Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-05T19:33:26.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CHAPTER XIV - THE OLD KINGDOM IN EGYPT AND THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
W. Stevenson Smith
Edited by
I. E. S. Edwards ,
C. J. Gadd  and
N. G. L. Hammond
W. Stevenson Smith
Affiliation:
Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Mass
Get access

Summary

THE THIRD DYNASTY

Early in the Third Dynasty, King Djoser employed the genius of his architect Imhotep to erect the first great building of stone, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara. The name Djoser, written in a cartouche, has not been found in an inscription of the Old Kingdom. On his own monuments the king writes his Horus-name, Netjerykhet. There is no doubt that these two names refer to the same man. The wall scribblings of the Eighteenth Dynasty visitors to the Step Pyramid refer to the temple of Djoser and both names occur, together with the name of Imhotep, in the Ptolemaic inscription, on the Island of Siheil near the First Cataract. The legendary character of Imhotep, who was revered centuries after his death as a demi-god, the builder of the temple of Edfu, the wise chancellor, architect and physician of Djoser, has now acquired reality through the discovery of his name on a statue-base of Netjerykhet in the excavations of the Step Pyramid. It is curious that modern research should, within a short space of time, have established the identity of both the wise men of whom centuries later the harper of King Inyotef sings: ‘I have heard the sayings of Imhotep and Hordedef with whose words men speak so often. What are their habitations now? Their walls are destroyed, their habitations are no more, as if they had never been.’ The tomb of Hordedef, with the inscriptions in its chapel maliciously erased but still partly readable was found at Giza, east of the pyramid of his father Cheops, at a time when the excavation of the elaborate series of structures erected at Saqqara by Imhotep was still in progress.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History
, pp. 145 - 207
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1971

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel, Salam Mohamed Hussein , ‘Fouilles sur la chaussée d'Ounas 1941–1943.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 43 (1943).Google Scholar
Abu-Baker, Abdel-Moneim . Excavations at Giza 1949–1950. Cairo, 1953.Google Scholar
Albright, W. F. Review of H. Stock, Die Erste Zwischenzeit Ägyptens. In Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 119 (1950).Google Scholar
Aldred, C. Old Kingdom Art in Ancient Egypt. London, 1949.Google Scholar
Anthes, R. Die Felsinschriften von Hatnub (Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens (ed. Sethe, K. , later Kees, H. ). 9). Berlin, 1928.Google Scholar
Arkell, A. J. ‘Stone Bowls of Kha'ba (Third Dynasty).’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 42 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkell, A. J. A History of the Sudan to A.D. 1821. London, 1955.Google Scholar
Badawy, A. A History of Egyptian Architecture, 1. Giza, 1954.Google Scholar
Barguet, P. La stèle de la famine, à Séhel (Inst. fr. Caire, Bibliothèque d' étude, 24). Cairo, 1953.Google Scholar
Barsanti, A. ‘Fouilles de Zaouiét el-Aryân.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitis de l'Égypte 7 (1906) ; 8 (1907) ; 12 (1912).Google Scholar
Barsanti, A. ‘Ouverture de la pyramide de Zaouiét el-Aryân.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitis de l'Égypte 2 (1901).Google Scholar
Barsanti, A. ‘Rapport sur la fouille de Dahchour.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 3 (1902).Google Scholar
Bissing, F. W. . Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-Woser-Re (Rathures): vol. I, Borchardt, L. , Der Bau (Berlin, 1905); vol. II, Bissing, F. W. and Kees, H. , Die kleine Festdarstellung (Leipzig, 1923); vol. III, Kees, H. , Die grosse Festdarstellung (Leipzig, 1928).Google Scholar
Bissing, F. W. and Kees, H. Untersuchungen zu den Reliefs aus dem Re-Heiligtum des Rathures (Abhandlungen der Preussischen (Bayerischen, etc.) Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Klasse, 32, 1). Munich, 1922.Google Scholar
Bissing, F. W. . ‘Le Chambre des trois saisons.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 53 (1956).Google Scholar
Bisson de la Roque, F. Tod (Fouilles de l'Institut français du Caire, 17). Cairo, 1937.Google Scholar
