Human–Bear Coexistence

Part III - Human–Bear Coexistence

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 November 2020

Edited by

Vincenzo Penteriani and

Mario Melletti

Show author details

Vincenzo Penteriani: Affiliation:
Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC)
Mario Melletti: Affiliation:
WPSG (Wild Pig Specialist Group) IUCN SSC

Book contents

Get access

Type: Chapter
Information: Bears of the World
Ecology, Conservation and Management
, pp. 213 - 272

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108692571 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmad, S., Hameed, S., Ali, H., et al. (2016). Carnivores’ diversity and conflicts with humans in Musk Deer National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. European Journal of Wildlife Research 62: 565–576.Google Scholar

Ali, A., Waseem, M., Teng, M., et al. (2018). Human–Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) interactions in the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 30: 399–415.Google Scholar

Ambarlı, H. (2016). Rural and urban students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward brown bears in Turkey. Anthrozoös 29: 489–502.Google Scholar

Ambarlı, H. & Bilgin, C.C. (2008). Human-brown bear conflicts in Artvin, north-eastern Turkey: encounters, damage, and attitudes. Ursus 19: 146–153.Google Scholar

Artelle, K. A., Anderson, S. C., Reynolds, J. D., et al. (2016). Ecology of conflict: marine food supply affects human–wildlife interactions on land. Scientific Reports 6: 25936.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bargali, H. S., Akhtar, N. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (2005). Characteristics of sloth bear attacks and human casualties in North Bilaspur forest division, Chhattisgarh, India. Ursus 16: 263–267.Google Scholar

Bartoń, K. A., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Zięba, F., Sergiel, A. & Selva, N. (2019). Bears without borders: long-distance movement in human-dominated landscapes. Global Ecology and Conservation 17: p.e00541.CrossRef Google Scholar

Baruch-Mordo, S., Breck, S. W., Wilson, K. R. & Theobald, D. M. (2008). Spatiotemporal distribution of black bear–human conflicts in Colorado, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1853–1862.Google Scholar

Bautista, C., Naves, J., Revilla, E., et al. (2017). Patterns and correlates of claims for brown bear damage on a continental scale. Journal of Applied Ecology 54: 282–292.Google Scholar

Beckmann, J. P. & Berger, J. (2003). Rapid ecological and behavioural changes in carnivores: the responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to altered food. Journal of Zoology 261: 207–212.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Finn, H. & Allen, S. (2009). Impact assessment research: use and misuse of habituation, sensitisation and tolerance in describing wildlife responses to anthropogenic stimuli. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 395: 177–185.CrossRef Google Scholar

Belant, J. L., Simek, S. L. & West, B. C. (2011). Managing human–black bear conflicts. Human–Wildlife Conflicts Monograph 1: 1–77.Google Scholar

Borbón-García, A., Reyes, A., Vives-Flórez, M. & Caballero, S. (2017). Captivity shapes the gut microbiota of Andean bears: insights into health surveillance. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 1–12.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Botetzagias, I. & Kotilda, E. (2018). Bear management in Greece as a ‘problem orientation’ policy issue: a Q-methodology approach. Aegean Journal of Environmental Sciences 3: 1–36.Google Scholar

Breck, S. W., Williams, C. L., Beckmann, J. P., et al. (2008). Using genetic relatedness to investigate the development of conflict behavior in black bears. Journal of Mammalogy 89: 428–434.Google Scholar

Breck, S. W., Lance, N. & Seher, V. (2009). Selective foraging for anthropogenic resources by black bears: minivans in Yosemite National Park. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1041–1044.Google Scholar

Bulte, E. H. & Rondeau, D. (2005). Why compensating wildlife damages may be bad for conservation. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 14–19.Google Scholar

Can, Ö. E., Cruze, N. D., Garshelis, D. L., Beecham, J. J. & Macdonald, D. W. (2014). Resolving human–bear conflict: a global survey of countries, experts and key factors. Conservation Letters 7: 501–513.Google Scholar

Charoo, S. A., Sharma, L. K. & Sathyakumar, S. (2011). Asiatic black bear–human interactions around Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Ursus 22: 106–113.CrossRef Google Scholar

Chauhan, N. P. S. (2003). Human casualties and livestock depredation by black and brown bears in the Indian Himalaya, 1989–98. Ursus 14: 84–87.Google Scholar

Clark, J. D., Dobey, S., Masters, D. V., et al. (2005). American black bears and bee yard depredation at Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia. Ursus 16: 234–244.Google Scholar

Coleman, T. H., Schwartz, C. C., Gunther, K. A. & Creel, S. (2013). Grizzly bear and human interaction in Yellowstone National Park: an evaluation of bear management areas. The Journal of Wildlife Management 77: 1311–1320.CrossRef Google Scholar

Costello, C. M., Jones, D. E., Inman, R. M., et al. (2003). Relationship of variable mast production to American black bear reproductive parameters in New Mexico. Ursus 14: 1–16.Google Scholar

Cozzi, G., Chynoweth, M., Kusak, J., et al. (2016). Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year-round sedentary and migratory brown bears. Journal of Zoology 300: 142–150.CrossRef Google Scholar

Creachbaum, M. S., Johnson, C. & Schmidt, R. H. (1998). Living on the edge: a process for redesigning campgrounds in grizzly bear habitat. Landscape Urban Plan 42: 269–286.Google Scholar

Debata, S., Swain, K. K., Sahu, H. K. & Palei, H. S. (2017). Human–sloth bear conflict in a human-dominated landscape of northern Odisha, India. Ursus 27: 90–98.Google Scholar

DeMaster, D. P. & Stirling, I. (1981). Ursus maritimus. Mammalian Species 145: 1–7.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ditmer, M. A., Burk, T. E. & Garshelis, D. L. (2015). Do innate food preferences and learning affect crop raiding by American black bears? Ursus 26: 40–52.Google Scholar

Dutta, T., Sharma, S., Maldonado, J. E., Panwar, H. S. & Seidensticker, J. (2015). Genetic variation, structure, and gene flow in a sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) meta-population in the Satpura-Maikal landscape of Central India. PLoS ONE 10: 7–9.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dyck, M. G. (2006). Characteristics of polar bears killed in defense of life and property in Nunavut, Canada, 1970–2000. Ursus 17: 52–62.Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Davey, M. L., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2014a). Do Scandinavian brown bears approach settlements to obtain high-quality food? Biological Conservation 178: 128–135.Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Zedrosser, A., Jerina, K., et al. (2014b). Does despotic behavior or food search explain the occurrence of problem brown bears in Europe? Journal of Wildlife Management 78: 881–893.Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Zedrosser, A., Stoen, O. G. & Swenson, J. E. (2014c). Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bears close to human settlements: review and management implications. Mammal Review 44: 5–18.Google Scholar

Espinosa, S. & Jacobson, S. K. (2012). Human–wildlife conflict and environmental education: evaluating a community program to protect the andean bear in Ecuador. Journal of Environmental Education 43: 55–65.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fredriksson, G. (2005). Human–sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Ursus 16: 130–137.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fredriksson, G. (2012). Effects of El Nino and large-scale forest fires on the ecology and conservation of Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. PhD doctoral thesis, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar

Garcia, K. C., Joshi, H. M. & Dharaiya, N. (2016). Assessment of human–sloth bear conflicts in North Gujarat, India. Ursus 27: 5–10.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L. (2009). Family Ursidae. In: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 1. Carnivores (pp. 448–497). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar

Garshelis, D. L., Baruch-Mordo, S., Bryant, A., Gunther, K. A. & Jerina, K. (2017). Is diversionary feeding an effective tool for reducing human–bear conflicts? Case studies from North America and Europe. Ursus 28: 31–55.Google Scholar

Ghadirian, T., Qashqaei, A. T., Soofi, M., Abolghasemi, H. & Ghoddousi, A. (2017). Diet of Asiatic black bear in its westernmost distribution range, southern Iran. Ursus 28: 15–19.Google Scholar

Gillin, C. M., Hammond, F. M. & Peterson, C. G. (1994). Evaluation of an aversive conditioning technique used on female grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 503–512.Google Scholar

Gniadek, S. J. & Kendall, K. C. (1998). A summary of bear management in Glacier National Park, Montana, 1960–1994. Ursus 10: 155–159.Google Scholar

Goldstein, I. (1991). Spectacled bear predation and feeding behavior on livestock in Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26: 231–235.Google Scholar

Groff, C., Dalpiaz, D., Frapporti, C., Rizzoli, R. & Zanghellini, P. (2010). 2009 Bear report of the Forestry and Wildlife Department of the Autonomous Province of Trento. Trento: Autonomous Province of Trento.Google Scholar

Guharajan, R., Abram, N. K., Magguna, M. A., et al. (2017). Does the vulnerable sun bear Helarctos malayanus damage crops and threaten people in oil palm plantations? Oryx 134: 635–646.Google Scholar

Gunther, K. A. & Hoekstra, H. E. (1998). Bear-inflicted human injuries in Yellowstone National Park, 1970–1994. Ursus 10: 377–384.Google Scholar

Gunther, K. A., Haroldson, M. A., Frey, K., et al. (2004). Grizzly bear–human conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, 1992–2000. Ursus 15: 10–22.Google Scholar

Hedman, D. (2009). Manitoba Conservation, Thompson, Canada. Summary of the third international bear–people conflicts workshop in Canmore, Alberta (November 15–18), and oral presentation.Google Scholar

Herrero, S. (1994). The Canadian National Parks and grizzly bear ecosystems: the need for interagency management. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 7–21.Google Scholar

Herrero, S., Smith, T., Debruyn, T. D., Gunther, K. & Matt, C. A. (2005). From the field: brown bear habituation to people – safety, risks, and benefits. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33: 362–373.Google Scholar

Honda, T. (2013). Late spring frosts induce human–Asiatic black bear conflicts. Mammal Study 38: 287–292.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hopkins, J. B. I., Koch, P. L., Ferguson, J. M. & Kalinowski, S. T. (2014). The changing anthropogenic diets of American black bears over the past century in Yosemite National Park. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12: 107–114.Google Scholar

