Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:17:41.611Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

30 - Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia

from Part III - Assessment and Diagnosis of Specific Mental Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2019

By
David P. Salmon
Edited by
Martin Sellbom  and
Julie A. Suhr
Martin Sellbom
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Julie A. Suhr
Affiliation:
Ohio University
Get access

Summary

Neuropsychological assessment plays an important role in detecting and characterizing the dementia syndrome associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Comprehensive cognitive testing can identify mild cognitive deficits that typically occur in early stages of AD and can detect subtle cognitive changes that occur in the preclinical or prodromal stages of the disease before the onset of frank dementia. Recent evidence suggests that profiles of AD-related cognitive deficits may differ across cultures, perhaps due to incomplete or inappropriate adaptation of tests, distinct health factors (e.g., high vascular risk) that may impact cognition, or differences in normative data arising from education or health disparities. Neuropsychological assessment can also aid in differential diagnosis by identifying distinct cognitive profiles associated with AD and other neurodegenerative disorders that engender different distributions of brain pathology. These comparisons provide a useful method for understanding brain-behavior relationships that mediate the affected cognitive abilities.

Keywords

dementiaAlzheimer’s diseasemild cognitive impairmentsubcortical dementiavascular dementiacross-cultural cognitive assessment
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis , pp. 416 - 430
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adlam, A. L., Bozeat, S., Arnold, R., Watson, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Semantic knowledge in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex, 42, 675–684.Google Scholar
Ahmed, S., Arnold, R., Thompson, S. A., Graham, K. S., & Hodges, J. R. (2008). Naming of objects, faces and buildings in mild cognitive impairment. Cortex, 44, 746–752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albert, M. S., Blacker, D., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., & McArdle, J. J. (2007). Longitudinal change in cognitive performance among individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 21, 158–169.Google Scholar
Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 7, 270–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357–381.Google Scholar
Ally, B. A., McKeever, J. D., Waring, J. D., & Budson, A. E. (2009). Preserved frontal memorial processing for pictures in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2044–2055.Google Scholar
Alzheimer’s Association. (2018). 2018 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 14, 367–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Anderson, N. D., Ebert, P. L., Jennings, J. M., Grady, C. L., Cabezza, R., & Graham, S. (2008). Recollection- and familiarity-based memory in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 22, 177–187.Google Scholar
Ardila, A. (2018). Historical development of human cognition (pp. 135–159).New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Backman, L., & Herlitz, A. (1996). Knowledge and memory in Alzheimer’s disease: A relationship that exists. In Morris, R. G. (Ed.), The cognitive neuropsychology of Alzheimer’s disease (pp. 89–104). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Backman, L., Jones, S., Berger, A. K., Laukka, E. J., & Small, B. J. (2004). Multiple cognitive deficits during the transition to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 195–204.Google Scholar
Backman, L., Jones, S., Berger, A. K., Laukka, E. J., & Small, B. J. (2005). Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 19, 520–531.Google Scholar
Backman, L., & Small, B. J. (1998). Influences of cognitive support on episodic remembering: Tracing the process of loss from normal aging to Alzheimer’s disease. Psychology and Aging, 13, 267–276.Google Scholar
Balota, D. A., Tse, C., Hutchison, K. A., Spieler, D. H., Duchek, J. M., & Morris, J. C. (2010). Predicting conversion to dementia of the Alzheimer’s type in a healthy control sample: The power of errors in Stroop color naming. Psychology and Aging, 25, 208–218.Google Scholar
Bayles, K. A., & Kaszniak, A. W. (1987). Communication and cognition in normal aging and dementia. Boston: College-Hill/Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Bayles, K. A., & Tomoeda, C. K. (1983). Confrontation naming impairment in dementia. Brain and Language, 19, 98–114.Google Scholar
Bayley, P. J., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., Bui, B. K., Olichney, J., Delis, D. C., Thomas, R. G., & Thal, L. J. (2000). Comparison of the serial position effect in very mild Alzheimer’s disease, mild Alzheimer’s disease, and amnesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 290–298.Google Scholar