Blackman, A. M. The Rock Tombs of Meir, I, IV, V (Egypt Exploration Fund and Egypt Exploration Society Arch. Survey, 22nd, 25th and 28th Memoirs). London, 1914, 1924, 1953.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Die Annalen und die zeitliche Festlegung des Alten Reiches der ägyptischen Geschichte. Berlin, 1917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borchardt, L. Altägyptische Festungen. Leipzig, 1909. (P., n. 4, for Huni Inscription.)Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. ‘König Huni (?).’ In Zeitschrift fur ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 46 (1909).Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Die Entstehung der Pyramide. Berlin, 1928.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. ‘Ein Königserlass aus Dahschur.’ In Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 42 (1905).Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. ‘Die Stammutter der 5ten Dynastie.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 38 (1938) ff.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-Rez. Leipzig, 1907.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Nefer-ir-kez-Rez. Leipzig, 1909.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Sazhu-Rez, 2 vols. Leipzig, 1910–13.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. ‘Ein Rechnungsbuch des königlichen Hofes aus dem alten Reiche.’ In Aegyptiaca, Festschrift für Georg Ebers. Leipzig, 1897.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Allerhand Kleinigkeiten. Leipzig, 1933.Google Scholar
Borchardt, L. Denkmäler des Alten Reiches. Cairo Museum, Catalogue général des Antiquités Égyptiennes Berlin, 1937.Google Scholar
Breasted, J. H. Ancient Records of Egypt, I. Chicago, 1906.Google Scholar
Brunner-Traut, E. ‘Die Weisheitslehre des Djedef-Hor.’ In Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 76 (1940) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chassinat, É . ‘A propos d'une tête en grès rouge du roi Didoufrî.’ In Fondation Eugène Piot. (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.) Monuments et mémoires. 25 (1921–2).Google Scholar
Clédat, J. ‘Deux Monuments nouveaux de Tell El-Maskhoutah.’ In Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes 32 (1910).Google Scholar
Daressy, G. ‘La pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire.’ In Bulletin de I'Institut francais d'archéologie orientate, Le Caire. 12 (1916).Google Scholar
Daressy, G. ‘La Stèle de la fille de Chéops.’ In Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes. 30 (1908).Google Scholar
Daressy, G. ‘La tombe de la mère de Chéfren.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 10 (1910).Google Scholar
Davies, N. G. The Rock Tombs of Sheikh Said. London, 1901.Google Scholar
Davies, N. G. The Rock Tombs of Deir el Gebrawi (Egypt Exploration Fund Arch. Survey, 11th and 12th Memoirs). London, 1902.Google Scholar
Davies, Nina M. and Gardiner, A. H. Ancient Egyptian Paintings. Chicago, 1936.Google Scholar
Drioton, É . and Vandier, J. Les peuples de l'Orient méditerranéen. II. L'Égypte (‘Clio’ I). Ed. 3. Paris, 1952. Chs. V, VI.Google Scholar
Drioton, É . ‘Une Liste de Rois de la IVe Dynastie dans l'Ouâdi Hammâmât.’ In Bulletin de la Société française d'Égyptologie. 16 (1954).Google Scholar
Drioton, É . ‘Une représentation de la famine sur un bas-relief égyptien de la Ve dynastie.’ In Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte. 25 (1943).Google Scholar
Drioton, É . ‘Notes diverses, 2. Une Corégence de Pepy ler et de Mérenrê (?). In Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte 44 (1945).Google Scholar
Dunand, M. Fouilles de Byblos, 1926–1932, vol. I (Paris, 1937, 1939); 1933–1938, vol. II (Paris, 1950, 1954).Google Scholar
Dunham, D. Naga-ed-Dêr Stelae of the First Intermediate Period. London, 1937.Google Scholar
Edwards, I. E. S. The Pyramids of Egypt. Ed. 2. Harmondsworth, 1961.Google Scholar
Engelbach, R. ‘The Quarries of the Western Nubian Desert.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 33 (1933).Google Scholar
Engelbach, R. ‘The Quarries of the Western Nubian Desert and the Ancient Road to Tushka.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 38 (1938).Google Scholar
Erman, A. ‘Geschichtliche Inschriften aus dem Berliner Museum.’ In Zeitschrift fur Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 38 (1900).Google Scholar
Erman, A. Die Märchen des Papyrus Westcar. Berlin, 1890.Google Scholar
