Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Cyber Behavior
- The Cambridge Handbook of Cyber Behavior
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Users in Cyber Behavior
- Part II Technologies in Cyber Behavior
- Part III Activities in Cyber Behavior
- 17 Adolescents’ Use of Digital Health Information
- 18 Cybertourism
- 19 Online Reviews and Consumer Decisions
- 20 Generation Z and Digital Marketing
- 21 Pitfalls of Social Interaction in Online Group Learning
- 22 Social Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Mental Health
- 23 Social Media in the Workplace
- 24 Social Media and Political Participation
- 25 Crisis Informatics
- 26 Online Dating
- 27 Digital Religion
- 28 Cyberbullying
- 29 Social Media and Psychological Well-Being
- Part IV Effects in Cyber Behavior
- Index
- References
24 - Social Media and Political Participation
from Part III - Activities in Cyber Behavior
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 December 2024
Edited by
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Cyber Behavior
- The Cambridge Handbook of Cyber Behavior
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Users in Cyber Behavior
- Part II Technologies in Cyber Behavior
- Part III Activities in Cyber Behavior
- 17 Adolescents’ Use of Digital Health Information
- 18 Cybertourism
- 19 Online Reviews and Consumer Decisions
- 20 Generation Z and Digital Marketing
- 21 Pitfalls of Social Interaction in Online Group Learning
- 22 Social Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Mental Health
- 23 Social Media in the Workplace
- 24 Social Media and Political Participation
- 25 Crisis Informatics
- 26 Online Dating
- 27 Digital Religion
- 28 Cyberbullying
- 29 Social Media and Psychological Well-Being
- Part IV Effects in Cyber Behavior
- Index
- References
Summary
1 Introduction
2 Types of Political Participation
2.1 Institutional Participation
2.2 Political Protests
2.3 Civic Engagement
2.4 Political Consumerism
2.5 Social Media as Political Participation
3 Affordances of Social Media and Political Participation
3.1 The Origin of Affordances Scholarship
3.2 Conceptualization of Affordances
3.2.1 Technological Affordances
3.2.2 Communicative and Social Affordances
3.3 Affordances in Social Media
3.4 Social Media Affordances and Political Participation
3.4.1 Facebook
3.4.2 Twitter
3.4.3 YouTube
3.4.4 Reddit
3.4.5 Instagram
3.4.6 Snapchat
3.4.7 WhatsApp
4 How People’s Social Media Use Translates into Political Participation
4.1 Uses and Gratifications Approach
4.2 New Approach: When U&G Meets Affordances
4.3 Motivations of Social Media Use and Political Participation
5 Active and Passive Uses of Social Media and Political Participation
5.1 Low-Effort and High-Effort Social Media Activities
6 Conclusions
6.1 Affordances
6.2 Uses and Gratifications
6.3 Active and Passive Uses of Social Media and Political Participation
6.4 Social Media in the Political Process
7 Future Directions
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Cyber Behavior , pp. 696 - 736Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Abdu, S. D., Mohamad, B., & Muda, S. (2017). Youth online political participation: The role of Facebook use, interactivity, quality information and political interest. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 33, p. 1–10). EDP Sciences.Google Scholar
Alhabash, S., & Ma, M. (2017). A tale of four platforms: Motivations and uses of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat among college students? Social Media + Society, 3(1), 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andolina, M., Keeter, S., Zukin, C., & Jenkins, K. (2003). A guide to the index of civic and political engagement. College Park, MD: The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement.Google Scholar
Anspach, N. M., Jennings, J. T., & Arceneaux, K. (2019). A little bit of knowledge: Facebook’s news feed and self-perceptions of knowledge. Research and Politics, 6(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, T. P., & de Vreese, C. H. (2011). Good news for the future? Young people, internet use, and political participation. Communication Research, 38(4), 451–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L.A .(2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, A. B., & Copeland, L. (2016). Networked publics: How connective social media use facilitates political consumerism among LGBT Americans. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13(1), 22–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2013). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bimber, B., & Copeland, L. (2013). Digital media and traditional political participation over time in the US. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(2), 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumler, J. G., & McQuail, D. (1969. Television in politics: Its uses and influence. Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Boczkowski, P. J., Mitchelstein, E., & Matassi, M. (2018). “News comes across when I’m in a moment of leisure”: Understanding the practices of incidental news consumption on social media. New Media & Society, 20, 3523–3539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bode, L. (2017). Gateway political behaviors: The frequency and consequences of low-cost political engagement on social media. Social Media Society, 3(4), 1–10.Google Scholar
Bode, L., Vraga, E. K., Borah, P., & Shah, D. V. (2014). A new space for political behavior: Political social networking and its democratic consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(3), 414–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, R. M., & Sweitzer, M. D. (2018). Political homophily in a large-scale online communication network. Communication Research, 0093650218813655.Google Scholar
