Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T20:57:06.525Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - Pornography and Male Sexual Psychology

from Part II - Applications to Health, Law, and Pornography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

By
Klára Bártová  and
Lucie Krejčová
Edited by
Todd K. Shackelford
Todd K. Shackelford
Affiliation:
Oakland University, Michigan
Get access

Summary

Pornography has long been a subject of interest to researchers, policy makers, and the general public. This chapter provides an overview of recent findings in pornography research with an emphasis on male sexuality. First, we present a brief summary focused on the definition of pornography. Then we outline the results of studies on pornography use along with details about how often men and women consume pornography, what type of pornography they prefer, and other aspects of pornography use. Finally, we address the results of some of the most significant research on the effects of pornography use on male sexuality, such as risky sexual behavior, sexual self-esteem and well-being, sexual dysfunction, sexuality in couples, and pornography addiction. The findings of current research on pornography are limited by methodological and theoretical shortcomings which compromise their generalizability. We provide a short overview of some limitations in the measurement of pornography use. All in all, many findings on pornography, its use, impact, and long-term effects are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution.

Keywords

pornographymale sexualityinternetpsychosexual behaviorporn addiction
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology , pp. 332 - 352
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ashton, S., McDonald, K., & Kirkman, M. (2019). What does “pornography” mean in the digital age? Revisiting a definition for social science researchers. Porn Studies, 6(2), 144–168.Google Scholar
Attwood, F., Smith, C., & Barker, M. (2018). “I’m just curious and still exploring myself”: Young people and pornography. New Media & Society, 20(10), 3738–3759.Google Scholar
Ballester-Arnal, R., Castro-Calvo, J., Gil-Llario, M. D., & Giménez-García, C. (2014). Relationship status as an influence on cybersex activity: Cybersex, youth, and steady partner. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40(5), 444–456.Google Scholar
Baltazar, A., Helm, H. W. Jr., McBride, D., Hopkins, G., & Stevens, J. V. Jr. (2010). Internet pornography use in the context of external and internal religiosity. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38(1), 32–40.Google Scholar
Becker, J. V., & Stein, R. M. (1991). Is sexual erotica associated with sexual deviance in adolescent males? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 14, 85–95.Google Scholar
Bergner, R. M., & Bridges, A. J. (2002). The significance of heavy pornography involvement for romantic partners: Research and clinical implications. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 28(3), 193–206.Google Scholar
Bjorklund, D. F., & Shackelford, T. K. (1999). Differences in parental investment contribute to important differences between men and women. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(3), 86–89.Google Scholar
Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Bella, N., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2020). Why do people watch pornography? The motivational basis of pornography use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000603Google Scholar
Bridges, A. J., Bergner, R. M., & Hesson-McInnis, M. (2003). Romantic partners use of pornography: Its significance for women. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 29(1), 1–14.Google Scholar
Bridges, A. J., Sun, C. F., Ezzell, M. B., & Johnson, J. (2016). Sexual scripts and the sexual behavior of men and women who use pornography. Sexualization, Media, & Society, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2374623816668275Google Scholar
Brooks, R. C., Shelly, J. P., Jordan, L. A., & Dixson, B. J. (2015). The multivariate evolution of female body shape in an artificial digital ecosystem. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(5), 351–358.Google Scholar
Brown, J. D., & L’Engle, K. L. (2009). X-rated: Sexual attitudes and behaviors associated with US early adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit media. Communication Research, 36(1), 129–151.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12(1), 1–14.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100(2), 204–232.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (2016). Sexual strategies theory. In Shackelford, T. & Weekes-Shackelford, V. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1861–1Google Scholar
Cooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the internet: Surfing into the new millennium. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 1(2), 187–193.Google Scholar
Cooper, A., Griffin-Shelley, E., Delmonico, D. L., & Mathy, R. M. (2001). Online sexual problems: Assessment and predictive variables. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 8(3–4), 267–285.Google Scholar
Cramer, E., & McFarlane, J. (1994). Pornography and abuse of women. Public Health Nursing, 11(4), 268–272.Google Scholar
Cranney, S. (2015). Internet pornography use and sexual body image in a Dutch sample. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 316–323.Google Scholar
Daneback, K., Træen, B., & Månsson, S. A. (2009). Use of pornography in a random sample of Norwegian heterosexual couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 746–753.Google Scholar
Davis, S. N., Paterson, L. Q., & Binik, Y. M. (2012). Male genital image: Measurement and implications for medical conditions and surgical practice. Sexologies, 21(2), 43–47.Google Scholar
Diamond, M. (2009). Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(5), 304–314.Google Scholar
Döring, N. M. (2009). The internet’s impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1089–1101.Google Scholar
Ferguson, C. J., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). The pleasure is momentary … the expense damnable? The influence of pornography on rape and sexual assault. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(5), 323–329.Google Scholar
