Jesters, red queens, boomerangs and surfers: a molecular outlook on the diversity of the Canarian endemic flora

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511844270.013

12 - Jesters, red queens, boomerangs and surfers: a molecular outlook on the diversity of the Canarian endemic flora

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 October 2011

Juli Caujapé-Castells

Edited by

David Bramwell and

Juli Caujapé-Castells

Show author details

Juli Caujapé-Castells: Affiliation:
Jardín Botánico Canario ‘Viera y Clavijo’-Unidad Asociada CSIC
David Bramwell: Affiliation:
Jardín Botánico Canario 'Viera y Clavijo' - Unidad Asociada CSIC
Juli Caujapé-Castells: Affiliation:
Jardín Botánico Canario 'Viera y Clavijo' - Unidad Asociada CSIC

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The Canarian archipelago has been sampling biodiversity from other areas, possibly since shortly after the formation of its oldest islands in the Miocene (Fig. 12.1). The sources, and intensity, of such a prolonged sampling process have varied in different epochs, largely conditioning the origins, makeup and success of the colonising stocks (see Figs 12.1 and 12.2). Because of the bias inherent in any sampling, and the variations in extinction and colonisation rates through time and space, the current Canarian endemic flora is an imperfect representation of the historical floristic links between the archipelago and different geographic enclaves.

Type: Chapter
Information: The Biology of Island Floras , pp. 284 - 324

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844270.013 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Acebes-Ginovés, J. R.del Arco-Aguilar, M.García-Gallo, A.León-Arencibia, M. C.Pérez de Paz, P. L. 2004 Izquierdo, I.Martín, J. L.Zurita, N.Arechavaleta, M.Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres)Santa Cruz de TenerifeConsejería de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente de CanariasGoogle Scholar

Acosta, J.Uchupi, E.Muñoz, A.Herranz, P.Palomo, C.Ballesteros, M.ZEE Working Group 2003 Geologic evolution of the Canarian Islands of Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria and La Gomera and comparison of landslides at these islands with those at Tenerife, La Palma and El HierroMar. Geophys. Res 24 1CrossRef Google Scholar

Allan, G.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Boerner, E.Zimmer, E. A. 2004 Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the geographic origin and classification of Canary Island Lotus (Fabaceae: Loteae)Mol. 32 123Google Scholar

Ancochea, E.Barrera, J. L.Bellido, F. 2004 Vera, E. A.Geología de EspañaMadridSGE-IGMEGoogle Scholar

Anderson, C. L.Channing, A.Zamuner, A. B. 2009 Life, death and fossilization on Gran Canaria: implications for Macaronesian biogeography and molecular datingJ. Biogeogr. 36 2189CrossRef Google Scholar

Andrus, N.Trusty, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K.Francisco-Ortega, J. 2004 Using molecular phylogenies to test phytogeographical links between E/S Africa, southern Arabia and the Macaronesian islands: a review, and the case of Vieraea and Pulicaria sect. VieraeopsisTaxon 53 333CrossRef Google Scholar

Archibald, J. K.Crawford, D. J.Santos-Guerra, A.Mort, M. E. 2006 The utility of automated analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci for resolving relationships in the Canary Island species of Tolpis (Asteraceae)Am. J. Bot. 93 1154CrossRef Google Scholar

Ardanuy, A. 1977

Arroyo-García, R.Martínez-Zapater, J. M.Fernández Prieto, J. A.Álvarez-Arbesu, R. 2001 AFLP evaluation of genetic similarity among laurel populations (Laurus L.)Euphytica 122 155CrossRef Google Scholar

Asmussen, C. B.Dransfield, J.Deickmann, V.Barfod, A. S.Pintaud, J. C.Baker, W. J. 2006 A new subfamily classification of the palm family (Arecaceae): evidence from plastid DNA phylogenyBot. J. Linn. Soc. 151 15CrossRef Google Scholar

Ávila, S. P.Madeira, P.Marques da Silva, C.Cachaõ, M.Landau, B.Quartau, R. 2008 Local disappearance of bivalves in the Azores during the last glaciationsJ. Quat. Sci. 23 777CrossRef Google Scholar

Barber, J. C.Finch, C. C.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K. 2007 Hybridization in Macaronesian Sideritis (Lamiaceae): evidence from incongruence of multiple independent nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasetsTaxon 56 74Google Scholar

Barquín, E. 1984

Barrier, M.Baldwin, B. G.Robichaux, R. H.Purugganan, M. D. 1999 Interspecific hybrid ancestry of a plant adaptive radiation: allopolyploidy of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) inferred from floral homeotic gene duplicationsMol. Biol. Evol. 16 1105CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Barton, N.Bengtsson, B. O. 1986 The barrier to genetic exchange between hybridising populationsHeredity 57 357CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Batista, F.Sosa, P. 2002 Allozyme diversity in natural populations of Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. (Violaceae) from La Palma (Canary Islands): implications for conservation geneticsAnn. Bot. 90 725CrossRef Google Scholar