Huang, C., Li, X.-Y., Shi, L.-J. & Jiang, X.-L. (2018). Patterns of human–wildlife conflict and compensation practices around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zoological Research 39: 406–412.Google Scholar

Immelmann, K. & Beer, C. (1989). A dictionary of ethology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Jampel, C. (2016). Cattle-based livelihoods, changes in the taskscape, and human–bear conflict in the Ecuadorian Andes. Geoforum 69: 84–93.Google Scholar

Jamtsho, Y. & Wangchuk, S. (2016). Assessing patterns of human–Asiatic black bear interaction in and around Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bhutan. Global Ecology and Conservation 8: 183–189.Google Scholar

Johnson, H. E., Lewis, D. L., Verzuh, T. L., et al. (2018). Human development and climate affect hibernation in a large carnivore with implications for human–carnivore conflicts. Journal of Applied Ecology 55: 663–672.Google Scholar

Jonker, S. A., Parehurst, J. A., Field, R. & Fuller, T. K. (1998). Black bear depredation on agricultural commodities in Massachusetts. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26: 318–324.Google Scholar

Jorgenson, J. P. & Sandoval, A. S. (2005). Andean bear management needs and interactions with humans in Colombia. Ursus 16: 108–116.Google Scholar

Kaczensky, P. (1999). Large carnivore depredation on livestock in Europe. Ursus 11: 59–72.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Sanopoulos, A., Georgiadis, L. & Zedrosser, A. (2011). Structural and economic aspects of human–bear conflicts in Greece. Ursus 22: 141–151.Google Scholar

Kavčič, I., Adamič, M., Kaczensky, P., Krofel, M. & Jerina, K. (2013). Supplemental feeding with carrion is not reducing brown bear depredations on sheep in Slovenia. Ursus 24: 111–119.Google Scholar

Kimball, B. A., Nolte, D. L., Engeman, R. M., Johnston, J. J. & Stermitz, F. R. (1998). Chemically mediated foraging preference of black bears (Ursus americanus). Journal of Mammalogy 79: 448–456.Google Scholar

Kishimoto, R. (2009). Status of the 2006 drastic rise of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) intrusions into residential areas in Nagano Prefecture. In: Oi, T., Ohnishi, N., Koizumi, T. & Okochi, I. (Eds.), Biology of bear intrusions. Proceedings of the International Workshop “The Mechanism of the Intrusion of Bears into Residential Areas,” November 21–22, 2008, Kyoto, Japan (pp. 35–39). Ibaraki: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.Google Scholar

Kobashikawa, S. & Koike, S. (2016). Spatiotemporal factors affecting bark stripping of conifer trees by Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Japan. Forest Ecology and Management 380: 100–106.CrossRef Google Scholar

Krofel, M. & Jerina, K. (2012). Review of human–bear conflicts: causes and possible solutions. Professional Journal of Forestry 70: 235–253.Google Scholar

Krofel, M., Špacapan, M. & Jerina, K. (2017). Winter sleep with room service: denning behaviour of brown bears with access to anthropogenic food. Journal of Zoology 302: 8–14Google Scholar

Laguna, A. (2018). Manual de prevención y atención de ataques por Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus) al ganado en Ecuador. Quito: Big Mammals Conservation.Google Scholar

Laufenberg, J. S., Johnson, H. E., Doherty, P. F. & Breck, S. W. (2018). Compounding effects of human development and a natural food shortage on a black bear population along a human development–wildland interface. Biological Conservation 224: 188–198.Google Scholar

Leigh, J. & Chamberlain, M. J. (2008). Effects of aversive conditioning on behavior of nuisance Louisiana black bears. Human–Wildlife Conflicts 2: 175–182.Google Scholar

Li, X., Buzzard, P., Chen, Y. & Jiang, X. (2013). Patterns of livestock predation by carnivores: human–wildlife conflict in Northwest Yunnan, China. Environmental Management 52: 1334–1340.Google Scholar

Linnell, J. D. C., Aanes, R., Swenson, J. E., Odden, J. & Smith, M. E. (1997). Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1245–1257.Google Scholar

Linnell, J. D. C., Lescureux, N., Majic, A., Von Arx, M. & Salvatori, V. (2013). Results from a stakeholder workshop on large carnivores in Brussels (pp. 1–68). Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar

Lira Torres, I., Carrera Treviño, R. & Martínez García, L.F. (2015). Primer registro de oso negro Ursus americanus (Carnivora: Ursidae) en un bosque tropical subperennifolio en la reserva de la biosfera “El Cielo”, Tamaulipas, México. Therya 6: 653–660.CrossRef Google Scholar

Liu, F., McShea, W. J., Garshelis, D. L., et al. (2011). Human–wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: factors driving the poaching of bears in China. Biological Conservation 144: 538–547.Google Scholar

Lowery, D. R., Morse, W. C. & Steury, T. D. (2012). Biological and social investigation of human–black bear conflicts in the panhandle of Florida. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 17: 193–206.CrossRef Google Scholar

Madden, F. & McQuinn, B. (2014). Conservation’s blind spot: the case for conflict transformation in wildlife conservation. Biological Conservation 178: 97–106.Google Scholar

Madison, J. S. (2008). Yosemite National Park: the continuous evolution of human–black bear conflict management. Human–Wildlife Conflicts 2: 160–167.Google Scholar

Majić Skrbinšek, A. & Krofel, M. (2015). Defining, preventing, and reacting to problem bear behaviour in Europe (pp. 1–56). Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar

Mattson, D. J., Blanchard, B. M. & Knight, R. R. (1992). Yellowstone grizzly bear mortality, human habituation, and whitebark pine seed crops. Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 432–442.Google Scholar

Mazur, R. L. (2010). Does aversive conditioning reduce human–black bear conflict? The Journal of Wildlife Management 74: 48–54.CrossRef Google Scholar

Mazur, R. & Seher, V. (2008). Socially learned foraging behaviour in wild black bears, Ursus americanus. Animal Behaviour 75: 1503–1508.Google Scholar

McCullough, D. R. (1982). Behavior, bears, and humans. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10: 27–33.Google Scholar

McKinley, B. K., Belant, J. L. & Etter, D. R. (2014). American black bear–apiary conflicts in Michigan. Human–Wildlife Interactions 8: 228–234.Google Scholar

McLellan, B. N. (2005). Sexually selected infanticide in grizzly bears: the effects of hunting on cub survival. Ursus 16: 141–156.Google Scholar

Meagher, M. & Phillips, J. R. (1983). Restoration of natural populations of grizzly and black bears in Yellowstone National Park. International Association of Bear Research and Management 5: 152–158.Google Scholar

Merkle, J. A., Robinson, H. S., Krausman, P. R. & Alaback, P. (2013). Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears. Journal of Mammalogy 94: 378–385.Google Scholar

Miller, S. D. & Tutterrow, V. L. (1999). Characteristics of nonsport mortalities to brown and black bears and human injuries from bears in Alaska. Ursus 11: 239–252.Google Scholar

Mir, Z. R., Noor, A., Habib, B. & Veeraswami, G. G. (2015). Attitudes of local people toward wildlife conservation: a case study from the Kashmir Valley. Mountain Research and Development 35: 392–400.Google Scholar

Molinari, P., Krofel, M., Bragalanti, N., et al. (2016). Comparison of the occurrence of human–bear conflicts between northern Dinaric Mountains and south-eastern Alps. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 12: 9–17.Google Scholar

Morehouse, A. T. & Boyce, M. S. (2017). Evaluation of intercept feeding to reduce livestock depredation by grizzly bears. Ursus 28: 66–80.Google Scholar

Morehouse, A. T., Graves, T. A., Mikle, N. & Boyce, M. S. (2016). Nature vs. nurture: evidence for social learning of conflict behaviour in grizzly bears. PLoS ONE 11: e0165425.Google Scholar

Mueller, C., Herrero, S. & Gibeau, M. L. (2004). Distribution of subadult grizzly bears in relation to human development in the Bow River Watershed, Alberta. Ursus 15: 35–47.Google Scholar

Narita, R., Mano, T., Yokoyama, R. & Takayanagi, A. (2011). Variation in maize consumption by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in two coastal areas of Hokkaido, Japan. Mammal Study 36: 33–39.CrossRef Google Scholar

Naves, J., Ordiz, A., Fernández-Gil, A., et al. (2018) Patterns of brown bear damages on apiaries and management recommendations in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. PLoS ONE 13: e0206733.Google Scholar

Normua, F., Higashi, S., Ambu, L. & Mohamed, M. (2004). Notes on oil palm plantation use and seasonal spatial relationships of sun bears in Sabah, Malaysia. Ursus 15: 227–231.Google Scholar

Northrup, J. M., Stenhouse, G. B. & Boyce, M. S. (2012). Agricultural lands as ecological traps for grizzly bears. Animal Conservation 15: 369–377.Google Scholar

Obbard, M. E., Howe, E. J., Wall, L. L., et al. (2014). Relationships among food availability, harvest, and human–bear conflict at landscape scales in Ontario, Canada. Ursus 25: 98–110.Google Scholar

Oka, T., Miura, S., Masaki, T., et al. (2004). Relationship between changes in beechnut production and Asiatic black bears in northern Japan. Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 979–986.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., López-Bao, J. V., Bettega, C., et al. (2017). Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism: a review. Biological Conservation 206: 169–180.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Delgado, M. D. M., Krofel, M., et al. (2018a). Evolutionary and ecological traps for brown bears Ursus arctos in human-modified landscapes. Mammal Review 48: 180–193.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Huber, D., Jerina, K., et al. (2018b). Trans-boundary and trans-regional management of a large carnivore: managing brown bears across national and regional borders in Europe. In: Hovardas, T. (Ed.), Large carnivore conservation and management: Human dimensions and governance. Oxford, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Zarzo-Arias, A., Novo-Fernández, A., Bombieri, G. & López-Sánchez, C. A. (2019). Responses of an endangered brown bear population to climate change based on predictable food resource and shelter alterations. Global Change Biology 25: 1133–1151.Google Scholar

Proctor, M. F., Kasworm, W. F., Annis, K. M., et al. (2018). Conservation of threatened Canada–USA trans-border grizzly bears linked to comprehensive conflict reduction. Human–Wildlife Interactions 12: 348–372.Google Scholar

