Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T16:11:00.562Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CHAPTER VII - Labour and the state on the continent, 1800–1939

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
G. V. Rimlinger
Edited by
Peter Mathias  and
Sidney Pollard
G. V. Rimlinger
Affiliation:
Rice University
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Industrialization requires major adaptations and readjustments of the labouring population. The workers drawn into industry must learn not only new skills and techniques, they must also become accustomed to new rhythms and hours of work and submit to new forms of discipline and control. Typically, they must also change their habitual styles of life and their customary environments. All of these changes tend to involve considerable economic and psychological hardships, against which the workers seek to protect themselves. The present chapter is an historical survey of the responses of governments in the major industrial countries of the continent to the problems faced by industrial labour and to the workers' organized efforts to improve their situation. If industrialization created a need for workers to combine for the defence of their interests, it also improved their capability to create common-interest organizations. But the collective actions of workers in the form of strikes, trade unions, and political movements represented an economic threat to employers as well as a challenge to the prevailing system of power and authority. In a broader sense, the inevitable strife was a threat to economic efficiency and to social stability. The basic historical task of labour policy was therefore to provide the means and institutions which would meet the essential demands of the workers and at the same time promote efficiency and preserve law and order. Over time, labour policy necessarily mirrored the changing balance of economic and social forces and was articulated in ways which reflected the ideological commitments of the engaged parties.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire , pp. 549 - 606
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguet, Jean-Pierre. Les grèves sous la monarchie de Juillet 1830–1847. Geneva, 1954.Google Scholar
Anton, Günther K.Geschichte der preussischen Fabrikgesetzgebung bis zu ihrer Aufname durch die Reichsgewerbeordnung. New edn. Berlin, 1953.Google Scholar
Anweiler, Oskar. The Soviets: The Russian Workers, Peasants, and Soldiers Councils, 1905–1921. Translated from German, (1958 edn.). New York, 1974.Google Scholar
Balser, Frolinde. Sozial-Demokratie 1848/49–1863, 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1962.Google Scholar
Bergmann, Günther. Das Sozialistengesetz im rechtsrheinischen Industriegebiet. Hanover, 1970.Google Scholar
Berthelot, Marcel. Works Council in Germany. International Labour Office. Geneva, 1924.Google Scholar
Born, Karl E.Staat und Sozialpolitik seit Bismarcks Sturz. Wiesbaden, 1957.Google Scholar
Born, Karl E. and Rassow, Peter (eds.). Quellensammiung zur Geschichte der deutschen Sozialpolitik 1867 bis 1914. Wiesbaden, 1966.Google Scholar
Bourgin, Georges. ‘Neutralité gouvernementale et conflits ouvriers à Lyon au début du Second Empire’, Revue d'histoire économique et sociale (1921).Google Scholar
Bouvier-Ajam, Maurice. Histoire du travail en France des origines à la Révolution. Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Bouvier-Ajam, Maurice. Histoire de travail en France depuis la Révolution. Paris, 1969.Google Scholar
Bron, Jean. Histoire du mouvement ouvrier français, 3 vols. Paris, 1968–73.Google Scholar
Colton, Joel. Compulsory Labor Arbitration in France 1936–1939. New York, 1951.Google Scholar