Bellemain, E.Ricklefs, R. E. 2008 Are islands the end of the colonization road?Trends Ecol. Evol. 23 461CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Benton, M. J. 2009 The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through timeScience 323 728CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Besnard, G.Rubio de Casas, R.Cristin, P. A.Vargas, P. 2009 Phylogenetics of Olea (Oleaceae) based on plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences: Tertiary climatic shifts and lineage differentiation timesAnn. Bot. 104 143CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Böhle, U. R.Hilger, H. H.Martin, W. F. 1996 Island colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 11740CrossRef Google Scholar

Bolmgren, K.Oxelman, B. 2004 Generic limits in Rhamnus L. s.l. (Rhamnaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence phylogeniesTaxon 53 383CrossRef Google Scholar

Borgen, L. 1996 Genetic differentiation in endemic Lobularia (Brassicaceae) in the Canary IslandsNord. J. Bot. 16 487CrossRef Google Scholar

Borges, P. A. V.Hortal, J. 2009 Time, area and isolation: factors driving the diversification of Azorean arthropodsJ. Biogeogr 36 178CrossRef Google Scholar

Bramwell, D. 1976 Kunkel, G.Biogeography and Ecology in the Canary IslandsThe HagueJunkGoogle Scholar

Bramwell, D. 1985 Contribución a la biogeografía de las Islas CanariasBot. Mac. 14 3Google Scholar

Bräuchler, C.Meimberg, H.Heubl, G. 2004 Molecular phylogeny of the genera Digitalis L. and Isoplexis (Lindley) Loudon (Veronicaceae) based on ITS- and trnL-F sequencesPlant Syst. Evol. 248 111CrossRef Google Scholar

Bräuchler, C. 2005 Polyphyly of the genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae): evidence from cpDNA sequence dataTaxon 54 639CrossRef Google Scholar

Bussell, J. D.Waycott, M.Chappill, J. A. 2005 Arbitrarily amplified DNA markers as characters for phylogenetic inferencePerspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 7 3CrossRef Google Scholar

Carine, M. A. 2005 Spatio-temporal relationships of the Macaronesian endemic flora: a relictual series or window of opportunity?Taxon 54 895CrossRef Google Scholar

Carine, M. A.Schaefer, H. 2010 The Azores diversity enigma: why are there so few Azorean endemic flowering plants and why are they so widespread?J. Biogeogr. 37 77CrossRef Google Scholar

Carine, M. A.Russell, S. J.Santos-Guerra, A.Francisco-Ortega, J. 2004 Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back-colonization of the continent in Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae)Am. J. Bot. 91 1070CrossRef Google Scholar

Carine, M. A.Santos-Guerra, A.Guma, I. R.Reyes-Betancort, J. A. 2010 Beyond CladisticsBerkeley, CAUniversity of California PressGoogle Scholar

Carlquist, S. 1966 The biota of long-distance dispersal. III. Loss of dispersability in the Hawaiian floraBrittonia 18 310CrossRef Google Scholar

Carracedo, J. C. 1999 Growth, structure, instability and collapse of Canarian volcanoes and comparisons with Hawaiian volcanoesJ. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 94 1CrossRef Google Scholar

Carracedo, J. C.Pérez, F. J.Ancochea, E.Meco, J.Hernán, F.Cubas, C. R. 2002 Gibbons, W.Moreno, T.The Geology of SpainLondonGeological Society of LondonGoogle Scholar

Catalán, P.Olmstead, R. G. 2000 Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Brachypodium P. Beauv. (Poaceae) from combined sequences of chloroplast ndhF gene and nuclear ITSPlant Syst. Evol. 220 1CrossRef Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J. 2004 Boomerangs of biodiversity? The interchange of biodiversity between mainland north Africa and the Canary Islands as inferred from cpDNA RFLPs in genusAndrocymbium 25 53Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J. 2007 SAGE: una base de datos moleculares poblacionales con capacidades analíticas inherentesConserv. Veget. 11 40Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J. 2010 General GST and θ inflation due to biased intra-population sampling, and its consequences for the conservation of the Canarian floraConserv. Genet. 11 709CrossRef Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J.Baccarani-Rosas, M. 2005

Caujapé-Castells, J.Jansen, R. K.Pedrola-Monfort, J.Membrives, N. 1999 Chloroplast DNA restriction site phylogeny of the genus Androcymbium (Colchicaceae)Syst. Bot. 24 581CrossRef Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J.Jaén, Molina, J.Cabrera-García, N. 2006 El banco de ADN de la flora canaria: creación, progresos y líneas futuras de desarrolloBot. Mac. 26 3Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J.Naranjo-Suárez, J.Santana, I.Baccarani-Rosas, M.Cabrera-García, N.Marrero, M. 2008 Population genetic suggestions to offset the extinction ratchet in the endangered Canarian endemic Atractylis preauxiana (Asteraceae)Plant Syst. Evol. 273 191CrossRef Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J.Marrero-Rodríguez, A.Cabrera-García, N.Baccarani-Rosas, M.Vilches, B. 2008 Population genetics of the endangered Canarian endemic Atractylis arbuscula (Asteraceae): implications for taxonomy and conservationPlant Syst. Evol. 274 99CrossRef Google Scholar

