Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T16:23:25.404Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses

from PART I - THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
T. Cuyler Young, Jr.
Edited by
John Boardman ,
N. G. L. Hammond ,
D. M. Lewis  and
M. Ostwald
T. Cuyler Young, Jr.
Affiliation:
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
Get access

Summary

THE DIMENSIONS OF THE SUBJECT

The Median and Achaemenid periods define a critical disjunction in history. Some would argue that the ancient Near East ended when Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon; others assert that the Persian empire was itself the final expression of the old Near East, which died only when Alexander burned Persepolis. Whichever view one prefers it remains true that significant and lasting changes in the historical course of both the Near East and Europe are associated with the earliest rise of the Iranians to power.

First, an entirely new people had arrived on the scene, with two notable effects. For the first time the Iranian plateau became politically unified, shattering the old balance of power within the Near East, a balance whose principal weights, with rare exceptions, had always been Mesopotamia and Egypt. What was true politically was also manifest culturally in the extent to which this new linguistic and ethnic group, with innovative forms of government, society and art, made its mark on the shape of civilization in the Near East.

Second, the Achaemenid empire achieved a greater quantitative and qualitative unification of the Near East than had any previous multinational polity. For the first time people of Central Asia beyond the Oxus owed allegiance to the same government as did Libyans, and a remarkable number and variety of ethnic groups experienced for something over two hundred years both the benefits and drawbacks of central authority. It has been argued, perhaps convincingly, that the Achaemenid Persians created the first real empire in the Mediterranean World.

Keywords

MedesAchaemenid EmpireCyrusCambysesPersians
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 1 - 52
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. McC. Heartland of Cities. Chicago, 1981 Google Scholar
Adamson, P. B. ‘The spread of rabies into Europe, and the probable origin of this disease in antiquity’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1977 Google ScholarPubMed
Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1957 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altheim, F. and Stiehl, R. Die aramäische Sprache unter den Achaimeniden 1. Frankfurt am Main, 1963 Google Scholar
Aly, W. Volksmärchen, Sage und Novelle bei Herodot und seinen Zeitgenossen. 2nd edn ed. Huber, L. . Göttingen, 1969 Google Scholar
Amiet, P. ‘La glyptique de la fin de l'Elam’, Arts Asiatiques 28 (1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amiet, P. Glyptique Susienne des orgines à l'époque des Perses Achéménides: Cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967 (Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran, 43. Mission de Susiane sous la direction de R. Ghirshman). Paris, 1972 Google Scholar
Andrewes, A. ‘Thucydides and the Persians’, Historia 10 (1961)Google Scholar
Armayor, O. K. ‘Herodotus’ catalogues and the Persian Empire in the light of the monuments and the Greek literary tradition’, Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 108 (1978)Google Scholar
Balcer, J. M. ‘The date of Herodotus iv. 1. Darius’ Scythian expedition’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 76 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balcer, J. M. Sparda by the Bitter Sea: Imperial Interaction in Western Anatolia (Brown Judaic Studies 52). Chico, Ca, 1984 Google Scholar
Baumgartner, W. ‘Herodots babylonische und assyrische Nachrichten’, Archiv Orientálni 18. (1950)Google Scholar
Beloch, K. J. Griechische Geschichte. 4 vols, in 8. Strassburg–Berlin, 1912–27 Google Scholar
Bengtson, H. and others. The Greeks and the Persians: from the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries. London–New York, 1969 (Trans, of Griechen und Perser: die Mittelmeerwelt im Altertum. Frankfurt am Main, 1965)Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. ‘L'Iran – Vež et l'origine légendaire des Iraniens’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies, University of London 7 (1934)Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. ‘Traditions indo-iraniennes sur les classes sociales’, Journal asiatique 230 (1938)Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes 1. Paris, 1969 Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. The Persian Religion According to the Chief Greek Texts. Paris, 1929 Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. Titres et noms propres en iranien ancien. Paris, 1966 Google Scholar
Berger, P.–R. ‘Der Kyros-Zylinder mit dem Zusatzfragment Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J. B. Nies 11 Nr. 32 und die akkadischen Personennamen im Danielbuch’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 64 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, P. ‘Les mortiers et pilons inscrits de Persepolis’, Studia Iranica 1 (1972)Google Scholar
Bickerman, E. J. ‘The Seleucids and the Achaemenids’, in B 159 Google Scholar
Bickerman, E. J. and Tadmor, H. ‘Darius I, Pseudo-Smerdis and the Magi’, Athenaeum N.S. 56 (1978)Google Scholar
Bigwood, J. ‘Ctesias’ description of Babylon’, American Journal of Ancient History 3 (1978)Google Scholar
Bivar, A. D. H. ‘Achaemenid coins’, Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Boardman, J. The Greeks Overseas. 2nd edn. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Bodéüs, R. ‘Le premier cours occidental sur la royauté achéménide’, Antiquité classique 42 (1973)Google Scholar
Boehmer, R. M. ‘Volkstum und Städte der Mannäer’, Bagh. Mitt. 3 (1964)Google Scholar
Boer, W. . ‘Herodot und die Systeme der Chronologie’, Mnemosyne ser. iv 20 (1967)Google Scholar
Bogaert, R. Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Leiden, 1966 Google Scholar
Borger, R. Die Inschriften Asarhaddons Königs von Assyrien (Archiv für Orient for schung Beiheft 9). Graz, 1956 Google Scholar
Borger, R. Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur 1–11. Berlin, 1967–75 Google Scholar
Bowman, R. A. Aramaic Ritual Texts from Persepolis (Oriental Institute Publication 91). Chicago, 1970 Google Scholar
Boyce, M. A History of Zoroastrianism 1–11 (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Erste Abteilung, viii 1.2A). Leiden, 1975–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyce, M. Zoroastrians, their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London, 1979 Google Scholar
Breitenbach, H. R. ‘Xenophon von Athen’ in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– ser.2, ix a 2 (1966)Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Colonisation hellénistique et populations indigènes’, Klio 60 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Contrainte militaire, dépendance rurale et exploitation des territoires en Asie achéménide’, Index 8 (1978/1979)Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘La Perse avant l'empire (un état de la question)’, Iranica Antiqua 19 (1984)Google Scholar
Briant, P. États et pasteurs au Moyen-Orient ancien. Cambridge–Paris, 1982 Google Scholar