Erman, A. The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. English translation by Blackman, A. M. . London, 1927.Google Scholar
Evans, A. E. ‘Further Discoveries of Cretan and Aegean Script.’ In Journal of Hellenic Studies 17 (1897).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fakhry, A. The Bent Pyramid of Dahshur. Cairo, 1954. (Extracts from Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 51 (1951) ; 52 (1954).)Google Scholar
Farina, G. Il papiro dei re restaurato. Rome, 1938.Google Scholar
Firth, C. M. and Quibell, J. E. The Step Pyramid. Cairo, 1935.Google Scholar
Firth, C. M. ‘Excavations of the Department of Antiquities at Saqqarah (October 1928–March, 1929).’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte 29 (1929).Google Scholar
Fischer, H. G. ‘The Easternmost Nomes of the Delta.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies 18 (1959).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, H. G. Denderah in the Old Kingdom and its Aftermath. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1955.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A., Wilson, J. A. and Jacobsen, T. Before Philosophy. Harmondsworth, 1949. Original ed.: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man. Chicago, 1946.Google Scholar
Fraser, G. ‘The Early Tombs at Tehneh.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte 3 (1902).Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. ‘Regnal Years and Civil Calendar in Pharaonic Egypt.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 31 (1945) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardiner, A. H., Peet, T. E. and Černy, J. The Inscriptions of Sinai, Parts I, II. Ed. 2. London, 1952, 1955.Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. ‘Was the Vizier Dja'u one of Six Brothers?’ In Zeitschrift fur dgyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 79 (1954).Google Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. ‘An Administrative Letter of Protest.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 13 (1927).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardiner, A. H. ‘The Instruction Addressed to Kagemni and his Brethren.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 32 (1946).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnot, J. S. F. ‘Quelques aspects du parallélisme dans les textes des pyramides.’ In Revue de l'histoire des religions. 123 (1941).Google Scholar
Garstang, J. , with a chapter by Sethe, K. Mahâsna and Bêt Khallâf (Egyptian Research Account). London, 1903.Google Scholar
Gauthier, H. Le livre des rois d'Égypte, I. Cairo, 1907.Google Scholar
Gauthier, H. ‘Quelques additions au “Livre des rois d'Égypte” (Ancien et Moyen Empire).’ In Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à I'archéologie assyriennes. 40 (1923) ff.Google Scholar
Gauthier, H. ‘Quatre nouveaux fragments de la pierre de Palerme.’ In Maspero, G. Le Musée Égyptien, III (Cairo, 1915).Google Scholar
Gauthier, H. ‘Un nouveau nom royal.’ In Bulletin de I'Institut français d'archéologie orientate, Le Caire, 5 (1906).Google Scholar
Gauthier, H. ‘Le Roi Zadfré successeur immédiat de Khoufou-Kheops.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 25 (1925).Google Scholar
Gilbert, P. ‘La date du Temple de Kasr-el-Saga.’ In Chronijue d'Égypte. 37 (1944).Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. ‘The Pharaoh Ny-Śwth.’ In Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 81 (1956).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goedicke, H. ‘The King Hwdfz.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 42 (1956).Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. ‘Ein Verehrer des Weisen Ḏdfhr.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 55 (1958).Google Scholar
Goedicke, H. ‘Das Verhältnis zwischen königlichen und privaten Darstellungen im Alten Reich.’ In Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 15 (1957).Google Scholar
Goneim, M. Z. Excavations at Saqqara, Horus Sekhem-khet, The Unfinished Step Pyramid at Saqqara, I. Cairo, 1957.Google Scholar
Grdseloff, B. ‘Deux inscriptions juridiques de l'Ancien Empire.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 42 (1943).Google Scholar
Grdseloff, B. ‘Notes sur deux monuments inédits de l'Ancien Empire.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 42 (1943).Google Scholar
Gunn, B. ‘Inscriptions from the Step Pyramid Site.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 26 (1926) ff.Google Scholar
