Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T19:56:07.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Emotionally Focused Therapy with Black Couples

from Part III - Adapting Major Therapeutic Approaches for Work with African American Couples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2023

By
Yamonte Cooper
Edited by
Yamonte Cooper  and
Erica Holmes
Yamonte Cooper
Affiliation:
El Camino College, Torrance, California
Erica Holmes
Affiliation:
Antioch University, Los Angeles
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Black couples. Important clinical considerations (e.g., racial realities of anti-Blackness) are provided that must be integrated within the EFT therapy model to provide an appropriate adaptation that is culturally responsive couples therapy. EFT and attachment theory will need to be significantly modified to be a culturally responsive therapy to meet the needs of Black couples. Adult attachment needs to be conceptualized from a network approach (e.g., multiple relationships/collectivism) instead of only a dyadic perspective. In addition, acculturation (i.e., racial identity), race/ethnicity, institutional decimation and Black sex ratios, marriage, anti-Black racism, internalized stereotypes (anti-Blackness), Strong Black Woman/Superwoman Schema, John Henryism, and religion and spirituality are all important factors to consider in providing culturally responsive care and clinical interventions that strengthen treatment approaches with Black couples.

Keywords

Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT)Black couplesBlack menBlack womenanti-Black racismattachment theory
Type
Chapter
Information
Black Couples Therapy
Clinical Theory and Practice
 , pp. 127 - 165
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullah, A. S. (1998). Mammy-ism: A diagnosis of psychological misorientation for women of African descent. Journal of Black Psychology, 24(2), 196–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agishtein, P., & Brumbaugh, C. (2013). Cultural variation in adult attachment: The impact of ethnicity, collectivism, and country of origin. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 7(4), 384–405.Google Scholar
Akinyela, M. (2008). Once they come: Testimony therapy and healing questions for African American couples. In McGoldrick, M. & Hardy, K. V. (Eds.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, class, culture and gender in clinical practice (pp. 356–366). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Alexis, M. (1998). The economics of racism. The Review of Black Political Economy, 26(3), 51–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, A. M., Wang, Y., Chae, D. H., Price, M. M., Powell, W., Steed, T. C., Rose Black, A., Dhabhar, F. S., Marquez-Magaña, L., & Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2019). Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exploring an integrative stress-coping model among African American women. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1457(1), 104–127.Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2005). The impact of family formation change on the cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of the next generation. The future of children, 15(2), 75–96.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. D. (2021, September 8). The theory of intersectionality emerges out of racist, colonialist ideology, not radical politics – Rethinking the CRT debate part 3. Black Agenda Report. http://www.blackagendareport.com/theory-intersectionality-emerges-out-racist-colonialist-ideology-not-radical-politics-rethinkingGoogle Scholar
Angner, E., Hullett, S., & Allison, J. J. (2011). “I’ll die with the hammer in my hand”: John Henryism as a predictor of happiness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(3), 357–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awosan, C. I., & Hardy, K. V. (2017). Coupling processes and experiences of never married heterosexual Black men and women: A phenomenological study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(3), 463–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awosan, C. I., & Opara, I. (2016). Socioemotional factor: A missing gap in theorizing and studying Black heterosexual coupling processes and relationships. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 3(2), 25–51.Google Scholar
Bennett, G. G., Merritt, M. M., Sollers, J. J. III, Edwards, C. L., Whitfield, K. E., Brandon, D. T., & Tucker, R. D. (2004). Stress, coping, and health outcomes among African-Americans: A review of the John Henryism hypothesis. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 369–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blee, K. M., & Tickamyer, A. R. (1995). Racial differences in men’s attitudes about women’s gender roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(1), 21–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumstein, A., & Beck, A. J. (1999). Population growth in US prisons, 1980–1996. Crime and Justice, 26, 17–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogle, D. (2001). Toms, coons, mulattoes, mammies, and bucks: An interpretive history of Blacks in American films. Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. I. Attachment. Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.Google Scholar