Briant, P. Rois, tributs et paysans. Paris, 1982 Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. ‘Babylonia under the Assyrian Empire, 745–627 B.C.’, in Power and Propaganda, a Symposium on Ancient Empires, ed. Larsen, M. T. , 223–50. Copenhagen, 1979 Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. A Political History of Post–Kassite Babylonia (Analecta Orientalia 43). Rome, 1968 Google Scholar
Brinkman, J. A. Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747–626 B.C. Philadelphia, 1984 Google Scholar
Burn, A. R. Persia and the Greeks: the Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edn, with a Postscript by Lewis, D. M. . London–Stanford, 1984 Google Scholar
Burstein, S. M. The Babyloniaca of Berossos (Sources from the Ancient Near East 1.5). Malibu, 1978 Google Scholar
Calmeyer, P. ‘Textual sources for the interpretation of Achaemenian palace decorations’, Iran 18 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calmeyer, P. ‘The subject of the Achaemenid tomb reliefs’, in Procs. of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, 233–42. Tehran, 1974 Google Scholar
Calmeyer, P. ‘Zur Genese altiranischer Motive viii. Die “Statistische Landcharte des Perserreiches” – 1’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 15 (1982)Google Scholar
Calmeyer, P. ‘Zur Genese altiranischer Motive’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 6 (1973)Google Scholar
Cambridge History of Iran ii: The Median and Achaemenid Periods, ed. Gershevitch, I. . Cambridge, 1985 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cambridge History of Judaism i: Introduction; the Persian Period, edd. Davies, W. D. and Finkelstein, L. . Cambridge, 1984 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘Cyrus the “Father” and Babylonia’, in Acta Iranica Ser.1.1 (1974)Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘Darius and Xerxes in Babylonia’, American Journal of Semitic Languages (and Literature) 58 (1941)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘Darius the Great and his Scythian (Saka) campaign: Bisutun and Herodotus’, in Acta Iranica. Ser.2, 4 (1975) = Monumentum H. S. Nyberg (1975)Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘Darius, Egypt and “The Lands beyond the Sea”’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 2 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘New tablets from the Persepolis Treasury’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 24 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘Persepolis treasury tablets old and new’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 17 (1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘The “Daiva” inscription of Xerxes: in Elamite’, Die Welt des Orients. 2 (1954/1959)Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘The Elamite version of the Bisitun inscriptions’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 14 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘The Old Persian text of the Bisitun inscription’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 5 (1951)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘The Persian satrapies and related matters’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 32 (1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, G. G. History of Early Iran. Chicago, 1936 Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. Persepolis Treasury Tablets (Oriental Institute Publication 65). Chicago, 1948 Google Scholar
Cardascia, G. ‘Le fief dans la Babylonie achémenide’, Recueil de la Societé Jean Bodin 1 (1958)Google Scholar
Cardascia, G. Les archives des Murašu, une famille d'hommes d'affaires babyloniens à I'époque perse (455–403 av. J.-C.). Paris, 1951 Google Scholar
Cargill, J. ‘The Nabonidus Chronicle and the fall of Lydia: consensus with feet of clay’, American Journal of Ancient History 2 (1977)Google Scholar
Carter, E. and Stolper, M. W. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology (University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Near Eastern Studies 25). Berkeley, 1984 Google Scholar
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, 1971 Google Scholar
Cocquerillat, D. Palmeraies et cultures d'Eanna d'Uruk (556–520) (Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschung sgemein schaft in Uruk-Warka 8). Berlin, 1968 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘The rise of the Achaemenids’, Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. The Persian Empire. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Culican, W. The Medes and Persians. London, 1965 Google Scholar
Curtis, J. ‘Industrial interlude in the dark ages in Iraq’, British Museum Society Bulletin (May 1985) (see also Iraq 47 (1985))Google Scholar
Curtis, J. Nush-i Jan III: the Small Finds. London, 1984 Google Scholar
Dandamaev, M. A. Persien unter den ersten Achämeniden (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.). Trans. Heinz-Dieter, Pohl . Wiesbaden, 1976 Google Scholar
Dandamaev, M. A. and Lukonin, V. G. Kultura i ekonomika drevnevo Irana. Moscow, 1980 (Eng. transl. ed. Kohl, P. L . Cambridge, 1988)Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘Die Lehensbeziehungen in Babylonien unter. den ersten Achämeniden’, in Festschrift für W. Eilers ed. Wiessner, G. , 35–42. Wiesbaden, 1967 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘Forced labour in the palace economy in Achaemenid Iran’, Altorientalische For schungen 2 (1975)Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘On the fiefs in Babylonia in the early Achaemenid period’, in B 113 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘Royal Paradeisoi in Babylonia’, in Orientalia J. Duchesne-Guillemin Emerito Oblata (Acta Iranica: Hommages et Opera Minora 9), 114–17. Leiden, 1984 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘State and temple in Babylonia in the first millennium B.C.’, in State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East, ed. Lipinskí, E. (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 6), 2, 5. Leuven, 1979 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘The Diaspora A: Babylonia in the Persian age’, in Cambridge History of Judaism 1. Cambridge, 1984 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘The Neo-Babylonian citizens’, Klio 63 (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘The Neo-Babylonian Elders’, in Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East. Studies in Honour of I. M. Diakonoff, edd. Dandamayev, M. A. et al., 38–41. Warminster, 1982 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. Rabstvo v Vavilonii. Moscow, 1974. (Translated and revised as Slavery in Babylonia from Nabopolassar to Alexander the Great (626–331 B.C.). De Kalb, 1984)Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. Vavilonskie Piststy. Moscow, 1983 Google Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. ‘La fin du royaume d'Anšan et de Suse et la naissance de l'empire perse’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 75 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Miroschedji, P. ‘Stratigraphie de la période Néo–Élamite à Suse’, Paléorient 4 (1978)Google Scholar
Delaunay, J. A. ‘A propos des “Aramaic Ritual Texts from Persepolis” de R. A. Bowman’, Acta Iranica Set. 1.2 (1974)Google Scholar
Delaunay, J. A. ‘Remarques sur quelques noms de personne des archives Élamites de Persepolis’, Studia Iranica 5 (1976)Google Scholar
DeVries, K. ‘Attic pottery in the Achaemenid Empire’, American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977)Google Scholar