Rajpurohit, K. S. & Krausman, P. R. (2000). Human–sloth bear conflicts in Madhya Pradesh, India. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 393–399.Google Scholar

Ralf, R. (1995). History of bear–human conflict management in Jasper National Park: 1907–1995. Jasper: Jasper National Park.Google Scholar

Ravenelle, J. & Nyhus, P. J. (2017). Global patterns and trends in human–wildlife conflict compensation. Conservation Biology 31: 1247–1256.Google Scholar

Saito, M., Yamauchi, K. & Aoi, T. (2008). Individual identification of Asiatic black bears using extracted DNA from damaged crops. Ursus 19: 162–167.Google Scholar

Sangay, T. & Vernes, K. (2008). Human–wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan: patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores. Biological Conservation 141: 1272–1282.Google Scholar

Sato, Y., Mano, T. & Takatsuki, S. (2005). Stomach contents of brown bears Ursus arctos in Hokkaido, Japan. Wildlife Biology 11: 133–144.Google Scholar

Schirokauer, D. W. & Boyd, H. M. (1998). Bear–human conflict management in Denali National Park and Preserve, 1982–94. Ursus 10: 395–403.Google Scholar

Schwartz, C. C., Swenson, J. E. & Miller, S. D. (2005). Large carnivores, moose, and humans: a changing paradigm of predator management in the 21st century. Alces 39: 41–63.Google Scholar

Schwartz, C. C., Haroldson, M. A., White, G. C., et al. (2006). Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Wildlife Monographs 161: 1–68.Google Scholar

Scotson, L., Vannachomchan, K. & Sharp, T. (2014). More valuable dead than deterred? Crop-raiding bears in Lao PDR. Wildlife Society Bulletin 38: 783–790.Google Scholar

Sethy, J. & Chauhan, N. S. (2013). Human–sun bears conflict in Mizoram, North East India: impact and conservation management. International Journal of Conservation Science 4: 317–328.Google Scholar

Shivik, J. A., Ruid, D., Willging, R. C. & Mock, K. E. (2011). Are the same bears repeatedly translocated from corn crops in Wisconsin? Ursus 20: 114–119.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sowka, P. (2009). Techniques and refuse management options for residential areas, campgrounds, and group-use area. In: Living with Black Bears, Grizzly Bears and Lions Project. 3. Swan Valley, MT: Living with Wildlife Foundation, & Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks.Google Scholar

Stenhouse, G. B., Lee, L. J. & Poole, K. G. (1988). Some characteristics of polar bear killed during conflicts with humans in the Northwest Territories, 1976–86. Arctic 41: 275–278.Google Scholar

Stewart, W. B., Witmer, G. W. & Koehler, G. M. (1999). Black bear damage to forest stands in western Washington. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 14: 128–131.Google Scholar

Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E. & Zedrosser, A. (2013). Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears. Journal of Animal Ecology 82: 836–845.Google Scholar

Steyaert, S. M., Kindberg, J., Jerina, K., et al. (2014). Behavioral correlates of supplementary feeding of wildlife: can general conclusions be drawn? Basic and Applied Ecology 15: 669–676.Google Scholar

Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Leclerc, M., Pelletier, F., et al. (2016). Human shields mediate sexual conflict in a top predator. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283: 20160906.CrossRef Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E. & Andrén, H. (2005). A tale of two countries: large depredation and compensation schemes in Sweden and Norway. In: Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S. & Rabinowitz, A. (Eds.), People and wildlife, conflict or coexistence? (pp. 323–339). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F., Soderberg, A., et al. (1997). Infanticide caused by hunting of male bears. Nature 386: 450–451.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Dahle, B. & Sandegren, F. (2001). Intraspecific predation in Scandinavian brown bears older than cubs-of-the-year. Ursus 12: 81–92.Google Scholar

Tavss, E. A. (2005). Correlation of reduction in nuisance black bear complaints with implementation of a nonviolent program and a hunt. In; New Jersey public hearing on the comprehensive black bear management policy. Rutgers, NJ: State University of New Jersey.Google Scholar

Taylor, J. D. & Phillips, P. (2019). Black bears. Wildlife Damage Management Series. U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Wildlife Services.Google Scholar

Towns, L., Derocher, A. E., Stirling, I., Lunn, N. J. & Hedman, D. (2009). Spatial and temporal patterns of problem polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba. Polar Biology 32: 1529–1537.Google Scholar

Treves, A. & Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human–carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology 17: 1491–1499.Google Scholar

Treves, A., Kapp, K. J. & Macfarland, D. M. (2010). American black bear nuisance complaints and hunter take. Ursus 21: 30–42.Google Scholar

van Eeden, L. M., Eklund, A., Miller, J. R., et al. (2018). Carnivore conservation needs evidence-based livestock protection. PLoS Biology 16: e2005577.Google Scholar

Widman, M. & Elofsson, K. (2018). Costs of livestock depredation by large carnivores in Sweden 2001 to 2013. Ecological Economics 143: 188–198.Google Scholar

Wielgus, R. B. & Bunnell, F. L. (1994). Sexual segregation and female grizzly bear avoidance of males. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 405–413.Google Scholar

Wilder, J. M., DeBruyn, T. D., Smith, T. S. & Southwould, A. (2007). Systematic collection of bear–human interaction information for Alaska’s national parks. Ursus 18: 209–216.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. R., Regehr, E. V., Martin, M. St., et al. (2017). Relative influences of climate change and human activity on the onshore distribution of polar bears. Biological Conservation 214: 288–294.Google Scholar

Wilson, S. M. (2007). Community-supported conservation of grizzly bears on private agricultural lands. Final close-out report for conservation innovation grant. Portland, OR: US Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service.Google Scholar

Wilson, S. M. (2016). A guidebook to human–carnivore conflict: Strategies and tips for effective communication and collaboration with communities (pp. 1–67). Ljubljana, Slovenia: Slovenia Forest Service – LIFE DINALP BEAR Project.Google Scholar

Wilson, S. M., Madel, M. J., Mattson, D. J., Graham, J. M. & Merrill, T. (2006). Landscape conditions predisposing grizzly bears to conflicts on private agricultural lands in the western USA. Biological Conservation 130: 47–59.Google Scholar

Wilson, S. M., Neudecker, G. A. & Jonkel, J. J. (2013). Human–grizzly bear coexistence in the Blackfoot River watershed, Montana: getting ahead of the conflict curve. In: Clark, S. & Rutherford, M. (Eds.), Large carnivore conservation: Integrating science and policy in the North American West (pp. 117–214). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Wong, W. M., Leader-Williams, N. & Linkie, M. (2015). Managing human–sun bear conflict in Sumatran agroforest systems. Human Ecology 43: 255–266.Google Scholar

Wynn-Grant, R., Ginsberg, J. R., Lackey, C. W., Sterling, E. J. & Beckmann, J. P. (2018). Risky business: modeling mortality risk near the urban-wildland interface for a large carnivore. Global Ecology and Conservation 16: e00443.Google Scholar

Yamazaki, K., Koike, S., Kozakai, C., et al. (2009). Behavioral study of free ranging Japanese black bears I. Does food abundance affect the habitat use of bears? In: Oi, T., Ohnishi, N., Koizumi, T. & Okochi, I. (Eds.), Biology of bear intrusions. Proceedings of the International Workshop “The Mechanism of the Intrusion of Bears into Residential Areas,” November 21–22, 2008, Kyoto, Japan (pp. 60–63). Ibaraki: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute.Google Scholar

Zack, C. S., Milne, B. T. & Dunn, W. C. (2003). Southern oscillation index as an indicator of encounters between humans and black bears in New Mexico. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 517–520.Google Scholar

Zapata-Ríos, G. & Branch, L. C. (2018). Mammalian carnivore occupancy is inversely related to presence of domestic dogs in the high Andes of Ecuador. PLoS ONE 13: p.e0192346.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zedrosser, A., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Gossow, H. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past. Biological Conservation 144: 2163–2170.Google Scholar

Ziegltrum, G. J. & Nolte, D. L. (2001). Black bear forest damage in Washington state, USA: economic, ecological, social aspects. Ursus 12: 169–172.Google Scholar

Zukowski, B. & Ormsby, A. (2016). Andean bear livestock depredation and community perceptions in Northern Ecuador. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 21: 111–126.Google Scholar

Zyśk-Gorczyńska, E., Jakubiec, Z., Wertz, B. & Wuczyński, A. (2016). Long-term study of damage to trees by brown bears Ursus arctos in Poland: increasing trends with insignificant effects on forest management. Forest Ecology and Management 366: 53–64.Google Scholar

References

Artelle, K. A., Reynolds, J. D., Treves, A., et al. (2018). Hallmarks of science missing from North American wildlife management. Science Advances 4(3): eaao0167.Google Scholar

Balint, P. J., Stewart, R. E., Desai, A. & Walters, L. C. (2011). Wicked environmental problems: Managing uncertainty and conflict. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar

Baruch-Mordo, S., Breck, S. W., Wilson, K. R. & Broderick, J. (2011). the carrot or the stick? Evaluation of education and enforcement as management tools for human–wildlife conflicts. PLoS ONE 6(1): e15681.Google Scholar

Boroditsky, L. (2010, July 24). Lost in translation. The Wall Street Journal.Google Scholar

Boroditsky, L. (2011). How language shapes thought. Scientific American, 4.Google Scholar

Brownstein, M. (2019). Implicit bias. Available from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicit-bias/ (accessed March 9, 2019).Google Scholar

Busjeet, G. (2013). Planning, monitoring, and evaluation: Methods and tools for poverty and inequality reduction programs. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16449 Google Scholar

Can, Ö. E. & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). To protect everything, please click here: does a revolution in data collection guarantee one in conservation? Animal Conservation, 20(1): 1–2.Google Scholar

Can, Ö. E. & Macdonald, D. W. (2018). Looking under the bonnet of conservation conflicts: can neuroscience help? Biodiversity and Conservation 27(8): 2087–2091.Google Scholar

