Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:24:48.273Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6.3 - Working Effectively with Multicultural Offenders in a Clinical Context

from Part VI - Professional Practices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2021

By
Stephane Shepherd ,
Arran Rose  and
Mary Madu
Edited by
Jennifer M. Brown  and
Miranda A. H. Horvath
Jennifer M. Brown
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
Miranda A. H. Horvath
Affiliation:
University of Suffolk
Get access

Summary

An increasing body literature has underscored the need for clinical methods and approaches to be able to generalise to clients from different cultural backgrounds. This has led to a broader discussion on the unique needs of offenders and patients from minority and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds and how forensic clinicians can work more effectively with these populations. As cultural differences can affect illness and behaviour, recognising these differences is important for appropriate and equitable mental health care provision within the criminal justice system. This chapter provides an outline of the unique socio-cultural contexts of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse populations and how these phenomena underpin mental health presentations and behaviours prompting criminal justice system involvement. Directions are offered for working with such populations in various psycho-legal contexts (i.e., clinical assessment, diagnoses, treatment, risk assessment), and an integrated model of cross-cultural assessment is introduced to assist assessors working in cross-cultural clinical scenarios.

Keywords

Forensic AssessmentCulturally and Linguistically Diverse OffendersCultural CompetenceCross-cultural Mental HealthForensic Psychology
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology , pp. 783 - 799
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abouguendia, M., & Noels, K. A. (2010). General and acculturation-related daily hassles and psychological adjustment in first- and second-generation South Asian immigrants to Canada. International Journal of Psychology, 36(3), 163–173.Google Scholar
Aggarwal, N. K. (2012). Adapting the cultural formulation for clinical assessments in forensic psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 40(1), 113–118.Google Scholar
Alarcon, R. D. (2009). Culture, cultural factors and psychiatric diagnosis: review and projections. World Psychiatry, 8(3), 131–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allimant, A., & Ostapiej-Piatkowski, B. (2011). Supporting women from CALD backgrounds who are victim/survivors of sexual violence: Challenges and opportunities for practices. Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Australian Institute of Family Studies.Google Scholar
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 16, 39–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). 2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census. www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Prisoners in Australia, 2017. www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4517.0Explanatory%20Notes12017?OpenDocumentGoogle Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). 3417.0 – Understanding migrant outcomes – insights from the Australian Census and Migrants Integrated Dataset, Australia, 2016. www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3417.0Main+Features22016?OpenDocumentGoogle Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Comorbidity of mental disorders and physical conditions, 2007. www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/6a8b451c-8def-47b2-a41a-9bcf59c77e76/10953–20140807.pdf.aspxGoogle Scholar
Barber Rioja, V., & Rosenfeld, B. (2018). Addressing linguistic and cultural differences in the forensic interview. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 17(4), 377–386.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46, 5–34.Google Scholar
Breslau, N., Chilcoat, H. D., Kessler, R. C., & Davis, G. C. (1999). Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the Detriot area survey of truama. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 902–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, R. (2009). Culturally and linguistically diverse women in the Australian Capital Territory. Enablers and barriers to achieving social connectedness. ACT: Women’s Centre for Health Matters Inc.Google Scholar
Chan, B., & Parker, G., (2004). Some recommendations to assess depression in Chinese people in Australasia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(3), 141–147.Google Scholar
Chong, J., Reinschmidt, K. M., & Moreno, F. A. (2010). Symptoms of depression in a Hispanic primary care population with and without chronic medical illnesses. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.09m00846bluGoogle Scholar
Chung, D., Fisher, C., Zufferey, C., & Thiara, R. (2018). Young women from African backgrounds and sexual violence. Australian Institute of Criminology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, C. I., & Marino, L. (2013). Racial and ethnic differnces in the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in the general population. Psychiatric Services, 64(11), 1103–1109.Google Scholar