Belanger, S., & Belleville, S. (2009). Semantic inhibition impairment in mild cognitive impairment: A distinctive feature of upcoming cognitive decline? Neuropsychology, 23, 592–606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, I. J., Golob, E. J., Parker, E. S., & Starr, A. (2006). Memory evaluation in mild cognitive impairment using recall and recognition tests. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1408–1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia, 45, 459–464.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009). Bilingual minds. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 89–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biundo, R., Gardini, S., Caffarra, P., Concari, L., Martorana, D., Neri, T. M., Shanks, M. F., & Venneri, A. (2011). Influence of APOE status on lexical-semantic skills in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 423–430.Google Scholar
Bondi, M. W., Edmonds, E. C., Jak, A. J., Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., McDonald, C. R., & Salmon, D. P. (2014). Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment improves diagnostic precision, biomarker associations, and prediction of progression. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 42, 275–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondi, M. W., Monsch, A. U., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., & Paulsen, J. S. (1993). Utility of a modified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 161–170.Google Scholar
Borg, C., Thomas-Atherion, C., Bogey, S., Davier, K., & Laurent, B. (2010). Visual imagery processing and knowledge of famous names in Alzheimer’s disease and MCI. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 17, 603–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowles, N. L., Obler, L. K., & Albert, M. L. (1987). Naming errors in healthy aging and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Cortex, 23, 519–524.Google Scholar
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991). Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica, 82, 239–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, J., & Manning, K. J. (2009). Patterns of word-list generation in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 870–879.Google Scholar
Buschke, H. (1973). Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 543–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buschke, H., & Fuld, P. A. (1974). Evaluating storage, retention, and retrieval in disordered memory and learning. Neurology, 24, 1019–1025.Google Scholar
Buschke, H., Sliwinski, M. J., Kuslansky, G., & Lipton, R. B. (1997). Diagnosis of early dementia by the double memory test. Neurology, 48, 989–997.Google Scholar
Butters, N., Granholm, E., Salmon, D. P., Grant, I., & Wolfe, J. (1987). Episodic and semantic memory: A comparison of amnesic and demented patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 479–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Cullum, C. M., Cairns, P., Troster, A. I., Jacobs, D., Moss, M., & Cermak, L. S. (1988). Differentiation of amnesic and demented patients with the Wechsler memory scale – revised. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 133–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capitani, E., Della Sala, S., Logie, R., & Spinnler, H. (1992). Recency, primacy, and memory: Reappraising and standardising the serial position curve. Cortex, 28, 315–342.Google Scholar
Carlesimo, G. A., Sabbadini, M., Fadda, L., & Caltagirone, C. (1995). Different components in word-list forgetting of pure amnesics, degenerative demented and healthy subjects. Cortex, 31, 735–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chertkow, H., & Bub, D. (1990). Semantic memory loss in dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Brain, 113, 397–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chertkow, H., Whitehead, V., Phillips, N., Wolfson, C., Atherton, J., & Bergman, H. (2010). Multilingualism (but not always bilingualism) delays the onset of Alzheimer disease: Evidence from a bilingual community. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 24, 118–125.Google Scholar
Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., Libon, D. J., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Bangen, K. J., … & Bondi, M. W. (2013). Are empirically derived subtypes of mild cognitive impairment consistent with conventional subtypes? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, L. R., Stricker, N. H., Libon, D. J., Delano-Wood, L., Salmon, D. P., Delis, D. C., & Bondi, M. W. (2012). Yes/No forced choice recognition memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: Patterns of impairment and associations with dementia severity. Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 1201–1216.Google Scholar