Diakonoff, I. M. ‘Media’, in Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Dougherty, R. P. Nabonidus and Belshazzar. New Haven, 1929 Google Scholar
Drews, R. ‘The fall of Astyages and Herodotus’ chronology of the eastern kingdoms’, Historia 18 (1969)Google Scholar
Drews, R. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History. Cambridge, Mass., 1973 Google Scholar
Dubberstein, W. H. ‘Comparative prices in later Babylonia (625 to 400 B.C.)’, American Journal of Semitic Languages (and Literature) 56 (1939)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubberstein, W. H. ‘The chronology of Cyrus and Cambyses’, American Journal of Semitic Languages (and Literature) 55 (1938)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, J. ‘La religion des Achéménides’, in B 215 Google Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, J. ‘Religion et politique, de Cyrus à Xerxes’, Persica 3 (1967–8)Google Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, J. Religion of Ancient Iran (English translation of La religion de l'Iran ancien . Paris, 1962). Bombay, 1973 Google Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, J. The Western Response to Zoroaster. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Dumézil, G. Idéologic tripartite des Indo-Européens. Brussels, 1958 Google Scholar
Dyson, R. H. Jr , ‘Problems of protohistoric Iran as seen from Hasanlu’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 24 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyson, R. H. Jr , ‘The architecture of Hasanlu: Periods I to IV, American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eilers, W. ‘Der Keilschrifttext des Kyros-Zylinders’, in Festgabe deutscher Iranisten zur 2500 Jahrfeier Irans ed. Eilers, W. , 156–66. Stuttgart, 1971 Google Scholar
Eilers, W. ‘Kyros – Eine namenkundliche Studie’, Beiträge zur Namen for schung 15 (1964)Google Scholar
Eilers, W. ‘Le texte cunéiforme du cylindre de Cyrus’, Acta Iranica 2 (1974)Google Scholar
Ellis, R. S. Foundation Deposits in Ancient Mesopotamia (Yale Near Eastern Researches 2). New Haven–London, 1968 Google Scholar
Empire: the Murašu Archive, the Murašu Firm, and Persian Rule in Babylonia. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Eph'al, I. ‘The western minorities in Babylonia in the 6th–5 th centuries B.C.: maintenance and cohesion’, Orientalia 47 (1978)Google Scholar
Fales, F. M. (ed.) Assyrian Royal Inscriptions: New Horizons in Literary, Ideological and Historical Analysis. Rome, 1981 Google Scholar
Fales, M. ‘Observations on the Neirab Texts’, Iranica Antiqua 12 (1973)Google Scholar
Fornara, C. W. Herodotus. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Francis, E. D. ‘Greeks and Persians: the art of hazard and triumph’, in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. Schmandt-Besserat, D. , 53–86. Malibu, 1980 Google Scholar
Freeman, E. A. History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy. 2nd edn. London, 1893 Google Scholar
Frye, R. N. ‘Gestures of deference to royalty in ancient Iran’, Iranica Antiqua 9 (1972)Google Scholar
Frye, R. N. ‘The charisma of kingship in ancient Iran’, Iranica Antiqua 4 (1964)Google Scholar
Frye, R. N. ‘The Institutions’, in B 215 Google Scholar
Frye, R. N. The Heritage of Persia. Cleveland, 1963 Google Scholar
Frye, R. N. The History of Ancient Iran (Handbuch der Altertums wissenschaft in.7). Munich, 1983 Google Scholar
Gadd, C. H. ‘The Harran inscriptions of Nabonidus’, Anatolian Studies. 8 (1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadd, C. J. , Legrain, L. and Smith, S. Ur Excavation Texts 1: Royal Inscriptions. London, 1928 Google Scholar
Gershevitch, I. ‘An Iranianist's view on the Soma controversy’, in Mémorial jean de Menasce, edd. Ph. Gignoux and Tafozzoli, A. , 45–75. Tehran, 1974 Google Scholar
Gershevitch, I. ‘Iranian nouns and names in Elamite garb’, Transactions of the Philological Society 1969 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gershevitch, I. The Avestan Hymn to Mithra. Cambridge, 1959 Google Scholar
Gharib, B. ‘A newly found Old Persian inscription’, Iranica Antiqua 8 (1968)Google Scholar
Ghirshman, R. ‘À propos de l'écriture cunéiforme vieux-perse’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 24 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghirshman, R. Fouilles de Sialk, près de Kashan ii. Paris, 1939 Google Scholar
Ghirshman, R. Iran. Harmondsworth, 1954 Google Scholar
Ghirsman, R. L'lran et la migration des Indo-Aryens et des iraniens. Leiden, 1977 Google Scholar
Gibson, McG. The City and Area of Kish. Miami, 1972 Google Scholar
Gnoli, G. Zoroaster's Time and Homeland. Naples, 1980 Google Scholar
Goff, C. L. ‘Excavations at Baba Jan: the pottery and metal from levels III and II’, Iran 16 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goff, C. L. ‘Lūristān before the Iron Age’, Iran 9 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomme, A. W. , Andrewes, A. and Dover, K. J. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides i–v. Oxford, 1945–81 Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. Das Verhältnis der ausserherodoteischen Überlieferung zu Herodot. Bonn, 1963 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Greek tyrants and Achaemenid polities’, in The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr, edd. Eadie, J. W. and Ober, J. , 79–123. Lanham, 1985 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Medism: the origin and significance of the term’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, A. K. ‘Chronicles and the Akitu Festival’, in Actes de la 16. rencontre assyriologique internationale, ed. Finet, A. , 160–70. Ham-sur-Heure, 1970 Google Scholar
Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5). Locust Valley, 1975 Google Scholar
Grayson, A. K. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions 11. Wiesbaden, 1976 Google Scholar
Grayson, A. K. Babylonian Historical-Literary Texts (Toronto Semitic Texts and Studies 3). Toronto, 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, J. C. and Porten, B. The Bisitun Inscription of Darius the Great: Aramaic Version. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. Pt 1: Inscriptions of Ancient Iran. Vol. v Texts 1. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Gurney, O. R. ‘The Assyrian Tablets from Sultantepe’, Proceedings of the British Academy 41 (1955)Google Scholar
Gurney, O. R. ‘The Sultantepe Tablets (continued)’, Anatolian Studies 7 (1957)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, O. R. and Finkelstein, J. J. The Sultantepe Tablets 1. London, 1957 Google Scholar
Haerinck, E. ‘La neuvieme satrapie: archéologie confronte histoire?’, in B 173 Google Scholar
