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Part III - The Modern Era

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2022

Edited by
Steven Katz
Steven Katz
Affiliation:
Boston University
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The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism , pp. 271 - 516
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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References

Further Reading

Bell, D. P., and Burnett, S. G., eds., Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth Century Germany (Leiden, 2006). An anthology comprising a wide range of scholarship about Jews and Christians during the Reformation, including articles about specific reformers, Jewish life, and Christian–Jewish polemics during the Reformation.Google Scholar
Ben-Sasson, Ḥ. H., “The Reformation in Contemporary Jewish Eyes,” Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 4.12 (1971), 239–326. Ben-Sasson discusses Jewish reactions to the Reformation from the Ottoman Empire to the Holy Roman Empire. He includes the theological and messianic interest that the Reformation sparked among some Jewish thinkers as well as the conservative approach of Jews residing in German lands.Google Scholar
Burnett, S. G., “Jews and Judaism,” in Luther in Context, ed. Whitford, D. M. (Cambridge, 2018), 179–86. A brief and useful overview of Jews in Germany during Luther’s lifetime, and a discussion of Luther and the Jews.Google Scholar
Edwards, M. U., Luther’s Last Battles: Politics and Polemics, 1531–46 (Ithaca, NY, 1982). Edwards analyzes Luther’s works over the last years of his life, arguing that his writings in his later years were increasingly hostile toward Jews and others, providing a wider context to the issue of Luther’s antisemitism.Google Scholar
Gershon, ben J., Fraenkel-Goldschmidt, Ch., and Shear, A., eds., The Historical Writings of Joseph of Rosheim: Leader of Jewry in Early Modern Germany (Leiden, 2006). An English translation of Josel of Rosheim’s writings, including sources and an excellent introduction to Josel’s interactions with Luther and other Protestant figures.Google Scholar
Hsia, R. P., and Lehmann, H., eds., In and Out of the Ghetto: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 2002). An anthology of Jewish–Christian relations in Germany, including in the Reformation period. Provides important examples of such interactions from the perspective of intellectual and social history.Google Scholar
Kaplan, D., Beyond Expulsion: Jews, Christians, and Reformation Strasbourg (Stanford, CA, 2011). A case study of Jewish–Christian relations in Strasbourg, a Protestant city from which Jews were expelled. Kaplan argues that Jews were very much a fabric of early modern European life and that they influenced and were impacted by the Protestant Reformation.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, T., Luther’s Jews: A Journey into Anti-Semitism, trans. Lesley Sharpe and Jeremy Noakes (Oxford, 2017). Kaufmann discusses the development of Luther’s attitudes toward the Jews, arguing that they firmly reflected attitudes held by his contemporaries in the 16th century. He also traces the reception of Luther’s antisemitic writings into the 20th century, arguing that how a book was received is an undeniable part of its legacy.Google Scholar
Oberman, H. A., The Roots of Antisemitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation (Philadelphia, 1984). Oberman traces the development of antisemitism in the 16th century, examining Erasmus, Reuchlin, and Luther. He highlights the influence of Luther’s apocalyptic thinking on his antisemitic writings.Google Scholar
Schramm, B., and Stjerna, K. I., Martin Luther, the Bible, and the Jewish People (Minneapolis, MN, 2012). An anthology of Luther’s texts about Jews and the Old Testament presenting Luther’s theology and Jews’ place in his biblical exegesis and teachings. The introduction provides vital context for understanding Luther and the Jews.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Gay, P., Voltaire’s Politics: The Poet as Realist (Princeton, NJ, 1959). A readable and engaging portrayal of Voltaire.Google Scholar
Hertzberg, A., The French Enlightenment and the Jews (New York, 1968). A pioneering study that situates the French Enlightenment’s assessment of the Jews in the context of 18th-century French-Jewish history.Google Scholar
Karp, J., The Politics of Jewish Commerce: Economic Thought and Emancipation in Europe, 1638–1848 (Cambridge, 2012). Includes a thorough exposition of the thinking of Christian Wilhelm von Dohm with regard to the Jews.Google Scholar
Mack, M., German Idealism and the Jew: The Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses (Chicago, IL, 2013). A searching account of German philosophical antisemitism from the Enlightenment onward.Google Scholar
Marks, J. D., “Rousseau’s Use of the Jewish Example,” The Review of Politics 72.3 (Summer 2010), 463–481. A careful analysis of the philosopher’s positive assessment of the Jews.Google Scholar
Mitchell, H., Voltaire’s Jews and Modern Jewish Identity (London, 2014). A recent reassessment of Voltaire’s stance toward the Jews and Judaism.Google Scholar
Rose, P. L., German Question/Jewish Question: Revolutionary Antisemitism from Kant to Wagner (Princeton, NJ, 1990). Develops a theory concerning the negative impact of Kant’s portrayal of the Jews and Judaism.Google Scholar
Schechter, R., Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815 (Berkeley, CA, 2003). A nuanced treatment of the thinking of Voltaire and other French Enlightenment figures with regard to the Jews and their impact in revolutionary France.Google Scholar