Can, Ö. E., Lise, Y. & Kandemir, İ. (2007). Bees and bears: a review of beekeeper-bear conflict in Black Sea Region, Turkey and recommendations for conflict resolution. American Bee Journal, July: 630–636.Google Scholar

Can, Ö. E., D’Cruze, N., Garshelis, D. L., Beecham, J. & Macdonald, D. W. (2014). Resolving human–bear conflict: a global survey of countries, experts, and key factors. Conservation Letters 7(6): 501–513.Google Scholar

Chandran, R. (2015, March 9). It’s broke, so fix it: humanitarian response in crisis. Available from https://cpr.unu.edu/its-broke-so-fix-it-humanitarian-response-in-crisis.html (accessed April 5, 2015).Google Scholar

Cohn, J. P. (2002). Environmental conflict resolution. BioScience 52(5): 400–404.Google Scholar

Eagleman, D. (2016). The brain: The story of you. Edinburgh: Canongate.Google Scholar

Editors. (1957). Approaches to the study of social conflict: introduction by the editors. Conflict Resolution 1(2): 105–110.Google Scholar

Elm, E. C. & Diener, M. K. (2007). The language of war in biomedical journals. The Lancet 369: 1.Google Scholar

Federal Aviation Administration. (2000). FAA system safety handbook. Retrieved from www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/risk_management/ss_handbook/Google Scholar

Ginges, J., Atran, S., Medin, D. & Shikaki, K. (2007). Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(18): 7357–7360.Google Scholar

Gippoliti, S., Brito, D., Cerfolli, F., et al. (2018). Europe as a model for large carnivores conservation: is the glass half empty or half full? Journal for Nature Conservation 41: 73–78.Google Scholar

Gore, M. L., Knuth, B. A., Curtis, P. D. & Shanahan, J. E. (2006). Education programs for reducing American black bear–human conflict: indicators of success? Ursus, 17(1): 75–80.Google Scholar

Gore, M. L., Knuth, B. A., Scherer, C. W. & Curtis, P. D. (2008). Evaluating a conservation investment designed to reduce human–wildlife conflict: evaluating conservation investment. Conservation Letters 1(3): 136–145.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gretzinger, J., Molak, M., Reiter, E., et al. (2019). Large-scale mitogenomic analysis of the phylogeography of the Late Pleistocene cave bear. Scientific Reports 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47073-zGoogle Scholar

Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science 162(3859): 1243–1248.Google Scholar

Herrero, S., Higgins, A., Cardoza, J. E., Hajduk, L. I. & Smith, T. S. (2011). Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900–2009. The Journal of Wildlife Management 75(3): 596–603.Google Scholar

Hristienko, H. & McDonald, J. E. (2007). Going into the 21st century: a perspective on trends and controversies in the management of the American black bear. Ursus 18(1): 72–88.Google Scholar

Institute of Medicine. (2009). On being a scientist: A guide to responsible conduct in research, 3rd edition. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar

IUCN SSC BSG. (2019). Principles of human–bear conflict reduction. IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group.Google Scholar

Knowlton, L. W. & Phillips, C. C. (2009). The logic model guidebook: Better strategies for great results. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar

Larson, B. M. (2005). The war of the roses: demilitarizing invasion biology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3(9): 495–500.Google Scholar

Lise, Y. (2011). Doğa Konuşmaları Yaban Hayat. Yesil Atlas, 8.Google Scholar

Marsh, H. (2014). Do no harm: Tales of life, death and brain surgery. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar

Matt, C. (2012). 4th International Human–Bear Conflicts Workshop Summary. Available from www.bearbiology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/4th-human-bear-conflict-workshop-summary.pdf Google Scholar

OED. (2015). Conflict. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from www.oed.com/view/Entry/38898?result=1&rskey=uilnn5&Google Scholar

O’Sullivan, N. J., Teasdale, M. D., Mattiangeli, V., et al. (2016). A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman’s leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing. Scientific Reports 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep31279Google Scholar

Paquet, P. C. & Darimont, C. T. (2010). Wildlife conservation and animal welfare: two sides of the same coin. Animal Welfare 19(2): 177–190.Google Scholar

Paulus, M. P., Potterat, E. G., Taylor, M. K., et al. (2009). A neuroscience approach to optimizing brain resources for human performance in extreme environments. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 33(7): 1080–1088.Google Scholar

Peterson, M. N., Birckhead, J. L., Leong, K., Peterson, M. J. & Peterson, T. R. (2010). Rearticulating the myth of human–wildlife conflict. Conservation Letters 3(2): 74–82.Google Scholar

Peterson, M. N., Peterson, M. J., Peterson, T. R. & Leong, K. (2013). Why transforming biodiversity conservation conflict is essential and how to begin. Pacific Conservation Biology 19(2): 94.Google Scholar

Peyton, B. (1994). Conservation in the developing world: ideas on how to proceed. Bears: Their Biology and Management 9: 115.Google Scholar

Pooley, S., Barua, M., Beinart, W., et al. (2017). An interdisciplinary review of current and future approaches to improving human–predator relations: improving human–predator relations. Conservation Biology 31(3): 513–523.Google Scholar

Presnall, C. C. (1943). Wildlife conservation as affected by American Indian and Caucasian concepts. Journal of Mammalogy 24(4): 458–464.Google Scholar

Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T. & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution, 3rd edition. Bristol: Polity.Google Scholar

Ratnayeke, S., Van Manen, F. T., Pieris, R. & Pragash, V. S. J. (2014). Challenges of large carnivore conservation: sloth bear attacks in Sri Lanka. Human Ecology 42: 467–479. doi:10.1007/s10745-014-9643-yGoogle Scholar

Reddy, S. M. W., Montambault, J., Masuda, Y. J., et al. (2017). Advancing conservation by understanding and influencing human behavior: human behavior and nature. Conservation Letters 10(2): 248–256.Google Scholar

Redpath, S. M., Young, J., Evely, A., et al. (2013). Understanding and managing conservation conflicts. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28(2): 100–109.Google Scholar

Redpath, S. M., Bhatia, S. & Young, J. (2015). Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering human–wildlife conflict. Oryx 49(2): 222–225.Google Scholar

Rittel, H. W. J. & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences 4(2): 155–169.Google Scholar

Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations, 4th edition. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Sandermoen, K. (2019). Management consulting (is not) for dummies. Alosen, Switzerland: Sandermoen Publishing.Google Scholar

Shenhav, A. & Greene, J. D. (2014). Integrative moral judgment: dissociating the roles of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 34(13): 4741–4749.Google Scholar

Spencer, R. D., Beausoleil, R. A. & Martorello, D. A. (2007). How agencies respond to human–black bear conflicts: a survey of wildlife agencies in North America. Ursus 18(2): 217–229.Google Scholar

Swaisgood, R. R. (2007). Current status and future directions of applied behavioral research for animal welfare and conservation. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102(3–4): 139–162.Google Scholar

Tetlock, P. (2003). Thinking the unthinkable: sacred values and taboo cognitions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7: 320–324.Google Scholar

Treves, A. & Bruskotter, J. (2014). Tolerance for predatory wildlife. Science 344(6183): 476–477.Google Scholar

Treves, A., Wallace, R. B., Naughton-Treves, L. & Morales, A. (2006). Co-managing human–wildlife conflicts: a review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11(6): 383–396.Google Scholar

UNDP. (2009). Handbook on planning, monitoring and evaluating for development results. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar

United Nations. (2004). World population to 2300 (No. ST/ESA/SER.A/236). New York, NY: United Nations.Google Scholar

Wilson, S. M. (2016). A guidebook to human–carnivore conflict: Strategies and tips for effective communication and collaboration with communities. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Slovenia Forest Service – LIFE DINALP BEAR project.Google Scholar

W. K. Kellogg Foundation. (2004). W.K. Kellogg Foundation 2004.pdf. Michigan, USA: W.K. Kellogg Foundation.Google Scholar

WSPA. (2009). Principles of human–bear conflict management. Istanbul: World Society for the Protection of Animals.Google Scholar

Zedrosser, A. (2019). The major challenges facing bears. International Bear News 28(2): 2.Google Scholar

References

Acharya, K. P., Paudel, P. K., Neupane, P. R. & Köhl, M. (2016). Human–wildlife conflicts in Nepal: patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by large mammals. PLoS ONE 11: 1–18.Google Scholar

Akhtar, N. (2006). Human–sloth bear conflict: a threat to sloth bear conservation. International Bear News 15: 15–17.Google Scholar

Akiyama, G., Kuwahara, H., Asahi, R., Tosa, R. & Yokota, H. (2017). Prompt procedures have a great impact on the consequences of Asiatic black bear mauling. Journal of Nippon Medical School 84: 294–300.Google Scholar

Ali, A., Waseem, M., Teng, M., et al. (2018). Human–Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) interactions in the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 30: 399–415.Google Scholar

Anderson, K. (1957). Man-eaters and jungle killers. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.Google Scholar

Arimoto, I., Okamura, H., Koike, S., Yamazaki, K. & Kaji, K. (2014). Behavior and habitat of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) inhabiting near settlements. Honyuruikagaku 54: 19–31.Google Scholar

Bargali, H. S., Akhtar, N. & Chauhan, N. P. S. (2005). Characteristics of sloth bear attacks and human casualties in North Bilaspur Forest Division, Chhattisgarh, India. Ursus 16: 263–267.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bombieri, G., Delgado, M. del M., Russo, L. F., et al. (2018a). Patterns of wild carnivore attacks on humans in urban areas. Scientific Reports 8: 17728.Google Scholar

Bombieri, G., Nanni, V., Delgado, M. del M., et al. (2018b). Content analysis of media reports on predator attacks on humans: toward an understanding of human risk perception and predator acceptance. BioScience 68: 577–584.Google Scholar

Bombieri, G., Naves, J., Penteriani, V., et al. (2019). Brown bear attacks on humans: a worldwide perspective. Scientific Reports 9: 8573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44341-w Google Scholar

Brower, C. (1942). Fifty years below zero: A lifetime of adventure in the Far North. New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company.Google Scholar

Burton, R. G. (1856). A book of man eaters (first edition 1931). Delhi: Mittal Publications.Google Scholar