Haerinck, E. ‘Le palais achéménide de Babylone’, Ir. Ant. 10 (1973)Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘A new look at the Persepolis Treasury tablets’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 19 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘New light from Persepolis’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 9 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘On the Old Persian signs’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 29 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘Selected Fortification texts’, Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran 8 (1978)Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘The “One Year” of Darius I’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 19 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘The evidence of the Persepolis tablets’, in Cambridge History of Iran ii. Cambridge, 1985. (Separately printed, Cambridge, 1971)Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘The Persepolis fortification archive’, Orientalia N.S. 42 (1973)Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘The use of seals on the Persepolis Fortification texts’, in Seals and Sealings in the Ancient Near East, edd. Gibson, M. and Biggs, R. D. (Bibliotheca Mesopotamiaca 6), 127–33. Malibu, 1977 Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. Persepolis Fortification Tablets (Oriental Institute Publication 92). Chicago, 1969 Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. ‘Studies in Greek chronology of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.’, Historia 4 (1955)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. A History of Greece to 322 B.C. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1967 (3rd edn 1986)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity. New Jersey, 1983 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. M. A. ‘Lydian relations with Ionia and Persia’, Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology 1. Ankara, 1978 Google Scholar
Harmatta, J. ‘Darius’ expedition against the Saka Tigraxauda’, Acta antiqua academiae scientiarum Hungaricae 24 (1976)Google Scholar
Harmatta, J. ‘The literary patterns of the Babylonian edict of Cyrus’, Acta Antiqua 19 (1971) 217–31 (= ‘Les modèles littéraires de l'édit babylonien de Cyrus’ in Acta Iranica Ser.1.1 (1974))Google Scholar
Harmatta, J. ‘Two economic documents from the Sasanian age’, Oikoumene i (1976)Google Scholar
Harper, R. F. Assyrian and Babylonian Letters. London–Chicago, 1892–1914 Google Scholar
Helm, P. R. ‘Herodotus’ Medikos Logos and Median history’, Iran 19 (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henning, W. G. Zoroaster, Politician or Witch Doctor? Oxford, 1951 Google Scholar
Herrenschmidt, CI. ‘Désignation de l'empire et concepts politiques de Darius Ier d'après ses inscriptions en vieux-perse’, Studia Iranica 5 (1976)Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E. E. Archaeological history of Iran. London, 1935 Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E. E. The Persian Empire: Studies in the Geography and Ethnography of the ancient Near East. Wiesbaden, 1968 Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E. E. Zoroaster and his world. Princeton, 1947 Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Achämenidische Hofverwaltung’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 61 (1971)Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Die elamischen Buchungstäfelchen der Darius-Zeit’, Orientalia N.S. 39 (1970)Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Die Entstehung der altpersischen Keilschrift’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 1 (1968)Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Die Untere Grabinschrift des Dareios’, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft 115 (1965)Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Die Zusätze zur Darius-Inschrift von Behistan’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 5 (1972)Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘The Elamite version of the record of Darius's palace at Susa’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 9 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Xerxes’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– ix a.2 (1967) Latomus Collection LatomusGoogle Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Zu den Mörsern und Stösseln aus Persepolis’, Acta Iranica Ser.2. Monumentum H.S. Nyberg (1975) 1 371–85Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Darius und die Perser 1–11. Baden-Baden, 1976–9 Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Altiranische Funde und Forschungen. Berlin, 1969 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinz, W. Das Reich Flam. Stuttgart, 1964 Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Neue Wege im Altpersischen. Wiesbaden, 1973 Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. W. The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Hanover–London, 1985 Google Scholar
Homeyer, H. ‘Zu den Anfängen der Griechischen Biographie’, Philologus 106 (1962)Google Scholar
How, W. W. and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912 Google Scholar
Huber, L. ‘Herodots Homerverständis’, Synusia. Festgabe für W. Schadewaldt, edd. Flashar, H. and Gaiser, K. , 29–52. Neske, 1965 Google Scholar
Hunger, H. ‘Das Archiv des Nabu-ušallim’, Bagh. Mitt. 5 (1970)Google Scholar
Immerwahr, H. R. Form and Thought in Herodotus. Cleveland, 1960 Google Scholar
Jackson, A. V. W. Zoroaster. The Prophet of Ancient Iran. New York, 1899 Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Herodotos’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. 11 (1913) (= Griechische Historiker, 7–164. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Ktesias’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– xi (1922) (= Griechische Historiker, 311–32. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. Abhandlmgen zur griechischen Geschichtsschreibung, ed. Leiden, H. , 1956 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 3 pts in 15 vols. Berlin, 1926; Leiden, 1943–58 3 2.Google Scholar
Jeffery, L. H. Archaic Greece. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Kamioka, K. ‘Philological observations on the Aramaic texts from Persepolis’, Orient 11 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, R. G. Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. 2nd edn. New Haven, 1953 Google Scholar
Killick, R. ‘Ancient Babylon's Median wall’, Illustrated London News (Archaeology 3004), 77. June 1984 Google Scholar
Klauber, E. Politisch-religiöse Texte aus der Sargonidenzeit. Leipzig, 1913 Google Scholar
Kleiss, W. and Calmeyer, P. ‘Das unvollendete achaemenidische Felsgrab bei Persepolis’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 8 (1975)Google Scholar
Knudtzon, J. A. Assyrische Gebete an den Sonnengott. Leipzig, 1893 Google Scholar
Koch, H. Die religiösen Verhältnisse der Dareioszeit. Wiesbaden, 1977 Google Scholar
Koch, H. and Mackenzie, D. N. (edd.) Kunst, Kultur and Geschichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben (Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Ergänzungsband 10). Berlin, 1983 Google Scholar
Koldewey, R. Das wiederer stehende Babylon. 4th edn. Leipzig, 1925 Google Scholar
Koldewey, R. Die Königsburgen von Babylon. 1: Die Südburg (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 54). Leipzig, 1931 Google Scholar
Komorczy, G. ‘Berossos and the Mesopotamian Literature’, Acta antiqua academiae scientiarum Hungaricae 21 (1973)Google Scholar
König, F. W. Älteste Geschichte der Meder und Perser. Leipzig, 1934 Google Scholar
König, F. W. Die Persika des Ktesias von Knidos. Graz, 1972 Google Scholar
König, F. W. Hand buch der chaldischen Inschriften (Archiv für Orient for schung Bh. 8). Graz, 1955–7 Google Scholar
Kraus, F. R. ‘Der Brief des Gilgamesh’, Anatolian Studies. 30 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krefter, F. Persepolis Rekonstruktionen (Teheraner Forschungen 3). Berlin, 1971 Google Scholar
Kroll, S. Keramik Urartäischer Festungen in Iran (Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Ergänzungsband 2). Berlin, 1976 Google Scholar