Connor, D. J., Drake, A. I., Bondi, M. W., & Delis, D. C. (1997). Detection of feigned cognitive impairments in patients with a history of mild to severe closed head injury. Paper presented at the American Academy of Neurology, Boston.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Perri, R., Serra, L., Barban, F., Gatto, I., Zabberoni, S., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2010). Prospective memory functioning in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 24, 327–335.Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., Bialystok, E., & Freedman, M. (2010). Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. Neurology, 75, 1726–1729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crews, L., & Masliah, E. (2010). Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Human Molecular Genetic, 19, R12–R20.Google Scholar
Crocco, E., Curiel, R. E., Acevedo, A., Czaja, S. J., & Loewenstein, D. A. (2014). An evaluation of deficits in semantic cueing and proactive and retroactive interference as early features of Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 889–897.Google Scholar
Crutch, S. J., Schott, J. M., Rabinovici, G. D., Murray, M., Snowden, J. S., van der Flier, W. M., et al. (2017). Consensus classification of posterior cortical atrophy. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 13, 870–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalla Barba, G., & Goldblum, M. (1996). The influence of semantic encoding on recognition memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 34, 1181–1186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darby, D., Maruff, P., Collie, A., & McStephen, M. (2002). Mild cognitive impairment can be detected by multiple assessments in a single day. Neurology, 59, 1042–1046.Google Scholar
Davie, J. E., Azuma, T., Goldinger, S. D., Connor, D. J., Sabbagh, M. N., & Silverberg, N. B. (2004). Sensitivity to expectancy violations in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 18, 269–275.Google Scholar
Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989). Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science,243, 1668–1674.Google Scholar
Dean, A. C., Victor, T. L., Boone, K. B., Philpott, L. M., & Hess, R. A. (2009). Dementia and effort test performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 133–152.Google Scholar
Delano-Wood, L., Bondi, M. W., Sacco, J., Abeles, N., Jak, A. J., Libon, D. J., & Bozoki, A.(2009). Heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment: Differences in neuropsychological profile and associated white matter lesion pathology. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 906–914.Google Scholar
Delis, D. C., Massman, P. J., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Cermak, L. S., & Kramer, J. H. (1991). Profiles of demented and amnesic patients on the California verbal learning test: Implications for the assessment of memory disorders. Psychological Assessment, 3, 19–26.Google Scholar
de Rover, M., Pironti, V. A., McCabe, J. A., Acosta-Cabronero, J., Arana, F. S., Morein-Zamir, S. et al. (2011). Hippocampal dysfunction in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A functional neuroimaging study of a visuospatial paired associates learning task. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2060–2070.Google Scholar
Edmonds, E. C., Delano-Wood, L., Clark, L. R. Jak, A. J., Nation, D. A., McDonald, C. R., & Bondi, M. W. (2015). Susceptibility of the conventional criteria for mild cognitive impairment to false-positive diagnostic errors. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 11, 415–424.Google Scholar
Fischer, P., Marterer, A., & Danialczyk, W. (1990). Right-left disorientation in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 40, 1619–1620.Google Scholar
Flicker, C., Ferris, S. H., Crook, T., Reisberg, B., & Bartus, R. T. (1988). Equivalent spatial-rotation deficits in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 387–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flicker, C., Ferris, S. H., & Reisberg, B. (1991). Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: Predictors of dementia. Neurology, 41, 1006–1009.Google Scholar
Fortuny, L. A. I., Garolera, M., Romo, D. H., Feldman, E., Barillas, H. F., Keefe, R. et al. (2005). Research with Spanish-speaking populations in the United States: Lost in the translation a commentary and a plea. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 555–564.Google Scholar
Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Winocur, G., Shulman, K. I., & Delis, D. C. (1994). Clock drawing: A neuropsychological analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gagnon, L. G., & Belleville, S. (2011). Working memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: Contribution of forgetting and predictive value of complex span tasks. Neuropsychology, 25, 226–236.Google Scholar