Shell, S. M., Kant and the Limits of Autonomy (Cambridge, MA, 2009). Chapter 8 analyzes Kant’s relationships with his Jewish friends.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, A., Judaism and Enlightenment (Cambridge, 2003). Extensively explores non-Jewish thinkers’ writings on the Jews from the pre-Enlightenment period through the Enlightenment.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Arendt, H., The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York, 1951). The first part of this book treats antisemitism since the rise of the modern state, especially in Germany and France. It stresses the Jews’ special function in the age of modernity and the effects of what the author sees as their resistance to full assimilation.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, P., The Anti-Semitic Moment: A Tour of France in 1898 (Chicago, IL, 1998). Analyzes the antisemitic mood in France during a year of rising tension around the Dreyfus Affair.Google Scholar
Frankel, J., The Damascus Affair: Ritual Murder and the Jews in 1840 (New York, 1997). This is a detailed description of this event in 1840, far away in the Middle East, and the various reactions to it throughout Europe, at a time when Jews were in the midst of fighting for emancipation.Google Scholar
Hyman, P. E., The Jews in Modern France (Berkeley, CA, 1998). A full overview of Jewish history in France with extensive sections on antisemitism as well as on the fight against it from before the French Revolution until the later part of the 20th century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Julius, A., Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England (Oxford, 2010). A book reviewing antisemitism in England from the Middle Ages and into the second half of the 20th century, describing its presence in that country in modern times as mild, often hidden and implicit.Google Scholar
Katz, J., From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism 1700–1933 (Cambridge, MA, 1980). By now a classic book on this topic with emphasis on the 19th century, mixing the history of ideas and social history, stressing continuities with earlier periods and pointing out the road to the Holocaust.Google Scholar
Mosse, G. L., Towards the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (New York, 1978). An illuminating and as yet unsurpassed exposition of the development of racial thinking from the Enlightenment to National Socialism.Google Scholar
Pulzer, P., The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, 1879–1933 (New York, 1964). A short but nevertheless detailed and precise description of antisemitism in Germany and Austria, with emphasis on the new political parties that led the fight against Jews and Jewish emancipation in central Europe, from the 1870s to the rise of Nazism.Google Scholar
Schechter, R., Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715–1815 (Berkeley, CA, 2003). A well-balanced analysis of attitudes toward Jews and the Jewish religion, positive and negative, during the age of enlightenment in France.Google Scholar
Smith, H. W., The Butcher’s Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town (New York, 2002). A micro-history, using a blood-libel case in a small East Prussian town in 1900, showing the depth of Jew-hatred but also the strength of the forces acting against such prejudices at the time.Google Scholar
Volkov, S., Germans, Jews, and Antisemites: Trials in Emancipation (Cambridge, 2006). A book summarizing the research results of various smaller projects, with focus on the process of Jewish emancipation and the hurdles it has had to overcome in modern Germany from the late 18th century onward.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Further Reading

Blobaum, R., ed., Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland (Ithaca, NY, 2005). Leading scholars treat a range of issues from the mid-19th century to post–World War II.Google Scholar
Budnitskii, O., Russian Jews between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920, trans. Portice, T. J. (Philadelphia, 2012). Comprehensive treatment of complex issues in the Russian Civil War by a leading Moscow-based scholar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekel-Chen, J., et al., eds., Anti-Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History (Bloomington, IN, 2011). Overview, plus regional studies, from 1881 to 1940.Google Scholar
Engelstein, L., The Resistible Rise of Antisemitism: Exemplary Cases from Russia, Ukraine, and Poland (Waltham, MA, 2020). Twentieth-century Jewish challenges put antisemites on the defensive.Google Scholar
Klier, J. D., Russians, Jews, and the Pogrom Crisis of 1881–1882 (Cambridge, 2011). Leading scholar treats a key episode in the escalation of anti-Jewish violence.Google Scholar
Klier, J. D., and Lambroza, S., eds., Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1992). Studies on the years 1881–1906, with an essay on the civil war and several overviews.Google Scholar
Löwe, H.-D., The Tsars and the Jews: Reform, Reaction and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia, 1771–1917 (Chur, 1993). Useful study of imperial policy by a German scholar, which interprets antisemitism as a form of anticapitalist resistance.Google Scholar
Nathans, B., Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia (Berkeley, CA, 2002). This study of “selective integration” examines how Jews entered and influenced Russian public life.Google Scholar
Prusin, A. V., Nationalizing a Borderland: War, Ethnicity, and Anti-Jewish Violence in East Galicia, 1914–1920 (Tuscaloosa, AL, 2005). Covers Russian military occupation and the Polish-Jewish conflict in Austrian Galicia during World War I.Google Scholar
