Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T03:52:16.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

15 - Creativity, Emotions, Emotion Regulation, and Aging

Older Adults Take on Life’s Challenges with Creativity and Finesse

from Part III - Emotions and the Creative Person

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2023

By
Polina Ermoshkina  and
Eva Kahana
Edited by
Zorana Ivcevic ,
Jessica D. Hoffmann  and
James C. Kaufman
Zorana Ivcevic
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Jessica D. Hoffmann
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
James C. Kaufman
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Get access

Summary

We consider the important roles played by creativity and emotional intelligence in enhancing the success of older persons in dealing with stressors and adaptive tasks of later life. These cognitive and interpersonal skills can maximize late life adaptations, including competent functioning in the face of chronic illnesses, social losses, and care-getting needs.

Keywords

later lifecreativityemotional intelligenceresourcefulnessagingeveryday problem solvingageism
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity and Emotions , pp. 280 - 298
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angus, J., & Reeve, P. (2006). Ageism: A threat to “aging well” in the 21st century. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 25(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464805285745Google Scholar
Armstrong, A. R., Galligan, R. F., & Critchley, C. R. (2011). Emotional intelligence and psychological resilience to negative life events. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.025Google Scholar
Austin, E. J. (2010). Measurement of ability emotional intelligence: Results for two new tests. British Journal of Psychology, 101(3), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712609x474370Google Scholar
Ayalon, L., & Gum, A. M. (2011). The relationships between major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and mental health in three racial and ethnic groups of older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 15(5), 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.543664Google Scholar
Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018). Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, B. B., & Rudolph, C. W. (2013). The theory of selection, optimization, and compensation. In Wang, M. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Retirement (pp. 88–101). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199746521.013.0044Google Scholar
Baltes, M. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In Baltes, P. B. & Baltes, M. M. (Eds.), Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences (pp. 1–34). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665684.003Google Scholar
Baltes, P. B., & Freund, A. M. (2003). Human strengths as the orchestration of wisdom and selective optimization with compensation. In Aspinwall, L. G. & Staudinger, U. M. (Eds.), A Psychology of Human Strengths: Fundamental Questions and Future Directions for a Positive Psychology (pp. 23–35). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10566-002Google Scholar
Bekhet, A. K., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2016). The effect of a resourcefulness training intervention on relocation adjustment and adaptive functioning among older adults in retirement communities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 37(3), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1087606Google Scholar
Berg, C. (2008). Everyday problem solving in context. In Hofer, S., & Alwin, D. F. (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Aging: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 207–223). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976589.n13Google Scholar
Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K. L. (2003). Age and gender differences in adults’ descriptions of emotional reactions to interpersonal problems. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58(4), P237–P245. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.4.p237Google Scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F. (2007). Everyday problem solving and emotion: An adult developmental perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00469.xGoogle Scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F., & Cooper, C. (2004). Social cognition and social relationships. In Lang, F. R. & Fingerman, K. L. (Eds.), Growing Together: Personal Relationships across the Lifespan (pp. 268–289). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499852.011Google Scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F., Jahnke, H. C., & Camp, C. (1995). Age differences in problem-solving style: The role of emotional salience. Psychology and Aging, 10(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.10.2.173Google Scholar
Blanchard-Fields, F., Stein, R., & Watson, T. (2004). Age differences in emotion-regulation strategies in handling everyday problems. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59(6), P261–P269. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/59.6.P261Google Scholar
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165Google Scholar
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation and aging. In Gross, J. (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 307–320). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(2), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Peng, Y., & Fang, P. (2016). Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between age and subjective well-being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 83(2), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016648705Google Scholar
Choi, M., Adams, K. B., & Kahana, E. (2013). Self-regulatory driving behaviors: gender and transportation support effects. Journal of Women & Aging, 25(2), 104-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2012.720212Google Scholar
Choi, M., Lohman, M. C., & Mezuk, B. (2014). Trajectories of cognitive decline by driving mobility: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(5), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4024Google Scholar