Caujapé-Castells, J.Tye, A.Crawford, D.Santos-Guerra, A.Sakai, A.Beaver, K. 2010 Conservation of island floras: present assets and future global challengesPerspect. Plant Evol. Ecol. Syst. 12 107CrossRef Google Scholar

Crawford, D. J.Mort, M. E. 2004 Single-locus molecular markers for inferring relationships at lower taxonomic levels: observations and commentsTaxon 53 631CrossRef Google Scholar

Crawford, D. J.Archibald, J. K.Santos-Guerra, A.Mort, M. E. 2006 Allozyme diversity within and divergence among species of Tolpis (Asteraceae-Lactuceae) in the Canary islands: systematic, evolutionary, and biogeographical implicationsAm. J. Bot 93 656CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cubas, P.Pardo, C.Tahiri, H. 2002 approach to the phylogeny and systematics of Cytisus (Leguminosae) and related genera based on nucleotide sequences of nrDNA (ITS region) and cpDNA (trnL-trnF intergenic spacer)Plant Syst. Evol. 233 223CrossRef Google Scholar

Currat, M.Ruedi, M.Pétit, R.Excoffier, L. 2008 The hidden side of invasions: massive introgression by local genesEvolution 62 1908Google Scholar PubMed

Dansereau, P. 1965

de Nascimento, L.Willis, K. J.Fernádez-Palacios, J. M.Criado, C.Whittaker, R. J. 2009 The long-term ecology of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands)J. Biogeogr. 36 499CrossRef Google Scholar

del Hoyo, A.Pedrola-Monfort, J. 2008 Phylogeny of Androcymbium (Colchicaceae) based on morphology and DNA sequencesPlant Syst. Evol. 273 151CrossRef Google Scholar

Der, J. P.Nickrent, D. L. 2008 A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales)Syst. Bot. 33 107CrossRef Google Scholar

Diane, N.Förther, H.Hilger, H. H. 2002 A systematic analysis of Heliotropium, Tournefortia, and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological dataAm. J. Bot 89 287CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Díaz-Pérez, A.Sequeira, M.Santos-Guerra, A.Catalán, P. 2008 Multiple colonizations, in situ speciation, and volcanism-associated stepping-stone dispersals shaped the phylogeography of the Macaronesian red fescues (Festuca L., Gramineae)Syst. Biol. 57 732CrossRef Google Scholar

Downie, S. R.Katz-Downie, D. S.Spalik, K. 2000 A phylogeny of Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequencesAm. J. Bot. 87 76CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Edmonds, C. A.Lillie, A. S.Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 2007 Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding populationProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 975CrossRef Google Scholar

Emerson, B. C. 2002 Evolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and processMol. Ecol. 11 951CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Excoffier, L.Ray, N. 2008 Surfing during population expansions promotes genetic revolutions and structurationTrends Ecol. Evol 23 347CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Faith, D. P.Reid, C. A. M.Hunter, J. 2004 Integrating phylogenetic diversity, complementarity, and endemismConserv. Biol. 18 255CrossRef Google Scholar

Fehrer, J.Gemeinholzer, B.Chrtek, J.Braütigam, S. 2007 Incongruent plastid and nuclear DNA phylogenies reveal ancient intergeneric hybridization in Pilosella hawkweeds (Hieracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae)Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 42 347CrossRef Google Scholar

Fernández-Palacios, J. M. 2010 Serrano, A.Borges, P.Boieiro, M.Oromí, P.

Fernández-Palacios, O.Pérez de Paz, J.Febles, R.Caujapé-Castells, J. 2004 Diversidad genética en Parolinia: P. glabriuscula y P. platypetala (Brassicaceae: Matthioleae)Bot. Mac. 25 143Google Scholar

Forest, F.Grenyer, R.Rouget, M.Davies, J.Cowling, R. M. 2007 Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspotsNature 445 757CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A. 2001 Fernández-Palacios, J. M.Martín-Esquivel, J. L.Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias. Ecología y ConservaciónSanta Cruz de TenerifePublicaciones TurquesaGoogle Scholar

Francisco-Ortega, J.Newbury, H. J.Ford-Lloyd, B. V. 1993 Numerical analyses of RAPD data highlight the origin of cultivated tagasaste (Chamaecytisus proliferus ssp. palmensis) in the Canary IslandsTheoret. Appl. Genet. 87 264CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Francisco-Ortega, J.Crawford, D. J.Santos-Guerra, A.Safontinha, S. 1995 Genetic diversity among Mediterranean and Macaronesian genera of the subtribe Chrysantheminae (Asteraceae)Am. J. Bot. 82 1321CrossRef Google Scholar

Francisco-Ortega, J.Crawford, D. J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K. 1997 Givnish, T. J.Sytsma, K. J.Molecular Evolution and Adaptive RadiationCambridgeCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar

Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Kim, S. C.Crawford, D. J. 2000 Plant genetic diversity in the Canary Islands: a conservation perspectiveAm. J. Bot. 87 909CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Francisco-Ortega, J.Barber, J. C.Santos-Guerra, A.Febles-Hernández, R.Jansen, R. K. 2001 Origin and evolution of the endemic genera of Gonosperminae (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) from the Canary Islands: evidence from nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNAAm. J. Bot. 88 161CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Francisco-Ortega, J.Fuertes-Aguilar, J.Kim, S. C.Santos-Guerra, A.Crawford, D. J.Jansen, R. K. 2002 Phylogeny of the Macaronesian endemic Crambe section Dendrocrambe (Brassicaceae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNAAm. J. Bot. 89 1984CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fuertes-Aguilar, J.Rosselló-Picornell, J. A.Nieto-Feliner, G. 1999 Molecular evidence for the compilospecies model of reticulate evolution in Armeria (Plumbaginaceae)Syst. Biol. 48 735CrossRef Google Scholar

Fuertes-Aguilar, J.Ray, M. F.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K. 2002 Evidence from chloroplast and nuclear markers for multiple colonizations of Lavatera (Malvaceae) in the Canary IslandsSyst. Bot 27 74Google Scholar

Galbany-Casals, M.García-Jacas, N.Sáez, L. L.Benedí, C.Susanna, A. 2009 Phylogeny, biogeography, and character evolution in Mediterranean, Asiatic, and Macaronesian Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) inferred from nuclear phylogenetic analysesInt. J. Plant Sci 170 365CrossRef Google Scholar

García-Maroto, F.Mañas-Fernández, A.Garrido-Cárdenas, J. A.López Alonso, D.Guil-Guerrero, J. L.Guzmán, B. 2009 Δ6-Desaturase sequence evidence for explosive Pliocene radiations within the adaptive radiation of Macaronesian Echium (Boraginaceae)Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 52 563CrossRef Google Scholar

García-Talavera, F. 1997 Las Canarias orientales y vecina costa africana en el HolocenoEres 7 55Google Scholar

García-Verdugo, C.Fay, M. F.Granado-Yela, C.Rubiode Casas, R. de Casas, R.Balaguer, L.Besnard, G.Vargas, P. 2009 Genetic diversity and differentiation processes in the ploidy series of Olea europaea L.: a multiscale approach from subspecies to insular populationsMol. Ecol. 18 454CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Geldmacher, J.Hoernle, K.Bogaard, P.Zankl, G.Garbe-Schönberg, D. 2001 Earlier history of the ≥70-Ma-old Canarian hotspot based on the temporal and geochemical evolution of the Selvagen Archipelago and neighboring seamounts in the Eastern North AtlanticJ. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 111 55CrossRef Google Scholar

Geldmacher, J.Hoernle, K.Bogaard, P.Duggen, S.Werner, R. 2005 New 40Ar/ 39Ar age and geochemical data from seamounts in the Canary and Madeira volcanic provinces: Support for the mantle plume hypothesisEarth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237 85CrossRef Google Scholar

González-Pérez, M. A.Caujapé-Castells, J.Sosa, P. A. 2004 Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae): implications for conservationHeredity 93 307CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

González-Pérez, M. A.Sosa, P. A.González-González, E. A.Bañares, A.Marrero, M.Carqué, E. 2009 Gnaphalium teydeum and Gnaphalium luteo-album: two taxa of the Canary Islands with different genetic historiesPlant Syst. Evol. 276 39CrossRef Google Scholar

Goodson, B. E.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K. 2006 Molecular systematics of Descurainia (Brassicaceae) in the Canary Islands: biogeographic and taxonomic implicationsTaxon 55 671CrossRef Google Scholar

Goudie, A. S.Middleton, N. J. 2001 Saharan dust storms: nature and consequencesEarth-Sci. Rev. 56 179CrossRef Google Scholar

Gran Canaria Group 2006 www.bgci.org/ourwork/gcdccpc/

Grant, V. 1957 Mayr, E.The Species ProblemWashington, DCAmerican Association for the Advancement of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Hallatschek, O.Hersen, P.Ramanathan, S.Nelson, D. R. 2007 Genetic drift at expanding frontiers promotes gene segregationProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 19926CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hallatschek, O.Nelson, D. R. 2008 Gene surfing in expanding populationsTheoret. Pop. Biol. 73 158CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harbaugh, D. T.Baldwin, B. G. 2007 Phylogeny and biogeography of the sandalwoods (Santalum, Santalaceae): repeated dispersals throughout the PacificAm. J. Bot. 94 1028CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harbaugh, D. T.Wagner, W. L.Allen, G. J.Zimmer, E. A. 2009 The Hawaiian Archipelago is a stepping-stone for dispersal in the Pacific: an example from the plant genus Melicope (Rutaceae)J. Biogeogr 36 230CrossRef Google Scholar

Heaney, L. R. 2007 Is a new paradigm emerging for oceanic island biogeography?J. Biogeogr. 34 753CrossRef Google Scholar

Helfgott, D. M.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K.Simpson, B. B. 2000 The origin of the Bencomia alliance (Rosaceae) in MacaronesiaSyst. Bot. 25 82CrossRef Google Scholar

