience: Does the experience of working in a multinational team improve cultural intelligence? Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 9, 299–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, K. Y., Tan, M. L., & Ang, S. (2011). Global culture capital and cosmopolitan human capital: The effects of global mindset and organizational routines on cultural intelli-gence and international experience. In Burton, A. & Spender, J. C. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of human capital (pp. 96–119), New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oolders, T., Chernyshenko, O. S., & Stark, S. (2008). Cultural intelligence as a mediator of relationships between openness to experience and adaptive performance. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 145–158). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Peng, A. C., Van Dyne, L., & Oh, K. (2015). The influence of motivational cultural intelligence on cultural effectiveness based on study abroad: The moderating role of participant’s cultural identity. Journal of Management Education, 39, 572–596.Google Scholar
Pentland, A. (2012). The new science of building great teams. Harvard Business Review, 90(4), 60–69.Google Scholar
Pesch, R., & Bouncken, R. B. (2017). How to achieve benefits from diversity in international alliances: Mechanisms and cultural intelligence. Global Strategy Journal, 8, 275–300.Google Scholar
Peyrols-Wu, C., & Ng, K. Y. (2018). Avoidance in intercultural work contexts: Predictors and mediators. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, USA, August 10–14.Google Scholar
Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Stahl, G. K. (2011). Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 10, 237–260.Google Scholar
Presbitero, A. (2016). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in virtual, cross-cultural interactions: Generalizability of measure and links to personality dimensions and task performance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 29–38.Google Scholar
Presbitero, A. (2017). It’s not all about language ability: Motivational cultural intelligence matters in call center performance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28, 1547–1562.Google Scholar
Racicot, B. M., & Ferry, D. L. (2016). The impact of motivational and metacognitive cultural intelligence on the study abroad experience. Journal of Educational Issues, 2, 115–129.Google Scholar
Ramirez, R, E. (2016). Impact on intercultural competence when studying abroad and the moderating role of personality. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 27(2–3), 88–105.Google Scholar
Rockstuhl, T., & Ng, K. Y. (2008). The effects of cultural intelligence on interpersonal trust in multicultural teams. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 206–220). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Rockstuhl, T., Ang, S., Ng, K. Y., Lievens, F., & Van Dyne, L. (2015). Putting judging situations into situational judgment tests: Evidence from intercultural multimedia SJTs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 464–480.Google Scholar
Rockstuhl, T., Hong, Y.-Y., Ng, K. Y., Ang, S., & Chiu, C.-Y. (2010). The culturally intelligent brain: From detecting to bridging cultural differences. Journal of Neuroleadership, 3, 1–15.Google Scholar
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond general intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ): The role of cultural intelligence (CQ) on cross-border leadership effectiveness in a globalized world. Journal of Social Issues, 67, 825–840.Google Scholar
Rosenblatt, V., Worthley, R., & MacNab, B. (2013). From contact to development in experiential cultural intelligence education: The mediating influence of expectancy disconfirmation. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 12, 356–379.Google Scholar
Şahin, F., & Gürbüz, S. (2014). Cultural intelligence as a predictor of individuals’ adaptive performance: A study in a multicultural environment. International Area Studies Review, 17, 394–413.Google Scholar
Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., & Köksal, O. (2014). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in action: The effects of personality and international assignment on the development of CQ. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 39, 152–163.Google Scholar
Şahin, F., Gürbüz, S., Köksal, O., & Ercan, Ü. (2013). Measuring cultural intelligence in the Turkish context. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21, 135–144.Google Scholar
Salmon, E. D., Gelfand, M. J., Çelik, A. B., Kraus, S., Wilkenfeld, J., & Inman, M. (2013). Cultural contingencies of mediation: Effectiveness of mediator styles in intercultural disputes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 887–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 262–274.Google Scholar
Schuller, B. W. (2018). Speech emotion recognition: Two decades in a nutshell, benchmarks, and ongoing trends. Communications of the ACM, 61(5), 90–99.Google Scholar
Shannon, L. M., & Begley, T. M. (2008). Antecedents of four-factor model of cultural intelligence. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 41–55). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2008). Cultural intelligence and global identity in multicultural teams. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 177–191). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Shu, F., McAbee, S. T., & Ayman, R. (2017). The HEXACO personality traits, cultural intelligence, and international student adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 21–25.Google Scholar
Sri Ramalu, S., Shamsudin, F. M., & Subramaniam, C. (2012). The mediating effect of cultural intelligence on the relationship between openness personality and job performance among expatriates on international assignments. International Business Management, 6, 601–610.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A framework for understanding conceptions of intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. & Detterman, D. K. (Eds.), What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition (pp. 3–15). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Successful intelligence: How practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. New York: Plume.Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., & Wagner, R. J. (2000). Practical intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 380–395). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taras, V., Caprar, D. V., Rottig, D., Sarala, R. M., Zakaria, N., Zhao, F., … & Bryła, P. (2013). A global classroom? Evaluating the effectiveness of global virtual collaboration as a teaching tool in management education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 12, 414–435.Google Scholar
Tarique, I., & Takeuchi, R. (2008). Developing cultural intelligence: The roles of international nonwork experiences. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 56–70). New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Tay, C., Westman, M., & Chia, A. (2008). Antecedents and consequences of cultural intelligence among short-term business travelers. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural Intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 126–144). New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. C. (2006). Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness. Group and Organization Management, 31, 78–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, R. L., & Stein, S. (1937). An evaluation of the attempts to measure social intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 34, 275–285.Google Scholar
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS. In Ang, S. & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence (pp. 16–38). New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. In Hannum, K. M., McFeeters, B., & Booysen, L. (Eds.), Leading across differences (pp. 131–138). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.Google Scholar
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K. Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M. L., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub-dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6, 295–313.Google Scholar
Varela, O. E., & Gatlin-Watts, R. (2014). The development of the global manager: An empirical study on the role of academic international sojourns. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 13, 187–207.Google Scholar
Wang, K. T., Heppner, P. P., Wang, L., & Zhu, F. (2015). Cultural intelligence trajectories in new international students: Implications for the development of cross-cultural competence. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 4, 51–65.Google Scholar
Ward, C., Fischer, R., Lam, F. S. Z., & Hall, L. (2009). The convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of scores on a self-report measure of cultural intelligence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69, 85–105.Google Scholar
Wood, E. D., & St. Peters, H. Y. (2014). Short-term cross-cultural study tours: Impact on cultural intelligence. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 558–570.Google Scholar
Xu, X.-J., & Chen, X.-P. (2017). Unlocking expatriates’ job creativity: The role of cultural learning, and metacognitive and motivational cultural intelligence. Management and Organization Review, 13, 767–794.Google Scholar
Yitmen, I. (2013). Organizational cultural intelligence: A competitive capability for strategic alliances in the international construction industry. Project Management Journal, 44(4), 5–25.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., & Oczkowski, E. (2016). Exploring the potential effects of expatriate adjustment direction. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 23, 158–183.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×