Ciarrochi, J. V., Chan, A. Y., & Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(3), 539–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191–8869(99)00119-1Google Scholar
Cohen, S. A., Nash, C. C., & Greaney, M. L. (2021). Informal caregiving during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US: Background, challenges, and opportunities. American Journal of Health Promotion 35(7), 1032–1036. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211030142cGoogle Scholar
Colsher, P. L., & Wallace, R. B. (1991). Longitudinal application of cognitive function measures in a defined population of community-dwelling elders. Annals of Epidemiology, 1(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/1047-2797(91)90001-SGoogle Scholar
Conde-Pipó, J., Melguizo-Ibáñez, E., Ramírez-Granizo, I., & González-Valero, G. (2021). Physical self-concept changes in adults and older adults: Influence of emotional intelligence, intrinsic motivation and sports habits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041711Google Scholar
Cooper, R., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Executive EQ: Emotional intelligence in leadership and organizations. Grosset/Putnam.Google Scholar
Cushing, P. (2003). Negotiating power inequities in caregiving relationships. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 10(1), 83–91.Google Scholar
Dave, H. P., Keefer, K. V., Snetsinger, S. W., Holden, R. R., & Parker, J. D. (2021). Stability and change in trait emotional intelligence in emerging adulthood: A four-year population-based study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1693386Google Scholar
Edwards, J. D., Lunsman, M., & Roth, D. L. (2009). Driving cessation and health trajectories in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A, 64(12), 1290–1295. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glp114Google Scholar
Fingerman, K. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2003). Do age differences in close and problematic family ties reflect the pool of living relatives? Journals of Gerontology, Series B, 58(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.2.p80Google Scholar
Fisher, B., & Specht, D. (1999). Successful aging and creativity in later life. Journal of Aging Studies, 13(4), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890–4065(99)00021-3Google Scholar
Fonda, S. J., Wallace, R., & Herzog, A. R. (2001). Changes in driving patterns and worsening depressive symptoms among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 56(6), S343–S351. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.6.S343Google Scholar
Gallagher, E. N., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2008). Social support and emotional intelligence as predictors of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1551–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.011Google Scholar
Glass, T. A. (2003). Assessing the success of successful aging. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(5), 382–383. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_Part_1–200309020-00015Google Scholar
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., & Hsu, A. Y. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology & Aging, 12(4), 590–599. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.590Google Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.590Google Scholar
Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. F. (2014). The Spirit of Compromise. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400851249Google Scholar
Heid, A. R., Cartwright, F., & Pruchno, R. (2021). Challenges experienced by older people during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa138Google Scholar
Hoyer, W. J., & Verhaeghen, P. (2006). Memory aging. In Birren, J. & Schaie, W. (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (pp. 209–232). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B9–78-012101-2/64950-0136Google Scholar
Hui, A. N., Yeung, D., & Cheng, S. T. (2014). Gains and losses in creative personality as perceived by adults across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 709–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034168Google Scholar
Kahana, E., & Kahana, B. (1996). Conceptual and empirical advances in understanding aging well through proactive adaptation. In Bengtson, V. L. (Ed.), Adulthood and Aging: Research on Continuities and Discontinuities (pp. 18–40). Springer.Google Scholar
Kahana, E., & Kahana, B. (2003). Contextualizing successful aging: new directions in an age-old search. In Settersten, R. (Ed.), Invitation to the Life Course (pp. 225–255). Baywood.Google Scholar
Kahana, J. S., & Kahana, E. (2017). Disability and Aging: Learning from Both to Empower the Lives of Older Adults. Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Kahana, E., Kahana, B., & Ermoshkina, P. (2021). The many faces of creativity in old age. In Russ, S., Hoffmann, J., & Kaufman, J. (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Lifespan Development of Creativity (pp. 233–262). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108755726.014Google Scholar
Kahana, E., Kahana, B., & Lee, J. E. (2014). Proactive approaches to successful aging: One clear path through the forest. Gerontology, 60(5), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1159/000360222Google Scholar
Kahana, E., Kahana, B., Wykle, M., & Kulle, D. (2009). Marshalling social support: A care-getting model for persons living with cancer. Journal of Family Social Work, 12(2), 168–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522150902874834Google Scholar
Kahana, E., Kelley-Moore, J., & Kahana, B. (2012). Proactive aging: A longitudinal study of stress, resources, agency, and well-being in late life. Aging & Mental Health, 16(4), 438–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.644519Google Scholar
Kahana, E., Slone, M. R., & Reynolds, C. (2018). Beyond ageist attitudes: Researchers call for NIH action to limit funding for older academics. The Gerontologist, 58(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw190Google Scholar
Kahana, B., Yu, J., Kahana, E., & Langendoerfer, K. (2018). Whose advocacy counts in shaping elderly patients’ satisfaction with physicians’ care and communication?. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 1161–1168. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S165086Google Scholar
