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25 - Omics as tools for oocyte selection

from Section 5 - Pathology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2013

By
Marc-André Sirard  and
Isabelle Gilbert
Edited by
Alan Trounson ,
Roger Gosden  and
Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
Marc-André Sirard
Affiliation:
Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Isabelle Gilbert
Affiliation:
Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Alan Trounson
Affiliation:
California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Roger Gosden
Affiliation:
Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Cornell University, New York
Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
Affiliation:
Universität Bielefeld, Germany
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Summary

Introduction

The neologism “omics” encompasses several new disciplines, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics, associated with the molecular analysis of biological events (Figure 25.1). Recently, a combination of whole genome sequencing; to RNA sequencing; and to proteomic, metabolomic, and autoantibody profiling has been realized from an individual to obtain an “integrative personal omics profile” (iPOP) [1]. This individual profile offers the perspective of a personal medicine and predicts future health and disease possibilities. For fertility comprehension, omics offers all the tools required for an in-depth study of the different steps required for a successful reproductive process. Since about 15% of couples have fertility problems, omics offers also diagnostic possibilities for assisted reproduction. For example, follicular cells (as well as cumulus cells) transcriptomes can help to predict which oocyte has the best potential to develop into an embryo or to determine the embryo(s) most likely to result in a pregnancy.

Omics include all high-throughput techniques of every cellular metabolic component. At the DNA level, genomics refers to whole genome sequencing, DNA polymorphisms (such as single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]) or sequence variation (such as insertion, deletion, duplication, and copy number variants), etc. For RNA, transcriptomics studies the transcribed genome including mainly messenger RNA (mRNA) but also the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and other non-coding RNA. When mRNAs have been translated, proteomics studies proteins, especially their structures and functions. Metabolomics involves the study of cellular activities with small-molecule metabolites profiles. Finally, epigenetics refers to the comprehension of different events (such as DNA methylation and histone modification) which influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Taken together, integration of all these omics fields in a systems biology perspective is the ultimate research goal in order to give the complete picture of a cell. However, achieving this concept remains a big challenge.

Type
Chapter
Information
Biology and Pathology of the Oocyte
Role in Fertility, Medicine and Nuclear Reprograming
 , pp. 297 - 305
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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