Colucci, E., Minas, H., Szwarc, J., Paxton, G., & Guerra, C. (2014). Barriers to and facilitators of utilisation of mental health services by young people of refugee background. https://refugeehealthnetwork.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Barriers+and+facilitators+pdf+final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Commonwealth of Australia (2015). Hearing her voice: Kitchen table conversations on violence against culturally and linguistically diverse women and their children. Department of Social Services, Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Davern, M., Warr, D., Block, K., La Brooy, C., Taylor, E., & Hosseini, A. (2016). Humanitarian arrivals in Melbourne: A spatial analysis of population distribution and health service needs (Extended Report). University of Melbourne.Google Scholar
Day, A., Tamatea, A. J., Casey, S., & Geia, L. (2018). Assessing violence risk with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders: Considerations for forensic practice. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(3), 452–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deacon, B. J. (2013). The biomedical model of mental disorder: A critical analysis of its validity, utility, and effects on psychotherapy research. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 846–861.Google Scholar
Dean, K., Parsons, M. B., Yee, M., Mackinnon, T., Chaplow, D., & Lines, K. (2013). The justice system and mental health: A review of the literature. A report for the Australian Government National Mental Health Commission. New South Wales, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network.Google Scholar
Deng, S. A. (2016). South Sudanese youth acculturation and intergenerational challenges. In Proceedings of the 39th African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific (AFSAAP) Annual Conference, 5–7 December 2016. University of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. S., Cox, D. N., & Webster, C. D. (1999). Violence risk assessment: Science and practice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 4, 149–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Murr, A (2018). Intimate partner violence in Australian refugee communities: Scoping review of issues and service responses. https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/cfca-paper/intimate-partner-violence-australian-refugee-communities/scoping-reviewGoogle Scholar
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferdinand, A., Kelaher, M., & Paradies, Y. (2013). Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Victorian culturally and linguistically diverse communities: Full report of the Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) Experiences of Racism survey. Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.Google Scholar
Francis, S., & Cornfoot, S. (2007). Working with multicultural youth: programs, strategies and future direction. Australian Research Alliance for Children & Youth.Google Scholar
Gaudet, S., Clément, R., & Deuzeman, K. (2005). Daily hassles, ethnic identity and psychological adjustment among Lebanese‐Canadians. International Journal of Psychology, 40, 157–168.Google Scholar
Gopalkrishnan, N. (2018). Cultural diversity and mental health: Considerations for policy and practice. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halvorsrud, K., Nazroo, J., Otis, M., Hajdukova, E. B., & Bhui, K. (2019). Ethnic inequalities in the incidence of diagnosis of severe mental illness in England: A systematic review and new meta-analyses for non-affective and affective psychoses. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 1311–1323.Google Scholar
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1993). Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20, 315–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, S. D. (2016). Culture and violence risk assessment: The case of Ewert v. Canada. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 3(2), 76–96.Google Scholar
Hart, S. D., Douglas, K. S., & Guy, L. S. (2017). The structured professional judgement approach to violence risk assessment: Origins, nature, and advances. In Boer, D. P., Beech, A. R., Ward, T., Craig, L. A., Rettenberger, M., Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on the theories, assessment, and treatment of sexual offending (pp. 643–666). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Heilbrun, K., Yasuhara, K., & Shah, S. (2010). Violence risk assessment tools: Overview and critical analysis. In Otto, R. K. & Douglas, K. S. (Eds.), Handbook of violence risk assessment (p. 118). Routledge.Google Scholar
InTouch Multicultural Centre Against Family Violence. (2010). Barriers to the justice system faced by CALD women experiencing family violence. https://aija.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Avdibegovic.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jatrana, S., Richardson, K., & Samba, S.R.A. (2017). Investigating the dynamics of migration and health in Australia: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Population. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680–017–9439-zGoogle Scholar