Boorstin, J. (2016, November 8). Facebook, Snapchat and Twitter played a bigger role than ever in the election. CNBC. Retrieved from www.cnbc.com/2016/11/08/facebook-snapchat-and-twitter-played-a-bigger-role-than-ever-in-the-election.htmlGoogle Scholar
Borgatti, S. P., & Cross, R. (2003). A relational view of information seeking and learning in social networks. Management Science, 49(4), 432–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bossetta, M. (2018). The digital architectures of social media: Comparing political campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S. election. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 471–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S. (2016). Online news, civic awareness, and engagement in civic and political life. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1840–1856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S. (2019). Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe. Information, Communication & Society, 22 (1), 39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S. (2020). Twenty years of digital media effects on civic and political participation. Communication Research, 47(7), 947–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., & Bimber, B. (2020). Mobilizing media: Comparing TV and social media effects on protest mobilization. Information, Communication & Society, 23(5), 642–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulianne, S., & Theocharis, Y. (2020). Young people, digital media and engagement: A metaanalysis of research. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), 111–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, D. (2008) Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. PhD Thesis, University of California–Berkeley.Google Scholar
Boyd, D. (2009, February 26). Social media is here to stay… Now what? Microsoft Research Tech Fest. Retrieved from www.danah.org/papers/talks/MSRTechFest2009.htmlGoogle Scholar
Boyd, D. (2010). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Papacharissi, Z. (Ed.), Networked self: Identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 39–58). Routledge.Google Scholar
Boyd, D. (2014, March 21). Why Snapchat is valuable: It’s all about attention. Retrieved from www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140321152822-79695780-why-snapchat-isvaluable-it-s-all-about-attentionGoogle Scholar
Boyd, D., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, H. (1999). Political participation. In Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman, L. S. (Eds.), Measures of political attitudes (pp. 737–801). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Brundidge, J., & Rice, R. E. (2009). Political engagement online: Do the information rich get richer and the like-minded more similar? In Andrew, C. & Howard, P. N. (Eds.), Routledge handbook of internet politics (144–156). Routledge.Google Scholar
Bucy, E. P. (2005). The media participation hypothesis. In McKinney, M. S., Kaid, L. L., Bystrom, D. G., & Carlin, D. B. (Eds.), Communicating politics: Engaging the public in democratic life (pp. 107–122). Peter Lang Publishing.Google Scholar
Bucy, E. P., & Gregson, K. S. (2001). Media participation: A legitimizing mechanism of mass democracy. New Media & Society, 3(3), 359–382.Google Scholar
Bucy, E. P., & Groshek, J. (2018). Empirical support for the media participation hypothesis: Trends across presidential elections, 1992–2012. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1889–1909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buozis, M. (2019). Doxing or deliberative democracy? Evidence and digital affordances in the Serial subReddit. Convergence, 25(3), 357–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, M. (2014). Social identity gratifications of social network sites and their impact on collective action participation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 229–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, M. (2016). Social network sites and political engagement: Exploring the impact of Facebook connections and uses on political protest and participation. Mass Communication & Society, 19(4), 430–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, J., Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., McLeod, D. M., Scholl, R. M., & Gotlieb, M. R. (2009). Campaigns, reflection, and deliberation: Advancing an O-S-R-O-R model of communication effects. Communication Theory, 19, 66–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, D. H., & Shin, D. H. (2017). A dialectic perspective on the interactive relationship between social media and civic participation: The moderating role of social capital. Information, Communication & Society, 20(2), 151–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conroy, M., Feezell, J. T., & Guerrero, M. (2012). Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1535–1546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copeland, L., & Boulianne, S. (2020). Political consumerism: A meta-analysis. International Political Science Review, 0192512120905048.Google Scholar
Copeland, L., Hasell, A., & Bimber, B. (2016). Collective action frames, advocacy organizations, and protests over same-sex marriage. International Journal of Communication, 10, 23.Google Scholar