Gunn, B. The Instruction of Ptah-hotep and the Instruction of Ke'gemni. London, 1918.Google Scholar
Habachi, L. Tell Basta (Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte Supplément. Cahier no. 22). Cairo, 1957.Google Scholar
Hassan, S. Excavations at Giza, I–VIII (Seasons 1929–37). Oxford and Cairo, 1932–53.Google Scholar
Hassan, S. Excavations at Giza, IV. Cairo, 1943.Google Scholar
Hassan, Selim . ‘Excavations at Saqqara 1937–1938.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte 38 (1938).Google Scholar
Hassan, Selim . Archiv für Aegyptische Archaeologie, 1. Vienna, 1938.Google Scholar
Hassan, Selim . ‘The Causeway of Wnis at Saqqara.’ In Zeitschrift fur dgyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 80 (1955).Google Scholar
Hayes, W. C. ‘Royal Decrees from the Temple of Min at Coptos.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 32 (1946).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, W. C. The Scepter of Egypt, 1. New York, 1953. Chs. III-IX.Google Scholar
Helck, W. Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten (Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens (ed. Sethe, K. , later Kees, H. ). 18). Berlin, 1956.Google Scholar
Helck, W. Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des ägyptischen Alten Reiches (Ägyptol. Forsch. 18). Glückstadt, 1954.Google Scholar
Helck, W. ‘Das Kleidertäfelchen aus der Pyramide des Śhm-h.t.’ In Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 54 (1957).Google Scholar
Helck, W. ‘Bemerkungen zu den Pyramidenstädten im Alten Reich.’ In Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für agyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 15 (1957).Google Scholar
Helck, W. ‘Zur Entstehung des Westfriedhofs an der Cheops-Pyramide.’ In Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 81 (1956).Google Scholar
Hölscher, U. Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Chephren. Leipzig, 1912.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. L'architecture et la décoration dans l'ancienne Égypte, 1. Paris, 1920.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. Le monument funéraire de Pepi II, I–III. Cairo, 1936–40.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit. Cairo, 1933.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. La pyramide d'Oudjebten. Cairo, 1928.Google Scholar
Jéquier, G. La Pyramide d'Aba. Cairo, 1935.Google Scholar
Junker, H. Giza, I–XII. Vienna and Leipzig, 1929–55.Google Scholar
Junker, H. ‘Die Grabungen der Universität Kairo auf dem Pyramidenfeld von Giza.’ In Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 3 (1932).Google Scholar
Junker, H. ‘Phrnfr.’ In Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 75 (1939) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Junker, H. ‘Die Grabungen der Universität Kairo auf dem Pyramidenfeld von Giza.’ In Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für agyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 3 (1932) ff.Google Scholar
Junker, J. ‘Der Maler 'Irj.’ In Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil. hist. Klasse, 3 (1956).Google Scholar
Kaiser, W. ‘Zu den Sonnenheiligtümern der 5. Dynastie.’ In Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 14 (1956).Google Scholar
Kantor, H. in Ehrich, R. W. Relative Chronologies in Old World Archaeology. Chicago, 1954.Google Scholar
Kees, H. Aegypten. Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients, I. Munich, 1933.Google Scholar
Kees, H. Götterglaube. Leipzig, 1941.Google Scholar
Kees, H. ‘Zu den Gaulisten im Sonnenheiligtum Neuserrê.’ In Zeitschrift fur dgyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 81 (1956).Google Scholar
Kees, H. ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte des Vezirats im Alten Reich. Die Chronologie der Vezire unter Phiops II.’ In Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse, N.F. 4, ii (1940).Google Scholar
Kees, H. ‘Beiträge zur altägyptischen Provinzialverwaltung und der Geschichte des Feudalismus.’ In Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der W-issenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse (1932) ff.Google Scholar
Kees, H. Studien zur aegyptischen Provinzialkunst. Leipzig, 1921.Google Scholar