Chapron, G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J.D.C., et al. (2014). Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346: 1517–1519.Google Scholar

Charoo, S. A., Sharma, L. K. & Sathyakumar, S. (2011). Asiatic black bear–human interactions around Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India. Ursus 22: 106–113.CrossRef Google Scholar

Clark, D. (2003). Polar bear–human interactions in Canadian national parks, 1986–2000. Ursus 14: 65–71.Google Scholar

Conover, M.R. (2008). Why are so many people attacked by predators? Human–Wildlife Interactions 2: 139–140.Google Scholar

Debata, S., Swain, K. K., Sahu, H. K. & Palei, H. S. (2017). Human–sloth bear conflict in a human-dominated landscape of northern Odisha, India. Ursus 27: 90–98.Google Scholar

Dhamorikar, A. H., Mehta, P., Bargali, H. & Gore, K. (2017). Characteristics of human–sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) encounters and the resulting human casualties in the Kanha–Pench corridor, Madhya Pradesh, India. PLoS ONE 12: 1–18.Google Scholar

Dharaiya, N., Bargali, H. S. & Sharp, T. (2016). Melursus ursinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13143A45033815 (WWW document). http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13143A45033815.en Google Scholar

Fenton, L. L. (1909). Tiger attacking a bear. Bombay Natural History Society 979.Google Scholar

Fleck, S. & Herrero, S. (1988). Polar bear–human conflicts. Contract report for Parks Canada and GNWT, contract 502/85/23.Google Scholar

Garcia, K. C., Joshi, H. M. & Dharaiya, N. (2016). Assessment of human–sloth bear conflicts in North Gujarat, India. Ursus 27: 5–10.Google Scholar

Garrote, P. J., Delgado, M. del M., López-Bao, J. V., et al. (2017). Individual attributes and party affect large carnivore attacks on humans. European Journal of Wildlife Research 63: 80.Google Scholar

Herrero, S. (1972). Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (U. arctos Linné.) of North America. Bears: Their Biology and Management 2: 221.Google Scholar

Herrero, S. (2018). Bear attacks: Their causes and avoidance, 3rd edition. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford.Google Scholar

Herrero, S. & Higgins, A. (2003). Human injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98. Ursus (Knoxville) 14: 44–54.Google Scholar

Herrero, S., Higgins, A., Cardoza, J. E., Hajduk, L. I. & Smith, T. S. (2011). Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900–2009. Journal of Wildlife Management 75: 596–603.Google Scholar

Hwang, M. H. & Garshelis, DL . (2007). Activity patterns of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in the Central Mountains of Taiwan. Journal of Zoology 271: 203–209.Google Scholar

Jangid, K. A. & Sharma, K. R. (2018). How locals characterize the causes of sloth bear attacks in Jawai, Rajasthan. International Bear News 27: 11–12.Google Scholar

Japan Bear Network. (2006). Understanding Asian bears to secure their future. Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar

Japan Bear Network. (2011). Report on statistics of the bear caused human injuries (in Japanese). Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar

Kozakai, C., Yamazaki, K., Nemoto, Y., et al. (2011). Effect of mast production on home range use of Japanese black bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 75: 867–875.Google Scholar

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). Notes on a dead bear. Loris 11: 182–183.Google Scholar

Lal Moten, T., Bhat, T. A., Gulzar, A., Mir, A. & Mir, F. (2017). Causalities of human wildlife conflict in Kashmir valley, India; a neglected form of trauma: our 10 year study. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 55: 1898–1902.Google Scholar

Laurie, A. & Seidensticker, J. (1977). Behavioural ecology of the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). Journal of Zoology 182: 187–204.Google Scholar

Littledale, H. (1889). Bears being eaten by tigers. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 4: 316.Google Scholar

Mardaraj, P. C. (2015). Identifying key issues for the conservation of sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) in Rajnilgiri, Odisha, Eastern India. The Rufford Foundation, United Kingdom.Google Scholar

Mardaraj, P. & Dutta, S.K. (2011). Human–sloth bear conflict in Balasore Forest Division, Eastern India. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG.Google Scholar

Moen, G. K., Støen, O. G., Sahlén, V. & Swenson, J. E. (2012). Behaviour of solitary adult Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) when approached by humans on foot. PLoS ONE 7: e31699.Google Scholar

Nabi, D. G., Tak, S. R., Kangoo, K. A. & Halwai, M. A. (2009a). Comparison of injury pattern in victims of bear (Ursus thibetanus) and leopard (Panthera pardus) attacks. A study from a tertiary care center in Kashmir. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 35: 153–158.Google Scholar

Nabi, D. G., Tak, S. R., Kangoo, K. A. & Halwai, M. A. (2009b). Increasing incidence of injuries and fatalities inflicted by wild animals in Kashmir. Injury 40: 87–89.Google Scholar

National Park Service. (2019). Bear facts (WWW document). Available from www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/bearfacts.htm Google Scholar

Nellemann, C., Støen, O. G., Kindberg, J., et al. (2007). Terrain use by an expanding brown bear population in relation to age, recreational resorts and human settlements. Biological Conservation 138: 157–165.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Støen, O. G., Delibes, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Predators or prey? Spatio-temporal discrimination of human-derived risk by brown bears. Oecologia 166: 59–67.Google Scholar

Oshima, T., Ohtani, M. & Mimasaka, S. (2018). Injury patterns of fatal bear attacks in Japan: a description of seven cases. Forensic Science International 286: e14–e19.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Delgado, M. del M., Pinchera, F., et al. (2016). Human behaviour can trigger large carnivore attacks in developed countries. Scientific Reports 6: 20552.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Bombieri, G., Fedriani, J. M., et al. (2017). Humans as prey: coping with large carnivore attacks using a predator–prey interaction perspective. Human–Wildlife Interactions 11: 192–207.Google Scholar

Rajpurohit, K. S. & Krausman, P. R. (2000). Human–sloth bear conflicts in Madhya Pradesh, India. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 393–399.Google Scholar

Ramachandran, A. (2009, November 11). Frozen with fear: stranded teen v polar bears. The Sydney Morning Herald (WWW document). Available from www.smh.com.au/world/frozen-with-fear-stranded-teen-v--polar-bears-20091111-i9fs.html Google Scholar

Rasool, A., Wani, A. H., Darzi, M. A., et al. (2010). Incidence and pattern of bear maul injuries in Kashmir. Injury 41: 116–119.Google Scholar

Ratnayeke, S., Van Manen, F. T., Pieris, R. & Pragash, V. S. J. (2014). Challenges of large carnivore conservation: sloth bear attacks in Sri Lanka. Human Ecology 42: 467–479.Google Scholar

Røskaft, E., Händel, B., Bjerke, T. & Kaltenborn, B. P. (2007). Human attitudes towards large carnivores in Norway. Wildlife Biology 13: 172–185.Google Scholar

Sethy, J. & Chauhan, N.S. (2013). Human–sun bears conflict in Mizoram, North East India: impact and conservation management. International Journal of Conservation Science 4: 317–328.Google Scholar

Sethy, J. & Chauhan, N. S. (2016). Status and distribution of Malayan sun bear in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Conservation Science 7: 533–552.Google Scholar

Shah, A., Mir, B., Ahmad, I., et al. (2010). Pattern of bear maul maxillofacial injuries in Kashmir. National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery 1: 96.Google Scholar

Sharp, T. & Sonone, S. D. (2011). Sloth bear attacks: causes and consequences. International Bear Newsletter 20: 14–17.Google Scholar

Sharp, T. R., Swaminathan, S., Arun, A. S., et al. (2017). Sloth bear attack behavior and a behavioral approach to safety. Final report to International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar

Silwal, T., Kolejka, J., Bhatta, B. P., et al. (2017). When, where and whom: assessing wildlife attacks on people in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Oryx 51: 370–377.Google Scholar

Singh, N., Sonone, S., Rot, J. & Dharaiya, N. A. (2017). An unusual attractant spurs sloth bear break-ins in Maharashtra, India 26: 20–21.Google Scholar

Smith, T. S. & Herrero, S. (2018). Human–bear conflict in Alaska: 1880–2015. Wildlife Society Bulletin 42: 254–263.Google Scholar

Smith, T. S., Herrero, S., Debruyn, T. D. & Wilder, J. M. (2008). Efficacy of bear deterrent spray in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 640–645.Google Scholar

Smith, T. S., Herrero, S., Layton, C. S., Larsen, R. T. & Johnson, K. R. (2012). Efficacy of firearms for bear deterrence in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 76: 1021–1027.Google Scholar

Støen, O. G., Ordiz, A., Sahlén, V., et al. (2018). Brown bear (Ursus arctos) attacks resulting in human casualties in Scandinavia 1977–2016; management implications and recommendations. PLoS ONE 13: e0196876.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E. (1999). Does hunting affect the behavior of brown bears in Eurasia? Ursus 11: 157–162.Google Scholar

Tak, S. R., Nabi, D. G., Halwai, M. A. & Mir, B. A. (2009). Injuries from bear (Ursus thibetanus) attacks in Kashmir. Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery 15: 130–134.Google Scholar

Wikipedia. (2019). Willem Barentsz (WWW socument). Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Barentsz Google Scholar

Wilder, J. M., Vongraven, D., Atwood, T., et al. (2017). Polar bear attacks on humans: implications of a changing climate. Wildlife Society Bulletin 41: 537–547.Google Scholar

Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Windler, A. (2014). Views towards the sun bear and frames on the human–sun bear conflict of local people in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Wageningen: Forest and Nature Conservation, Wageningen University & Research.Google Scholar

Yamazaki, K. (2004). Recent bear–human conflicts in Japan. International Bear News 13: 16–17.Google Scholar

Yamazaki, K. (2010). Ursus thibetanus. In: Ohdachi, S. D., Ishibashi, Y., Iwasa, M. A., Fukui, D. & Saitoh, T. (Eds.), The wild mammals of Japan (pp. 243–245). Kyoto: Shoukado Book Seller.Google Scholar

Yamazaki, K. (2017). Consecutive fatal attacks by Asiatic black bear on humans in Northern Japan. International Bear News 26: 16–17.Google Scholar