Krückmann, O. ‘Herodots Beschreibung von Babylon’, in 6. Internationaler Kongress für Arcbäologie, 230–3. Berlin, 1939 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. T. L. ‘Usurpation, conquest and ceremonial: from Babylon to Persia’, in Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies (Past and Present Publications), edd. Cannadine, D. and Price, S. , 20–55. Cambridge, 1987 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. T. L. and Sherwin-White, S. M. ‘Xerxes’ destruction of Babylonian temples’, in B 174 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. ‘Berossos’ Babyloniaka and Seleucid Rule in Babylonia’, in Hellenism in the East, edd. Kuhrt, A. T. L. and Sherwin-White, S. M. , 32–56. London–Berkeley, 1987 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. ‘Classical authors on Babylonian and Assyrian traditions’, in Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn (25 recontre assyriologique), edd. Nissen, H.-J. and Renger, J. , 2.. Berlin, 1982 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. ‘Survey of written sources available for the history of Babylonia under the later Achaemenids’, in B 173 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. ‘The Cyrus cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy’, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 25 (1983)Google Scholar
Kümmel, H. M. Familie, Beruf und Amt im spätbabylonischen Uruk: Prosopographische Unter suchungen zu des 6. Jh. v.Chr. in Uruk (Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 20). Berlin, 1979 Google Scholar
Labat, R. ‘Kaštariti, Phraorte et les débuts de l'histoire Mède’, Journal asiatique 249 (1961)Google Scholar
Lambert, W. G. The Background of Jewish Apocalyptic (Ethel Wood, M. Lecture). London, 1979 Google Scholar
Langdon, S. Die neubabylonischen Königsinschriften. Leipzig, 1912 Google Scholar
Larsen, M. T. Old Assyrian Caravan Procedures. Istanbul, 1967 Google Scholar
Lecoq, P. ‘Le problème de l'écriture cunéiforme vieux-perse’, Acta. Ir. Ser. 1, 3 (1974)Google Scholar
Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. ‘Darius und der Achämeniden-Stammbaum’, Klio 8 (1908)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, B. A. ‘Aramaic texts from Persepolis’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 92 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, L. D. ‘East–West trade in the late Iron age: a view from the Zagros’, in B 549 Google Scholar
Levine, L. D. ‘Geographical studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros’, Iran 11 (1973) and Iran 12 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, L. D. ‘Sargon's eighth campaign’, in Mountains and Lowlands: Essays in the Archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia, edd. Levine, L. D. and Young, T. C. Jr , 135–51. Malibu, 1977 Google Scholar
Levine, L. D. ‘The Iron Age’, in Archaeological Perspectives on Western Iran, ed. Hole, F. (Smithsonian Series in Archaeological Inquiry). Washington, D.C., forthcomingGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. ‘Datis the Mede’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 100 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. ‘Persians in Herodotus’, in The Greek Historians: Literature and History, 101–17. Stanford, 1985 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia. Leiden, 1977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Lloyd, A. B. ‘The inscription of Udjahorresnet: a collaborator's testament’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68 (1982)Google Scholar
Luckenbill, D. D. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia 1 and 11. Chicago, 1926–7 Google Scholar
Luschey, H. ‘Bisutun: Geschichte und Forschungsgeschichte’, Archäologischer Anzeiger 1974 Google Scholar
Luschey, H. ‘Neues zu der Darius-Statue aus Susa’, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft Suppl. 4 (1980)Google Scholar
Luschey, H. ‘Studien zu dem Darius–Relief in Bisutun’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 1 (1968)Google Scholar
Markwart, H. Wehrot und Arang. Leiden, 1938 Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, M. ‘Altpersische Spane’, Orientalia 33 (1964)Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, M. ‘Nachlese altpersischer Inschriften’, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachaiissenschaft 19 (1978)Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, M. Onomastica Persepolitana. Das Altiranische Namengut der Persepolis-Täfelchen. Vienna, 1973 Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, M. Supplement zur Sammlung der altpersischen Inschriften. Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 338, 7. Vienna, 1978 Google Scholar
Mazzarino, S. Fra Oriente e Occidente. Florence, 1947 Google Scholar
Mazzetti, C. ‘Voina Dariya so Skifami i Vavilonskaya prorocheskaya literatura’, Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 3 (1982) (in Russian)Google Scholar
McCown, D. E. and others. Nippur I: Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter and Soundings (Oriental Institute Publication 78). Chicago, 1967. Nippur II: The North Temple and Sounding E (Oriental Institute Publication 97). Chicago, 1978 Google Scholar
Meauleau, M. ‘Mesopotamia under Persian rule’, in a 5, 3 (=id. in Griechen und Perser: die Mittelmeerwelt im Altertum 1. Frankfurt am Main, 1965)Google Scholar
Medvedskaya, I. N. ‘On the Iranian association of the grey ceramics of early Iron Age Iran’, Vestnik Drevnei Istorii 2 (1977) (in Russian)Google Scholar
Medvedskaya, I. N. Iran: Iron Age 1 (British Archaeological Reports International Series 126). Oxford, 1982 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meiggs, R. The Athenian Empire. Oxford, 1972 Google Scholar
Michel, E. ‘Die Assur–Texte Salmanassars III. (858–824)’, Die Welt des Orients 2 (1954–9)Google Scholar
Miller, M. ‘Herodotus as chronographer’, Klio 46 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, B. M. ‘Herodotus and Samos’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 95 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. D. ‘Tradizione e invenzione in Ctesia’, in Quarto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico, 181–212. Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Eastern elements in post-exilic Jewish and Greek historiography’, in Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 25–35. Oxford, 1977 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Persian empire and Greek freedom’ in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Ryan, A. , 139–51. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. Alien Wisdom: the Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge, 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. The Development of Greek Biography. Harvard, 1971 Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. Catalogue of the ancient Persian bronzes in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. Kish Excavation 1923–33. Oxford, 1978 Google Scholar
Muhly, J. D. Review of a 14, Journal of New Eastern Studies 35 (1976)Google Scholar
Murray, O. Early Greece. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Muscarella, O. W. ‘Excavated and unexcavated Achaemenian art’, in Ancient Persia: the Art of an Empire, ed. Schmandt-Besserat, D. . Malibu,.1980 Google Scholar
Muscarella, O. W. The Catalogue of Ivories from Hasanlu, Iran (Univ. Mus. Monograph 40). Philadelphia, 1980 Google Scholar
Muscarella, O. W. Review of B 116, Journal of New Eastern Studies 33 (1974)Google Scholar
Muscarella, O. W. Review of B 214, Journal of New Eastern Studies 28 (1969)Google Scholar