De Moor, J. (2017). Lifestyle politics and the concept of political participation. Acta Politica, 52(2), 179–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dimitrova, D. V., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Nord, L. W. (2014). The effects of digital media on political knowledge and participation in election campaigns: Evidence from panel data. Communication research, 41(1), 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, B. E., & Chan, N. K. (2019). “You never really know who’s looking”: Imagined surveillance across social media platforms. New Media & Society, 21(1), 119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duman, S., & Locher, M. A. (2008). “So let’s talk. Let’s chat. Let’s start a dialog”: An analysis of the conversation metaphor employed in Clinton’s and Obama’s YouTube campaign clips. Multilingua, 27(3), 193–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgerly, S., Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., Thorson, K., & Thorson, E. (2018). New media, new relationship to participation? A closer look at youth news repertoires and political participation. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95, 192–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, N. B., & Boyd, D. (2013). Sociality through social network sites. In The Oxford handbook of internet studies (pp. 151–172). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ellison, N. B., Gibbs, J. L. & Weber, M. S. (2015). The use of enterprise social network sites for knowledge sharing in distributed organizations: The role of organizational affordances. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(1), 103–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, N., & Vitak, J. (2015). Social media affordances and their relationship to social capital processes. In Sundar, S. (Ed.), The handbook of psychology of communication technology (pp. 205–227). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Endres, K., & Panagopoulos, C. (2017). Boycotts, buycotts, and political consumerism in America. Research & Politics, 4(4), 2053168017738632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, S. K., Pearce, K. E., Vitak, J., & Treem, J. W. (2017). Explicating affordances: A conceptual framework for understanding affordances in communication research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(1), 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, W. P. (2004). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation and elaboration. Political Communication, 21, 177–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveland, W. P., & Hively, M. H. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and “heterogeneity” of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 205–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foot, K. A., Schneider, S. M., & Cornfield, M. (2006). Web campaigning. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, S. (2013). Is it time to update the definition of political participation? Parliamentary Affairs, 67(2), 495–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaver, W. (1991). Technology affordances. Proceedings of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 79–84). ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbaudo, P. (2015). Protest avatars as memetic signifiers: Political profile pictures and the construction of collective identity on social media in the 2011 protest wave. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 916–929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Ardèvol-Abreu, A., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2021). WhatsApp political discussion, conventional participation and activism: Exploring direct, indirect and generational effects. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 201–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., Barnidge, M., & Scherman, A. (2017). Social media social capital, offline social capital, and citizenship: Exploring asymmetrical social capital effects. Political Communication, 34(1), 44–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Copeland, L., & Bimber, B. (2014) Political consumerism: Civic engagement and the social media connection. New Media & Society, 16(3), 488–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Diehl, T. (2019). News finds me perception and democracy: Effects on political knowledge, political interest, and voting. New Media & Society, 21(6), 1253–1271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Strauss, N., & Huber, B. (2020). The proliferation of the “news finds me” perception across societies. International Journal of Communication, 14, 29.Google Scholar
Gil de Zúñiga, H., Weeks, B., & Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2017). Effects of the news-finds-me perception in communication: Social media use implications for news seeking and learning about politics. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 105–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gloric, K., Anderson, A., & West, R. (2018, June). How constraints affect content: The case of Twitter’s switch from 140 to 280 characters. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (Vol. 12, No. 1).Google Scholar
Gladwell, M., (2010). Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker. Retrieved from www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwe.Google Scholar
Gotlieb, M. R., & Cheema, S. E. (2017). From consumer to producer: Motivations, internet use, and political consumerism. Information, Communication & Society, 20, 570–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, T., Broersma, M., Hazelhoff, K. & van’t Haar, G. (2013). Between broadcasting political messages and interacting with voters: The use of Twitter during the 2010 UK General Election campaign. Information, Communication & Society, 16, 692–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greeno, J. (1994). Gibson’s affordances. Psychological Review, 101, 336–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halpern, D., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1159–1168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, D., Valenzuela, S., & Katz, J. E. (2017). We face, I tweet: How different social media influence political participation through collective and internal efficacy. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 22(6), 320–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargreaves, I., & Thomas, J. (2002). New news, old news. London: Independent Television Commission/Broadcasting Standards Commission.Google Scholar
