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15 - How body size mediates the role of animals in nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2009

By
Robert O. Hall Jr ,
Benjamin J. Koch ,
Michael C. Marshall ,
Brad W. Taylor  and
Lusha M. Tronstad
Edited by
Alan G. Hildrew ,
David G. Raffaelli  and
Ronni Edmonds-Brown
Robert O. Hall Jr
Affiliation:
University of Wyoming USA
Benjamin J. Koch
Affiliation:
University of Wyoming USA
Michael C. Marshall
Affiliation:
University of Wyoming USA
Brad W. Taylor
Affiliation:
University of Wyoming USA
Lusha M. Tronstad
Affiliation:
University of Wyoming USA
Alan G. Hildrew
Affiliation:
Queen Mary University of London
David G. Raffaelli
Affiliation:
University of York
Ronni Edmonds-Brown
Affiliation:
University of Hertfordshire
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Summary

Introduction

Aquatic ecosystems have been fertile ground for understanding the extent to which animals can alter nutrient cycling. Although animals have been included in ecosystem models for years (for example, Teal, 1962), it is only more recently that investigators have looked at animals, either as individuals, single species, or assemblages, as agents regulating nutrient cycling (Kitchell et al., 1979; Meyer, Schultz & Helfman, 1983; Grimm, 1988; Jones & Lawton, 1995). A recent review details how animals can affect nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems (Vanni, 2002), but the next step is to understand the controls on which animals are important regulators of nutrient dynamics in ecosystems. One controlling factor is determined by attributes of the animals themselves, such as their body size.

Animals can regulate nutrient cycling directly or indirectly (Kitchell et al., 1979; Vanni, 2002). Direct regulation is the transformation and transportation of nutrients by animal ingestion, egestion, production and excretion. For example, animal excretion can constitute the largest source of plant-available nitrogen (N) within an ecosystem (Hall, Tank & Dybdahl, 2003) and animals can move nutrients between habitats (Meyer et al., 1983). Perhaps more common are indirect controls, whereby animals alter nutrient cycling by changing the biomass, production or distribution of the plants or microbes that take up nutrients. For example, predatory fish can regulate phosphorus (P) dynamics or nitrogen retention via a trophic cascade (Elser et al., 1998; Simon et al., 2004).

Type
Chapter
Information
Body Size: The Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems , pp. 286 - 305
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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