Judicial Council on Cultural Diversity. (2016). The path to justice: Migrant and refugee women’s experience of the courts. Canberra.Google Scholar
Kenny, D. T., & Lennings, C. J., Nelson, P. K. (2008). The mental health of young offenders serving orders in the community. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 45(1), 123–148.Google Scholar
Khawaja, N. G., McCarthy, R., Braddock, V., & Dunne, M. (2014). Characteristics of culturally and linguistically diverse mental health clients. Advances in Mental Health, 11(2).Google Scholar
Khawaja, N. G. (2011). Effective interviewing of culturally and linguistically diverse clients. InPsych, 33(3), 1–1. www.psychology.org.au/effective-interviewing-culturally-linguistically-diverse-clientsGoogle Scholar
Kirmayer, L. J. (1989). Cultural variations in the response to psychiatric disorders and emotional distress. Social Science & Medicine, 29, 327–339.Google Scholar
Kirmayer, L.J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., Hassan, G., Rousseau, C., & Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. CMAJ, 183(12), E959–E967.Google Scholar
Kiropoulos, L. A., Blashki, G., & Klimidis, S. (2005). Managing mental illness in patients from CALD backgrounds. Australian Family Physician, 34, 259–264.Google Scholar
Kraus, L. J., Thomas, C. R., Bukstein, O. G., Walter, H. J., Benson, R. S., Chrisman, A., & Medicus, J. (2011). Practice parameter for child and adolescent forensic evaluations. Journal of American Acadedmy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 1299–1312.Google Scholar
Kropp, P. R., & Hart, S. D. (2015). The spousal assault risk assessment guide (Version 3; SARA-V3). ProActive ReSolutions.Google Scholar
Kropp, P. R., Hart, S. D., & Lyon, D. R. (2007). Stalking assessment and management. ProActive ReSolutions.Google Scholar
Latzman, R. D., Megraya, A. M., Hecht, L. K., Miller, J. D., Winiarski, D. A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2015) Self-reported psychopathy in the Middle East: a cross-national comparison across Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. BMC Psychology, 3(37), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359–015–0095-yGoogle Scholar
Lim, N. (2016). Cultural differences in emotion: Differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West. Integrative Medicine Research, 5(2), 105–109.Google Scholar
Llamas, J. (2006). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in ethnic minorities. American Psychological Association, 6, 337–344.Google Scholar
Lewis-Fernández, R., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2019). Cultural concepts of distress and psychiatric disorders: Understanding symptom experience and expression in context. Transcultural Psychiatry, 56(4), 786–803.Google Scholar
Lewis-Fernández, R., Aggarwal, N. K., Baarnhielm, S., Rohlof, H., Kirmayer, L. J., Weiss, M. G., Jadhav, S., Hinton, L., … Lu, F. (2014). Culture and psychiatric evaluation: Operationalizing cultural formulation for DSM-5. Psychiatry, 77(2), 130–154.Google Scholar
Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 737–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markus, A. (2018). Mapping Social Cohesion – The Scanlon Foundation Surveys 2018. https://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Social-Cohesion-2018-report-26-Nov.pdfGoogle Scholar
Markus, A. (2016). Australian’s Today. https://scanlonfoundation.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Australians-Today-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
McGilloway, A., Hall, R. E., Lee, T., & Bhui, K. S. (2010). A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: Prevalence, aetiology and treatment. BMC Psychiatry, 10(33). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471–244X-10–33Google Scholar
Minas, H., Kakuma, R., Too, L. S., Vayani, H., Orapeleng, S., Prasad-Ildes, R., Turner, G., Procter, N., & Oehm, D. (2013). Mental health research and evaluation in multicultural Australia: Developing a culture of inclusion. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 7(23), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752–4458–7-23, http://www.ijmhs.com/content/7/1/23.Google Scholar
Murray, K. E., Davidson, G. R., & Schweitzer, R. D. (2008). Psychological wellbeing of refugees resettling in Australia. www.psychology.org.au/community/public_interest/#s7Google Scholar
Ogloff, J. R. P., Davis, M., Rivers, G., & Ross, S. (2007). The identification of mental disorders in the criminal justice system. https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi334Google Scholar
Olver, M. E., Stockdale, K. C., & Wormith, J. S. (2014). Thirty years of research on the Level of Service Scales: A meta-analytic examination of predictive accuracy and sources of variability. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 156–176.Google Scholar
Queensland Government. (2010). Working with people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. www.communities.qld.gov.au/resources/childsafety/practice-manual/prac-paper-working-cald.pdfGoogle Scholar
RANZCP. (2019). Offence prevention through enhanced mental health care and better mental health. Royal Commission into Victoria’s Mental Health System. Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