Boyd-Franklin, N., & Franklin, A. J. (1998). African American couples in therapy. In McGoldrick, M. (Ed.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (pp. 268–281). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bryant, C. M., Wickrama, K. A. S., Bolland, J., Bryant, B. M., Cutrona, C. E., & Stanik, C. E. (2010). Race matters, even in marriage: Identifying factors linked to marital outcomes for African Americans. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2(3), 157–174.Google Scholar
Cazenave, N. A. (1983). Black male–Black female relationships: The perceptions of 155 middle-class Black men. Family Relations, 32(3), 341–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cazenave, N. A., & Smith, R. (1990). Gender differences in the perception of Black male female relationships and stereotypes. In Cheatham, H. E. & Stewart, J. B. (Eds.), Black families: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 149–170). Transactions Publishers.Google Scholar
Charles, K. K., & Luoh, M. C. (2010). Male incarceration, the marriage market, and female outcomes. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(3), 614–627.Google Scholar
Chestnut, C. (2009). The study of internalized stereotypes among African American couples. Drexel University.Google Scholar
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M. R., & Porter, S. R. (2018). Race and economic opportunity in the United States (NBER Working Paper 24441). National Bureau for Economic Research.Google Scholar
Cho, S. K., Wilson, B. D. M., & Mallory, C. (2021, January). Black LGBT adults in the US. Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/black-lgbt-adults-in-the-usGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Y. (2023). Racial trauma and Black men [Manuscript in preparation].Google Scholar
Cox, O. C. (1940). Sex ratio and marital status among Negroes. American Sociological Review, 5(6), 937–947.Google Scholar
Craigie, T. A., Myers, S. L., & Darity, W. A. (2018). Racial differences in the effect of marriageable males on female family headship. Journal of Demographic Economics, 84(3), 231–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cross, W. E. Jr. (1971). The negro-to-black conversion experience. Black World, 20(9), 13–27.Google Scholar
Cross, W. E. Jr. (1991). Shades of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Curry, T. J. (2017). The man-not: Race, class, genre, and the dilemmas of Black manhood. Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Curry, T. J. (2018). Killing boogeymen: Phallicism and the misandric mischaracterizations of black males in theory. Res Philosophica, 95(2), 235–272.Google Scholar
Curry, T. J. (2020). Conditioned for death: Analysing black mortalities from COVID-19 and police killings in the United States as a syndemic interaction. Comparative American Studies an International Journal, 17(3–4), 257–270.Google Scholar
Curry, T. J. (2021). Decolonizing the intersection: Black Male Studies as a critique of intersectionality’s indebtedness to Subculture of Violence Theory. In Beshara, R. (Ed.), Critical psychology praxis (pp. 132–154). Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Abraham, W. T., Gardner, K. A., Melby, J. N., Bryant, C., & Conger, R. D. (2003). Neighborhood context and financial strain as predictors of marital interaction and marital quality in African American couples. Personal Relationships, 10(3), 389–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Burzette, R. G., Wesner, K. A., & Bryant, C. M. (2011). Predicting relationship stability among midlife African American couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 814–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darity, W. A. Jr. (1980). Illusions of black economic progress. The Review of Black Political Economy, 10(2), 153–168.Google Scholar
Darity, W. A. Jr., Hamilton, D., Paul, M., Aja, A., Price, A., Moore, A., & Chiopris, C. (2018). What we get wrong about closing the racial wealth gap. Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity and Insight Center for Community Economic Development.Google Scholar
Darity, W. A., & Myers, S. L. (1983). Changes in black family structure: Implications for welfare dependency. The American Economic Review, 73(2), 59–64.Google Scholar
Darity, W. A. Jr., & Myers, S. L. Jr. (1984a). Does welfare dependency cause female headship? The case of the black family. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(4), 765–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darity, W. A. Jr., & Myers, S. L. Jr. (1984b). Public policy and the condition of Black family life. The Review of Black Political Economy, 13(1–2), 165–187.Google Scholar
Darity, W. A. Jr., & Myers, S. L. Jr. (1989). Where have all the black men gone? Black Excellence, 1(2), 29–31.Google Scholar
Darity, W. A. Jr., & Myers, S. L. Jr. (1995). Family structure and the marginalization of Black men: policy implications. In Tucker, M. B. & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (Eds.), The decline in marriage among African Americans: Causes, consequences, and policy implications (pp. 263–293). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