Conquest, Robert. Industrial Workers in the USSR. New York, 1967.Google Scholar
Conze, Werner (ed.). Staat und Gesellschaft im deutschen Wormārz 1815–1848. Stuttgart, 1962.Google Scholar
Dällenbach, Heinz. Kantone, Bund und Fabrikgesetzgebung. Zürich, 1961.Google Scholar
Dawson, W. D.Bismarck and State Socialism. London, 1890.Google Scholar
Dawson, W. H.Social Insurance in Germany 1883–1911. London, 1912.Google Scholar
Desmarest, Jacques. La politique de la main-d'oeuvre en France. Paris, 1946.Google Scholar
Deutscher, Isaac. ‘Russia’, in Walter, Galenson (ed.), Comparative Labor Movements. New York, 1952.Google Scholar
Dewar, Margaret. Labour Policy in the USSR 1917–1928. London, 1956.Google Scholar
Dolléxans, Edouard. Histoire du mouvement ouvrier, 3 vols. Paris, 1936, 1939, 1953.Google Scholar
Douglas, Paul H. ‘The French Social Insurance Act’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. CLXIV (November 1932).Google Scholar
Dunham, Arthur L. ‘Unrest in France in 1848’, Journal of Economic History, vol. VIII (1948 supplement).Google Scholar
Dunham, Arthur L. ‘Industrial Life and Labor in France 1815–1848’, Journal of ‘Economic History, vol. III (1943).Google Scholar
Duveau, Georges. La vie ouvrière en France sous le Second Empire. Paris, 1946.Google Scholar
Ehrmann, Henry W.French Labor from Popular Front to Liberation. New York, 1947.Google Scholar
Erdmann, Gerhard. Die Entwicklung der deutschen Sozialgesetzgebung, vol. X: Quellensammlung zur Kulturgeschichte. Göttingen, 1957.Google Scholar
Fasel, George. ‘Urban Workers in Provincial France, February–June 1848’, International Review of Social History, vol. XVIII, part 3 (1972).Google Scholar
Feldman, Gerald D.Army Industry and Labor in Germany 1914–1918. Princeton, 1966.Google Scholar
Galant, Henry C.Histoire politique de la sécurité sociale française 1945–52. Paris, 1955.Google Scholar
Galenson, Walter (ed.). Comparative Labor Movements. New York, 1952.Google Scholar
Garcia Venero, Maximiano. Historia de los movimientos sindicalistas españoles 1840–1933. Madrid, 1961.Google Scholar
Gordon, Manya. Workers before and after Lenin. New York, 1941.Google Scholar
Grebing, Helga. Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung. Munich, 1973.Google Scholar
Grunberger, Richard. The 12-Year Reich. New York, 1971.Google Scholar
Guillebaud, C. W.The Works Councils. Cambridge, 1928.Google Scholar
Guillebaud, C. W.The Social Policy of Nazi Germany. Cambridge, 1941.Google Scholar
Haider, Carmen. Capital and Labor under Fascism. New York, 1930.Google Scholar
Halévy, David. Essais sur le mouvement ouvrier en France. Paris, 1901.Google Scholar
Hamerow, Theodore S.Restoration Revolution Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany 1815–1871. Princeton, 1968.Google Scholar
Hartwich, Hans H.Arbeitsmarkt Verbände und Staat 1918–1933. Berlin, 1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatzfeld, Henri. Du paupérisme à la sécurité sociale. Paris, 1971.Google Scholar
Hautmann, Hans and Kropf, Rudolf. Die Oesterreichische Arbeiterbewegung vom Vormärz bis 1945. Vienna, 1974.Google Scholar
Heidegger, Hermann. Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie und der nationale Staat 1870–1920. Göttingen, 1956.Google Scholar
Henneaux-Depooter, Louise. Misères et luttes dans le Hainaut. Brussels, 1969.Google Scholar
Henning, Hansjoachim. ‘Preussische Sozialpolitik im Vormärz?’, Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. LII, no. 4 (December 1965).Google Scholar
Hirschberg-Neumeyer, Margherita. Die italienischen Gewerkschaften. Jena, 1928.Google Scholar
Hōffner, Joseph. Sozialpolitik im deutschen Bergbau. Münster, 1956.Google Scholar
Hoppe, Ruth (ed.). Geschichte der Kinderarbeit in Deutschland 1750–1939. Document. Berlin, 1958.Google Scholar