Galton, C. J., Patterson, K., Xuereb, J. H., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). Atypical and typical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease: A clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and pathological study of 13 cases. Brain, 123, 484–498.Google Scholar
Goldblum, M., Gomez, C., Dalla Barba, G., Boller, F., Deweer, B., Hahn, V., & Dubois, B. (1998). The influence of semantic and perceptual encoding on recognition memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 36, 717–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gollan, T. H., Salmon, D. P., Montoyoa, R. I., & Galasko, D. R. (2011). Degree of bilingualism predicts age of diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease in low-education but not in highly-educated Hispanics. Neuropsychologia, 49, 3826–3830.Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H., Stasenko, A., Li, C., & Salmon, D. P. (2017). Bilingual language intrusions and other speech errors in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 118, 27–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Horwitz, B., Sundaram, M., Berg, G., Schapiro, M., Friedland, R. P., & Rappaport, S. I. (1988). Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 576–596.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D. W., Baddeley, A. D., & Hodges, J. R. (1996). Analysis of the episodic memory deficit in early Alzheimer’s disease: evidence from the doors and people test. Neuropsychologia, 34, 537–551.Google Scholar
Grober, E., Hall, C. B., Lipton, R. B., Zonderman, A. B., Resnick, S. M., & Kawas, C. (2008). Memory impairment, executive dysfunction, and intellectual decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 266–278.Google Scholar
Grober, E., Merling, A., Heimlich, T., & Lipton, R. B. (1997). Comparison of selective reminding and free and cued recall reminding in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 643–654.Google Scholar
Grundman, M., Petersen, R. C., Morris, J. C., Ferris, S., Sano, M., Farlow, M. et al. (1996). Rate of dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study [abstract]. Neurology, 46, A403.Google Scholar
Heinly, M. T., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Love, J. M., & Brennan, A. (2005). WAIS Digit Span-based indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Classification accuracy in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 12, 429–444.Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (1995). Is semantic memory consistently impaired early in the course of Alzheimer’s disease? Neuroanatomical and diagnostic implications. Neuropsychologia, 33, 441–459.Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1991). The nature of the naming deficit in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain, 114, 1547–1558.Google Scholar
Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1992). Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge? Neuropsychologia, 30, 301–314.Google Scholar
Hudon, C., Belleville, S., & Gauthier, S. (2009). The assessment of recognition memory using the remember/know procedure in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 70, 171–179.Google Scholar
Hudon, C., Villeneuve, S., & Belleville, S. (2011). The effect of orientation at encoding on free-recall performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33, 631–638.Google Scholar
Huff, F. J., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1986). Semantic impairment and anomia in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Language, 28, 235–249.Google Scholar
Jacobs, D., Salmon, D. P., Tröster, A. I., & Butters, N. (1990). Intrusion errors in the figural memory of patients with Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 49–57.Google Scholar
Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., Wierenga, C., Corey-Bloom, J., … & Delis, D.C.(2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 368–375.Google Scholar
Jak, A. J., Preis, S. R., Beiser, A. S., Seshadri, S., Wolf, P. A., Bondi, M. W., & Au, R. (2016). Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment and dementia risk in the Framingham Heart Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,22, 937–943.Google Scholar
Joubert, S., Brambati, S. M., Ansado, J., Barbeau, E. J., Felician, O., Didac, M. et al. (2010). The cognitive and neural expression of semantic memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 48, 978–988.Google Scholar
Karantzoulis, S., Troyer, A. K., & Rich, J. B. (2009). Prospective memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 407–415.Google Scholar
Kiewel, N. A., Wisdom, N. M., Bradshaw, M. R., Pastorek, N. J., & Strutt, A. M. (2012). A retrospective review of digit span-related effort indicators in probable Alzheimer’s disease patients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26, 965–974.Google Scholar
Knopman, D. S., & Ryberg, S. (1989). A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 46, 141–145.Google Scholar