Rogger, H., Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia (Berkeley, CA, 1986). Unsurpassed classic essays with interpretations that have shaped the field.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staliūnas, D., Enemies for a Day: Antisemitism and Anti-Jewish Violence in Lithuania under the Tsars (Budapest, 2015). Studies the cultural and sociological aspects of ethnic relations.Google Scholar
Weeks, T. R., From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The “Jewish Question” in Poland, 1850–1914 (DeKalb, IL, 2006). Examines the emergence of antisemitism as a modern political movement in Russian-ruled Poland.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Carlebach, J., Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Judaism (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization) (London, 1978). The most thorough analysis of Marx’s relationship to antisemitism. Includes an extensive, annotated bibliography.Google Scholar
Fischer, L., The Socialist Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, 2007). An impressive study on the relationships of German Social Democrats toward antisemitism at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linfield, S., The Lions’ Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky (New Haven, CT, 2019). Explores the attitudes of 20th-century left-wing intellectuals, including Maxime Rodinson, Isaac Deutscher, Albert Memmi, and Noam Chomsky.Google Scholar
McGeever, B., Antisemitism and the Russian Revolution (Cambridge, 2019). An excellent study of the relationships between the Bolsheviks and antisemitism in the era of the Russian Revolution and of the Russian Civil War.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendelsohn, E., ed., Essential Papers on Jews and the Left (New York, 1997). Reprints of classic pieces by prominent scholars such as Edmund Silberner, Shlomo Avineri, and Jonathan Frankel.Google Scholar
Nedava, J., Trotsky and the Jews (Philadelphia, 1972). An extended analysis, including discussion of the roles of antisemitism in Trotsky’s life, and the changes in his ideas over the course of his career.Google Scholar
Niewyk, D. L., Socialist, Anti-Semite, and Jew: German Social Democracy Confronts the Problem of Anti-Semitism, 1918–1933 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1971). A compelling analysis of the positions of the German Social Democratic Party on matters related to antisemitism in the era of the Weimar Republic.Google Scholar
Rich, D., The Left’s Jewish Problem: Jeremy Corbyn, Israel and Antisemitism (London, 2018). A thorough investigation of contemporary attitudes toward antisemitism in the British Labour Party.Google Scholar
Silberner, E., “British Socialism and the Jews,” Historia Judaica 14 (1952), 27–52. An important source on Owen, the Chartists, the Webbs, and early British Social Democrats.Google Scholar
Silberner, E., “French Socialism and the Jewish Question, 1865–1914,” Historia Judaica 16 (1954), 3–38. Surveys opinions of French leftists, with special attention devoted to the range of perspectives expressed in the era of the Dreyfus Affair.Google Scholar
Traverso, E., The Marxists and the Jewish Question: The History of a Debate (1843–1943), trans. Gibbons, B. (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1994). A sensitive examination of the attitudes of such figures as Marx, Engels, Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, and Gramsci and of the relevant policies of both socialist and communist movements.Google Scholar
Wistrich, R. S., Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky (London, 1976). Contains chapters on the ideas of a number of leading socialists of Jewish origin in Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, and Russia.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Avni, O., “Patrick Modiano: A French Jew?,” Yale French Studies 85 (1994), 227–247. This short article treats the subject of Jewishness in Modiano’s La place de l’étoile.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birnbaum, P., The Anti-Semitic Moment: A Tour of France in 1898 (Chicago, IL, 1998). This book provides a historical overview of French antisemitism at the time of the Dreyfus Affair and devotes attention to writers, including Drumont.Google Scholar
Carroll, D., French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture (Princeton, NJ, 1995). An analysis of the link between fascism and aesthetics, with analysis of French antisemitic writers from the late 19th century through World War II, including Drumont and Céline.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, J., “Coming Out of the Jewish Closet with Marcel Proust,” in Queer Theory and the Jewish Question, ed. Boyarin, Daniel, Itzkovitz, Daniel, and Pellegrini, Ann (New York, 2003), 334–364. This essay interrogates the complexity of Jewish identity in the work of Marcel Proust.Google Scholar
Hertzberg, A., The French Enlightenment and the Jews (New York, 1968). A classic exploration of the place of antisemitism in the work of Enlightment philosophers such as Voltaire.Google Scholar
Judaken, J., John-Paul Sartre and the Jewish Question: Anti-Antisemitism and the Politics of the French Intellectual (Lincoln, NE, 2009). A thorough study of Sartre’s approach to Jews and Jewishness, including his controversial Antisemite and Jew.Google Scholar
Kaplan, A., Reproductions of Banality: Fascism, Literature, and French Intellectual Life (Minneapolis, MN, 1986). One of the first works to explore how fascist ideology was manifested in mid-20th-century French culture.Google Scholar
Rousso, H., The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge, MA, 1994). This book investigates the postwar French obsession with the period of the Nazi Occupation and the attempt to come to terms with the legacy of French complicity in the deportation of the Jews by writers and filmmakers.Google Scholar