Ghanem, H., Shamloul, R., Khodeir, F., ElShafie, H., Kaddah, A., & Ismail, I. (2007). Structured management and counseling for patients with a complaint of a small penis. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4(5), 1322–1327.Google Scholar
Goodson, P., McCormick, D., & Evans, A. (2001). Searching for sexually explicit materials on the internet: An exploratory study of college students’ behavior and attitudes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(2), 101–118.Google Scholar
Grubbs, J. B., Kraus, S. W., & Perry, S. L. (2019). Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nationally representative sample: The roles of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 88–93.Google Scholar
Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A. L., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019). Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 117–155.Google Scholar
Grudzen, C. R., Elliott, M. N., Kerndt, P. R., Schuster, M. A., Brook, R. H., & Gelberg, L. (2009). Condom use and high-risk sexual acts in adult films: A comparison of heterosexual and homosexual films. American Journal of Public Health, 99(1), 152–156.Google Scholar
Guéguen, N. (2011). Effects of solicitor sex and attractiveness on receptivity to sexual offers: A field study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 915–919.Google Scholar
Häggström-Nordin, E., Sandberg, J., Hanson, U., & Tydén, T. (2006). “It’s everywhere”: Young Swedish people’s thoughts and reflections about pornography. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 20(4), 386–393.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M. (2006). Gender differences in pornography consumption among young heterosexual Danish adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(5), 577–585.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M., & Høgh-Olesen, H. (2010). Receptivity to sexual invitations from strangers of the opposite gender. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31(6), 453–458.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(4), 614–625.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M., Malamuth, N. M., & Yuen, C. (2010). Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women: Revisiting the relationship in nonexperimental studies. Aggressive Behavior, 36(1), 14–20.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M., & Mulya, T. W. (2013). Pornography consumption and non-marital sexual behaviour in a sample of young Indonesian university students. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(8), 981–996.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M., Seaman, C., & Linz, D. (2014). Sexuality and pornography. In Tolman, D. L., Diamond, L. M., Bauermeister, J. A., George, W. H., Pfaus, J. G., and Ward, L. M. (Eds.), APA handbook of sexuality and psychology (pp. 3–35). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Hald, G. M., & Štulhofer, A. (2016). What types of pornography do people use and do they cluster? Assessing types and categories of pornography consumption in a large-scale online sample. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(7), 849–859.Google Scholar
Hare, K. A., Gahagan, J., Jackson, L., & Steenbeek, A. (2014). Revisualising “porn”: How young adults’ consumption of sexually explicit internet movies can inform approaches to Canadian sexual health promotion. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(3), 269–283.Google Scholar
Herbenick, D., Fu, T. C., Wright, P., Paul, B., Gradus, R., Bauer, J., & Jones, R. (2020). Diverse sexual behaviors and pornography use: Findings from a nationally representative probability survey of Americans aged 18 to 60 years. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), 623–633.Google Scholar
Janghorbani, M., & Lam, T. H. (2003). Sexual media use by young adults in Hong Kong: Prevalence and associated factors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(6), 545–553.Google Scholar
Kenrick, D. T., & Keefe, R. C. (1992). Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15(1), 75–91.Google Scholar
Klaassen, M. J. E., & Peter, J. (2015). Gender (in)equality in internet pornography: A content analysis of popular pornographic internet videos. Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 721–735.Google Scholar
Kohut, T., Balzarini, R. N., Fisher, W. A., Grubbs, J. B., Campbell, L., & Prause, N. (2020). Surveying pornography use: A shaky science resting on poor measurement foundations. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(6), 722–742.Google Scholar
Kohut, T., Fisher, W. A., & Campbell, L. (2017). Perceived effects of pornography on the couple relationship: Initial findings of open-ended, participant-informed, “bottom-up” research. Archives of Sexual Behavior,46(2), 585–602.Google Scholar
Kraus, S. W., Voon, V., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Neurobiology of compulsive sexual behavior: Emerging science. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 385.Google Scholar
Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., Lewin, B., & Štulhofer, A. (2014). Self-perceived effects of internet pornography use, genital appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young Scandinavian adults. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. doi:10.5817/CP2014-4-4Google Scholar
Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F. P., & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 100–107.Google Scholar
Leonhardt, N. D., Spencer, T. J., Butler, M. H., & Theobald, A. C. (2019). An organizational framework for sexual media’s influence on short-term versus long-term sexual quality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(8), 2233–2249.Google Scholar
Lever, J., Frederick, D. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). Does size matter? Men’s and women’s views on penis size across the lifespan. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 7(3), 129–143.Google Scholar
Lin, W. H., Liu, C. H., & Yi, C. C. (2020). Exposure to sexually explicit media in early adolescence is related to risky sexual behavior in emerging adulthood. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0230242.Google Scholar