Harlow, S. (2019). Framing# Ferguson: A comparative analysis of media tweets in the US, UK, Spain, and France. International Communication Gazette, 81(6–8), 623–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, S., & Johnson, T. (2011). Overthrowing the protest paradigm? How The New York Times, Global Voices and Twitter covered the Egyptian revolution. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1359–1374.Google Scholar
Harlow, S., Kilgo, D. K., Salaverría, R., & García-Perdomo, V. (2020). Is the whole world watching? Building a typology of protest coverage on social media from around the world. Journalism Studies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, S., Salaverría, R., Kilgo, D. K., & García-Perdomo, V. (2017). Protest paradigm in multimedia: Social media sharing of coverage about the crime of Ayotzinapa, Mexico. Journal of Communication, 67(3), 328–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heft, H. (1989). Affordances and the body: An intentional analysis of Gibson’s ecological approach to visual perception. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 19, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2019). Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study. New Media & Society, 21(11–12), 2463–2482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the news: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, H. (1944). What do we really know about daytime serial listeners? In Lazarsfeld, P. F. & Stanton, F. N. (Eds.), Radio research 1943–1943 (pp. 3–33). Duell, Sloan & Pearce.Google Scholar
Holt, K., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Ljungberg, E. (2013). Age and the effects of news media attention and social media use on political interest and participation: Do social media function as leveler? European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, P. N., Duffy, A., Freelon, D., Hussain, M. M., Mari, W., & Maziad, M. (2011). Opening closed regimes: What was the role of social media during the Arab Spring? Available at SSRN 2595096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchby, I. (2001). Technologies, texts and affordances. Sociology, 35(2), 441–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchby, I. & Barnett, S. (2005). Aspects of the sequential organization of mobile phone conversation. Discourse Studies, 7(2), 147–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaidka, K., Zhou, A., & Lelkes, Y. (2019). Brevity is the soul of Twitter: The constraint affordance and political discussion. Journal of Communication, 69(4), 345–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, K. M., & Zeitner, V. (2003). Internet use and civic engagement: A longitudinal analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(3), 311–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, T. B., & Dyrby, S. (2013). Exploring affordances of Facebook as a social media platform in political campaigning. ECIS 2013 Completed Research, 40.Google Scholar
Johnson, O., Hall-Phillips, A., Chung, T. L., & Cho, H. (2019). Are you connected through consumption? The role of hashtags in political consumption. Social Media + Society, 5(4), 2056305119883427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, C. K. (2009). The blank page: Effects of constraint on creativity. University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kalsnes, B., Larsson, A. O., & Enli, G. (2017). The social media logic of political interaction: Exploring citizens’ and politicians’ relationship on Facebook and Twitter. First Monday, 22(2).Google Scholar
Kam, C. D., & Deichert, M. (2019). Boycotting, buycotting, and the psychology of political consumerism. Journal of Politics, 82(1), 72–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, E., Blumler, J., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In Blumler, J. & Katz, E. (Eds.), The uses of mass communication: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–34). Sage.Google Scholar
Kelm, O., & Dohle, M. (2018). Information, communication and political consumerism: How (online) information and (online) communication influence boycotts and buycotts. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1523–1542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilgo, D., & Harlow, S. (2019). Protests, media coverage, and a hierarchy of social struggle. International Journal of Press/Politics, 24(4), 508–530.Google Scholar
Kilgo, D. K., Harlow, S., García-Perdomo, V., Salaverría, R. (2018). From #Ferguson to#Ayotzinapa: Analyzing the differences in domestic and foreign protest news shared on social media. Mass Communication & Society, 21(5), 606–630.Google Scholar
Kilgo, D., & Mourão, R. R. (2019). Media effects and marginalized ideas: Relationships among media consumption and support for Black Lives Matter. International Journal of Communication, 13, 19.Google Scholar
Kim, S-H. (2007). Media use, social capital, and civic participation in South Korea. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84, 477–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y., Chen, H. T., & De Zúñiga, H. G. (2013). Stumbling upon news on the Internet: Effects of incidental news exposure and relative entertainment use on political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2607–2614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoll, J., Matthes, J., & Heiss, R. (2018). The social media political participation model: A goal systems theory perspective. Convergence, 26(1), 135–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koren, M. 2017. The Silent Power of Live-Streaming Politics. The Atlantic. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/06/comey-livestream-trump/529779/Google Scholar