DeFrain, J., & Asay, S. M. (2007). Strong families around the world: An introduction to the family strengths perspective. Marriage & Family Review, 41(1–2), 1–10.Google Scholar
Dixon, P. (2009). Marriage among African Americans: What does the research reveal? Journal of African American Studies, 13(1), 29–46.Google Scholar
Fanon, F. (1952). Black skin/White masks. Grove Press.Google Scholar
Fincham, F. D., Ajayi, C., & Beach, S. R. (2011). Spirituality and marital satisfaction in African American couples. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(4), 259–268.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, J. M., & Ribar, D. C. (2004). Welfare reform and female headship. Demography, 41(2), 189–212.Google Scholar
Frazier, E. F. (1939). The Negro family in the United States. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Geronimus, A. T., & Korenman, S. (1992). The socioeconomic consequences of teen childbearing reconsidered. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(4), 1187–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooley, R. L. (1989). The role of Black women in social change. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 13(4), 165–172.Google Scholar
Greenman, P. S., & Johnson, S. M. (2013). Process research on emotionally focused therapy (EFT) for couples: Linking theory to practice. Family Process, 52(1), 46–61.Google Scholar
Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, communities, and prisoners. Crime and Justice, 26, 121–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, D., Goldsmith, A. H., & Darity, W. Jr. (2009). Shedding “light” on marriage: The influence of skin shade on marriage for black females. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 30–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampton, R. L. (1980). Institutional decimation, marital exchange, and disruption in Black families. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 4(2), 132–139.Google Scholar
Harnois, C. E. (2010, March). Race, gender, and the Black women’s standpoint. Sociological Forum, 25(1), 68–85.Google Scholar
Harnois, C. E. (2014). Complexity within and similarity across: Interpreting Black men’s support of gender justice amidst cultural representations that suggest otherwise. In Slatton, B. C. & Spates, K. (Eds.), Hyper sexual, hyper masculine? Gender, race and sexuality in the identities of contemporary Black men (pp. 85–102). Routledge.Google Scholar
Haynes, F. E. (2000). Gender and family ideals: An exploratory study of Black middle-class Americans. Journal of Family Issues, 21(7), 811–837.Google Scholar
Helms, J. E. (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Helms, J. E. (1995). An update of Helm’s White and people of color racial identity models. In Ponterotto, J. G., Casas, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 181–198). Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Helms, J. E. (2017). The challenge of making Whiteness visible: Reactions to four Whiteness articles. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(5), 717–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, S. D., Foster, E. M., & Furstenberg, F. F. Jr. (1993). Reevaluating the costs of teenage childbearing. Demography, 30(1), 1–13.Google Scholar
Holmes, J. (1997). Attachment, autonomy, intimacy: Some clinical implications of attachment theory. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70(3), 231–248.Google Scholar
Holzer, H. J. (2007). Reconnecting young black men: What policies would help? National Urban League.Google Scholar
Hubbard, S. A., Lakey, B., Jones, S. C., & Cage, J. L. (2022). Black racial identity, perceived support, and mental health within dyadic relationships. Journal of Black Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984221079209Google Scholar
Hudson, D. L., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2016). Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(3), 221–243.Google Scholar
Hunter, A. G., & Sellers, S. L. (1998). Feminist attitudes among African American women and men. Gender & Society, 12(1), 81–99.Google Scholar
Jackson, B. A. (2018). Beyond the cool pose: Black men and emotion management strategies. Sociology Compass, 12(4), e12569.Google Scholar
Jagers, R. J., & Smith, P. (1996). Further examination of the Spirituality Scale. Journal of Black Psychology, 22(4), 429–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, S. A. (1994). John Henryism and the health of African-Americans. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18(2), 163–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, S. A., Hartnett, S. A., & Kalsbeek, W. D. (1983). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6(3), 259–278.Google Scholar
James, S. A., LaCroix, A. Z., Kleinbaum, D. G., & Strogatz, D. S. (1984). John Henryism and blood pressure differences among black men. II. The role of occupational stressors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 7(3), 259–275.Google Scholar
Jean, Y. S., & Feagin, J. R. (1998). The family costs of white racism: The case of African American families. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29(2), 297–312.Google Scholar