Koedam, E. L., Lauffer, V., van der Viles, A. E., van der Flier, W. M., Scheltens, P., & Pijnenburg, Y. A. (2010). Early-versus late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: More than age alone. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 19, 1401–1408.Google Scholar
Lange, K. W., Sahakian, B. J., Quinn, N. P., Marsden, C. D., & Robbins, T. W. (1995). Comparison of executive and visuospatial memory function in Huntington’s disease and dementia of Alzheimer type matched for degree of dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 58, 598–606.Google Scholar
Larrabee, G. L., Largen, J. W., & Levin, H. S. (1985). Sensitivity of age-decline resistant (“Hold”) WAIS subtests to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 497–504.Google Scholar
Larson, E. B., Kukull, W. A., & Katzman, R. (1992). Cognitive impairment: Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Annual Review of Public Health, 13, 431–449.Google Scholar
La Rue, A., & Jarvik, L. R. (1987). Cognitive function and prediction of dementia in old age. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 25, 79–89.Google Scholar
La Rue, A., Romero, L. J., Ortiz, I. E., Chi Lang, H., & Lindeman, R. D. (1999). Neuropsychological performance of Hispanic and non-Hispanic older adults: An epidemiologic survey. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 474–486.Google Scholar
Lefleche, G., & Albert, M. S. (1995). Executive function deficits in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 9, 313–320.Google Scholar
Libon, D. J., Bondi, M. W., Price, C. C., Lamar, M., Joel, E., Wambach, D. M., … & Penney, D. L.(2011). Verbal serial list learning in mild cognitive impairment: A profile analysis of interference, forgetting, and errors. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 905–914.Google Scholar
Libon, D. J., Drabick, D. A., Giovannetti, T., Price, C. C., Bondi, M. W., Eppig, J., … & Swenson, R. (2014). Neuropsychological syndromes associated with Alzheimer’s/vascular dementia: a latent class analysis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 42, 999–1014.Google Scholar
Licht, E. A., McMurtray, A. M., Saul, R. E., & Mendez, M. F. (2007). Cognitive differences between early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 22, 218–222.Google Scholar
Lineweaver, T. T., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., & Corey-Bloom, J. (2005). Distinct effects of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease on performance of mental rotation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 30–39.Google Scholar
Liu, L., Gauthier, L., & Gauthier, S. (1991). Spatial disorientation in persons with early senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45, 67–74.Google Scholar
Locascio, J. J., Growdon, J. H., & Corkin, S. (1995). Cognitive test performance in detecting, staging, and tracking Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 52, 1087–1099.Google Scholar
Loewenstein, D. A., Curiel, R. E., DeKosky, S., Bauer, R. M., Rosselli, M. … & Duara, R. (2018). Utilizing semantic intrusions to identify amyloid positivity in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 91, e976–e984.Google Scholar
Manes, F., Serrano, C., Calcagno, M. L., Cardozo, J., & Hodges, J. R. (2008). Accelerated forgetting in subjects with memory complaints. Journal of Neurology, 255, 1067–1070.Google Scholar
Manly, J. J., & Echemendia, R. J. (2007). Race-specific norms: Using the model of hypertension to understand issues of race, culture, and education in neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 319–325.Google Scholar
Martin, A., & Fedio, P. (1983). Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer’s disease: The breakdown of semantic knowledge. Brain and Language, 19, 124–141.Google Scholar
Masliah, E., & Salmon, D. (1999). Neuropathological correlates of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. In Peters, A & Morrison, J. (Eds.), Cerebral cortex, Vol. 14 (pp. 513–551). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Massman, P. J., Delis, D. C., & Butters, N. (1993). Does impaired primacy recall equal impaired long-term storage?: Serial position effects in Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Developmental Neuropsychology, 9, 1–15.Google Scholar
Massman, P. J., Delis, D. C., Butters, N., Dupont, R. M., & Gillin, J. C. (1992). The subcortical dysfunction hypothesis of memory deficits in depression: Neuropsychological validation in a subgroup of patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 687–706.Google Scholar
Mathias, J. L., & Burke, J. (2009). Cognitive functioning in Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis. [Meta-Analysis]. Neuropsychology, 23(4), 411–423.Google Scholar
McKeith, I. G., Boeve, B. F., Dickson, D. W., Halliday, G., Taylor, J. P., … & Kosaka, K. (2017). Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies 4th consensus report of the DLB consortium. Neurology, 89, 88–100.Google Scholar