Myres, J. L. Herodotus: Father of History. Oxford, 1953 Google Scholar
Nagel, W. ‘Frada, Skuncha und der Saken-Feldzug des Darius I’, in b 113 Google Scholar
Nagel, W. Ninus und Semiramis in Sage und Geschichte: iranische Staaten und Keiternomaden vor Darius (Berliner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, N.F.2). Berlin, 1982 Google Scholar
Naveh, J. and Shaked, Sh. ‘Ritual texts or Treasury documents?’, Orientalia 42 (1973)Google Scholar
Negahban, E. O. ‘Notes on some objects from Marlik’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 24 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negahban, E. O. ‘The seals of Marlik Tepe’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 36 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Negahban, E. O. Preliminary report on Marlik excavation, Gohar Rud expedition, Rudbar, 1961–1962. Tehran, 1964 Google Scholar
Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton, 1957 Google Scholar
Nicol, M. B. ‘Dorudzan’, Iran 5 (1967)Google Scholar
North, R. ‘Status of the Warka Excavations’, Orientalia 26 (1957)Google Scholar
Nyberg, H. S. Die Religionen des alten Iran. Leipzig, 1938 Google Scholar
Nylander, C. ‘Achaemenid imperial art’, in Power and Propaganda: a symposium of ancient empires, ed. Larsen, M. T. . Copenhagen, 1979 Google Scholar
Nylander, C. ‘Who wrote the inscriptions of Pasargadae?’, Orientalia Suecana 16 (1967)Google Scholar
Nylander, C. Ionians in Parsargadae: Studies in Old Persian Architecture. Uppsala, 1970 Google Scholar
Oded, B. Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo–Assyrian Empire. Wiesbaden, 1979 Google Scholar
Oelsner, J. ‘Erwägungen zum Gesellschaftsaufbau Babyloniens von der neubabylonischen bis zur achämenidischen Zeit (7.–4. Jh. v.u.Z)’, Altorientalische For schungen 4 (1976)Google Scholar
Oelsner, J. ‘Zwischen Xerxes und Alexander: babylonische Rechtsurkunden und Wirtschaftstexte aus der späten Achämenidenzeit’, Die Welt des Orients 8 (1975–6)Google Scholar
Olmstead, A. T. History of Assyria. New York, 1923 Google Scholar
Olmstead, A. T. History of the Persian Empire. Chicago, 1948 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olmstead, A. T. ‘Tattenai, governor of “Across the River'”, Journal of New Eastern Studies 3 (1944) 46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. ‘“The Eyes of the Lord”’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. ‘A new Cambyses incident’, in A Survey of Persian Art from prehistoric times to the present xv, ed. Gluck, J. . Tokyo– London–New York–Tehran, 1974 Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. ‘The Babylonian evidence of Achaemenian rule in Mesopotamia’, in Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L. The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society n.s., vol. 46, Part 3). Philadelphia, 1956 Google Scholar
Parker, R. A. and Dubberstein, W. H. Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C–A.D. 75. Providence, 1956 Google Scholar
Parpola, S. Letters from Assyrian scholars to the kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. Part 1: Texts. Neukirchen–Vluyn, 1970 Google Scholar
Parpola, S. Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. Neukirchen–Vluyn, 1970 Google Scholar
Peiser, F. E. ‘Studien zur altorientalischen Altertumskunde: chronologisches’, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegyptischen Gesellschaft 2 (1897)Google Scholar
Perrot, J. and others. ‘Recherches dans le secteur est du tepe de l'Apadana’, Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran 4 (1974)Google Scholar
Persia e il Mondo Greco-Romano (Accademia dei Lincei). Rome, 1966 Google Scholar
Pinches, T. G. and Strassmaier, J. N. Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, prepared by Sachs, A. J. . Providence, 1955 Google Scholar
Pope, U. A. ‘Persepolis as a ritual city’, Archaeology 10 (1957)Google Scholar
Porada, E. The Art of Ancient Iran. New York, 1965 Google Scholar
Posener, G. La première domination perse en Égypte. Cairo, 1936 Google Scholar
Postgate, J. N. ‘The place of šaknu in Assyrian government’, Anatolian Studies 30 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postgate, J. N. Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire (Studia Pohl: Series Major 3). Rome, 1974 Google Scholar
Prašek, K. Forschungen zur Geschichte des Altertums. 1. Kambyses und die Überlieferung des Altertums. Leipzig, 1897 Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament. 3 rd edn with supplement. Princeton, 1969 Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Greek inscriptions of the Middle East’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
Ravn, O. E. Herodotus’ Description of Babylon. Copenhagen, 1942 Google Scholar
Reade, J. E. ‘Kassites and Assyrians in Iran’, Iran 16 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiner, E. ‘Tall-i Malyān, Epigraphic finds, 1971–72’, Iran 12 (1974) 176 Google Scholar
Renger, J. ‘Notes on the goldsmiths, jewellers and carpenters of the Neo-Babylonian Eanna’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 91 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, G. ‘Greeks in Persia’, American Journal of Archaeology 50 (1946)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roaf, M. D. ‘The subject peoples on the base of the statue of Darius’, Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran 4 (1974)Google Scholar
Roaf, M. ‘Sculptures and sculptors at Persepolis’, Iran 21 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roaf, M. ‘Texts about the sculptures and sculptors at Persepolis’, Iran 18 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Root, M. C. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Sachs, A. J. ‘A classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 2 (1948)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, A. J. ‘Achaemenid royal names in Babylonian astronomical texts’, American Journal of Ancient History 2 (1977)Google Scholar
San Nicolò, M. ‘Einiges aus den neubabylonischen Rechtsurkunden’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte 49/Röm. Abt. (1929)Google Scholar
San Nicolò, M. ‘Parerga Babylonica XIII: Zur Chronologie des Bêl-šîmanni und scaron;amaš-erîba’, Archiv Orientálni 6 (1934)Google Scholar
San Nicolò, M. ‘Zur Verproviantierung des kgl. Hoflagers in Abanu durch den Eanna-tempel in Uruk’, Archiv Orientálni 17.2 (1949)Google Scholar
San Nicolò, M. Babylonische Rechtsurkunden des ausgehenden 8. undj. Jht. v. Chr., 1. Hälfte (Nr. 1–86) (Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Ph.-hist. Kl. n.f. 34), Munich, 1951 Google Scholar
San Nicolò, M. Beiträge zu einer Prosopographie der neubabylonischen Beamten der Zivil-und Tempelverwaltung (Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1941, 11.2). Munich, 1941 Google Scholar
Sancisi Weerdenburg, H. W. A. M. ‘Territorium in het Perzische Rijk: een externe en een interne vision’, in Stukken en Brokken: Een bundel beschouwingen rond het thema Territorialiteit in Vroege Staten, ed. Claessen, H. J. M. (Instituut voor Culturele Anthropologie Publications 59), 78–82. Leiden, 1983 Google Scholar
Sancisi Weerdenburg, H. W. A. M. (ed.) Achaemenid History 1: Sources, Structures, Synthesis. Leiden, 1987 Google Scholar