Jewell, K. S. (1983). Black male/female conflict: Internalization of negative definitions transmitted through imagery. Western Journal of Black Studies, 7(l), 43–48.Google Scholar
Joe, T., & Yu, P. (1984). The “flip-side” of Black families headed by women: The economic status of Black men. Center for the Study of Social Policy.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy: Creating connection (2nd ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment theory in practice: Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) with individuals, couples, and families. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. M. (2020). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy: Creating connection (3rd ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (1985). Differential effects of experiential and problem-solving interventions in resolving marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(2), 175–184.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. M., Hunsley, J., Greenberg, L., & Schindler, D. (1999). Emotionally focused couples therapy: Status and challenges. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(1), 67–79.Google Scholar
Jones, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2013). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006–2010 (National Health Statistics Report No. 70). National Center for Health Statistics.Google ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, G., Ranjit, N., & Burgard, S. (2008). Lifting gates – lengthening lives: Did civil rights policies improve the health of African-American women in the 1960s and 1970s? In Schoeni, R F., House, J. S., Kaplan, G. A., & Pollack, H. (Eds.), Making Americans healthier: Social and economic policy as health policy (pp. 145–169). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. (2017, March 13). The “marriage premium for children” depends on family resources. Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/social-mobility-memos/2017/03/13/the-marriage-premium-for-children-depends-on-family-resourcesGoogle Scholar
Keller, H. (2013). Attachment and culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 175–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, S., & Boyd-Franklin, N. (2009). Joining, understanding, and supporting Black couples in treatment. In Rastogi, M. & Thomas, V. (Eds.), Multicultural couple therapy (pp. 235–254). Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Kelly, S., & Floyd, F. J. (2001). The effects of negative racial stereotypes and Afrocentricity on couple relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 156, 110–123.Google Scholar
Kelly, S., & Hudson, B. N. (2017). African American couples and families and the context of structural oppression. In Kelly, S. (Ed.), Diversity in couple and family therapy: Ethnicities, sexualities, and socioeconomics (pp. 3–32). Praeger/ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
King, A. E., & Allen, T. T. (2009). Personal characteristics of the ideal African American marriage partner: A survey of adult Black men and women. Journal of Black Studies, 39(4), 570–588.Google Scholar
Koball, H. (1998). Have African American men become less committed to marriage? Explaining the twentieth century racial cross-over in men’s marriage timing. Demography, 35(2), 251–258.Google Scholar
Kogan, S. M., Yu, T., & Brown, G. L. (2016). Romantic relationship commitment behavior among emerging adult African American men. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 996–1012.Google Scholar
Komarraju, M., & Cokley, K. O. (2008). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism-collectivism: A comparison of African Americans and European Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 336–343.Google Scholar
Landry, B. (1987). The new black middle class. University of California Press.Google Scholar
LaTaillade, J. J. (2006). Considerations for treatment of African American couple relationships. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(4), 341–358.Google Scholar
Lichter, D. T., LeClere, F. B., & McLaughlin, D. K. (1991). Local marriage markets and the marital behavior of black and white women. American journal of Sociology, 96(4), 843–867.Google Scholar
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385.Google Scholar
Lopez, F. G., Melendez, M. C., & Rice, K. G. (2000). Parental divorce, parent–child bonds, and adult attachment orientations among college students: A comparison of three racial/ethnic groups. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 177–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, M. F. (2013). Attachment, autonomy, and emotional reliance: A multilevel model. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(3), 301–312.Google Scholar
Magai, C., Cohen, C., Milburn, N., Thorpe, B. McPherson, R., & Peralta, D. (2001). Attachment styles in older European American and African American adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56B(1), S28–S35.Google Scholar
Majors, R., & Billson, J. M. (1993). Cool pose: The dilemma of Black manhood in America. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Mason, P. (2006). Reproducing racism: Reconstructing the political economy of race and persistent stratification economics. Working paper, Florida State University.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (1993). Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample. Motivation and Emotion, 17(2), 107–123.Google Scholar