Lippa, R. A. (2007). The preferred traits of mates in a cross-national study of heterosexual and homosexual men and women: An examination of biological and cultural influences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(2), 193–208.Google Scholar
Lippa, R. A. (2009). Sex differences in sex drive, sociosexuality, and height across 53 nations: Testing evolutionary and social structural theories. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 631–651.Google Scholar
Löfgren-Mårtenson, L., & Månsson, S. A. (2010). Lust, love, and life: A qualitative study of Swedish adolescents’ perceptions and experiences with pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 47(6), 568–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malamuth, N. M. (2018). “Adding fuel to the fire”? Does exposure to non-consenting adult or to child pornography increase risk of sexual aggression? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 74–89.Google Scholar
Malamuth, N. M., & Impett, E. A. (2001). Research on sex and the media: What do we know about effects on children and adolescents? In Singer, D. G. & Singer, J. L. (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 269–287). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Manning, J. C. (2006). The impact of internet pornography on marriage and the family: A review of the research. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 13(2–3), 131–165.Google Scholar
Marshall, E. A., & Miller, H. A. (2019). Consistently inconsistent: A systematic review of the measurement of pornography use. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 48, 169–179.Google Scholar
Mattebo, M., Larsson, M., Tydén, T., Olsson, T., & Häggström-Nordin, E. (2012). Hercules and Barbie? Reflections on the influence of pornography and its spread in the media and society in groups of adolescents in Sweden. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 17(1), 40–49.Google Scholar
McKee, A., & Ingham, R. (2018). Are there disciplinary differences in writing about pornography? A trialogue for two voices. Porn Studies, 5(1), 34–43.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster (n.d.). Pornography. Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pornographyGoogle Scholar
Morrison, T. G., Harriman, R., Morrison, M. A., Bearden, A., & Ellis, S. R. (2004). Correlates of exposure to sexually explicit material among Canadian post-secondary students. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 13, 143–156.Google Scholar
O’Hara, R. E., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Li, Z., & Sargent, J. D. (2012). Greater exposure to sexual content in popular movies predicts earlier sexual debut and increased sexual risk taking. Psychological Science, 23(9), 984–993.Google Scholar
Paul, B., & Shim, J. W. (2008). Gender, sexual affect, and motivations for internet pornography use. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20(3), 187–199.Google Scholar
Penke, L., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2008). Beyond global sociosexual orientations: A more differentiated look at sociosexuality and its effects on courtship and romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1113.Google Scholar
Perry, S. L. (2020). Pornography and relationship quality: Establishing the dominant pattern by examining pornography use and 31 measures of relationship quality in 30 national surveys. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(2), 1199–1213.Google Scholar
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2011). The use of sexually explicit internet material and its antecedents: A longitudinal comparison of adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 1015–1025.Google Scholar
Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2014). Does exposure to sexually explicit internet material increase body dissatisfaction? A longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 297–307.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993–2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 21.Google Scholar
Poulsen, F. O., Busby, D. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 72–83.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. C., Havlicek, J., Flegr, J., Hruskova, M., Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., … & Petrie, M. (2004). Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 271(suppl_5), S270–S272.Google Scholar
Ross, M. W., Månsson, S. A., & Daneback, K. (2012). Prevalence, severity, and correlates of problematic sexual internet use in Swedish men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(2), 459–466.Google Scholar
Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2007). Sex differences in viewing sexual stimuli: An eye-tracking study in men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 51(4), 524–533.Google Scholar
Salmon, C. (2012). The pop culture of sex: An evolutionary window on the worlds of pornography and romance. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 152–160.Google Scholar
Salmon, C., Fisher, M. L., & Burch, R. L. (2019). Evolutionary approaches: Integrating pornography preferences, short-term mating, and infidelity. Personality and Individual Differences, 148(1), 45–49.Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P. (2003). Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: Tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 85.Google Scholar
Schützwohl, A., Fuchs, A., McKibbin, W. F., & Shackelford, T. K. (2009). How willing are you to accept sexual requests from slightly unattractive to exceptionally attractive imagined requestors? Human Nature, 20(3), 282–293.Google Scholar
Senn, C. Y., Desmarais, S., Verberg, N., & Wood, E. (2000). Predicting coercive sexual behavior across the lifespan in a random sample of Canadian men. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(1), 95–113.Google Scholar
Shallo, S. A., & Mengesha, W. W. (2019). Exposure to sexually explicit materials and its association with sexual behaviors of Ambo University undergraduate students, 2018. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 29(4), 461–470.Google Scholar