Herbén, T.Suda, J.Munclinger, P. 2005 The ghost of hybridization past: niche pre-emption is not the only explanation of apparent monophyly in island endemicsJ. Ecol. 93 572CrossRef Google Scholar

Hewitt, G. M. 1996 Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciationBiol. J. Linn. Soc. 58 247CrossRef Google Scholar

Hileman, L. C.Vasey, M. C.Parker, V. T. 2001 Phylogeny and biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): implications for the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesisSyst. Bot. 26 131Google Scholar

Himmelreich, S.Källersjö, M.Eldenäs, P.Oberprieler, C. 2008 Phylogeny of southern hemisphere Compositae-Anthemideae based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA ndhF sequence informationPlant Syst. Evol. 272 131CrossRef Google Scholar

Holm, P. M.Grandvuinet, T.Friis, J.Wilson, J. R.Barker, A. K.Plesner, S. 2008 An 40Ar-39Ar study of the Cape Verde hot spot: temporal evolution in a semistationary plate environmentJ. Geophys. Res. 113 B08201CrossRef Google Scholar

Hooghiemstra, H. 1989 Leinen, M.Sarnthein, M.Paleoclimatology and PaleometeorologyWashington, DCGoogle Scholar

Hooghiemstra, H.Bechler, A.Beug, H. J. 1987 Isopollen maps for 18,000 y bp of the Atlantic offshore of NW Africa: evidence for paleowind circulationPaleoceanography 2 561CrossRef Google Scholar

Humphries, C. J.Parenti, L. 1999 Cladistic Biogeography: Interpreting Patterns of Plant and Animal DistributionNew YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar

Ibáñez, O.Calero, C.Mayol, M.Rosselló, J. A. 2002 Isozyme uniformity in a wild extinct insular plant, Lysimachia minoricensis J. J. Rodr. (Primulaceae)Mol. Ecol 8 813CrossRef Google Scholar

Inda, L. A.Segarra-Moragues, J. G.Müller, J.Peterson, P. M.Catalán, P. 2008 Dated historical biogeography of the temperate Loliinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheresMol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46 932CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Jacobs, B. F.Herendeen, P. S. 2004 Eocene dry climate and woodland vegetation in tropical Africa reconstructed from fossil leaves from northern TanzaniaPalaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 213 115CrossRef Google Scholar

Jaén-Molina, R.Caujapé-Castells, J.Reyes-Betancort, J. A.Akhani, H.Fernández-Palacios, O.Pérez de Paz, J. 2009 Molecular phylogeny of Matthiola R. Br. (Brassicaceae) inferred from ITS sequences, with special emphasis on the Macaronesian endemicsMol. Phylogenet. Evol. 53 97CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kelly, L. J.Culham, A. 2008 Phylogenetic utility of MORE AXILLARY GROWTH4 (MAX4)-like genes: a case study in Digitalis/Isoplexis (Plantaginaceae)Plant Syst. Evol. 273 133CrossRef Google Scholar

Kim, S. C.Crawford, D. J.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A. 1999 Adaptive radiation and genetic differentiation in the woody Sonchus alliance (Asteraceae: Sonchinae) in the Canary IslandsPlant Syst. Evol. 215 101CrossRef Google Scholar

Kim, S. C.Lee, C.Santos-Guerra, A. 2005 Genetic analysis and conservation of the endangered Canary Island woody sow-thistle, Sonchus gandogeri (Asteraceae)J. Plant Res. 118 147CrossRef Google Scholar

Kim, S. C.Lee, C.Mejías, J. A. 2007 Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA matK gene and ITS of nrDNA sequences reveals polyphyly of the genus Sonchus and new relationships among the subtribe Sonchinae (Asteraceae: Cichorieae)Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 578CrossRef Google Scholar

Kim, S. C.McGowen, M. R.Lubinsky, P.Barber, J. C.Mort, M. E.Santos-Guerra, A. 2008 Timing and tempo of early and successive adaptive radiations in MacaronesiaPLoS ONE 3 e2131CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Korol, L.Gil, S. L.Climent, M. J.Zehavi, A.Schiller, G. 1999 Canary Islands pine (Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm. ex DC.) 2. Gene flow among native populationsForest Genet. 6 277Google Scholar

Lee, C.Kim, S. C.Lundy, K.Santos-Guerra, A. 2005 Chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the woody Sonchus alliance (Asteraceae: Sonchinae) in the Macaronesian islandsAm. J. Bot. 92 2072CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Liu, H.Trusty, J.Oviedo, R.Anderberg, A.Francisco-Ortega, J. 2004 Molecular phylogenetics of the Caribbean genera Rhodogeron and Sachsia (Asteraceae)Int. J. Plant Sci. 165 209CrossRef Google Scholar

Lledó, M. D.Crespo, M. B.Fay, M. F.Chase, M. W. 2005 Molecular phylogenetics of Limonium and related genera (Plumbaginaceae): biogeographical and systematic implicationsAm. J. Bot. 92 1189CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lumaret, R.Ouazzani, N.Michaud, H.Vivier, G.Deguilloux, M. F.di Giusto, F. 2004 Allozyme variation of oleaster populations (wild olive tree) (Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean BasinHeredity 92 343CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