Horowitz, David L.The Italian Labor Movement. Cambridge, Mass., 1963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeanneney, J. M. and Perrot, M.Textes de droit économique et social français. Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Frederick I.Bolshevik Ideology and the Ethics of Soviet Labor 1917–1920: The Formative Years. New York, 1968.Google Scholar
Keep, J. L. H.The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia. Oxford, 1963.Google Scholar
Kelso, Maxwell R. ‘The French Labor Movement during the Last Years of the Second Empire’, in Donald, C. McKay (ed.), Essays in the History of Modern Europe. New York, 1936.Google Scholar
Kolb, Eberhard. Die Arbeiterrāte in der deutschen Innenpolitik 1918–1919, vol. XXIII: Beitrāge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. Düsseldorf, 1962.Google Scholar
Köllman, Wolfgang. ‘Politische und soziale Entwicklung der deutschen Arbeiterschaft 1850–1914’, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. L, no. 4 (January 1964).Google Scholar
Köllman, Wolfgang. ‘Die Anfänge der staatlichen Sozialpolitik in Preussen bis 1869’, Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. LIII, no. I (March 1966).Google Scholar
Kuczynski, Jürgen. Geschichte der Kinderarbeit in Deutschland 1750–1939. Berlin, 1958.Google Scholar
Kuczynski, Jürgen. Germany: Economic and Labour Conditions under Fascism. New York, 1945.Google Scholar
Kulstein, David I.Napoleon III and the Working Class: A Study of Government Propaganda under the Second Empire. Sacramento, 1969.Google Scholar
LaPalombara, Joseph. The Italian Labor Movement. Ithaca, NY, 1957.Google Scholar
Laroque, Pierre. Les Relations entre patrons et ouvriers. Paris, 1938.Google Scholar
Lefranc, Georges. Histoire du mouvement syndical français. Paris, 1937.Google Scholar
Lefranc, Georges. Le mouvement socialiste sous la Troisième République (1875–1940). Paris, 1963.Google Scholar
Lenin, W. I.Ueber die Arbeitsgesetzgebung. Translated from Russian, . Berlin, 1962.Google Scholar
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul. La question ouvrière au XIXe siècle. Paris, 1871.Google Scholar
Levasseur, E.Questions ouvrières et industrielles en France sous la Troisième République. Paris, 1907.Google Scholar
Levasseur, E.Histoire des classes ouvrières et de l'industrie en France de 1789 a 1870, 2 vols. 2nd edn. Paris, 1903–4.Google Scholar
Lidtke, Vernon L.The Outlawed Party: Social Democracy in Germany 1878–1890. Princeton, 1966.Google Scholar
Litvinov-Falinskii, F. P.Fabrichnoe Zakonodatel' stvo i Fabrichnaia Inspektsia v Rosii [Factory Legislation and Factory Inspection in Russia]. St Petersburg, 1900.Google Scholar
Lorwin, Val R. ‘Working-Class Politics and Economic Development in Western Europe’, American Historical Review, vol. LXIII, no. 2 (January 1958).Google Scholar
Lorwin, Val R.The French Labor Movement. Cambridge, Mass., 1954.Google Scholar
Louis, Paul. Histoire du socialisme en France. Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Louis, Paul. Histoire du mouvement syndical en France, 2 vols. Paris, 1947–8.Google Scholar
Lowe, Boutelle E.The International Protection of Labor. New York, 1935.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Karl-Heinz. ‘Die Fabrikarbeit von Kindern im 19. Jahrhundert’, Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. LII (April 1965).Google Scholar
Lütge, Friedrich. ‘Die Grundprinzipien der Bismarkschen Sozialpolitik’, Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, vol. CXXXIV (1931).Google Scholar
Madison, Bernice Q.Social Welfare in the Soviet Union. Stanford, 1968.Google Scholar
Magnier, André. La participation du personnel à la gestion des entreprises. Paris, 1946.Google Scholar