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Jr., Kawas, C. H., … & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 7, 263–269.Google Scholar
Mendez, M. F., Lee, A. S., Joshi, A., & Shapira, J. S. (2012). Nonamnestic presentation of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementia, 27, 413–420.Google Scholar
Merten, T., Bossink, L., & Schmand, B. (2007). On the limits of effort testing: Symptom validity tests and severity of neurocognitive symptoms in nonlitigant patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 308–318.Google Scholar
Mickes, L., Wixted, J. T., Fennema-Notestine, C., Galasko, D., Bondi, M. W., Thal, L. J., & Salmon, D. P. (2007). Progressive impairment on neuropsychological tasks in a longitudinal study of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 21, 696–705.Google Scholar
Miller, E. (1971). On the nature of memory disorder in presenile dementia. Neuropsychologia, 9, 75–78.Google Scholar
Miller, B. L., Ikonte, C., Ponton, M., Levy, M., Boone, K., Darby, A., Berman, N., Mena, I., & Cummings, J. L. (1997). A study of the Lund-Manchester research criteria for frontotemporal dementia: clinical and single-photon emission CT correlations. Neurology, 48, 937–942.Google Scholar
Minoshima, S., Foster, N. L., Sima, A., Frey, K. A., Albin, R. L., & Kuhl, D. E. (2001). Alzheimer’s disease versus dementia with Lewy bodies: Cerebral metabolic distinction with autopsy confirmation. Annals of Neurology, 50, 358–65.Google Scholar
Mohr, E., Litvan, I., Williams, J., Fedio, P., & Chase, T. N. (1990). Selective deficits in Alzheimer and Parkinson dementia: Visuospatial function. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science, 17, 292–297.Google Scholar
Monsch, A. U., Bondi, M. W., Butters, N, Paulsen, J. S., Salmon, D. P., Brugger, P., & Swenson, M. (1994). A comparison of category and letter fluency in Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Neuropsychology, 8, 25–30.Google Scholar
Morris, J. C., McKeel, D. W., Storandt, M., Rubin, E. H., Price, J. L., Grant, E. A., Ball, M. J., & Berg, L. (1991). Very mild Alzheimer’s disease: Informant-based clinical, psychometric, and pathologic distinction from normal aging. Neurology, 41, 469–478.Google Scholar
Murphy, K. J., Rich, J. B., & Troyer, A. K. (2006). Verbal fluency patterns in amnestic mild cognitive impairment are characteristic of Alzheimer’s type dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 570–574.Google Scholar
Nebes, R. (1989). Semantic memory in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 377–394.Google Scholar
Nell, V. (2000). Cross-cultural neuropsychological assessment: Theory and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Nicholas, M., Obler, L., Albert, M., & Helm-Estabrooks, N. (1985). Empty speech in Alzheimer’s disease and fluent aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 405–410.Google Scholar
Norton, L. E., Bondi, M. W., Salmon, D. P., & Goodglass, H. (1997). Deterioration of generic knowledge in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from the Number Information Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 857–866.Google Scholar
Nutter-Upham, K. E., Saykin, A. J., Rabin, L. A., Roth, R. M., Wishart, H. A., Pare, N., & Flashman, L. A. (2008). Verbal fluency performance in amnestic MCI and older adults with cognitive complaints. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 229–241.Google Scholar
Pandovani, A., Di Piero, V., Bragoni, M., Iacoboni, M., Gualdi, G. G., & Lenzi, G. L. (1995). Patterns of neuropsychological impairment in mild dementia: A comparison between Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 92, 433–442.Google Scholar
Pantoni, L. (2010). Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. [Review]. Lancet Neurology, 9, 689–701.Google Scholar
Parasuraman, R., & Haxby, J. V. (1993). Attention and brain function in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 7, 242–272.Google Scholar
Paulson, D., Horner, M. D., & Bachman, D. (2015). A comparison of four embedded validity indices for the RBANS in a memory disorders clinic. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30, 207–216.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. C., Esiri, M. M., Hiorns, R. W., Wilcock, G. K., & Powell, T. P. (1985). Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 82, 4531–4534.Google Scholar
Pedraza, O., & Mungas, D. (2008). Measurement in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Neuropsychology Review, 18, 184–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peña, E. D. (2007). Lost in translation: Methodological considerations in cross‐cultural research. Child Development, 78, 1255–1264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pepin, E. P., & Eslinger, P. J. (1989). Verbal memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease: A multiple-processes deficit. Neurology, 39, 1477–1482.Google Scholar