MacArthur, R. H.Wilson, E. O. 1967 The Theory of Island BiogeographyPrinceton, NJPrinceton University PressnGoogle Scholar

Machín, F.Hernández-Guerra, A.Pelegrí, J. L. 2006 Mass fluxes in the Canary BasinProgr. Oceanogr. 70 416CrossRef Google Scholar

Manen, J. F.Boulter, M. C.Naciri-Graven, Y. 2002 The complex history of the genus Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae): evidence from the comparison of plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and from fossil dataPlant Syst. Evol 235 79CrossRef Google Scholar

Mansion, G.Struwe, L. 2004 Generic delimitation and phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Chironiinae (Chironieae: Gentianaceae), with special reference to Centaurium: evidence from nrDNA and cpDNA sequencesMol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32 951CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Marrero, A.Francisco-Ortega, J. 2001 Fernández-Palacios, J. M.Martín-Esquivel, J. L.Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias. Ecología y ConservaciónSanta Cruz de TenerifePublicaciones TurquesaGoogle Scholar

Martín-Bravo, S.Meimberg, H.Luceño, M.Märkl, W.Valcárcel, V.Bräuchler, C. 2007 Molecular systematics and biogeography of Resedaceae based on ITS and trnL-F sequencesMol. Phylogenet. Evol 44 1105CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Martins, L.Oberprieler, C.Hellwig, F. H. 2003 A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence dataPlant Syst. Evol. 237 75CrossRef Google Scholar

Masson, D. G. 1996 Catastrophic collapse of the volcanic island of Hierro 15 Ka ago and the history of landslides in the Canary IslandsGeology 24 2312.3.CO;2>CrossRef Google Scholar

Meimberg, H.Abele, T.Bräuchler, C.McKay, J. K.Pérez de Paz, P. L.Heubl, G. 2006 Molecular evidence for adaptive radiation of Micromeria Benth. (Lamiaceae) on the Canary Islands as inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences and ISSR fingerprint dataMol. Phylogenet. Evol. 41 566CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mes, T. H. M.Wijers, G. J.’t Hart, H. 1997 Phylogenetic relationships in Monanthes (Crassulaceae) based on morphological, chloroplast and nuclear DNA variationJ. Evol. Biol 10 193CrossRef Google Scholar

Molero, J.Garnatje, T.Rovira, A.Garcia-Jacas, N.Susanna, A. 2002 Karyological evolution and molecular phylogeny in Macaronesian dendroid spurges (Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae)Plant Syst. Evol. 231 109CrossRef Google Scholar

Moore, M. J.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K. 2002 Chloroplast DNA evidence for the roles of island colonization and extinction in Tolpis (Asteraceae: Lactuceae)Am. J. Bot 89 518CrossRef Google Scholar

Mora-Vicente, S.Caujapé-Castells, J.Pérez de Paz, J.Febles, R.Malo, J. 2009 Isozyme diversity in some Canarian woody endemics of the genus Echium L. (Boraginaceae)Plant Syst. Evol. 279 139CrossRef Google Scholar

Mort, M. E.Soltis, D. E.Soltis, P. S.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A. 2002 Phylogenetics and evolution of the Macaronesian clade of Crassulaceae inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequence dataSyst. Bot 27 271Google Scholar

Navascués, M.Vaxevanidou, Z.González-Martínez, S. C.Climent, J.Gil, L.Emerson, B. C. 2006 Chloroplast microsatellites reveal colonization and metapopulation dynamics in the Canary Island pineMol. Ecol. 15 2691CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Nei, M. 1973 Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populationsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70 3321CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Neves, S. S.Watson, M. F. 2004 Phylogenetic relationships in Bupleurum (Apiaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequence dataAnn. Bot. 93 379CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Oliva-Tejera, F.Caujapé-Castells, J.Naranjo-Suárez, J.Navarro-Déniz, J.Acebes-Ginovés, J. R.Bramwell, D. 2005 Population genetic differentiation in taxa of Lotus (Fabaceae: Loteae) endemic to the Gran Canarian pine forestHeredity 94 199CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Oliva-Tejera, F.Caujapé-Castells, J.Navarro-Déniz, J.Reyes-Betancort, A.Baccarani-Rosas, M.Cabrera-García, N. 2006 Population genetics of three Canarian endemic Lotus: levels and structuring of genetic variation and implications for the taxonomy of the endangeredL. kunkelii 93 1116Google Scholar

Ortiz, J. E.Torres, T.Yanes, Y.Castillo, C.de la Nuez, J.Ibáñez, M. 2006 Climatic cycles inferred from the aminostratigraphy and aminochronology of Quaternary dunes and palaeosols from the eastern islands of the Canary ArchipelagoJ. Quat. Sci. 21 287CrossRef Google Scholar