McLanahan, S., & Booth, K. (1989). Mother-only families: Problems, prospects, and politics. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(3), 557–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLanahan, S., & Sandefur, G. D. (1994). Growing up with a single parent: What hurts, what helps. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, E. (1991). Men at risk. Jamaica Publishing House.Google Scholar
Murry, V. M., Brown, P. A., Brody, G. H., Cutrona, C. E., & Simons, R. L. (2001). Racial discrimination as a moderator of the links among stress, maternal psychological functioning, and family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4), 915–926.Google Scholar
Nightingale, M., Awosan, C. I., & Stavrianopoulos, K. (2019). Emotionally focused therapy: A culturally sensitive approach for African American heterosexual couples. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 30(3), 221–244.Google Scholar
Nobles, W. W. (1976). African science: The consciousness of self. In King, L. M., Dixon, V. J., & Nobles, W. W. (Eds.), African philosophy: Assumptions and paradigms for research on Black persons (pp. 163–174). Fanon Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Nobles, W. W. (1978). Toward an empirical and theoretical framework for defining black families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 40(4), 679–688.Google Scholar
Noël, R. A. (2014, November). Income and spending patterns among black households: Beyond the numbers. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/income-and-spending-patterns-among-black-households.htmGoogle Scholar
Ogungbure, A. (2019). The political economy of niggerdom: WEB Du Bois and Martin Luther King Jr. on the racial and economic discrimination of black males in America. Journal of Black Studies, 50(3), 273–297.Google Scholar
Oluwayomi, A. (2020). The man-not and the inapplicability of intersectionality to the dilemmas of black manhood. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 28(2), 183–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbuch, T. L., Veroff, J., Hassan, H., & Horrocks, J. (2002). Who will divorce: A 14-year longitudinal study of black couples and white couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(2), 179–202.Google Scholar
Parham, T. A. (1989). Cycles of psychological nigrescence. The Counseling Psychologist, 17(2), 187–226.Google Scholar
Pettit, B. (2012). Invisible men: Mass incarceration and the myth of black progress. Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Pew Charitable Trust Forum. (2009a). African-Americans and religion. http://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/african-americans-and-religionGoogle Scholar
Pew Charitable Trust Forum. (2009b). A religious portrait of African Americans. http://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americansGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2015, December 17). Parenting in America: Outlook, worries, aspirations are strongly linked to financial situation. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/12/17/parenting-in-america/Google Scholar
Rodgers, W. L., & Thornton, A. (1985). Changing patterns of first marriage in the United States. Demography, 22, 265–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, J. M., Karney, B. R., Nguyen, T. P., & Bradbury, T. N. (2019). Communication that is maladaptive for middle-class couples is adaptive for socioeconomically disadvantaged couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(4), 582–597.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. (1987). Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93(2), 348–382.Google Scholar
Schneider, D. (2011). Wealth and the marital divide. American Journal of Sociology, 117(2), 627–667.Google Scholar
Sellers, R. M., Copeland-Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. L. H. (2006). Racial identity matters: The relationship between racial discrimination and psychological functioning in African American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 187–216.Google Scholar
Sellers, R. M., Smith, M. A., Shelton, J. N., Rowley, S. A., & Chavous, T. M. (1998). Multidimensional model of racial identity: A reconceptualization of African American racial identity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(1), 18–39.Google Scholar
Seltzer, J. A. (1994). Consequences of marital dissolution for children. Annual Review of Sociology, 20(1), 235–266.Google Scholar
Shorter-Gooden, K. (2008). Therapy with African American men and women. In Neville, H. A., Tynes, B. M., & Utsey, S. O. (Eds.), Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 445–458). Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., Hudson, S. K. T., Davis, G., & Bergh, R. (2018). The theory of gendered prejudice: A social dominance and intersectionalist perspective. In Mintz, A. & Terris, L. G. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of behavioral political science (pp. 1–35). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., & Veniegas, R. C. (2000). Gender and race discrimination: The interactive nature of disadvantage. In Oskamp, S. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 47–69). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Google Scholar