Kreiss, D., Lawrence, R. G., & McGregor, S. G. (2018) In their own words: Political practitioner accounts of candidates, audiences, affordances, genres, and timing in strategic social media use, Political Communication, 35,(1), 8–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kümpel, A. S. (2020). The Matthew Effect in social media news use: Assessing inequalities in news exposure and news engagement on social network sites (SNS). Journalism, 21(8), 1083–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on WorldWideWeb (pp. 591–600). ACM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalancette, M., & Raynauld, V. (2019). The power of political image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and celebrity politics. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(7), 888–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, F. L. F., Chen, H. T., & Chan, M. (2017). Social media use and university students’ participation in a large-scale protest campaign: The case of Hong Kong’s Umbrella movement. Telematics and Informatics, 34, 457–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, M. (2012). Clicks, cabs, and coffee houses: Social media and oppositional movements in Egypt, 2004–2011. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 231–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, d. (2011) I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society 13(1), 114–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthes, J., Nanz, A., Stubenvoll, M., & Heiss, R. (2020). Processing news on social media. The political incidental news exposure model (PINE). Journalism, 1464884920915371.Google Scholar
Matsa, K. E., & Shearer, E. (2018). News use across social media platforms. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: www.journalism.org/2018/09/10/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018/.Google Scholar
McQuail, D. (1994). The rise of media mass communication. In McQuail, D. (Ed.), Mass communication theory: An introduction (pp. 1–29). Sage.Google Scholar
Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2014). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements Trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 41(8), 1042–1063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Micheletti, M. (2010). Political virtue and shopping: Individuals, consumption, and collective action. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Morozov, E. (2009, May 19). The brave new world of slacktivism. Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/05/19/the-brave-new-world-of-slacktivism/.Google Scholar
Mourão, R. R., Kilgo, D. K., & Sylvie, G. (2018). Framing Ferguson: The interplay of advocacy frames and journalistic frames in local and national newspaper coverage of Michael Brown. Journalism. 1464884918778722.Google Scholar
Naderer, B., Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2020). The skilled and the interested: How personal curation skills increase or decrease exposure to political information on social media. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 17(4), 452–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, P., & Neff, G. (2015). Imagined affordance: Reconstructing a keyword for communication theory. Social Media + Society, 1(2). 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuman, W. R., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992) Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, N., Fletcher, R. Schulz, A., Andi, S., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Digital news report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.Google Scholar
Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Reilly, T. (2012). What is Web 2.0? Design patterns and business models for the next generation software. In Mandiberg, M. (Ed.), The social media reader (pp. 32–52). New York University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A. (2018). The role of engagement in learning from active and incidental news exposure on social media. Mass Communication and Society, 21(2), 225–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., & Sundar, S. S. (2015). Posting, commenting, and tagging: Effects of sharing news stories on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 240–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohme, J. (2019). Updating citizenship? The effects of digital media use on citizenship understanding and political participation. Information, Communication & Society, 22(13), 1903–1928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohme, J., de Vreese, C. H., & Albæk, E. (2018). From theory to practice: How to apply van Deth’s conceptual map in empirical political participation research. Acta Politica, 53(3), 367–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oser, J. & Boulianne, S. (2020). Reinforcement effects between digital media use and political participation: A meta-analysis of repeated-wave panel data. Public Opinion Quarterly, Online First, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oz, M., Zheng, P., & Chen, G. M. (2018). Twitter versus Facebook: Comparing incivility, impoliteness, and deliberative attributes. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3400–3419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, C. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2020). What’s this? Incidental exposure to news on social media, news-finds-me perception, news efficacy, and news consumption. Mass Communication & Society, 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, N., Kee, K. F., & Valenzuela, S. (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 729–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pingree, R. J. (2007). How messages affect their senders: A more general model of message effects and implications for deliberation. Communication Theory, 17(4), 439–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piper, N. (2016, August 25). Snapchat lures more campaign spending as candidates court young voters. Bloomberg. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/snapchat-lures-more-campaign-spending-as-candidates-court-young-votersGoogle Scholar