Yamazaki, K. & Sato, Y. (2014). Country-wide range mapping of Asiatic black bears reveals increasing range in Japan. International Bear News 23: 18–19.Google Scholar

Yamazaki, K., Furubayashi, K., Kasai, S., et al. (2008). A preliminary evaluation of activity-sensing GPS collars for estimating daily activity patterns of Japanese black bears. Ursus 19: 154–161.Google Scholar

References

Abrams, P. A. (1995). Implications of dynamically variable traits for identifying, classifying, and measuring direct and indirect effects in ecological communities. The American Naturalist 146: 112–134.Google Scholar

Allendorf, F. W. & Hard, J. J. (2009). Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 9987–9994.Google Scholar

Altendorf, K. B., Laundré, J. W., González, C. A. L. & Brown, J. S. (2001). Assessing effects of predation risk on foraging behavior of mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 82: 430–439.Google Scholar

Apps, C. D., Bruce, N., John, G. & Michael, F. (2004). Estimating grizzly bear distribution and abundance relative to habitat and human influence. Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 138–152.Google Scholar

Armfield, J. M. (2006). Cognitive vulnerability: a model of the ethology of fear. Clinical Psychology Review 26: 746–768.Google Scholar

Armfield, J. M. (2007). Understanding animal fears: a comparison of the cognitive vulnerability and harm-looming models. BMC Psychiatry 7: 68. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-7-68.Google Scholar

Basille, M., Herfindal, I., Santin-Janin, H., et al. (2009). What shapes Eurasian lynx distribution in human dominated landscapes: selecting prey or avoiding people? Ecography 32: 683–691.Google Scholar

Beale, C. M. & Monaghan, P. (2004). Human disturbance: people as predation-free predators? Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 335–343.Google Scholar

Bischof, R., Fujita, R., Zedrosser, A., Söderberg, A. & Swenson, J. E. (2008). Hunting patterns, ban on baiting, and harvest demographics of brown bears in Sweden. The Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 79–88.Google Scholar

Blumstein, D. T. (2016). Habituation and sensitization: new thoughts about old ideas. Animal Behaviour 120: 255–262.Google Scholar

Bojarska, K. & Selva, N.(2012). Spatial patterns in brown bear Ursus arctos diet: the role of geographical and environmental factors. Mammal Review 42: 120–143.Google Scholar

Bombieri, G., Nanni, V., Delgado, M. M., et al. (2018). Content analysis of media reports on predator attacks on humans: toward an understanding of human risk perception and predator acceptance. BioScience 68: 577–584.Google Scholar

Bombieri, G., Naves, J., Penteriani, V., et al. (2019). Brown bear attacks on humans: a worldwide perspective. Scientific Reports 9: 8573. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44341-w Google Scholar

Chapron, G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J. D. C., et al. (2014). Successful recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s human-dominated landscapes. Science 346: 1517–1519.Google Scholar

Coltman, D. W., O’Donoghue, P., Jorgenson, J. T., et al. (2003). Undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting. Nature 426: 655–658.Google Scholar

Cotovelea, A., Ionescu, O., Şofletea, N., et al. (2015). Testing the influence of habituation on genetic structure of brown bear (Ursus arctos). Annals of Forest Research 58: 81–90.Google Scholar

Cristescu, B., Stenhouse, G. B. & Boyce, M. S. (2013). Perception of human-derived risk influences choice at top of the food chain. PLoS ONE 8: e82738.Google Scholar

Cristescu, B., Stenhouse, G. B. & Boyce, M. S. (2016). Large omnivore movements in response to surface mining and mine reclamation. Scientific Reports 6: 19177.Google Scholar

Darimot, C. T., Carlson, S. M., Kinnison, M. T., et al. (2009). Human predators outpace other agents of trait changes in the wild. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 952–954.Google Scholar

Elfström, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2009). Effects of sex and age on den site use by Scandinavian brown bears. Ursus 20: 85–93. 10.2192/09gr005.1Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Swenson, J. E. & Ball, J. P. (2008). Selection of denning habitats by Scandinavian brown bears Ursus arctos. Wildlife Biology 14(2): 176–187.Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Davey, M. L., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2014a). Do Scandinavian brown bears approach settlements to obtain high-quality food? Biological Conservation 178: 128–135.Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Zedrosser, A., Støen, O.-G. & Swenson, J. E. (2014b). Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bears close to human settlements: review and management implications. Mammal Review 44: 5–18.Google Scholar

Elfström, M., Zedrosser, A., Jerina, K., et al. (2014c). Does despotic behavior or food search explain the occurrence of problem brown bears in Europe? Journal of Wildlife Management 78: 881–893.Google Scholar

Festa-Bianchet, M. (2003). Exploitative wildlife management as a selective pressure for life-history evolution of large mammals. In: Apollonio, M. & Festa-Bianchet, M. (Eds.), Animal behavior and wildlife conservation (pp. 191–207). Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar

Haemig, P. D. (1992). Competition between ants and birds in a Swedish forest. Oikos 65: 479–483.Google Scholar

Haemig, P. D. (1994). Effect of ants on the foraging of birds in spruce trees. Oecologia 97: 35–40.Google Scholar

Herrero, S. (1985). Bear attacks. Their causes and avoidance. New York, NY: Lyons Press.Google Scholar

Herrero, S., Smith, T., DeBruyn, T. D., Gunther, K. & Matt, C. A. (2005). Brown bear habituation to people – safety, risks, and benefits. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33: 362–373.Google Scholar

Hertel, A. G., Zedrosser, A., Mysterud, A., et al. (2016). Temporal effects of hunting on foraging behavior of an apex predator: do bears forgo foraging when risk is high? Oecologia 182: 1019–1029.Google Scholar

Hoekstra, J. M., Boucher, T. M., Ricketts, T. H. & Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecology Letters 8: 23–29.Google Scholar

Jacobs, M., Vaske, J. J., Dubois, S. & Fehres, P. (2014). More than fear: role of emotions in acceptability of lethal control of wolves. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60: 589–598.Google Scholar

Johansson, M. & Karlsson, J. (2011). Subjective experience of fear and the cognitive interpretation of large carnivores. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 16: 15–29.Google Scholar

Johansson, M., Ferreira, I., Støen, O.-G., Frank, J. & Flykt, A. (2016). Targeting human fear of large carnivores – many ideas but few known effects. Biological Conservation 20: 261–269.Google Scholar

Johansson, M., Flykt, A., Frank, J. & Støen, O.-G. (2019). Controlled exposure reduces fear of brown bears. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 24: 363–379. DOI:10.1080/10871209.2019.1616238.Google Scholar

Johnson, H. E., Breck, S. W., Baruch-Mordo, S., et al. (2015). Shifting perceptions of risk and reward: dynamic selection for human development by black bears in the western United States. Biological Conservation 187: 164–172.Google Scholar

Kaczensky, P. (1997) Large carnivore depredation on livestock in Europe. Ursus 11: 59–72.Google Scholar

Kaczensky, P., Huber, D., Knauer, F., et al. (2006). Activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia. Journal of Zoology 269: 474–485.Google Scholar

Kavcic, I., Adamic, M., Kaczensky, P., Krofel, M. & Jerina, K. (2013). Supplemental feeding with carrion is not reducing brown bear depredations on sheep in Slovenia. Ursus 24: 111–119.Google Scholar

Kilpelainen, J., Finér, L., Neuvonen, S., et al. (2009). Does the mutualism between wood ants (Formica rufa group) and Cinara aphids affect Norway spruce growth? Forest Ecology and Management 257: 238–243.Google Scholar

Knopff, A. A., Knopff, K. H., Boyce, M. S. & St Clair, C. C. (2014). Flexible habitat selection by cougars in response to anthropogenic development. Biological Conservation 178: 136–145.Google Scholar

Kopatz, A, Eiken, H. G., Aspi, J., et al. (2014). Admixture and gene flow from Russia in the recovering northern European brown bear (Ursus arctos). PLoS ONE 9: e97558.Google Scholar

Laundré, J. W., Hernández, L. & Altendorf, K. B. (2001). Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1401–1409.Google Scholar

Lima, S. L. (1998). Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator–prey interactions. BioScience 48: 25–34.Google Scholar

Linnell, J. D. C., Swenson, J. & Andersen, R. (2001). Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favourable. Animal Conservation 4: 345–350.Google Scholar

Lodberg-Holm, H. K., Wathne Gelink, H., Hertel, A. G., et al. (2019). Hunting creates a landscape of fear that influences foraging tactics of brown bears. Basic and Applied Ecology 35: 18–27.Google Scholar

Mace, R. D., Waller, J. S., Manley, T. L., Lyon, L. J. & Zuuring, H. (1996). Relationships among grizzly bears, roads and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. The Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1395.Google Scholar

Machutchon, A. G., Himmer, S., Davis, H. & Gallagher, M. (1998). Temporal and spatial activity patterns among coastal bear populations. Ursus 10: 539–546.Google Scholar

Manfredo, M. J. (2008). Who cares about wildlife? Social science concepts for exploring human wildlife relationships and conservation issues. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar

Martin, J., Basille, M., Van Moorter, B., et al. (2010). Coping with human disturbance: spatial and temporal tactics of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Canadian Journal of Zoology 88: 875–883.Google Scholar

McLellan, B. N. & Shackleton, D. M. (1989). Immediate reactions of grizzly bears to human activities. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 269–274.Google Scholar

Moen, G. K. (2018). Human-mediated effects on brown bear behavior and potential cascading effects. PhD thesis, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.Google Scholar

Moen, G. K., Støen, O.-G., Sahlén, V. & Swenson, J. E. (2012). Behaviour of solitary adult Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) when approached by humans on foot. PLoS ONE 7: e31699.Google Scholar

Moen, G., Ordiz, A., Kindberg, J., et al. (2019). Behavioral reactions of brown bears to approaching humans in Fennoscandia. Écoscience 26: 23–33. DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2018.1513387Google Scholar

Mueller, C., Herrero, S. & Gibeau, M. L. (2004). Distribution of subadult grizzly bears in relation to human development in the Bow River Watershed, Alberta. Ursus 15: 35–47.Google Scholar