Samuels, M., “Metaphors of Modernity: Prostitutes, Bankers, and Other Jews in Balzac’s Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes,” Romanic Review 97.2 (March 2006), 169–184. An analysis of Balzac’s ambivalent treatment of Jews as an expression of his ambivalence toward the culture of capitalism more generally.Google Scholar
Samuels, M., The Right to Difference: French Universalism and the Jews (Chicago, IL, 2016). A study of the way that French writers from the Revolution to the present have used the Jews to explore the question of universalism, with sections on Zola, Renoir, Sartre, and Modiano.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suleiman, S. R., “The Jew in Jean-Paul Sartre’s Réflexions sur la question juive: An Exercise in Historical Reading,” in The Jew in the Text: Modernity and the Construction of Identity, ed. Nochlin, Linda and Garb, Tamar (New York, 1995), 201–218. This essay was one of the first to point to the troubling antisemitic residue in Sartre’s supposedly anti-antisemitic defense of Jews after World War II.Google Scholar
Suleiman, S. R., The Némirovsky Question: The Life, Death, and Legacy of a Jewish Writer in 20th-Century France (New Haven, CT, 2016). A judicious treatment of Némirovsky’s complex relation to her Jewish identity.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Eco, U., The Prague Cemetery, trans. Dixon, Richard (London, 2010). Historical thriller about how the chapter entitled “The Prague Cemetery” in Goedsche’s novel Biarritz became the basis for the conspiracy theories propounded in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.Google Scholar
Gilman, S. L., The Jew’s Body (London, 1999). Detailed analysis of how antisemitic fictions have informed pseudo-scientific medical and popular culture in the German speaking sphere from 1800 to 1945.Google Scholar
Gilman, S. L., and Zipes, J., eds., Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in German Culture, 1096–1996 (New Haven, CT, 1997). Contains a variety of highly readable short essays on key issues and events related to antisemitic stereotyping from the 18th century to the end of the 20th century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kafka, F., The Castle, trans. J. A. Underwood, with an introduction by Parry, I. (London, 1997). In quasi-allegorical form, Kafka’s 1926 novel depicts the ways in which the antisemitic stereotyping of Jews as strangers determines the protagonist Joseph K.’s experience of being vilified, demonized and excluded by society.Google Scholar
Lessing, G. E., Nathan the Wise, trans. Kemp, E. (New York, 2004). Spinoza-inspired drama depicting, via Nathan’s famous ring parable, the equality of different religions and cultures.Google Scholar
Mack, M., German Idealism and the Jew: The Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses (Chicago, IL, 2003). Analyzes the pseudo-theological foundations of pseudo-scientific antisemitism in German literature with a focus on Wagner’s idealist and socialist antisemitism.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendes-Flohr, P., and Reinharz, J., eds., The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (Oxford, 1995). Provides an English translation of key documents of German antisemitic literature (such as Wagner’s essay “Judaism in Music”). It also contains illuminating introductions and helpful commentary to the translated texts.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Cheyette, B., Constructions of “the Jew” in English Literature and Society: Racial Representations, 1875–1945 (Cambridge, 1993). A still influential analysis of antisemitism in liberal culture with reference to a wide range of English literature from the late 19th century to the 1940s.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felsenstein, F., Anti-Semitic Stereotypes: A Paradigm of Otherness in English Popular Culture, 1660–1830 (Baltimore, MD, 1995). This heavily researched book provides a contextual overview of English Jew-hatred from the restoration to the romantic period.Google Scholar
Freedman, J., The Temple of Culture: Assimilation and Anti-Semitism in Literary Anglo-America (New York, 2000). An original and creative account of transatlantic literary antisemitism in the long 20th century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, H., English Origins, Jewish Discourse and the Nineteenth-Century British Novel (University Park, PA, 2009). This study explores the conflict between religious and racial definitions of “the Jew” in relation to 19th-century English literature.Google Scholar
Linett, M. T., Modernism, Feminism, and Jewishness (Cambridge, 2007). The first book-length study to bring together modernism and feminism in relation to British literary antisemitism.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, J. W., Imperfect Sympathies: Jews and Judaism in British Romantic Literature and Culture (New York, 2004). This is the standard work on British romanticism and antisemitism.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragussis, M., Figures of Conversion: “The Jewish Question” and English National Identity (Durham, NC, 1995). This book investigates the way in which conversionist antisemitism was resisted in 19th-century English literature.Google Scholar
Reizbaum, M., James Joyce’s Judaic Other (Stanford, CA, 1999). A thorough study of how Joyce used Jews and Judaism to create Ulysses which is the most sophisticated account of the subject.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scrivener, M., Jewish Representations in British Literature, 1780–1840: After Shylock (New York, 2011). A wide-ranging and thoroughly researched account of Jews and Judaism in British culture in the long 18th century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, J., Shakespeare and the Jews (New York, 1996). The standard work on the perception of Jews and Judaism in the early modern period which extends to the mid-18th century.Google Scholar