Panero, J.Francisco-Ortega, J.Jansen, R. K.Santos-Guerra, A. 1999 Molecular evidence for multiple origins of woodiness and a New World biogeographic connection of the Macaronesian Island endemic Pericallis (Asteraceae: Senecioneae)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 13886CrossRef Google Scholar

Park, S. J.Korompai, E. J.Francisco-Ortega, J.Santos-Guerra, A.Jansen, R. K. 2001 Phylogenetic relationships of Tolpis (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) based on ndhF sequence dataPlant Syst. Evol. 226 23CrossRef Google Scholar

Patriat, M.Labails, C. 2006 Linking the Canary and Cape-Verde Hot-Spots, Northwest AfricaMar. Geophys. Res. 27 201CrossRef Google Scholar

Pedrola-Monfort, J.Caujapé-Castells, J. 1994 Allozymic and morphological relationships among Androcymbiumgramineum, A. europaeum, and A. psammophilum (Colchicaceae)Plant Syst. Evol. 191 111CrossRef Google Scholar

Pedrola-Monfort, J.Caujapé-Castells, J. 1996 Genetic and morphological divergence in the Androcymbium gramineum complex (Colchicaceae)Plant. Syst. Evol. 201 149CrossRef Google Scholar

Peltier, J. P. 1973 Endémiques Macaronésiennes au MarocMonogr. Biol. Canarienses 4 134Google Scholar

Pelser, P. B.Nordenstam, B.Kadereit, J. W.Watson, L. E. 2007 An ITS phylogeny of tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) and a new delimitation of Senecio LTaxon 56 1077CrossRef Google Scholar

Percy, D. M.Cronk, Q. C. B. 2002 Different fates of island brooms: contrasting evolution in Adenocarpus, Genista, and Teline (Genisteae, Fabaceae) in the Canary Islands and MadeiraAm. J. Bot. 89 854CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pérez de Paz, J.Caujapé-Castells, J. 2010 Proceedings of the International Symposium FloraMac2010Ponta DelgadaAzores, PortugalGoogle Scholar

Pérez-Torrado, F. J. 1997 Pérez de Paz, P. L.Máster en gestión ambientalSanta Cruz de TenerifeGobierno Canario, Univ. de La Laguna y de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaGoogle Scholar

Pétit, R.Excoffier, L. 2009 Gene flow and species delimitationTrends Ecol. Evol. 24 386CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Price, J. P.Clague, D. A. 2002 How old is the Hawaiian biota? Geology and phylogeny suggest recent divergenceProc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269 2429Google Scholar

Prohens, J.Anderson, G.Herraiz, F.Bernardello, G.Santos-Guerra, A.Crawford, D. J. 2007 Genetic diversity and conservation of the endangered Canary Island endemics: Solanum vespertilio and S. lidii (Solanaceae)Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 54 451CrossRef Google Scholar

Reyes-Betancort, J. A.Santos-Guerra, A.Guma, I. R.Humphries, C. J.Carine, M. A. 2008 Diversity, rarity and the evolution and conservation of the Canary Islands endemic floraAnales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 65 25CrossRef Google Scholar

Rieseberg, L. H.Raymond, O.Rosenthal, D. M.Lai, Z.Livingstone, K. 2003 Major ecological transitions in wild sunflowers facilitated by hybridizationScience 301 1211CrossRef Google Scholar

Rieseberg, L. H.Wood, T. E.Baak, E. J. 2006 The nature of plant speciesNature 440 524CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rihm, R.Jacobs, C. L.Krastel, S.Schmincke, H. U.Alibes, B. 1998 Las Hijas seamounts-the next Canary Island?Terra Nova 10 121CrossRef Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Sánchez, F.Arroyo, J. 2008 Reconstructing the demise of Tethyan plants: climate-driven range dynamics of Laurus since the PlioceneGlobal Ecol. Biogeogr. 17 685CrossRef Google Scholar

Rognon, P.Coudé-Gaussen, G. 1996 Paleoclimates off northwest Africa (28º-35º N) about 18,000 yr B. P. based on continental eolian depositsQuat. Res. 46 118CrossRef Google Scholar

Ronsted, N.Chase, M. W.Albach, D. C.Bello, M. A. 2002 Phylogenetic relationships within Plantago (Plantaginaceae): evidence from nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL-F sequence dataBot. J. Linn. Soc. 139 323CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosato, M.Castro, M.Rosselló, J. A. 2008 Relationships of the woody Medicago species (Section Dendrotelis) assessed by molecular cytogenetic analysesAnn. Bot. 112 15CrossRef Google Scholar

Sahuquillo, E.Lumaret, R. 1995 Variation in the subtropical group Dactylis glomerata L. 1. Evidence from allozyme polymorphismBioch. Syst. Ecol. 23 407CrossRef Google Scholar

Sahuquillo, E.Lumaret, R. 1999 Chloroplast DNA variation in Dactylis glomerata L. taxa endemic to the Macaronesian islandsMol. Ecol 8 1797CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sánchez-Doreste, J. L.Caujapé-Castells, J.Reyes Betancort, A.Scholz, S. 2006 Population genetic variation of Matthiola bolleana (Brassicaceae), an endemic to the eastern Canary Islands of Fuerteventura and LanzarotePlant Syst. Evol. 262 139CrossRef Google Scholar