Lacau, P. and Lauer, J.-Ph. La pyramide à degrés, vol. 5. Cairo, 1965.Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. La Pyramide à degrés, I–IV. Cairo, 1936–59.Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. ‘L'Apport historique des récentes découvertes du Service des Antiquités dans la Nécropole Memphite.’ In Comptes-Rendus de I'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. ‘Les Pyramides à degrés.’ In Revue archéologique. 47 (1956).Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. ‘Le Temple funéraire de Khéops à la grande pyramide dde Guizeh.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 46 (1947).Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. ‘Note Complémentaire.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 49 (1949) ff.Google Scholar
Lauer, J.-P. ‘Le Temple Haut de la Pyramide du Roi Ouserkaf.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte 53 (1956).Google Scholar
Le Maystre, C. ‘Les dates des pyramides de Sneferou.’ In Bulletin de I'Institut français d'archéologie orientate, Le Caire, 35 (1935) ff.Google Scholar
Leclant, J. ‘Fouilles et travaux en Égypte, 1955–1957. ’ In Orientalia. 27 (1958), pl. VII.Google Scholar
Lepsius, C. R. Denkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien. Berlin, 1849–59. Text, Leipzig, 1897–1913 (especially vol. 1). Ergänzungsband, Leipzig, 1913.Google Scholar
Lichtheim, M. ‘Songs of the Harper.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 (1945) ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackay, E., Harding, L. and Petrie, F. Bahrein and Hemamieh. London, 1929.Google Scholar
Mariette, A. Les Mastabas de l'Ancien Empire. Paris, 1889.Google Scholar
Maspero, G. ‘Trois années de fouilles.’ In Mémoires publiés par les membres de la Mission archéologique française au Caire, I (Cairo, 1884) ff.Google Scholar
Maspero, G. Études de mythologie et archéologie égyptiennes, VI. Paris, 1912.Google Scholar
Menghin, O. and Bittel, K. ‘Kasr el Sagha.’ In Mitteilungen des deutschen Instituts für agyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 5 (1934).Google Scholar
Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums, I. Stuttgart, 1926.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. Die ältere Chronologie Babyloniens, Assyriens und Ägyptens; Nachtrag zum ersten Bande der Geschichte des Altertums. Stuttgart, 1931.Google Scholar
Möller, G. Hieratische Paläographie, 1. Leipzig, 1927.Google Scholar
Möller, G. Hieratische Papyrus aus den königlichen Museen zu Berlin, III. Leipzig, 1906.Google Scholar
Montet, P. Byblos et l'Égypte. Paris, 1928.Google Scholar
Montet, P. Géographie de l'Égypte ancienne. Première partie. Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. de . Carte de la nécropole memphite. Cairo, 1897.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. . Fouilles à Dahchour, I–II. Vienna, 1895, 1903.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. . Catalogue des Monuments et Inscriptions de L'Égypte antique. Vienna, 1894.Google Scholar
Murray, M. A. Index of Names and Titles of the Old Kingdom. London, 1908.Google Scholar
Murray, M. A. Saqqara Mastabas, I (Egyptian Research Account). London, 1905.Google Scholar
Murray, G. W. ‘A Note on the Sadd el-Kafara: The Ancient Dam in the Wadi Garawi.’ In Bulletin de l'Institut d'Égypte. 28 (1947).Google Scholar
Murray, M. A. Saqqarah Mastabas, I (Egyptian Research Account). London, 1905.Google Scholar
Naville, E. ‘La pierre de Palerme.’ In Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à I'archéologie assyriennes. 25 (1903).Google Scholar
Nelson, H. ‘Fragments of Egyptian Old Kingdom Stone Vessels from Byblos.’ In Berytus, I (1934).Google Scholar
Nelson, H. H. ‘Fragments of Egyptian Old Kingdom Stone Vessels from Byblos.’ In Berytus, 1 (1934).Google Scholar
Newberry, P. E. ‘A Sixth Dynasty Tomb at Thebes.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitis de l'Égypte. 4 (1903).Google Scholar
Newberry, P. E. ‘Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 29 (1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, C. N. Some Decorated Tombs of the First Intermediate Period at Nagaed-Der. Doctoral Dissertation, Brown University; 1959.Google Scholar