Kapoor, H., & Kaufman, J. C. (2020). Meaning-making through creativity during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.595990Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S., Johnson, C. K., & Liu, X. (2008). A CHC theory-based analysis of age differences on cognitive abilities and academic skills at ages 22 to 90 years. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26(4), 350–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282908314108Google Scholar
Kessler, E. M., & Staudinger, U. M. (2009). Affective experience in adulthood and old age: The role of affective arousal and perceived affect regulation. Psychology & Aging, 24(2), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015352Google Scholar
Kotwal, A. A., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Perissinotto, C. M. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco Bay Area older adults during the COVID‐19 shelter‐in‐place orders. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(1), 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16865Google Scholar
Kunzmann, U., Kupperbusch, C. S., & Levenson, R. W. (2005). Behavioral inhibition and amplification during emotional arousal: A comparison of two age groups. Psychology & Aging, 20(1), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.144Google Scholar
Lam, J., & García-Román, J. (2020). Solitary day, solitary activities, and associations with well-being among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(7), 1585–1596. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz036Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P. (1985). The elderly in context: Perspectives from environmental psychology and gerontology. Environment and Behavior, 17(4), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916585174005Google Scholar
Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M., Rajagopal, D., & Dean, J. (1992). Dimensions of affective experience in three age groups. Psychology & Aging, 7(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.2.171Google Scholar
Liang, J., & Luo, B. (2012). Toward a discourse shift in social gerontology: From successful aging to harmonious aging. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(3), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2012.03.001Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Wang, Z., & Lü, W. (2013). Resilience and affect balance as mediators between trait emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 850–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.010Google Scholar
Magai, C. (2008). Long-lived emotions: A lifecourse perspective on emotional development. In Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 376–392). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Magai, C., Consedine, N. S., & McPherson, R. (2006). Emotion experience and expression across the adult life span: Insights from a multimodal assessment study. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 303–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.303Google Scholar
Malinen, S., & Johnston, L. (2013). Workplace ageism: Discovering hidden bias. Experimental Aging Research, 39(4), 445–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2013.808111Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (1999). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160–2896(99)00016-1Google Scholar
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667Google Scholar
Mechanic, D. (1996). Changing medical organization and the erosion of trust. The Milbank Quarterly, 74(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/3350245Google Scholar
Mienaltowski, A. (2011). Everyday problem solving across the adult life span: solution diversity and efficacy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1235, 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06207.xGoogle Scholar
Nadler, A. (1991). Help-seeking behavior: Psychological costs and instrumental benefits. In Clark, M. S. (Ed.), Prosocial Behavior (pp. 290–311). Sage.Google Scholar
Neubauer, A. C., & Freudenthaler, H. H. (2005). Models of emotional intelligence. In Schultz, R. & Roberts, R. D. (Eds.), Emotional Intelligence: An International Handbook (pp. 31–50). Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Pauly, T., Chu, L., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2022). COVID-19, time to oneself, and loneliness: Creativity as a resource. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(4), e30–e34. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab070Google Scholar
Pennebaker, J. W. (ed.) (1995). Emotion, Disclosure, and Health. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10182-000Google Scholar
Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and trait emotional intelligence. In Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A. & von Stumm, S. (Eds.), The Blackwell-Wiley Handbook of Individual Differences (pp. 654–678). Wiley.Google Scholar
Pope, N. D., Kolomer, S., & Glass, A. P. (2012). How women in late midlife become caregiversfor their aging parents. Journal of Women & Aging, 24(3), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2012.639676Google Scholar
Portocarrero, F. F., Gonzalez, K., & Ekema-Agbaw, M. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between dispositional gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110101Google Scholar
Radwan, E., Radwan, A., & Radwan, W. (2020). Challenges facing older adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejeph/8457Google Scholar
Reese, H. W., Lee, L. J., Cohen, S. H., & Puckett, J. M. (2001). Effects intellectual variables, ages, and gender on divergent thinking in adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 491–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000483Google Scholar
Roberts, R. D., Zeidner, M., & Matthews, G. (2001). Does emotional intelligence meet traditional standards for an intelligence? Some new data and conclusions. Emotion, 1(3), 196–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.196Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, M. (1990). The role of learned resourcefulness in the self-control of health behavior. In Rosenbaum, M. (Ed.), Learned Resourcefulness: On Coping Skills, Self-Control, and Adaptive Behavior (pp. 3–30). Springer.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433Google Scholar