Mysterud, A. (2011). Selective harvesting of large mammals: how often does it result in directional selection? Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 827–834.Google Scholar

Nellemann, C., Støen, O.-G., Kindberg, J., et al. (2007). Terrain use by an expanding brown bear population in relation to age, recreational resorts and human settlements. Biological Conservation 138: 157–165.Google Scholar

Nielsen, S. E., Munro, R. H. M., Bainbridge, E. L., Stenhouse, G. B. & Boyce, M. S. (2004). Grizzly bears and forestry: II. Distribution of grizzly bear foods in clearcuts of west-central Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 199: 67–82.Google Scholar

Olson, T. L., Squibb, R. C. & Gilbert, B. K. (1998). Brown bear diurnal activity and human use: a comparison of two salmon streams. Ursus 10: 547–555.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Delibes, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Predators or prey? Spatio-temporal discrimination of human-derived risk by brown bears. Oecologia 166: 59–67.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Sæbø, S., et al. (2012). Do bears know they are being hunted? Biological Conservation 152: 21–28.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Sæbø, S., et al. (2013). Lasting behavioural responses of brown bears to experimental encounters with humans. Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 306–314.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Kindberg, J., Sæbø, S., Swenson, J. E. & Støen, O.-G. (2014). Brown bear circadian behavior reveals human environmental encroachment. Biological Conservation 173: 1–9.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Delibes, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2017). Staying cool or staying safe in a human-dominated landscape: which is more relevant for brown bears? Oecologia 185: 191–194.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Moen, G. K., Sæbo, S., et al. (2019). Habituation, sensitization, or consistent behavioral responses? Brown bear responses after repeated approaches by humans on foot. Biological Conservation 232: 228–237.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Delgado, M. del M., Pinchera, F., et al. (2016). Human behaviour can trigger large carnivore attacks in developed countries. Scientific Reports 6: 20552.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., López-Bao, J. V., Bettega, C., et al. (2017). Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism: a review. Biological Conservation 206: 169–180.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Delgado, M. del M., Krofel, M., et al. (2018). Evolutionary and ecological traps for brown bears Ursus arctos in human-modified landscapes. Mammal Review 48: 180–193.Google Scholar

Petram, W., Knauer, F. & Kaczensky, P. (2004). Human influence on the choice of winter dens by European brown bears in Slovenia. Biological Conservation 119: 129–136.Google Scholar

Proaktor, G., Coulson, T. & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2007). Evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 669–678.Google Scholar

Proctor, M., McLellan, B., Boulanger, J., et al. (2010). Ecological investigations of grizzly bears in Canada using DNA from hair, 1995–2005: a review of methods and progress. Ursus 21: 169–188.Google Scholar

Pulliainen, E. (1983). Behaviour of an expanding population of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in northern Europe. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 48: 290–297.Google Scholar

Rode, K. D., Farley, S. D. & Robbins, C. T. (2006). Behavioral responses of brown bears mediate nutritional effects of experimentally introduced tourism. Biological Conservation 133: 70–80.Google Scholar

Roth, H. U. (1983). Diel activity of a remnant population of European brown bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5: 223–229.Google Scholar

Røskaft, E., Bjerke, T., Kaltenborn, B., Linnell, J. D. C. & Andersen, R. (2003). Patterns of self-reported fear towards large carnivores among the Norwegian public. Evolution and Human Behavior 24: 184–198.Google Scholar

Sahlén, E., Støen, O.-G. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Brown bear den site concealment in relation to human activity in Sweden. Ursus 22(2): 152–158.Google Scholar

Sahlén, V., Ordiz, A., Swenson, J. E. & Støen, O.-G. (2015a). Behavioural differences between single Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos) and females with dependent young when experimentally approached by humans. PLoS ONE 10: e0121576.Google Scholar

Sahlén, V., Friebe, A., Sæbø, S., Swenson, J. E. & Støen, O.-G. (2015b). Den entry behavior in Scandinavian brown bears: implications for preventing human injuries. Journal of Wildlife Management 79(2): 274–287.Google Scholar

Selva, N., Teitelbaum, C. S., Sergiel, A., et al. (2017). Supplementary ungulate feeding affects movement behavior of brown bears. Basic and Applied Ecology 24: 68–76.Google Scholar

Sorensen, A. A., Stenhouse, G. B., Bourbonnais, M. L. & Nelson, T. A. (2015). Effects of habitat quality and anthropogenic disturbance on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) home-range fidelity. Canadian Journal of Zoology 93: 857–865.Google Scholar

Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Zedrosser, A., Elfström, M., et al. (2016). Ecological implications from spatial patterns in human-caused brown bear mortality. Wildlife Biology 22: 144–152.Google Scholar

Stockan, J. & Robinson, E. J. H. (2016). Wood ant ecology and conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Støen, O.-G., Ordiz, A., Evans, A. L., et al. (2015). Physiological evidence for a human-induced landscape of fear in brown bears (Ursus arctos). Physiology and Behavior 152: 244–248.Google Scholar

Støen, O.-G., Ordiz, A., Sahlén, V., et al. (2018). Brown bear (Ursus arctos) attacks resulting in human casualties in Scandinavia 1977–2016; management implications and recommendations. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196876.Google Scholar

Suring, L., Barber, K., Schwartz, C., et al. (1998). Analysis of cumulative effects on brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, southcentral Alaska. Ursus 10: 107–117.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Wabakken, P., Sandegren, F., et al. (1995). The near extinction and recovery of brown bears in Scandinavia in relation to the bear management policies of Norway and Sweden. Wildlife Biology 1: 11–25.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F., Brunberg, S. & Wabakken, P. (1997). Winter den abandonment by brown bears Ursus arctos: causes and consequences. Wildlife Biology 3: 35–38.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F., Söderberg, A., et al. (1999). Interactions between brown bears and humans in Scandinavia. Biosphere Conservation 2: 1–9.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. & Zedrosser, A. (2000). Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe (Ursus arctos). Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe Nature and Environment.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Schneider, M., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2017). Challenges of managing a European brown bear population; lessons from Sweden, 1943–2013. Wildlife Biology 2017(4): wlb.00251.Google Scholar

Sæther, B. E., Engen, S., Swenson, J. E., Bakke, Ø. & Sandegren, F. (1998). Assessing the viability of Scandinavian brown bear, Ursus arctos, populations: the effects of uncertain parameter estimates. Oikos 83: 403–416.Google Scholar

Thompson, R. F. (2009). Neurobiology of learning and memory habituation: a history. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 92: 127–134.Google Scholar

Van de Walle, J., Pigeon, G., Zedrosser, A., Swenson, J. E. & Pelletier, F. (2018). Hunting regulation favors slow life histories in a large carnivore. Nature Communications 9: 1100.Google Scholar

Wheat, R. E. & Wilmers, C. C. (2016). Habituation reverses fear-based ecological effects in brown bears (Ursus arctos). Ecosphere 7: 1–11.Google Scholar

Woodroffe, R. (2000). Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation 3: 165–173.Google Scholar

Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. (1998). Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280: 2126–2128.Google Scholar

Zarzo-Arias, A., Delgado, M., Ordiz, A., et al. (2018). Brown bear behaviour in human-modified landscapes: the case of the endangered Cantabrian population, NW Spain. Global Ecology and Conservation 16: e00499.Google Scholar

Zedrosser, A., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Gossow, H. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past. Biological Conservation 144: 2163–2170.Google Scholar

References

Balbontín, J., Penteriani, V. & Ferrer, M. (2005). Humans act against the natural process of breeder selection: a modern sickness for animal populations? Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 179–186.Google Scholar

Benazzo, A., Trucchi, E., Cahill, J. A., et al. (2017). Survival and divergence in a small group: the extraordinary genomic history of the endangered Apennine brown bear stragglers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114: E9589–E0597.Google Scholar

Bischof, R., Swenson, J. E., Yoccoz, N. G., Mysterud, A. & Gimenez, O. (2009). The magnitude and selectivity of natural and multiple anthropogenic mortality causes in hunted brown bears. Journal of Animal Ecology 78: 656–665.Google Scholar

Bonnet Lebrun, A.-S., Karamanlidis, A. A., De Gabriel Hernando, M., Renner, I. & Gimenez, O. (2020). Identifying priority conservation areas for recovering large carnivores using citizen science data. Animal Conservation 23: 83–93.Google Scholar

Carter, N. H. & Linnell, J. D. C. (2016). Co-adaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 31: 575–578.Google Scholar

Chapron, G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J. D. C., et al. (2014). Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346: 1517–1519.Google Scholar

Ciucci, P. & Boitani, L. (2008). The Apennine brown bear: a critical review of its status and conservation problems. Ursus 19: 130–145.Google Scholar

Ciucci, P., Tosoni, E., Di Domenico, G. Quattrociocchi, F. & Boitani, L. (2014). Seasonal and annual variation in the food habits of Apennine brown bears, central Italy. Journal of Mammalogy 95: 572–586.Google Scholar

Ciucci, P., Gervasi, V., Boitani, L., et al. (2015). Estimating abundance of the remnant Apennine brown bear population using multiple noninvasive genetic data sources. Journal of Mammalogy 96: 206–220.Google Scholar

Ciucci, P., Altea, T., Antonucci, A., et al. (2017). Distribution of the brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in the central Apennines, Italy, 2005–2014. Hystrix 28: 1–6.Google Scholar

Clevenger, A. P., Purroy, F. J. & Pelton, M. R. (1992). Food habits of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. Journal of Mammalogy 73: 415–421.Google Scholar

Colangelo, P., Loy, A., Huber, D., et al. (2012). Cranial distinctiveness in the Apennine brown bear: genetic drift effect or ecophenotypic adaptation? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 15–26.Google Scholar

Falcucci, A., Maiorano, L., Ciucci, P., Garton, E. O. & Boitani, L. (2008). Land-cover change and the future of the Apennine brown bear: a perspective from the past. Journal of Mammalogy 89: 1502–1511.Google Scholar

Falcucci, A., Ciucci, P., Maiorano, L., Gentile, L. & Boitani, L. (2009). Assessing habitat quality for conservation using an integrated occurrence-mortality model. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 600–609.Google Scholar