Sancisi Weerdenburg, H. W. A. M. and Kuhrt, A. T. L. (edd.) Achaemenid History 11: The Greek Sources. Leiden, 1987 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. ‘Exit Atossa: images of women in Greek historiography on Persia’, in Images of Women in Antiquity, edd. Cameron, A. and Kuhrt, A. , 20–133. London–Canberra, 1983 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. ‘The death of Cyrus: Xenophon's Cryopaedia as a source for Iranian history’, in Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, ed. Bivar, A. D. H. (Acta Iranica: Hommages et Opera Minora ii), 11. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. Yauna en Persai: Grieken en Perzen in een ander perspectief. Groningen, 1980 Google Scholar
Sancisi–Weerdenburg, H. W. A. M. ‘De Behistun Inscriptie: Het eerste Geschreven Oudperzisch? (DB 1 1–74; iv 72–92)’, in Schrijvend Verleden. Documenten uit het Oude Nabije Oosten Vertaald en Toegelicht, ed. Veenhof, K. R. , Leiden, 1983 Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 B.C. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Scheil, V. Inscriptions des Achéménides à Suse (Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse 21). Paris, 1929 Google Scholar
Schlumberger, D. L'argent grec dans I'empire achemenide (Mémoires de la délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan 14). Paris, 1953 Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. F. Persepolis 1. Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. Chicago, 1953 Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. F. Persepolis 11. Contents of the Treasury and other Discoveries. Chicago, 1957 Google Scholar
Schmidt, E. F. Persepolis 111. The Royal Tombs and other Monuments. Chicago, 1970 Google Scholar
Schmitt, R. ‘Deiokes’, Anzeiger der phil.-hist. Klasse der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften no (1973)Google Scholar
Schmitt, R. ‘Die achaimenidische Satrapie tayaiy drayahyā’, Historia 21 (1972)Google Scholar
Schmitt, R. Altpersische Siegel-lnschriften (Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Ph.-Hist. K.I.: Veroffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission Bd 10). Vienna, 1981 Google Scholar
Schnabel, P. Berossos und die babylonisch-hellenistische Literatur. Leipzig, 1923 Google Scholar
Schoff, W. H. (trans.). Parthian Stations by Isidore of Charax. Philadelphia, 1914 Google Scholar
Schwenzner, H. ‘Gobryas’, Klio 18 (1923)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidl, U. ‘Ein Relief Dareios I. in Babylonien’, Ami n.f. 9 (1976)Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Sh. ‘An Achaemenid symbol 1. A farewell to “Fravahr” and “Ahuramazda”’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 7 (1974)Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Sh. ‘Darius in Scythia and Scythians in Persepolis’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 15 (1982)Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Sh. ‘From Parsa to Taxt-e Jamsid’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 10 (1977)Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Sh. ‘The Persepolis “Treasury Reliefs” once more’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 9 (1976)Google Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Sh. Old Persian Inscriptions of the Persepolis platform. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. Part 1 Inscriptions of Ancient Iran, Vol. 1 Portfolio 1. London, 1985 Google Scholar
Shea, W. ‘An unrecognized vassal-king of Babylon in the early Achaemenid Period’, Andrews University Seminary Studies 9 (1971) ; 10 (1972)Google Scholar
Smith, M. ‘II Isaiah and the Persians’, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S. Babylonian Historical Texts relating to the Capture and Downfall of Babylon. London, 1924 Google Scholar
Smith, S. Isaiah XL–LV: Literary Criticism and History (Schweich Lectures). London, 1944 Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh, 1971 Google Scholar
Speiser, E. A. ‘Southern Kurdistan in the Annals of Ashurnasirpal and today’, Annals of the American Schools of Oriental Research 8 (1928)Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. Greeks and Persians in the Fourth Century B.C. Ann Arbor, 1979 Google Scholar
Stolper, M. W. ‘Three Iranian loan words in Late Babylonian texts’ (Uit-gaven van het Nederlands Instituut te Istanbul 54), in Mountains and Lowlands, edd. Levine, L. D. and Young, T. C. Jr , 251–66. Malibu, 1977 Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. ‘Herodots Zeitrechnung’, Historia 5 (1956) (= Herodot, ed. Marg, W. , 688–736. 2nd edn. Darmstadt, 1965)Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. Die Wesensbestimmung der Geschichte durch die antike Geschichtsschreibung (= Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Goethe-Universität, J. W. , Frankfurt 5, no. 3. 1966)Google Scholar
Strassmaier, J. N. ‘Einige chronologische Daten aus astronomischen Rechnungen’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 7 (1892)Google Scholar
Strassmaier, J. N. ‘Zur Chronologieder Seleuciden’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 8 (1893)Google Scholar
Strommenger, E. Gefässe aus Uruk von der neubabylonischen Zeit bis den Sasaniden (Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschung sgemein schaft in Uruk-Warka 7). Berlin, 1967 Google Scholar
Stronach, D. ‘Achaemenid village I at Susa and the Persian migration to Farsi’, Iraq 36 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stronach, D. ‘Tepe Nush-i Jan: the Median settlement’, Cambridge History of Iran ii. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Stronach, D. Pasargadae. A Report on the excavations conducted by the Britishn Institute of Persian Studies from 1961 to 1963. Oxford, 1978 Google Scholar
Stronach, D. and Roaf, M. ‘Excavations at Tepe Nush–i Jan: Part 1, a third interim report’, Iran 16 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulimirski, T. ‘Scythian antiquities in western Asia’, Art. A. 17 (1954)Google Scholar
Sumner, W. M. ‘Achaemenid settlement in the Persepolis plain’, American Journal of Archaeology 90 (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tadmor, H. ‘The inscriptions of Nabunaid: historical arrangement’, in Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, edd. Giiterbock, H. G. and Jacobsen, T. , 351–63. Chicago, 1965 Google Scholar
Taqizadeh, S. H. Old Iranian Calendars. London, 1938 Google Scholar
Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great. Cambridge, 1948 Google Scholar
Tilia, A. B. ‘A study on the methods of working and restoring stone and on the parts left unfinished in Achaemenian architecture and sculpture’, East and West n.s. 18 (1968)Google Scholar
Tilia, A. B. ‘Discoveries at Persepolis 1972–1973’, in Procs. of the 2nd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, 239–53. Tehran, 1973 Google Scholar
Tilia, A. B. ‘Discovery of an Achaemenid palace near Takht-i Rustam to the north of the Terrace of Persepolis’, Iran 12 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilia, A. B. ‘New contributions to the knowledge of the building history of the Apadana: discovery of a wall on the inside of the façade of the eastern Apadana stairway’, East and West n.s. 18 (1968)Google Scholar
Tilia, A. B. ‘Recent discoveries at Persepolis’, American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilia, A. B. Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and other Sites of Fars. Rome, 1972 Google Scholar
Toynbee, A. J. ‘The administrative geography of the Achaemenid Empire’, in A Study of History vii. London, 1954 Google Scholar
Trümpelmann, L. ‘Das Heiligtum von Pasargadae’, Studia Iranica. 6 (1977)Google Scholar