Trubowitz, L., Civil Antisemitism, Modernism and British Culture, 1902–1939 (New York, 2012). A thoughtful study of how antisemitism functions in civil society with reference to anti-immigration legislation, conspiracy theories and a wide range of modern fiction.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valman, N., The Jewess in Nineteenth-Century British Literary Culture (Cambridge, 2007). The first and only book to locate “the Jewess” at the heart of perceptions of Jews and Judaism in the long 19th century.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Further Reading

Baldwin, N., Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York, 2001). The best-researched study, which also sheds light on the factors that shaped Henry Ford’s antisemitism.Google Scholar
Diamond, S., The Nazi Movement in the United States: 1924–1941 (Ithaca, NY, 1974). A pathbreaking study of the “Nazi Movement,” particularly in the 1930s when support for Nazism in America peaked.Google Scholar
Dinnerstein, L., Antisemitism in America (New York, 1994). The only scholarly history of American antisemitism from colonial America through the 1990s.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, D., ed., Anti-Semitism in American History (Urbana, IL, 1986). An invaluable collection of fresh, thoughtful, and well-researched articles covering diverse and sometimes surprising aspects of American antisemitism.Google Scholar
Goldstein, E., The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity (Princeton, NJ, 2007). An award-winning, deeply researched study of the shifting place of Jews in America’s racial hierarchy.Google Scholar
Greene, M. F., The Temple Bombing (Reading, MA, 1996). A well-researched study of the bombing of Atlanta’s Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (“The Temple”) on October 12, 1958, contextualized within the civil rights movement and the white southerners who violently opposed Black equality.Google Scholar
Higham, J., “Anti-Semitism in the Gilded Age: A Reinterpretation,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (March 1957), 559–578. This pathbreaking article began the serious study of American antisemitism and articulated concepts that remain fundamental to its comprehension and study.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karabel, J., The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale and Princeton (New York, 2005). Karabel tells the story of college “quotas” that limited Jewish admissions, focusing on the three premier Ivy League universities. An exhaustive, well-researched study.Google Scholar
Oney, S., And the Dead Shall Rise: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank (New York, 2003). The definitive study of the Leo Frank case which rocked Georgia and much of the American Jewish community from 1913 to 1915 and resulted in a torrent of antisemitism. Leo Frank was kidnapped from jail and lynched on the night of August 16, 1915.Google Scholar
Sarna, J. D., When General Grant Expelled the Jews (New York, 2012). The only full-scale study of Ulysses S. Grant’s General Orders No. 11 expelling Jews from his war zone in December 1862, amid the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln overturned the order and Grant subsequently atoned for it.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Cesarani, D., Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949 (New York, 2016). The most recent, complete study of the Holocaust using newly available documentation.Google Scholar
Des Pres, T., The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps (New York, 1976). A powerful depiction of life in the death camps and the origin of the notion of “excremental assault.”Google Scholar
Friedlander, S., Nazi Germany and the Jews, 2 vols. (New York, 2008). A highly influential history of the Holocaust noted for its heavy use of Jewish sources.Google Scholar
Hilberg, R., The Destruction of the European Jews (New York, 1985), student one-volume edition. The most influential of all histories of the Holocaust. Draws mainly on German documents and answers the question, How did it happen?Google Scholar
Katz, S. T., The Holocaust and New World Slavery, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 2019). Volume 2 has detailed discussions of the Nazi treatment of Jewish women and children including their abuse in the ghettos and death camps.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershaw, I., Hitler: A Biography, 2 vols. (New York, 2000). The most thorough and well-constructed biography of Hitler in English.Google Scholar
Lagnado, L. M., and Dekel, S. C., Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz (New York, 1991). Mengele’s special interest in experimenting on twins is explained and documented in this study.Google Scholar
Longerich, P., Heinrich Himmler (Oxford, 2012). The main study of the man who directed the day-to-day murder of European Jewry. Thoroughly researched.Google Scholar
Niewyk, D. L., The Jews in Weimar Germany, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ, 2001). The standard study of antisemitism in the Weimar Republic.Google Scholar
Posner, G. L., and Ware, J., Mengele: The Complete Story (New York, 1986). Tells the entire story of this arch criminal in a readable and reliable way.Google Scholar
Schleunes, K. A., The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy toward German Jews, 1933–1939, 2nd ed. (Champagne, IL, 1990). A classic discussion of the turns and twists that Nazi antisemitism took from 1933 to the carrying out of the Final Solution.Google Scholar