Perri, R., Serra, L., Carlesimo, G. A., & Caltagirone, C. (2007). Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: difference of memory profile in subjects who converted or did not convert to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 21, 549–558.Google Scholar
Perry, R. J., & Hodges, J. R. (1999). Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease: A critical review. Brain, 122, 383–404.Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303–308.Google Scholar
Pike, K. E., Rowe, C. C., Moss, S. A., & Savage, G. (2008). Memory profiling with paired associate learning in Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging. Neuropsychology, 22, 718–728.Google Scholar
Rapp, M. A., & Reischies, F. M. (2005). Attention and executive control predict Alzheimer’s disease in late life: results from the Berlin aging study (BASE). American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 134–141.Google Scholar
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Kipps, C. M., Johnson, J. K., Seeley, W. W., Mendez, M. F., Knopman, D., … & Miller, B. L. (2007). Diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD): Current limitations and future directions. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 21, S14–18.Google Scholar
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J. et al. (2011). Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 134, 2456–2477.Google Scholar
Rascovsky, K., Salmon, D. P., Ho, G. J., Galasko, D., Peavy, G. M., Hansen, L. A., & Thal, L. J. (2002). Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD. Neurology, 58, 1801–1808Google Scholar
Reed, B. R., Mungas, D. M., Kramer, J. H., Ellis, W., Vinters, H. V., Zarow, C., Jagust, W. J., & Chui, H. C. (2007). Profiles of neuropsychological impairment in autopsy-defined Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular disease. Brain, 130, 731–739.Google Scholar
Rentz, D. M., Amariglio, R. E., Becker, J. A., Frey, M., Olson, L. E., Frishe, K. et al. (2011). Face-name associative memory performance is related to amyloid burden in normal elderly. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2776–2783.Google Scholar
Salmon, D. P., & Chan, A. S. (1994). Semantic memory deficits associated with Alzheimer’s disease. In Cermak, L. S. (Ed.), Neuropsychological explorations of memory and cognition: Essays in honor of Nelson Butters (pp. 61–76). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Salmon, D. P., Heindel, W. C., & Lange, K. L. (1999). Differential decline in word generation from phonemic and semantic categories during the course of Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for the integrity of semantic memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 692–703.Google Scholar
Salmon, D. P., & Squire, L. R. (2009). The neuropsychology of memory dysfunction and its assessment. In Grant, I. & Adams, K. (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric and neuromedical disorders (3rd ed., pp. 560–594). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Salmon, D. P., Thomas, R. G., Pay, M. M., Booth, A., Hofstetter, C. R., Thal, L. J., & Katzman, R. (2002). Alzheimer’s disease can be accurately diagnosed in very mildly impaired individuals. Neurology, 59, 1022–1028.Google Scholar
Saunders, N. L. J., & Summers, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal deficits to attention, executive, and working memory in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 25, 237–248.Google Scholar
Sawyer, R. J., Testa, S. M., & Dux, M. (2017). Embedded performance validity tests within the Hopkins Verbal Learning Tests-Revised and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31, 207–218.Google Scholar
Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Woo, E., & Greeley, D. R. (2009). Characterizing multiple memory deficits and their relation to everyday functioning in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 23, 168–177.Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M., Guidotti, L., Nielson, K. A., Woodard, J. L., Durgerian, S., Zhang, Q., Gander, A., Antuono, P., & Rao, S. M. (2009). Semantic knowledge for famous names in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15, 9–18.Google Scholar
Serra, L., Bozzali, M., Cercignani, M., Perri, R., Fadda, L., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2010). Recollection and familiarity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 24, 316–326.Google Scholar
Sieck, B. C., Smith, M. M., Duff, K., Paulsen, J. S., & Beglinger, L. J. (2013). Symptom validity test performance in the Huntington disease clinic. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28, 135–143.Google Scholar
Sinai, M., Phillips, N. A., Chertkow, H., & Kabani, N. J. (2010). Task switching performance reveals heterogeneity amongst patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 24, 757–774.Google Scholar