Marquand, H. A. (ed.). Organized Labour in Four Continents. London, 1939.Google Scholar
Mason, T. W. ‘Labour in the Third Reich, 1933–1939’, Past and Present, no. 33 (April 1966).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, Donald C.The National Workshops. Cambridge, Mass., 1933.Google Scholar
Mehring, Franz. Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 2 vols. originally published 1897/8. Berlin, 1960.Google Scholar
Mergner, Gottfried (ed.). Die russische Arbeiteropposition: die Gewerkschaften in der Revolution. Reinbeck, 1972.Google Scholar
Meschewetski, Peisach. Die Fabrikgesetzgebung in Russland. Tübingen, 1911.Google Scholar
Mikulin, A. A.Ocherki iz Istorii Primeneniia Zakona 3-go Iiunia 1886 Goda o Naime Rabochikh [Sketches from the Implementation of the Law of June Third 1886 on the Hiring of Workers]. Vladimir, 1893.Google Scholar
Montreuil, Jean (pseud.) Histoire du mouvement ouvrier des origines à nos jours. Paris, 1946.Google Scholar
Morgan, R. P.The German Social Democrats 1864–72. Cambridge, 1965.Google Scholar
Moss, Bernard H.The Origins of the French Labor Movement 1830–1914. Berkeley, 1976.Google Scholar
Na'aman, S. (ed.). Die Konstituierung der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung 1862/63. Documents. Assen, The Netherlands, 1975.Google Scholar
Nathan, Otto. The Nazi Economic System. Durham, 1944.Google Scholar
Neufeld, Maurice F.Italian Unions and National Politics. Ithaca, NY, 1954.Google Scholar
Neufeld, Maurice F.Italy: School for Awakening Countries. Ithaca, NY, 1961.Google Scholar
Nikitin, I.Die ersten Arbeiterverbände und sozialdemokratischen Organisationen in Russland. Berlin, 1954.Google Scholar
Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds.). Documents on Nazism, 1919–1945. London, 1974.Google Scholar
Obermann, Karl. Die deutschen Arbeiter in der Revolution von 1848. 2nd edn. Berlin, 1953.Google Scholar
Ozerov, I. Kh.Politika po Rabochemu Voprosu v Rossii za Poslednye Gody [Labour Policy in Russia in Recent Years]. Moscow, 1906.Google Scholar
Pack, Wolfgang. Das parlamentarische Ringen um das Sozialistengesetz Bismarcks 1878–1890. Düsseldorf, 1961.Google Scholar
Pankratova, A. M. (ed.). Rabochee Dvizhenie v Rossii v XIX Veke [The Labour Movement in Russia in the Nineteenth Century], 4 vols. Moscow, 1950–5.Google Scholar
Pashitnow, K.Die Lage der arbeitende Klasse in Russland. Translated from Russian, . Stuttgart, 1907.Google Scholar
Perrot, Michelle. Les ouvriers en grève. France 1871–1900. Paris, 1974.Google Scholar
Peschke, Paul. Geschichte der deutschen Sozialversicherung. Berlin, 1962.Google Scholar
Pipes, Richard. Social Democracy and the St Petersburg Labor Movement 1885–1897. Cambridge, Mass., 1963.Google Scholar
Pöls, Werner. Sozialistenfrage und Revolutionsfurcht in ihrem Zusammenhang mid den angeblichen Staatsstreichplänen Bismarcks. Historische Studien no. 377. Hamburg, 1960.Google Scholar
Pospielosky, Dimitry. Russian Police Trade Unionism. London, 1971.Google Scholar
Preller, Ludwig. Sozialpolitik in der Weimarer Republik. Stuttgart, 1949.Google Scholar
Price, Roger. The French Second Republic. Ithaca, NY, 1972.Google Scholar
Prokopovich, S. N.K Rabochemu Voprosu v Rossii [On the Labour Question in Russia]. St Petersburg, 1905.Google Scholar
Puppke, Ludwig. Sozialpolitik und soziale Anschauungen Früindustrieller Unternehmer in Rheinland-Westphalen. Cologne, 1966.Google Scholar
Quandt, Otto. Die Anfänge der Bismarckschen Sozialgesetzgebung und die Haltung der Parteien, Historische Studien no. 344. Berlin, 1938.Google Scholar
Quarck, Max. Die erste deutsche Arbeiterbewegung Geschichte der Arbeiterverbrüderung 1848–49. Originally published 1924. Glashütten im Taunus, 1970.Google Scholar