Weindling, P., Health, Race and German Politics between Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (New York, 1989). A reliable history of the criminal character of Nazi medical experiments.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Bostom, A. G., The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism (Amherst, NY, 2008). A compilation of primary and secondary sources of and on Islamic antisemitism. This book includes a long introduction contending that Islamic antisemitism has a long-established history embedded in the religion and culture of Islam.Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R., “Modern Myths of Muslim Anti-Semitism,” in Muslim Attitudes to Jews and Israel: The Ambivalences of Rejection, Antagonism, Tolerance and Cooperation, ed. Maoz, Moshe (Brighton, 2010), 31–47. Based on his comparative study of Muslim and Christian attitudes toward the Jews in the medieval era, this essay challenges the view that antisemitism is an old phenomenon, rooted in Islamic tradition.Google Scholar
Frankel, J., The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge, 1997). A comprehensive account of the Damascus blood libel from 1840, including an analysis of behind-the-scenes struggles between the big powers.Google Scholar
Herf, J., Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (New Haven, CT, 2009). A study of Arabic broadcasting to the Arab and Muslim worlds from Nazi Germany during World War II, with an emphasis on the anti-Jewish and antisemitic propaganda.Google Scholar
Lewis, B., Semites and Anti-Semites (London, 1997). The first and so far the only study fully dedicated to antisemitism in the Middle East from the end of the 19th century to the 1990s.Google Scholar
Litvak, M., and Webman, E., From Empathy to Denial: Arab Responses to the Holocaust (London, 2009). This study is a comprehensive account of Arab attitudes toward the Holocaust from the end of World War II to the first decade of the 21st century.Google Scholar
Nettler, R. L., Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist’s View of the Jews (Jerusalem, 1987). This book provides a thorough analysis and translation of the tract “Our Struggle with the Jews” by Sayyid Qutb, which clearly exposes the Islamist perceptions of the Jews.Google Scholar
Sivan, E., “Islamic Fundamentalism, Antisemitism and Anti-Zionism,” in Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World, ed., Wistrich, Robert (London, 1990), 74–84. This essay discusses the role of antisemitism and anti-Zionism in the ideology of Islamist movements since the late 1960s.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webman, E., “Al-Aqsa Intifada and 11 September: Fertile Ground for Arab Antisemitism,” in Antisemitism Worldwide 2001/2, ed. Porat, Dina and Stauber, Roni (Tel Aviv, 2003), 37–59. This chapter is a survey of the antisemitic manifestations in the Arab media in the wake of the intifada and the 9/11 attacks.Google Scholar
Webman, E., “The ‘Jew’ as a Metaphor for Evil in Arab Public Discourse,” The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 6.3–4 (2015), 275–92. This article traces the historical roots of the use of the term “Jew” as a negative noun. This tendency intensified in the antisemitic discourse in the wake of the “Arab Spring.”CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wistrich, R., Muslim Anti-Semitism: A Clear and Present Danger (New York, 2002). This booklet, published in the middle of the Second Intifada, discusses antisemitism in Arab and Muslim societies, stressing its Islamic roots and genocidal intent.Google Scholar
Yadlin, R., An Arrogant Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as Anti-Judaism in Egypt (Oxford, 1989). This study presents the negative attitudes toward Zionism, Israel and the Jews in Egypt ten years after the signing of the peace agreement between Israel and Egypt in 1979.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Ben-Itto, H., The Lie That Wouldn’t Die, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (London, 2005). Judge Ben-Itto analyzes the sources of the Protocols, the formation of their first text, their dissemination worldwide and the trials in which the libel was exposed and refuted.Google Scholar
The Elder of Zion blog.Google Scholar
The Electronic Intifada blog.Google Scholar
Fine, R., and Philip, S., Antisemitism and the Left: On the Return of the Jewish Question (Manchester, 2017). The authors juxtapose two results of universalism, one that offered a progressive way to emancipate Jews and one of suppressing Jewish particularity, while relying on the works of Karl Marx, Hannah Arendt and Juergen Habermas.Google Scholar
Harrison, B., Blaming the Jews: Politics and Delusion (Bloomington, IN, 2020). Analyzes the persistent antisemitic belief held by groups at both ends of the political spectrum that Jews dominate world affairs and are the root of all the world’s evils.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herf, J., ed., Convergence and Divergence: Anti- Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Historical Perspective, a special issue of the Journal of Israel History 25.1 (March 2006). This special issue includes thirteen essays, all dealing with antisemitism and anti-Zionism from a variety of angles, places and movements.Google Scholar
Lewis, B., Semites and Anti-Semites; An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (London, 1987). This analysis of the terms “Semites” and “Jews,” the wars against Zionism and against the Jews, and even New Antisemitism (termed as early as the 1980s) has become a classic in the field.Google Scholar
Litvak, M., and Webman, E., From Empathy to Denial: Arab Responses to the Holocaust (London, 2009). This Washington Institute winner examines attitudes crystallized in the Arab and Moslem world toward the Israeli-Arab conflict in the wake of the Holocaust, from 1945 to 2000.Google Scholar