Pendlebury, J. D. S. The Archaeology of Crete. London, 1939.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. . Researches in Sinai. London, 1906.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. Abydos (Egypt Exploration Fund 22nd, 24th and Special Memoirs). London, 1903–4.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty (Egypt Exploration Fund 18th Memoir). London, 1900.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties (Egypt Exploration Fund 21st Memoir) and vol. extra Plates. London, 1901.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. Medum. London, 1892.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F., Wainwright, G. A. and Mackay, A. Meydum and Memphis, III (Egyptian Research Account and British School of Archaeology, Egypt). London, 1910.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh (British School of Archaeology, Egypt). London, 1912.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. Deshasheh (Egypt Exploration Fund 15th Memoir). London, 1898.Google Scholar
Petrie, W. M. F. Dendereh 1898 (Egypt Exploration Fund 17th Memoir) and vol. extra plates. London, 1900.Google Scholar
Porter, B. and Moss, R. L. B. . Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, I-VII. Oxford, 1927–51.Google Scholar
Posener, G. Littérature et politique dans l'Égypte de la XIIe Dynastie. Paris, 1956.Google Scholar
Posener-Kriéger, P. and Cenival, J. L. Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum, Fifth Series: The Abu Sir Papyri. London, 1968.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. B. (ed.). Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, 1950.Google Scholar
Quibell, J. E. The Tomb of Hesy. Cairo, 1913.Google Scholar
Quibell, J. E. Archaic Mastabas. Cairo, 1923.Google Scholar
Quibell, J. E. Hierakonpolis, I, II. London, 1901, 1902.Google Scholar
Quibell, J. E. Excavations at Saqqarah, 1907–1908. Cairo, 1909.Google Scholar
Quibell, J. E. Excavations at Saqqara 1905–1906. Cairo, 1907.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. . The Development of the Egyptian Tomb. Cambridge, Mass., 1936.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. ‘A Scribe's Tablet found by the Hearst Expedition at Giza.’ In Zeitschrift fur ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. 48 (1910).Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. ‘The Work of the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition.’ In Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) 9 (1911).Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. Mycerinus. Cambridge, Mass., 1931.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. ‘The Tomb of Meresankh, a Great Grand-daughter of Queen Hetep-heres I and Sneferuw.’ In Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston). 25 (1927).Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. A History of the Giza Necropolis, 1. Cambridge, Mass., 1942.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. , and Smith, W. S. A History of the Giza Necropolis. 11. The Tomb of Hetep-heres. Cambridge, Mass., 1955.Google Scholar
Reisner, G. A. Excavations at Kerma (Harvard African Studies, vol. V ; vol. VI ). Cambridge, Mass., 1923.Google Scholar
Ricke, H. Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Baukunst des Alten Reiches, I (Beitr. z. äg. Bauforsch. u. Altertumskunde, 4). Zurich, 1944.Google Scholar
Ricke, H. and Schott, S. Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Baukunst des Alten Reiches, 11 (Beitr, z. äg. Bauforsch. u. Altertumskunde, 5). Cairo, 1950.Google Scholar
Rougé, J. .Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques copiées en Égypte. Paris, 1877.Google Scholar
Rowe, A. ‘The Eckley B. Coxe Jr. Excavations at Meydum 1929–1930.’. In Museum Journal, University of Pennsylvania 22 (1931).Google Scholar
Saad, Z. Y. ‘A Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Saqqara, 1939–1940.’ In Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte 40 (1940).Google Scholar
Säve-Söderbergh, T. Aegypten und Nubien. Lund and Copenhagen, 1941.Google Scholar
Schäfer, H. Ein Bruchstuck altägyptischer Annalen. Berlin, 1902.Google Scholar
Schäfer, H. Priestergräber … vom Totentempel des Ne-user-rê. Leipzig, 1908.Google Scholar
Schäfer, H. ‘Eine Statue des Chnumwidders aus der Zeit des Cheops (Ḫw. f. hnmw).’ In Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 29 (1926).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharff, A. ‘Der historische Abschnitt der Lehre für König Merikare.’ In Sitzungsb. München, 8 (1936).Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Die Entwicklung der Jahresdatierung bei den alten Aegyptern (Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens (ed. Sethe, K. , later Kees, H. ). 3). Leipzig, 1905.Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Urkunden des ägyptischen Altertums, I. Urkunden des Alten Reiches. Leipzig, 1932.Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Dodekaschoinos das Zwölfmeilenland an der Grenze von Aegypten und Nubien (Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens (ed. Sethe, K. ,later Kees, H. ) 2, iii). Leipzig, 1901.Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Imhotep der Asklepios der Ägypter (Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens (ed. Sethe, K. ,later Kees, H. ) 2, iv). Leipzig, 1902.Google Scholar