Rappard, William E.La révolution industrielle et les origines de la protection légate du travail en Suisse. Bern, 1914.Google Scholar
Rassow, Peter and Born, Karl E. (eds.). Akten zur Sozialpolitik in Deutschland 1890–1914. Wiesbaden, 1959.Google Scholar
Rigaudias-Weiss, Hilde. Les enquêtes ouvrières en France entre 1830 et 1848. Paris, 1936.Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V.Welfare Policy and Industrialization in Europe, America, and Russia. New York, 1971.Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V. ‘Welfare Policy and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Perspective’, Journal of Economic History, vol. XXI, no. 4 (July 1968).Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V. ‘The Legitimation of Protest: A Comparative Study in Labor History’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. II, no. 3 (April 1960).Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V. ‘Social Security, Incentives, and Controls in the U.S. and U.S.S.R.’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. IV, no. I (November 1961).Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V. ‘The Trade Union in Soviet Insurance: Historical Development and Present Functions’, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. XIV, no. 3 (April 1961).Google Scholar
Rimlinger, Gaston V. ‘Autocracy and the Factory Order in Early Russian Industrialization’, Journal of Economic History, vol. XX, no. I (March 1960).Google Scholar
Ritter, Gerhard A.Die Arbeiterbewegung im Wilhelminischen Reich. Berlin, 1959.Google Scholar
Roth, Günther. The Social Democrats in Imperial Germany. Totowa, NJ, 1913.Google Scholar
Rothfels, Hans. ‘Bismarck's Social Policy and the Problem of State Socialism in Germany, Part II’, Sociological Review, vol. XXX (1938).Google Scholar
Rubinow, I. M.Studies in Workmen's Insurance: Italy, Russia, Spain. New York, 1911.Google Scholar
Rude, Fernand. Le mouvement ouvrier à Lyon de 1827 a 1832. Paris, 1944.Google Scholar
Saposs, David J.The Labor Movement in Post-War France. New York, 1931.Google Scholar
Schmierer, Wolfgang. Von der Arbeiterbildung zur Arbeiterpolitik: Die Anfänge der Arbeiterbewegung in Württenberg 1862/63–1878. Hanover, 1970.Google Scholar
Schmitz, Heinrich Karl. Anfänge und Entwicklung der Arbeiterbewegung im Raum Düsseldorf. Hanover, 1968.Google Scholar
Schneiderman, Jeremiah. Sergei Zubatov and Revolutionary Marxism. Ithaca, NY, 1976.Google Scholar
Schraepler, Ernst. Handwerkerbünde und Arbeitervereine 1830–1853. Berlin, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, Wally. ‘Kinderarbeit und Erziehungsfragen in Preussen zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts’, Soziale Welt (1958).Google Scholar
Schumann, Hans-Gerd. Nationalsozialismus und Gewerkschaftsbewegung. Hanover, 1958.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Solomon M.Labor in the Soviet Union. New York, 1952.Google Scholar
Schwarz, Solomon M.The Russian Revolution of 1905. Trans. Gertrude, Vakar. Chicago, 1967.Google Scholar
Scott, Joan W.The Glassworkers of Carmaux. Cambridge, Mass., 1974.Google Scholar
Sellin, Volker. Die Anfange staatlicher Sozialreform im liberalen Italien. Stuttgart, 1971.Google Scholar
Shelymagin, I. I.Fabrichno- Trudovoe Zakonodatel' stvo v Rossii [Factory Labour Legislation in Russia]. Moscow, 1947.Google Scholar
Sorenson, Jay B.The Life and Death of Soviet Trade Unionism 1917–1928. New York, 1969.Google Scholar
Stearns, Peter N. ‘Against the Strike Threat: Employer Policy toward Labor Agitation in France, 1900–1914’, Journal of Modern History, vol. XL, no. 4 (December 1968).Google Scholar
Stearns, Peter N.Revolutionary Syndicalism and French Labor: A Cause without Rebels. New Brunswick, NJ, 1971.Google Scholar