Ridley, C. R., Li, L. C., & Hill, C. L. (1998) Multicultural assessment: Reexamination, reconceptualization, and practical application. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 26, 827–910.Google Scholar
Rogers, R., Heilbrun, K., & Otto, R. (2004). Forensic assessment: Current status and future directions. Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications. 314, 1–27.Google Scholar
Rose, A., Shepherd, S. M., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2020). The mental health of culturally and linguistically diverse offenders – What do we know? Australasian Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856220924315Google Scholar
Rose, A., Trounson, J., Skues, J., Daffern, M., Shepherd, S. M., Pfeifer, J. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2019). Psychological wellbeing, distress and coping in Australian Indigenous and multicultural prisoners: A mixed methods analysis. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 26(6) 886–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2019.1642259Google Scholar
Royal Commission into Family Violence. (2016, March). Summary and recommendations. State Government, Victoria.Google Scholar
Saunders, V., Roche, S., McArthur, M., Arney, F., & Ziaian, T. (2015). Refugee communities intercultural dialogue: Building relationships, building communities. Institute of Child Protection Studies, Australian Catholic University.Google Scholar
Schwartz, R. C., & Blankenship, D. M. (2014). Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: A review of empirical literature. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 133–140.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Mason, C. A., Pantin, H., & Szapocznik, J. (2008). Longitudinal relationships between family functioning and identity development in Hispanic adolescents: Continuity and change. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 177–211.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Zamboanga, B. L., & Szapocznik, J. (2010). Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research. American Psychologist, 65, 237–251.Google Scholar
Shepherd, S. M. (2016). Criminal engagement and Australian culturally and linguistically diverse populations: Challenges and implications for forensic risk assessment. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23(2), 256–274.Google Scholar
Shepherd, S. M., Adams, Y., McEntyre, E., & Walker, R. (2014). Violence risk assessment in Australian Aboriginal offender populations – A review of the literature. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 20(3), 281–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, S. M., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2016). Forensic risk assessment and cultural diversity: Contemporary challenges and future directions. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(4), 427–438.Google Scholar
Shepherd, S. M., & Masuka, G. (2020). Working with at-risk culturally and linguistically diverse young people in Australia – Risk factors, programming and service delivery. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 32(5) 469–483. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403420929416Google Scholar
Skeem, J. L., Edens, J. F., Camp, J., & Colwell, L. H. (2004). Are there ethnic differences in levels of psychopathy? Law and Human Behavior, 28, 505–527.Google Scholar
Straiton, M., Grant, J. F., Winefiled, H. R., & Taylor, A. (2014). Mental health in immigrant men and women in Australia: The North West Adelaide health study. BMC Public Health, 14(91), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471–2458–14–1111Google Scholar
Sullivan, E. A., Abramowitz, C. S., Lopez, M., & Kosson, D. S. (2006). Reliability and construct validity of the psychopathy checklist – Revised for Latino, European American, and African American male inmates. Psychological Assessment, 18(4), 382–392.Google Scholar
Tamatea, A. J. (2016). Culture is our business: Issues and challenges for forensic and correctional psychologists. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49 (5), 564–578.Google Scholar
Taylor, N., & Mouzos, M. (2006). Community attitudes to violence against women survey 2006: A full technical report. Australian Institute of Criminology.Google Scholar
Taylor, N., & Putt, J. (2007). Adult sexual violence in Indigenous and culturally and linguistically diverse communities in Australia (Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 345). Australian Institute of Criminology.Google Scholar
Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, C. D., Martin, M. L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Middleton, C. (2004). Manual for the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton and British Columbia Mental Health and Addiction Services.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. A., & Gutierrez, L. (2014). Does one size fit all? A meta-analysis examining the predictive ability of the Level of Service Inventory (LSI) with Aboriginal offenders. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 41(2), 196–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×