Piwek, L., & Joinson, A. (2016). “What do they Snapchat about?” Patterns of use in time-limited instant messaging service. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 358–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postigo, H. (2016). The socio-technical architecture of digital labor: Converting play into YouTube money. New Media & Society, 18(2), 332–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prakasam, N., & Huxtable-Thomas, L. (2021). Reddit: Affordances as an enabler for shifting loyalties. Information Systems Frontiers, 23(3), 723–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, R. D., (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon Schuster.Google Scholar
Rathnayake, C., & Winter, J. S. (2018). Carrying forward the uses and grats 2.0 agenda: An affordance-driven measure of social media uses and gratifications. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(3), 371–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, L. L., & Moffett, K. W. (2019). Snapchat and civic engagement among college students. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 16(2), 87–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, S. P., Vatrapu, R. K., &Medina, R. (2010). Online video “friends” social networking: Overlapping online public spheres in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 7, 182–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rojas, H., & Puig-i-Abril, E. (2009). Mobilizers mobilized: Information, expression, mobilization and participation in the digital age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 902–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen, J. (2006). The people formerly known as the audience. Huffington Post. www.huffingtonpost.com/jay-rosen/the-people-formerly-known_1_b_24113.html.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 3–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saldaña, M., McGregor, S. C., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2015). Social media as a public space for politics: Cross-national comparison of news consumption and participatory behaviors in the United States and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Communication, 9(1), 3304–3326.Google Scholar
Scheufele, D. A., & Nisbet, M. C. (2002). Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends. International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(3), 55–75.Google Scholar
Scott, C. R. (1998). To reveal or not to reveal: A theoretical model of anonymous communication. Communication Theory, 8(4), 381–407.Google ScholarPubMed
Shah, D. V. (1998). Civic engagement, interpersonal trust, and television use: An individual-level assessment of social capital. Political Psychology, 19, 469–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, D. V. (2016). Conversation is the soul of democracy: Expression effects, communication mediation, and digital media. Communication and the Public, 1(1), 12–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32, 531–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shane-Simpson, C., Manago, A., Gaggi, N., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2018). Why do college students prefer Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram? Site affordances, tensions between privacy and self-expression, and implications for social capital. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 276–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheldon, P., & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoric, M. M., & Zhu, Q. (2016). Social media and offline political participation: Uncovering the paths from digital to physical. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28(3), 415–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slater, M. D. (2004). Operationalizing and analyzing exposure: The foundation of media effects research. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 168–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, H., Gil de Zúñiga, H., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2020). Social media news use and political cynicism: Differential pathways through “news finds me” perception. Mass Communication & Society, 23(1), 47–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, A. (2015). Exploring Web 2.0 political engagement: Is new technology reducing the biases of political participation? Electoral Studies, 39, 102–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolle, D., & Micheletti, M. (2013) Political consumerism: Global responsibility in action. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundar, S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. In Metzger, M. J. & Flanagin, A. J. (Eds.), Digital media, youth, and credibility (pp. 72–100). MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and grats 2.0: New gratifications for new media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taber, C. S., Cann, D., & Kucsova, S. (2009). The motivated processing of political arguments. Political Behavior, 31(2), 137–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, G., & Lee, F. L. (2013). Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural heterogeneity. Social Science Computer Review, 31(6), 763–773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tewksbury, D., Weaver, A. J., & Maddex, B. D. (2001) Accidentally informed: Incidental news exposure on the World Wide Web. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 78(3), 533–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theocharis, Y. (2015). The conceptualization of digitally networked participation. Social Media + Society, 1(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theocharis, Y., de Moor, J., & van Deth, J. W. (2019). Digitally networked participation and lifestyle politics as new modes of political participation. Policy & Internet.Google Scholar