Steiner, Herbert. Die Arbeiterbewegung Oesterreichs 1867–1889. Vienna, 1964.Google Scholar
Stern, Leo (ed.). Der Kampf der deutschen Sozialdemokratie in der Zeit des Sozialistengesetzes, 2 vols. Archivalische Forschungen. Berlin, 1956.Google Scholar
Sturmthal, Adolf F.Comparative Labor Movements: Ideological Roots and Institutional Development. Belmont, Cal., 1972.Google Scholar
Teuteberg, Hans Jürgen. Geschichte der industriellen Mitbestimmung in Deutschland. Tübingen, 1961.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles and Shorter, Edward. Strikes in France 1830–1968. Cambridge, 1974.Google Scholar
Timm, Helga. Die deutsche Sozialpolitik und der Bruch der grossen Koalition im März 1930. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, no. I. Düsseldorf, 1952.Google Scholar
Todt, Elisabeth and Radant, Hans. Zur Frühgeschichte der deutschen Gewerkschaftsbewegung 1800–1849. Berlin, 1950.Google Scholar
Tormin, Walter. Zwischen Rätediktatur und sozialer Demokratie. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der Parteien. Düsseldorf, 1954.Google Scholar
Tugan-Baranovsky, M. I.The Russian Factory in the 19th Century. Translated from 3rd edn. (1907) by Levin, A. and Levin, C. S.. Homewood, III., 1970.Google Scholar
Tuñon de Lara, Manuel. El movimieto obrero en la historia de España. Madrid, 1972.Google Scholar
Turin, S. P.From Peter the Great to Lenin. Westminster, 1935.Google Scholar
,Unity and Diversity in European Labor. Glencoe, III., 1953.
,US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Social Security Programs Throughout the World, 1975. Washington, DC, 1976.
Veditz, C. W. A. ‘Child-Labor Legislation in Europe’, Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, vol. XXI, no. 89 (July 1910).Google Scholar
Virton, P.Histoire et politique du droit du travail. Paris, 1968.Google Scholar
Vogel, Walter. Bismarcks Arbeiterversicherung. Braunschweig, 1951.Google Scholar
Voitinskii, Vladimir S.Peterburgskii Soviet Bezrabotnykh 1906–1907 [The Petersburg Council of the Unemployed 1906–1907]. New York, 1969.Google Scholar
von Bismarck, Otto Furst. Die Gesammelten Werke, 15 vols. Berlin, 1924–35.Google Scholar
von Laue, T. H. ‘Tsarist Labor Policy, 1895–1905’, Journal of Modern History, vol. XXXIV, no. 2 (June 1962).Google Scholar
von Laue, T. H. ‘Factory Inspection under the “Witte System”: 1892–1903’, American Slavic and East European Review, vol. XIX (1960).Google Scholar
von Laue, T. H. ‘Russian Peasants in the Factory 1892–1904’, Journal of Economic History, vol. XXI, no. 1 (March 1961).Google Scholar
Wachenheim, Hedwig. Die deutsche Arbeiterbewegung 1844 bis 1914. Cologne, 1967.Google Scholar
Waline, Pierre. Cinquante ans de rapports entre patrons et ouvriers en Allemagne, vol. I: 1918–1945. Paris, 1968–70.Google Scholar
Walkin, J. ‘The Attitude of the Tsarist Government Toward the Labor Problem’, American Slavic and East European Review, vol. XIII (April 1954).Google Scholar
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (ed.). Moderne deutsche Sozialgeschichte. Cologne, 1966.Google Scholar
Weill, Georges. Histoire du mouvement social en France. Paris, 1924.Google Scholar
Wildman, Allan K.The Making of a Workers' Revolution: Russian Social Democracy 1891–1903. Chicago, 1967.Google Scholar
Willoughby, W. F. ‘Foreign Labor Laws: Austria’, Bulletin of the Department of Labor, no. 28 (May 1900).Google Scholar
Willoughby, W. F. ‘Foreign Labor Laws: Belgium, Switzerland’, Bulletin of the Department of Labor, no. 26 (January 1900).Google Scholar
Wunderlich, Frieda. German Labor Courts. Chapel Hill, NC, 1946.Google Scholar
Zelnik, Reginald E.Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia. Stanford, 1971.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×