Sanmartín, I.Mark, P.Ronquist, F. 2008 Inferring dispersal: a Bayesian approach to phylogeny-based island biogeography, with special reference to the Canary IslandsJ. Biogeogr 35 428CrossRef Google Scholar

Saunders, N. E.Gibson, D. J. 2005 Breeding system, branching processes, hybrid swarm theory, and the humped-back diversity relationship as additional explanations for apparent monophyly in the Macaronesian island floraJ. Ecol. 93 649CrossRef Google Scholar

Savolainen, V.Reeves, G. 2004 A plea for DNA bankingScience 304 1445CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schiller, G.Korol, L.Ungar, E. D.Zehavi, A.Gil, S. L.Climent, M. J. 1999 Canary Islands pine (Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm. ex DC.) 1. Differentiation among native populations in their isoenzymesForest Genet. 6 257Google Scholar

Schuster, M.Duringer, P.Ghienne, J. F.Vignaud, P.Taisso-MacKaye, H.Likius, A. 2006 The Age of the Sahara DesertScience 311 281CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Schwarz, S.Klügel, A.Bogaard, P.Geldmacher, J. 2005 Internal structure and evolution of a volcanic rift system in the eastern North Atlantic: the Desertas rift zone, Madeira archipelagoJ. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 141 123CrossRef Google Scholar

Silvertown, J. 2004 The ghost of competition past in the phylogeny of island endemic plantsJ. Ecol. 92 168CrossRef Google Scholar

Silvertown, J.Carine, M. A.Francisco-Ortega, J. 2005 The monophyly of island radiations: an evaluation of niche pre-emption and some alternative explanationsJ. Ecol. 93 653CrossRef Google Scholar

Smedmark, J. E. E.Swenson, U.Anderberg, A. A. 2006 Accounting for variation of substitution rates through time in Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction of Sapotoideae (Sapotaceae)Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39 706CrossRef Google Scholar

Stillman, C. J. 1999 Giant Miocene landslides and evolution of Fuerteventura, Canary IslandsJ. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 94 89CrossRef Google Scholar

Suárez-García, C.Pérez de Paz, J.Febles, R.Caujapé-Castells, J. 2009 Genetic diversity and floral dimorphism in Limonium dendroides (Plumbaginaceae), a woody Canarian species on the way of extinctionPlant Syst. Evol. 280 105CrossRef Google Scholar

Sunding, P. 1979 Bramwell, D.Plants and IslandsLondonAcademic PressGoogle Scholar

Susanna, A.Garnatje, T.Garcia-Jacas, N. 1999 Molecular phylogeny of Cheirolophus (Asteraceae: Cardueae-Centaureinae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNAPlant Syst. Evol. 214 147CrossRef Google Scholar

Swezey, C. 1999 A very old SaharaScience 286 239CrossRef Google Scholar

Trusty, J.Olmstead, R. G.Bogler, D. J.Santos-Guerra, A.Francisco-Ortega, J. 2004 Using molecular data to test a biogeographic connection of the Macaronesian genus Bystropogon (Lamiaceae) to the New World: a case of conflicting phylogeniesSyst. Bot. 29 702CrossRef Google Scholar

Urgeles, R.Canals, M.Baraza, J.Alonso, B.Masson, D. 1997 The most recent mega-landslides of the Canary Islands: El Golfo debris avalanche and Canary debris flow, west El Hierro IslandJ. Geophys. Res. 102 20305CrossRef Google Scholar

Valcárcel, V.Fiz, O.Vargas, P. 2003 Chloroplast and nuclear evidence for multiple origins of polyploids and diploids of Hedera (Araliaceae) in the Mediterranean basinMol. Phylogenet. Evol. 27 1CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

van den Heede, J.Pajarón, S.Pangua, E.Viane, R. L. L. 2004 Asplenium ceterach and A. octoploideum on the Canary Islands (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta)Am. Fern J. 94 81CrossRef Google Scholar

van Valen, L. 1973 A new evolutionary lawEvol. Theor. 1 1Google Scholar

Vargas, P. 2007 Weiss, S. J.Ferrand, N.Phylogeography in Southern European Refugia: Evolutionary Perspectives on the Origins and Conservation of European biodiversityDordrecht, NetherlandsKluwer Academic PublishersGoogle Scholar

Warwick, S. I.Sauder, C. A.al-Shehbaz, I. A.Jacquemoud, F. 2007 Phylogenetic relationships in the tribes Anchonieae, Chorisporeae, Euclidieae, and Hesperideae (Brassicaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequencesAnn. Mo. Bot. Gard. 94 56CrossRef Google Scholar

Whelan, F.Kelletat, D. 2003 Submarine slides on volcanic islands – a source for mega-tsunamis in the QuaternaryProgr. Phys. Geogr. 27 198CrossRef Google Scholar

Whittaker, R. J.Triantis, K. A.Ladle, R. J. 2008 A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeographyJ. Biogeogr 35 977CrossRef Google Scholar