Theocharis, Y., & van Deth, J. W. (2018a). Political participation in a changing world: Conceptual and empirical dhallenges in the study of citizen engagement. Routledge.Google Scholar
Theocharis, Y., & van Deth, J. W. (2018b). The continuous expansion of citizen participation: A new taxonomy. European Political Science Review, 10(1), 139–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorson, K. (2020). Attracting the news: Algorithms, platforms, and reframing incidental exposure. Journalism, 1464884920915352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorson, K., & Edgerly, S. (2017). Civic engagement through media. In Rössler, P. (Ed.) The international encyclopedia of media effects (pp. 1–12). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2015). How gatekeeping still matters: Understanding media effects in an era of curated flows. In Vos, T. & Heinderyckx, F. (Eds.), Gatekeeping in transition (pp. 39–58). New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26, 309–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treem, J. W., & Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 143–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012). Social media and the decision to participate in political protest: Observations from Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turcotte, J., York, C., Irving, J., Scholl, R. M., & Pingree, R. J. (2015). News recommendations from social media opinion leaders: Effects on media trust and information seeking. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(5), 520–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J. C. (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, 3(1), 6–34.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C., & Tajfel, H. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 5, 7–24.Google Scholar
Valentino, N.A,. Brader, T., Groenendyk, E. W., et al. (2011) Election night’s alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. Journal of Politics, 73(1), 156–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information, opinion expression, and activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 920–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2012). The social media base of youth protest behavior: The case of Chile. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 299–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2014). Facebook, Twitter, and youth engagement: A quasi-experimental study of social media use and protest behavior using propensity score matching. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2046–2070.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, S., Bachmann, I., & Bargsted, M. (2019). The personal is the political? What do WhatsApp users share and how it matters for news knowledge, polarization and participation in Chile. Digital Journalism, 1–21.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, S., Correa, T., & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2018). Ties, likes, and tweets: Using strong and weak ties to explain differences in protest participation across Facebook and Twitter use. Political Communication, 35(1), 117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K. F. (2009). Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 875–901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, S., Somma, N., Scherman, A., & Arriagada, A. (2016). Social media in Latin America: Deepening or bridging gaps in protest participation? Online Information Review, 40, 695–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valeriani, A., & Vaccari, C. (2016) Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1857–1874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bavel, J. J., & Pereira, A. (2018). The partisan brain: An identity-based model of political belief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 213–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Deth, J. W. (2014). A conceptual map of political participation. Acta Politica, 49(3), 349–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Deursen, A. J., & Helsper, E. J. (2015). The third-level digital divide: Who benefits most from being online? In Communication and Information Technologies Annual. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Verba, S., & Nie, N. (1972). Participation in America: Social equality and political democracy. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, B. E., & Holbert, R. L. (2013). Predicting dissemination of news content in social media: A focus on reception, friending, and partisanship. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 90, 212–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, B. (2001). Physical place and cyberplace: The rise of personalized networking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 25(2), 227–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: A uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16, 362–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 994–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xenos, M., & Moy, P. (2007). Direct and differential effects of the Internet on political and civic engagement. Journal of Communication, 57(4), 704–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yardi, S., & Boyd, d. (2010). Dynamic debates: An analysis of group polarization over time on Twitter. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30, 316–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, T., & Chen, Y. (2020). Live streaming for political campaigns: Persuasive affordances, political mindfulness, and political participation. Association for Information Systems.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, E. (2014). New media, new civics? Policy & Internet, 6(2), 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Carpini, M. X. D. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar