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from Part III - Genetic and Environmental Influences
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2022
Dyslexia is one of the most common learning difficulties. Children and adults with dyslexia experience varying degrees of difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling. According to the International Dyslexia Association, key features of dyslexia are impairments in word recognition, spelling, and decoding print – difficulties that are likely to interfere with reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. These literacy-related difficulties can be referred to as dyslexia only if accompanied by adequate learning opportunities and intact cognitive, adaptive, and social functioning (Lyon et al. 2003, see also see Chapter 3, Skeide 2022). Dyslexia occurs with varying degrees of severity, and it is estimated that one in ten people in the United Kingdom may be affected by some form of dyslexia-related difficulties. These difficulties can range from mild impairments to a diagnosis of Specific Learning Disability (SLD) (Snowling and Hayiou-Thomas 2006). Dyslexia is included in the Neurodevelopmental Disorders category in the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-V) (American Psychiatric Association 2013).
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