Marcus, L. K., The Definition of Anti-Semitism (Oxford, 2015). This book deals with the Working Definition of Antisemitism, adopted by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance in May 2016, which has since stirred an intensive cross-national debate, regarding freedom of speech versus freedom of incitement, and regarding anti-Zionism as antisemitism.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, C., Israel Denial: Anti-Zionism, Antisemitism and the Faculty Campaign against the Jewish State (Bloomington, IN, 2019). Nelson’s study addresses the phenomenon of anti-Zionism and antisemitism in North American colleges and universities, where parts of the faculty, as well as students, launch an attack on Israel that allegedly contradicts values they believe in.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, A. H., ed., Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism, the Dynamics of Delegitimization (Bloomington, IN, 2019). This volume features seventeen essays, collected following an April 2016 Indiana University conference, under the same title, in which seventy scholars from sixteen countries participated.Google Scholar
The Stephen Roth and the Kantor Center Annual Reports on Antisemitism Worldwide, 1994–2019, Tel Aviv University, www.KantorcentertauGoogle Scholar
Wistrich, R., Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World (New York, 1990). In both this book and the one listed below, Wistrich explores how the left has come to betray both the Jews and Israel: Jews whose political, traditional home was the leftist parties and Israel, which began as a socialist country, were gradually depicted by the political left as symbolizing the opposite values.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wistrich, R., From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews and Israel (Lincoln, NE, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Further Reading

Almog, Shmuel, ed., Antisemitism through the Ages (Oxford, 1988). A series of essays tracing the history of antisemitism, based on the lectures and symposia held in Jerusalem by the Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History.Google Scholar
Ben-Itto, Hadassa, The Lie That Wouldn’t Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (London, 2005). An accessible presentation of the history of one of the most influential antisemitic forgeries by a judge involved in investigating and litigating cases concerning the Protocols.Google Scholar
Berger, David, ed., History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism (Philadelphia, 1997). A series of essays by leading Jewish historians on antisemitism from antiquity to the modern era.Google Scholar
Brustein, William I., Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust (Cambridge, 2003). A systematic and comparative study of antisemitism prior to the Holocaust and its religious, racial, economic, and political roots.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chanes, Jerome A., Antisemitism: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA, 2004). A global survey of antisemitism covering many countries and biographical sketches of influential figures in the history of antisemitism including Father Charles Coughlin, John Chrysostom, and David Duke.Google Scholar
Herf, Jeffrey, ed., Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Historical Perspective: Convergence and Divergence (London, 2007). Reflections from Israeli, European, Canadian, and American historians comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences between anti-Zionism and antisemitism and the manner in which it has spread to different regions of the world.Google Scholar
Kertzer, David I., Morey, Arthur, et al. The Popes Against the Jews: The Vatican’s Role in the Rise of Anti-Semitism (New York, 2001). Arguing that the Roman Catholic Church played a major role in the development of European antisemitism, the book contends that, although the Vatican did not approve of the genocide of the Jews, its teachings and policies helped make it possible.Google Scholar
Levy, Richard S., Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (Santa Barbara, CA, 2005). An important resource containing 612 articles by over 200 scholars from many different countries, this historical encyclopedia provides a broad range of information, history, and analysis of antisemitism.Google Scholar
Michael, Robert, ed., Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present (Lanham, MD, 2007). A very useful reference resource on the history of antisemitism.Google Scholar
Nirenberg, D., Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (New York, 2013). An intellectually powerful examination of the way Jew-hatred is foundational to the history of Western civilization. Examines how different societies and countries rendered Judaism as the internal enemy, something to be feared, fought, and destroyed.Google Scholar
Parkes, James W., Antisemitism (London, 1963). A classic work by a man who was a scholar and an Anglican clergyman. This book helped propel Christian theologians and clerics to reevaluate Christianity’s role in the development, spread, and inculcation of antisemitism.Google Scholar
Poliakov, Leon, The History of Anti-Semitism, 4 vols. (Philadelphia, 2003). A comprehensive, multivolume history of antisemitism that surveys the history of this hatred from ancient to modern time. Among other things, it demonstrates that Jews did not even have to be present in a society for antisemitism to thrive.Google Scholar
Wistrich, Robert S., A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad (New York, 2010). A compelling and comprehensive examination of the both known and often ignored roots of Jew-hatred through the ages.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Daniels, Jessie, Cyber Racism: White Supremacy Online and the New Attack on Civil Rights (Lanham, MD, 2009).Google Scholar