Sethe, K. ‘Ein ägyptisches Denkmal des Alten Reiches von der Insel Kythera.’ In Zeitschrift fur dgyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 53 (1917).Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Review of Weill, R. , Décrets royaux. In Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen. 174 (1912).Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte. 4 vols. Leipzig, 1908–22.Google Scholar
Sethe, K. Übersetzung und Kommentar zu den altägyptischen Pyramidentexten, I–IV. Glückstadt, 1935–9.Google Scholar
Shoukry, M. Anwar . Die Privatgrabstatue im Alten Reich (Annales du Service des Antiquitès de l'Égypte, Supplément, Cahier no. 15). Cairo, 1951.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. ‘The Origin of some Unidentified Old Kingdom Reliefs.’ In American Journal of Archaeology 46 (1942).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. S. ‘Inscriptional Evidence for the History of the Fourth Dynasty.’ In Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 11 (1952).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. S. ‘The Judge Goes Fishing.’ In Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston) 56 (1958).Google Scholar
Smith, G. E. ‘The Antiquity of Mummification.’ In Cairo Scientific Journal, 2 (1908).Google Scholar
Smith, G. E. and Dawson, W. R. Egyptian Mummies. London, 1924.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom. Oxford, 1946. Ed. 2, 1949.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth, 1958. Revised printing, 1965; chs. IV–VIII.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. Ancient Egypt as Represented in the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston, 1942, 1946, 1952, 4th revised ed. 1960. Chs. I, II and chronological table.Google Scholar
Smith, W. S. ‘Old Kingdom Sculpture.’ In American Journal of Archaeology. 45 (1941).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, W. S. ‘Fragments of a Statuette of Chephren.’ In Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 54 (1957).Google Scholar
Smither, P. C. ‘An Old Kingdom Letter Concerning the Crimes of Count Sabni.’ In Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 28 (1942).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stock, H. ‘Das Sonnenheiligtum des Königs Userkaf.’ In Zeitschrift fur dgyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 80 (1955).Google Scholar
Stock, H. Die Erste Zwischenzeit Ägyptens (Studia Aegyptiaca, 11, Analecta Orientalia. 31). Rome, 1949.Google Scholar
Vandier, J. Manuel d' Archéologie égyptienne, I-III. Ed. 2. Paris, 1952–8.Google Scholar
Vandier, J. La Religion égyptienne. Ed. 2. Paris, 1949.Google Scholar
Vandier, J. Bulletin, Musées de France, 15 (1950).
Vandier, J. Mo'alla. Cairo, 1950.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. L'Égypte et le monde égéen préhellénique (Inst. fr. Caire, Bibliothèque d' étude, 22). Cairo, 1956.Google Scholar
Vercoutter, J. Essai sur les relations entre Égyptiens et Préhellénes. Paris, 1954.Google Scholar
Waddell, W. G. . Manetho, English translation by The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge Mass. and London, 1948.Google Scholar
Weill, R. ‘Les Ile et IIIe dynasties égyptiennes.’ In Annales du Musée Guimet, 25. Paris, 1908.Google Scholar
Weill, R. ‘Monuments nouveaux des premières dynasties.’ In Sphinx, 15 (1911–12).Google Scholar
Weill, R. Les décrets royaux de l'ancien empire égyptien. Paris, 1912.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. A. The Culture of Ancient Egypt. Chicago, 1956. Original ed.: The Burden of Egypt. Chicago, 1951.Google Scholar
Winlock, H. E. The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York, 1947.Google Scholar
Wolf, W. Die Kunst Aegyptens, Gestalt und Geschichte. Stuttgart, 1957. ‘Das Alte Reich’.Google Scholar
Wreszinski, W. Bericht über die photographische Expedition von Kairo bis Wadi Halfa. Halle, 1927.Google Scholar
Wreszinski, W., Grapow, H. and Schäfer, H. Atlas zur altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte, part III. Leipzig, 1938.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×