Ska, B., Poissant, A., & Joanette, Y. (1990). Line orientation judgement in normal elderly and subjects with dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 695–702.Google Scholar
Snowden, J. S., Bathgate, D., Varma, A., Blackshaw, A., Gibbons, Z. C., & Neary, D. (2001). Distinct behavioural profiles in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 323–332.Google Scholar
Sperling, R. A., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Bennett, D. A., Craft, S., Fagan, A. M., Iwatsubo, T., … & Phelps, C. H. (2011). Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 7, 280–292.Google Scholar
Spinnler, H., Della Sala, S., Bandera, R., & Baddeley, A. (1988). Dementia, aging, and the structure of human memory. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 5, 193–211.Google Scholar
Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015–2028.Google Scholar
Teichner, G., & Wagner, M. T. (2004). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 455–464.Google Scholar
Terry, R. D., & Katzman, R. (1983). Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Annals of Neurology, 14, 497–506.Google Scholar
Thompson, C., Henry, J. D., Rendell, P. G., Withall, A., & Brodaty, H. (2010). Prospective memory function in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 318–325.Google Scholar
Tombaugh, T. N. (1997). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. Psychological Assessment, 9, 260–268.Google Scholar
Troyer, A. K., & Murphy, K. J. (2007). Memory for intentions in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Time- and event-based prospective memory. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 365–369.Google Scholar
Troyer, A. K., Murphy, K. J., Anderson, N. D., Hayman-Abello, B. A., Craik, F. I. M., & Moscovitch, M. (2008). Item and associative memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: performance on standardized memory tests. Neuropsychology, 22, 10–16.Google Scholar
Twamley, E. W., Ropacki, S. A. L., & Bondi, M. W. (2006). Neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 707–735.Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau. (2017). Facts for Features: Hispanic Heritage Month 2017.Google Scholar
Villardita, C. (1993). Alzheimer’s disease compared with cerebrovascular dementia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 87, 299–308.Google Scholar
Vonsattel, J. P., Myers, R. H., Stevens, T. J., Ferrante, R. J., Bird, E. D., & Richardson, E. P. (1985). Neuropathological classification of Huntington’s disease. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 44, 559–577.Google Scholar
Walter, J., Morris, J., Swier-Vosnos, A., & Pliskin, N. (2014). Effects of severity of dementia on a symptom validity measure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28, 1197–1208.Google Scholar
Weintraub, S., Wickland, A. H., & Salmon, D. P. (2012). The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer’s disease. In Selkoe, D., Holtzman, D., & Mandelkow, E. (Eds.), The biology of Alzheimer’s disease (pp. 25–42.) Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Google Scholar
Weissberger, G. H., Gollan, T. H., Bondi, M. W., Nation, D. A., Hansen, L. A., Galasko, D., & Salmon, D. P. (2019). Neuropsychological deficit profiles, vascular risk factors, and neuropathological findings in Hispanic older adults with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 67, 291–302.Google Scholar
Weissberger, G. H., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2013). Which neuropsychological tests predict progression to Alzheimer’s disease in Hispanics? Neuropsychology, 27, 343–355.Google Scholar
Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J., Mohs, R., & Heyman, A. (1991). Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer’s disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Archives of Neurology, 48, 278–281.Google Scholar
Westerberg, C. E., Paller, K. A., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M., Holdstock, J. S., Mayes, A. R., & Reber, P. J. (2006). When memory does not fail: Familiarity-based recognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 20, 193–205.Google Scholar
Wetzel, M. E., & Kramer, J. H. (2008). The neuropsychology of vascular dementia. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 88, 567–583.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S., Bacon, L. D., Fox, J. H., & Kaszniak, A. W. (1983). Primary and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 337–344.Google Scholar
Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. O., … & Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment – beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240–246.Google Scholar
Wolk, D. A., Signoff, E. D., & Dekosky, S. T. (2008). Recollection and familiarity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A global decline in recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1965–1978.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×