Davey, Jacob, “Hosting the ‘Holohoax’: A Snapshot of Holocaust Denial across Social Media,” Institute for Strategic Dialogue (London, 2020).Google Scholar
Oboler, Andre, “Online Antisemitism 2.0. ‘Social Antisemitism’ on the ‘Social Web,’” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, No. 67, April 1, 2008, https://jcpa.org/article/online-antisemitism-2-0-social-antisemitism-on-the-social-web/.Google Scholar
Schwarz-Freisel, Monika, “Antisemitism 2.0 and the Cyberculture of Hate: Opening Pandora ’s Box,” in The Routledge History of Antisemitism, ed. Weitzman, M., Wald, J., and Williams, R. (London, forthcoming).Google Scholar
Schwarz-Freisel, Monika, “‘Antisemitism 2.0’ – The Spreading of Jew-Hatred on the World Wide Web,” www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110618594-026/html.Google Scholar
Simon Wiesenthal Center Report, “New SWC Report: QAnon: From Freinge Conspiracy to Mainstream Politics,” September 2020, www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/new-swc-report.html.Google Scholar
Simon Wiesenthal Center Report, “Parler: An Unbiased Social Platform?,” November 2020, www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/parler_report_final-2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Simon Wiesenthal Center Report, “Telegram: A Briefing,” July 2020, www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/swc-telegram-briefing-july.pdf.Google Scholar
Weimann, Gabriel, and Masri, Natalie, “Research Note: Spreading Hate on TikTok,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism (2020), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitzman, Mark, “Antisemitism and Terrorism on the Electronic Highway,” in Terrorism and the Internet, ed. Hans-Liudger Dienel, Yair Sharan, Christian Rapp, and Niv Ahituv (Amsterdam, 2010), pp. 7–26.Google Scholar
Weitzman, Mark, “The Internet Is Our Sword: Aspects of Online Antisemitism,” in Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide, ed. Roth, John K., Maxwell, Elisabeth, Levy, Margot and Whitworth, Wendy (London, 2001), pp. 911–925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetzel, Juliane, “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion on the Internet: How Radical Political Groups Are Networked via Conspiracy Theories,” in The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century Old Myth, ed. Webman, Esther (London, 2011), pp. 147–160.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Cassirer, E., “Judaism and the Modern Political Myths,” Contemporary Jewish Record 8.2 (April 1944), 115–126. An essay that underscores the Nazi revival of paganism and myth and rejects Judaism and the Jews as bearers of an abstract ethics.Google Scholar
Consonni, M., and Liska, W., eds., Sartre, Jews, and the Other: Rethinking Antisemitism, Race, and Gender (Munich, 2020). An edited volume on the relevance of Sartre for understanding not only antisemitism but also other forms of prejudice such as sexism and racism.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S., Moses and Monotheism (New York, 1967). Freud’s last book, written while in exile in London. A testimony to his ambivalence toward Judaism, a work of free-wheeling speculation, and an analysis of collective trauma and repression.Google Scholar
Goodrick-Clarke, N., The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology (London, 1992). A major contribution to the study of some irrational, religious roots of Nazi ideology.Google Scholar
Landes, R., and Katz, S. T., eds., The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-Year Retrospective on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York, 2011). An edited volume that surveys the history of the Franco-Russian forgery and a reflection on the social and intellectual mechanisms of conspiracy theories.Google Scholar
Lyotard, J.-F., The Hyphen: Between Judaism and Christianity (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1999). A close reading of Paul of Tarsus that suggests that anti-Judaism is rooted at the core of the Christian tradition.Google Scholar
Nancy, J.-L., and Lacoue-Labarthe, P., “The Nazi Myth,” Critical Inquiry 16.2 (Winter 1990), 291–312. An original revisiting of Cassirer’s analysis of Nazism in terms of myth, with a psychoanalytic twist based on the theory of narcissism.Google Scholar
Nirenberg, D., Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (New York, 2013). A major contribution to the understanding of Western civilization from antiquity to modernity based on the West’s vexed relation to Judaism.Google Scholar
Sartre, J.-P., Anti-Semite and Jew (New York, 1948). The first postwar philosophical attempt at grasping the logic of antisemitism and establishing the portrait of the antisemite.Google Scholar
Taguieff, P.-A., Rising from the Muck: The New Antisemitism in Europe (Chicago, IL, 2004). The first major contribution to the understanding of the return to an older paradigm; the core hypothesis of the book is that from the beginning of the third millennium we have seen the rise of an antisemitism in the name of antiracism and antinationalism.Google Scholar

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  • The Modern Era
  • Edited by Steven Katz, Boston University
  • Book: The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108637725.018
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  • The Modern Era
  • Edited by Steven Katz, Boston University
  • Book: The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108637725.018
Available formats
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  • The Modern Era
  • Edited by Steven Katz, Boston University
  • Book: The Cambridge Companion to Antisemitism
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108637725.018
Available formats
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