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful Aging. Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (1999). Coping intelligently: Emotional intelligence and the coping process. In Snyder, C. (Ed.), Coping: The Psychology of What Works (pp. 141–164). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDGGoogle Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. (2000). Aging and measures of processing speed. Biological Psychology, 54(1–3), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301–0511(00)00052-1Google Scholar
Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., & Koushede, V. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans: A longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e62–e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468–2667(19)30230-0Google Scholar
Schaie, K. W. (1989). The hazards of cognitive aging. The Gerontologist, 29(4), 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.4.484Google Scholar
Schrack, J. A., Wanigatunga, A. A., & Juraschek, S. P. (2020). After the COVID-19 pandemic: The next wave of health challenges for older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 75(9), e121–e122. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa102Google Scholar
Seckin, G. (2010). Patients as information managers: The internet for successful self-health care & illness management. Open Longevity Science, 4(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876326X01004010036Google Scholar
Sharma, S., & Babu, N. (2017). Interplay between creativity, executive function and working memory in middle-aged and older adults. Creativity Research Journal, 29, 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2017.1263512Google Scholar
Silverstein, M., Gans, D., & Yang, F. M. (2006). Intergenerational support to aging parents: The role of norms and needs. Journal of Family Issues, 27(8), 1068–1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06288120Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. (2013). What is a creative idea? Little-c versus Big-C creativity. In Chan, J. & Thomas, K. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Creativity (pp. 69–83). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857939814.00015Google Scholar
Sims, T., Hogan, C. L., & Carstensen, L. L. (2015). Selectivity as an emotion regulation strategy: Lessons from older adults. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.012Google Scholar
Sliter, M., Chen, Y., Withrow, S., & Sliter, K. (2013). Older and (emotionally) smarter? Emotional intelligence as a mediator in the relationship between age and emotional labor strategies in service employees. Experimental Aging Research, 39(4), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2013.808105Google Scholar
Smith, M. L., Steinman, L. E., & Casey, E. A. (2020). Combatting social isolation among older adults in a time of physical distancing: the COVID-19 social connectivity paradox. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00403Google Scholar
Sörensen, S., Hirsch, J. K., & Lyness, J. M. (2014). Optimism and planning for future care needs among older adults. Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000099Google Scholar
Thomas, V., & Azmitia, M. (2019). Motivation matters: Development and validation of the motivation for solitude scale–short form (MSS-SF). Journal of Adolescence, 70, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.11.004Google Scholar
Timmermans, S., & Almeling, R. (2009). Objectification, standardization, and commodification in health care: A conceptual readjustment. Social Science & Medicine, 69(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.020Google Scholar
Urry, H. L., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388395Google Scholar
Van Hooren, S. A. H., Valentijn, A. M., & Jolles, J. (2007). Cognitive functioning in healthy older adults aged 64–81: A cohort study into the effects of age, sex, and education. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/138255890969483Google Scholar
Willert, B., & Minnotte, K. L. (2021). Informal caregiving and strains: Exploring the impacts of gender, race, and income. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(3), 943–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482–019-09786-1Google Scholar
Zauszniewski, J. A. (1995). Theoretical and empirical considerations of resourcefulness. Image: the Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 27(3), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1995.tb00855.xGoogle Scholar
Zauszniewski, J. A. (1996). Self-help and help-seeking behavior patterns in healthy elders. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14(3), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/089801019601400305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zauszniewski, , J. (2012). Resourcefulness. In Fitzpatrick, J. J & Kazer, M. W (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (3rd ed., pp. 448–449). Springer.Google Scholar
Zauszniewski, J. A., Au, T. Y., & Musil, C. M. (2012). Resourcefulness training for grandmothers raising grandchildren: Is there a need? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(10), 680–686. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2012.684424Google Scholar
Zauszniewski, J. A., Chung, C., & Krafcik, K. (2002). Predictors of resourcefulness in school-aged children. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23(4), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840290052587Google Scholar
Zauszniewski, J. A., Lai, C. Y., & Tithiphontumrong, S. (2006). Development and testing of the resourcefulness scale for older adults. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 14(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1891/jnum.14.1.57Google Scholar
Zauszniewski, J. A., Lekhak, N., Yolpant, W., & Morris, D. L. (2015). Need for resourcefulness training for women caregivers of elders with dementia. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(12), 1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1075236Google Scholar
Zysberg, L. (2012). Loneliness and emotional intelligence. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1–2), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.574746Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×