Simien, E. (2007). A Black gender gap? Continuity and change in attitudes toward Black feminism. In Rich, W. (Ed.), African American perspectives on political science (pp. 130–150). Temple University Press.Google Scholar
South, S. J. (1996). Mate availability and the transition to unwed motherhood: A paradox of population structure. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(2), 265–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staples, R. (1978). Masculinity and race: The dual dilemma of Black men. Journal of Social Issues, 34(1), 169–183.Google Scholar
Staples, R. (1985). Changes in black family structure: The conflict between family ideology and structural conditions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47(4), 1005–1013.Google Scholar
Stewart, J. B., & Scott, J. W. (1978). The institutional decimation of Black American males. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 2(2), 82–92.Google Scholar
Strobino, D. M., & Sirageldin, I. (1981). Racial differences in early marriages in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 62(4), 758–766.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. (1990). Relationship between internalized racism and marital satisfaction. Journal of Black Psychology, 16(2), 45–53.Google Scholar
Taylor, J., & Zhang, X. (1990). Cultural identity in maritally distressed and non-distressed Black couples. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 14(4), 205–213.Google Scholar
Testa, M., & Krogh, M. (1995). The effect of employment on marriage among black males in inner-city Chicago. In Tucker, M. B. & Mitchell-Kernan, C. (Eds.), The decline in marriage among African Americans (pp. 59–95). Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Thompson, C. E., & Carter, R. T. (1997). An overview and elaboration of Helms’ racial identity development theory. In Thompson, C. E. & Carter, R. T. (Eds.), Racial identity theory: Applications to individual, group, and organizational interventions (pp. 15–32). Routledge.Google Scholar
Tyrell, F. A., & Masten, A. S. (2021). Father–child attachment in Black families: Risk and protective processes. Attachment & Human Development, 24(3), 1–13.Google Scholar
Unnever, J. D., & Chouhy, C. (2021). Race, racism, and the Cool Pose: Exploring Black and White male masculinity. Social Problems, 68(2), 490–512.Google Scholar
Utley, E. A. (2016). Humanizing blackness: An interview with Tommy J. Curry. Southern Communication Journal, 81(4), 263–266.Google Scholar
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 713–734). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Vaterlaus, J. M., Skogrand, L., Chaney, C., & Gahagan, K. (2017). Marital expectations in strong African American marriages. Family Process, 56(4), 883–899.Google Scholar
Vowels, L. M., Vowels, M. J., & Mark, K. P. (2022). Is infidelity predictable? Using explainable machine learning to identify the most important predictors of infidelity. The Journal of Sex Research, 59 (2), 224–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walum, L. R. (1977). The dynamics of sex and gender: A sociological perspective. Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Watson, T., & McLanahan, S. (2011). Marriage meets the joneses relative income, identity, and marital status. Journal of Human Resources, 46(3), 482–517.Google Scholar
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Zakalik, R. A. (2004). Cultural equivalence of adult attachment across four ethnic groups: Factor structure, structured means, and associations with negative mood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 408–417.Google Scholar
West, C. M. (1995). Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of Black women and their implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(3), 458–466.Google Scholar
White, J. L. (1970, September). Toward a Black psychology. Ebony, 43–50.Google Scholar
Wiebe, S. A., & Johnson, S. M. (2016). A review of the research in emotionally focused therapy for couples. Family Process, 55(3), 390–407.Google Scholar
Willhelm, S. M. (1986). The economic demise of blacks in America: a prelude to genocide? Journal of Black Studies, 17(2), 201–254.Google Scholar
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wolfers, J., Leonhardt, D., & Quealy, K. (2015, April 20). 1. 5 million missing black men. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/20/upshot/missing-black-men.htmlGoogle Scholar
Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2010). Superwoman schema: African American women’s views on stress, strength, and health. Qualitative Health Research, 20(5), 668–683.Google Scholar
Yi, J., Neville, H. A., Todd, N. R., & Mekawi, Y. (2022). Ignoring race and denying racism: A meta-analysis of the associations between colorblind racial ideology, anti-Blackness, and other variables antithetical to racial justice. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000618Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×