Short, M. B., Black, L., Smith, A. H., Wetterneck, C. T., & Wells, D. E. (2012). A review of internet pornography use research: Methodology and content from the past 10 years. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(1), 13–23.Google Scholar
Sinković, M., Štulhofer, A., & Božić, J. (2013). Revisiting the association between pornography use and risky sexual behaviors: The role of early exposure to pornography and sexual sensation seeking. Journal of Sex Research, 50(7), 633–641.Google Scholar
Solano, I., Eaton, N. R., & O’Leary, K. D. (2018). Pornography consumption, modality and function in a large internet sample. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 92–103.Google Scholar
Stack, S., Wasserman, I., & Kern, R. (2004). Adult social bonds and use of internet pornography. Social Science Quarterly, 85(1), 75–88.Google Scholar
Sugiyama, L. (2005). Physical attractiveness in adaptationist perspective. In Buss, D. M. (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (pp. 292–342). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Sun, C., Bridges, A., Johnson, J. A., & Ezzell, M. B. (2016). Pornography and the male sexual script: An analysis of consumption and sexual relations. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(4), 983–994.Google Scholar
Sutton, K. S., Stratton, N., Pytyck, J., Kolla, N. J., & Cantor, J. M. (2015). Patient characteristics by type of hypersexuality referral: A quantitative chart review of 115 consecutive male cases. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(6), 563–580.Google Scholar
Svedin, C. G., Åkerman, I., & Priebe, G. (2011). Frequent users of pornography. A population based epidemiological study of Swedish male adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34(4), 779–788.Google Scholar
Træen, B., Nilsen, T. S. R., & Stigum, H. (2006). Use of pornography in traditional media and on the internet in Norway. Journal of Sex Research, 43(3), 245–254.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual selection & the descent of man (pp. 136–179). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Tylka, T. L. (2014). No harm in looking, right? Men’s pornography consumption, body image, and well-being. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 97–107.Google Scholar
Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Rosen, N. O., Willoughby, B. J., Leonhardt, N. D., & Bergeron, S. (2020). Pornography use and romantic relationships: A dyadic daily diary study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(10–11), 2802–2821.Google Scholar
Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013). Sexually explicit websites and sexual initiation: Reciprocal relationships and the moderating role of pubertal status. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(4), 621–634.Google Scholar
Vannier, S. A., Currie, A. B., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2014). Schoolgirls and soccer moms: A content analysis of free “teen” and “MILF” online pornography. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(3), 253–264.Google Scholar
Veit, M., Štulhofer, A., & Hald, G. M. (2016). Sexually explicit media use and relationship satisfaction: A moderating role of emotional intimacy? Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 32(1), 58–74.Google Scholar
Villani, S. (2001). Impact of media on children and participants: A 10-year review of the research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 392–401.Google Scholar
Weaver, J. B. III, Weaver, S. S., Mays, D., Hopkins, G. L., Kannenberg, W., & McBride, D. (2011). Mental‐and physical‐health indicators and sexually explicit media use behavior by adults. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(3), 764–772.Google Scholar
Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., Kleiner, S., & Irizarry, Y. (2010). Pornography, normalization, and empowerment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1389–1401.Google Scholar
Wéry, A., & Billieux, J. (2016). Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 257–266.Google Scholar
Wéry, A., & Billieux, J. (2017). Problematic cybersex: Conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 238–246.Google Scholar
Willoughby, B. J., & Busby, D. M. (2016). In the eye of the beholder: Exploring variations in the perceptions of pornography. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(6), 678–688.Google Scholar
Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Busby, D. M., & Brown, C. C. (2016). Differences in pornography use among couples: Associations with satisfaction, stability, and relationship processes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(1), 145–158.Google Scholar
Wright, P. J. (2013). US males and pornography, 1973–2010: Consumption, predictors, correlates. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 60–71.Google Scholar
Wright, P. J., & Vangeel, L. (2019). Pornography, permissiveness, and sex differences: An evaluation of social learning and evolutionary explanations. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 128–138.Google Scholar
Wright, P. J., Sun, C., Steffen, N. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2017a). Associative pathways between pornography consumption and reduced sexual satisfaction. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 34(4), 422–439.Google Scholar
Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., & Bae, S. (2014). More than a dalliance? Pornography consumption and extramarital sex attitudes among married US adults. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(2), 97–109.Google Scholar
Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017b). Pornography consumption and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 43(3), 315–343.Google Scholar
Yang, N., & Linz, D. (1990). Movie ratings and the content of adult videos: The sex-violence ratio. Journal of Communication, 40(2), 28–42.Google Scholar
Yoder, V. C., Virden, T. B., & Amin, K. (2005). Internet pornography and loneliness: An association? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 12(1), 19–44.Google Scholar
Zentner, M., & Mitura, K. (2012). Stepping out of the caveman’s shadow: Nations’ gender gap predicts degree of sex differentiation in mate preferences. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1176–1185.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×