Unger, E. Babylon die heilige Stadt. Berlin, 1931 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungnad, A. ‘Das Haus Egibi’, Archiv für Orient for schung 14 (1941–4)Google Scholar
Ungnad, A. Glossary den neubabylonischen Rechts- und Verivaltungsurkunden. Leipzig, 1937 Google Scholar
Vallat, F. ‘Deux inscriptions élamites de Darius Ier (DSf et DSz)’, Studia Iranica 1 (1972)Google Scholar
Vallat, F. ‘Deux nouvelles “chartes de fondation” d'un palais de Darius Ier à Suse’, Syria 48 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallat, F. ‘La triple inscription cunéiforme de la statue de Darius Ier (DSab)’, Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 68 (1974)Google Scholar
Vallat, F. Suse et I'Elam (Recherches sur les grandes civilizations, Mémoires no. 1). Paris, 1980 Google Scholar
Van der Spek, R. J. ‘Cyrus de Pers in Assyrisch perspectief’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 96 (1983)Google Scholar
van Driel, G. ‘Continuity or decay in the late Achaemenid period: evidence from Southern Mesopotamia’, in b 173 Google Scholar
Vansina, J. Oral Tradition. Trans. Wright, H. M. . London, 1965 Google Scholar
Vigneron, I. P. Le cheval dans l'antiquité. Nancy, 1968 Google Scholar
von Soden, W. ‘Kyros und Nabonid. Propaganda und Gegenpropaganda’, in b 113 Google Scholar
von Soden, W. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1959–81 Google Scholar
von Soden, W. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik (Analecta Orientalia 33/47). Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
von Voigtlander, E. N. The Bisitun inscription of Darius the Great Babylonian Version. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. Part 1: Inscriptions of Ancient Iran, Vol. II Texts 1. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Wade-Gery, H. T. Essays in Greek History. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Walker, C. B. F. ‘A recently identified fragment of the Cyrus Cylinder’, Iran 10 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallinga, H. T. ‘The ancient Persian navy and its predecessors’, in B 173 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis. Berlin, 1966 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Hellas und Iran. Darmstadt, 1984 Google Scholar
Walser, G. (ed.) Beiträge zur Achämenidengeschichte (Historia Einzelschrift 18). Wiesbaden, 1972 Google Scholar
Waterman, L. Royal correspondence of the Assyrian empire. Ann Arbor, 1930 Google Scholar
Weber, U. and Wiesehofer, J. Das Reich der Achaimeniden. Eine Bibliographie (Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Erg¨nzungsband 14), Berlin, 1986 Google Scholar
Weidner, E. F. ‘Die älteste Nachricht üiber das persische Königshaus. Kyros I. ein Zeitgenosse Aššurbānapli’, Archiv für Orient for schung 7 (1931–32)Google Scholar
Weidner, E. F. ‘Joachin, König von Juda, in babylonischen Keilschrifttexten’, in Mélanges offerts à Monsieur René Dussaud 11. Paris, 1939 Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. ‘Kyros’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– Supplementband iv, Latomus Collection Latomus 1128–66. Stuttgart, 1924 Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. ‘Zur Chronologie des falschen Smerdis und des Darius Hystaspis’, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft 51 (1897)Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. ‘Zur neubabylonischen Chronologie’, Stud. Orientalia 1 (1925).Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. ‘Zur neubabylonischen und achämenidischen Chronologie’, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft 62 (1908)Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. Die Keilinschriften der Achdmeniden (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 3). Leipzig, 1911 Google Scholar
West, M. L. Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Wetzel, F. ‘Babylon zur Zeit Herodots’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie n.f. 14 (1944)Google Scholar
Wetzel, F. and others. Das Babylon der Spätlit (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 62). Berlin, 1957 Google Scholar
Widengren, G. ‘Recherches sur le féodalisme iranien’, Orientalia Suecana 5 (1956)Google Scholar
Widengren, G. Der Feudalismus im alien Iran. Cologne, 1969 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widengren, G. Die Religionen Irans. Stuttgart, 1965 (= Les religions iraniennes. Paris, 1968)Google Scholar
Windfuhr, G. L. ‘Notes on the Old Persian signs’, Indo-lranian Journ. 12 (1970)Google Scholar
Winter, I. J. A decorated breastplate from Hasanlu, Iran (Univ. Mus. Mon. 39). Philadelphia, 1980 Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. ‘A Late Babylonian Tribute List?’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies, University of London 30 (1967)Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. ‘The vassal treaties of Esarhaddon’, Iraq 20 (1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626–556 B.C.) in the British Museum. London, 1956 Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon (The Schweich Lectures 1983). Oxford, 1985 Google Scholar
Wiseman, D. J. Review of b 275, Bulletin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies, University of London 40 (1977)Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, 1966 Google Scholar
Woolley, L. Ur Excavations IX: The Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods. London, 1962 Google Scholar
Young, T. C. Jr. ‘A comparative ceramic chronology for western Iran, 1500–500 B.C.’, Iran 3 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, T. C. Jr. ‘The Iranian migration into the Zagros’, Iran 5 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, T. C. Jr. ‘Thoughts on the architecture of Hasanlu IV’, Iranica Antiqua 6 (1966)Google Scholar
Young, T. C. Jr. Review of B 75, Afghanistan Council Newsletter 5 (3) (1977)Google Scholar
Young, T. C. Jr. , and Levine, L. D. Excavations of the Godin Project: second progress report (Royal Ontario Museum Art and Arch. Occasional Paper 26). Toronto 1974 Google Scholar
Young, T. C. Jr . ‘Kangavar Valley survey’, Iran 13 (1975)Google Scholar
Young, T. C Jr. ‘Early Iron Age Iran revisited: preliminary suggestions for the re-analysis of old constructs’. In press.Google Scholar
Young, T. C Jr. Excavations at Godin Tepe: First Progress Report (Royal Ontario Museum Art and Arch. Occasional Paper 17). Toronto, 1969 Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. ‘Sakas des marais et Sakas des plaines’, Journal asiatique 260 (1972)Google Scholar
Zadok, R. ‘Iranians and individuals bearing Iranian names in Achaemenian Babylonia’, Israel Oriental Series 7 (1977)Google Scholar
Zadok, R. ‘New documents from the Chaldean and Achaemenian periods’, Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 15 (1984)Google Scholar
Zadok, R. ‘On the connections between Iran and Babylonia in the sixth century B.C.’, Iran 14 (1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zadok, R. ‘The Nippur region during the Late Assyrian, Chaldaean and Achaemenian periods, chiefly according to written sources’, Israel Oriental Series 8 (1978)Google Scholar
Zadok, R. Geographical Names according to New and Late Babylonian Texts (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe b, 8). Wiesbaden, 1985 Google Scholar
Zaehner, R. C. The dawn and twilight of Zoroastrianism. London–New York, 1961 Google Scholar
Zettler, R. L. ‘On the chronological range of Neo-Babylonian and Old Persian Seals’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 38 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×