FAPAS/FIEP. (2017). El Oso. Pirineos y Cordillera Cantábrica. Gijón, Spain: Gráficas Muñiz.Google Scholar

Frosch, C., Dutsov, A., Zlatanova, D., et al. (2014). Noninvasive genetic assessment of brown bear population structure in Bulgarian mountain regions. Mammalian Biology 79: 268–276.Google Scholar

De Gabriel Hernando, M., Karamanlidis, A. A., Grivas, K., et al. (2020). Reducing movement in Mediterranean landscapes: a case study of brown bears in Greece. Journal of Zoology. https://doi.org.10.1111/jzo.12768 Google Scholar

De Gabriel Hernando, M., Karamanlidis, A. A., Grivas, K., et al. (in review). Habitat ecology informs conservation priorities of an endangered brown bear population in a human-dominated landscape. Journal of Nature Conservation.Google Scholar

García, P., Lastra, J., Marquínez, J. & Nores, C. (2007). Detailed model of shelter areas for the Cantabrian brown bear. Ecological Informatics 2: 297–307.Google Scholar

Gervasi, V. & Ciucci, P. (2018). Demographic projections of the Apennine brown bear population Ursus arctos marsicanus (Mammalia: Ursidae) under alternative management scenarios. European Zoological Journal 85: 243–253.Google Scholar

Gervasi, V., Ciucci, P., Boulanger, J., et al. (2008). A preliminary estimate of the Apennine brown bear population size based on hair-snag sampling and multiple data source mark–recapture Huggins models. Ursus 19: 105–121.Google Scholar

Gervasi, V., Ciucci, P., Boulanger, J., Randi, E. & Boitani, L. (2012). A multiple data source approach to improve abundance estimates of small populations: the brown bear in the Apennines, Italy. Biological Conservation 152: 10–20.Google Scholar

Gervasi, V., Boitani, L., Paetkau, D., et al. (2017). Estimating survival in the Apennine brown bear accounting for uncertainty in age classification. Population Ecology 59: 119–130.Google Scholar

Gonzalez, E. G., Blanco, J. C., Ballesteros, F., et al. (2016). Genetic and demographic recovery of an isolated population of brown bear Ursus arctos L., 1758. PeerJ 4: e1928.Google Scholar

Graban, J., Kisková, J., Pepich, P. & Rigg, R. (2013). Genetic analysis for geographic isolation comparison of brown bears living in the periphery of the Western Carpathians Mountains with bears living in other areas. Open Journal of Genetics 3: 174–182.Google Scholar

Huber, Đ., Jakšić, Z., Frković, A., et al. (2008). Brown Bear Management Plan for the Republic of Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia: Ministry of Regional Development, Forestry and Water Management, Directorate for Hunting Ministry of Culture, Directorate for the Protection of Nature.Google Scholar

Jerina, K., Jonozovič, M., Krofel, M. & Skrbinšek, T. (2013). Range and local population densities of brown bear Ursus arctos in Slovenia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 59: 1–9.Google Scholar

Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., et al. (2013). Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf and wolverine – in Europe. Report to the EU Commission.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A. & Mertzanis, G. (2004). Fatal bear–car collision. International Bear News 13: 24.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Youlatos, D., Sgardelis, S. & Scouras, Z. (2007). Using sign at power poles to document presence of bears in Greece. Ursus 18: 54–61.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Krambokoukis, L. & Kantiros, D. (2008). Challenges and problems arising from the range expansion of brown bears in Greece. International Bear News 17.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Drosopoulou, E., de Gabriel Hernando, M., et al. (2010). Non-invasive genetic studies of brown bears using power poles. European Journal of Wildlife Research 56: 693–702.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Sanopoulos, A., Georgiadis, L. & Zedrosser, A. (2011). Structural and economic aspects of human–bear conflicts in Greece. Ursus 22: 141–151.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Beecham, J., Bousbouras, D., et al. (2012a). Bear–vehicle collisions: a holistic approach to evaluating and mitigating the effects of this new conservation threat to brown bears in Greece. Presented at 21st International Conference on Bear Research and Management, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Straka, M., Drosopoulou, E., et al. (2012b). Genetic diversity, structure, and size of an endangered brown bear population threatened by highway construction in the Pindos Mountains, Greece. European Journal of Wildlife Research 58: 511–522.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., de Gabriel Hernando, M., Krambokoukis, L. & Gimenez, O. (2015). Evidence of a large carnivore population recovery: counting bears in Greece. Journal for Nature Conservation 27: 10–17.Google Scholar

Karamanlidis, A. A., Skrbinšek, T., de Gabriel Hernando, M., et al. (2018). History-driven population structure and assymetric gene flow in a recovering large carnivore at the rear-edge of its European range. Heredity 120: 168–182.Google Scholar

Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E., Ericsson, G. & Bellemain, E. (2011). Estimating population size and trends of the Swedish brown bear Ursus arctos population. Wildlife Biology 17: 114–123.Google Scholar

Lamamy, C., Bombieri, G., Zarzo-Arias, A., González-Bernardo, E. & Penteriani, V. (2019). Can different habitat composition and structure help explain the different trends of Cantabrian brown bear subpopulations? Mammal Research 64: 559–567.Google Scholar

Loy, A., Genovesi, P., Galfo, M., Jacobone, M. G. & Vigna Taglianti, A. (2008). Cranial morphometrics of the Apennine brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus) and preliminary notes on the relationships with other southern European populations. Italian Journal of Zoology 75: 67–75.Google Scholar

Maiorano, L., Boitani, L., Chiaverini, L. & Ciucci, P. (2017). Uncertainties in the identification of potential dispersal corridors: the importance of behaviour, sex, and algorithm. Basic and Applied Ecology 21: 66–75.Google Scholar

Martin, J., Revilla, E., Quenette, P. Y., et al. (2012). Brown bear habitat suitability in the Pyrenees: transferability across sites and linking scales to make the most of scarce data. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 621–631.Google Scholar

Martínez Cano, I., González Taboada, F., Naves, J., Fernández-Gil, A. & Wiegand, T. (2016). Decline and recovery of a large carnivore: environmental change and long-term trends in an endangered brown bear population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283: 20161832.Google Scholar

Mateo-Sánchez, M. C., Cushman, S. A. & Saura, S. (2014a). Scale dependence in habitat selection: the case of the endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain). International Journal of Geographical Information Science 28: 1531–1546.Google Scholar

Mateo-Sánchez, M. C., Cushman, S. A. & Saura, S. (2014b). Connecting endangered brown bear subpopulations in the Cantabrian Range (north-western Spain). Animal Conservation 17: 430–440.Google Scholar

Mateo-Sánchez, M. C., Balkenhol, N., Cushman, S., et al. (2015a). A comparative framework to infer landscape effects on population genetic structure: are habitat suitability models effective in explaining gene flow? Landscape Ecology 30: 1405–1420.Google Scholar

Mateo-Sánchez, M. C., Balkenhol, N., Cushman, S., et al. (2015b). Estimating effective landscape distances and movement corridors: comparison of habitat and genetic data. Ecosphere 6(4): 1–16.Google Scholar

Mateo-Sánchez, M. C., Gastón, A., Ciudad, C., et al. (2016). Seasonal and temporal changes in species use of the landscape: how do they impact the inferences from multi-scale habitat modeling? Landscape Ecology 31: 1261–1276.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in Greece: distribution, present status–ecology of a northern Pindus subpopulation. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 187–197.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, G. (1999). Status and management of the brown bear in Greece. In: Servheen, C., Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (Eds.), Bears (pp. 72–81). Gland: IUCN – The World Conservation Union.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, Y. (2000). Incidence of human activities (especially hunting) on brown bear populations in Greece. In: Layna, J. F., Heredia, B., Palomero, G. & Doadrio, I. (Eds.), La conservacion del oso pardo en Europa: un reto de cara al siglo XXI (pp. 117–132). Seville: Fundacion Bioversidad.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, G., Isaak, I., Mavridis, A., et al. (2005). Movements, activity patterns and home range of the brown bear (Ursus arctos, L.) in Rodopi mountain range, Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135: 217–221.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, G., Kallimanis, A. S., Κanellopoulos, N., et al. (2008). Brown bear (Ursus arctos, L.) habitat use patterns in two regions of northern Pindos. Journal of Natural History 42: 301–315.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, G., Korakis, G., Tsiokanos, K. & Aravidis, I. (2009). Expansion of brown bear range in the course of rural abandonment during the 20th century – a case study from the Pindos mountain range. In: Saratsi, E., Burgi, M., Johann, E., Kirby, K. & Moreno, D. W. (Eds.), Woodland cultures in time and space – Tales from the past, messages for the future (pp. 330–337). UK: Embryo Publications.Google Scholar

Mertzanis, G., Mazaris, A., Sgardelis, S., et al. (2011). Telemetry as a tool to study dispersal ability, habitat suitability and distribution patterns of brown bears as affected by the newly constructed Egnatia highway – N. Pindos – Greece. In: Krejcar, O. (Ed.), Moden Telemetry (pp. 307–329). London: InTech Open.Google Scholar

Mills, L. S. & Allendorf, F. W. (1996). The one-migrant-per-generation rule in conservation and management. Conservation Biology 10: 1509–1518.Google Scholar

Morini, P., Pinchera, F. P., Nucci, L. M., et al. (2017). Brown bears in Central Italy: a 15-year study on bear occurrence. European Zoological Journal 84: 26–33.Google Scholar

Naves, J., Wiegand, T., Revilla, E. & Delibes, M. (2003a). Endangered species constrained by natural and human factors: the case of brown bears in northern Spain. Conservation Biology 17: 1276–1289.Google Scholar

Naves, J., Wiegand, T., Revilla, E. & Delibes, M. (2003b). Endangered species constrained by natural and human factors: the case of brown bears in northern Spain. Conservation Biology 17: 1276–1289.Google Scholar

Naves, J., Fernández-Gil, A., Rodríguez, C. & Delibes, M. (2006). Brown bear food habits at the border of its range: a long-term study. Journal of Mammalogy 87: 899–908.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Bischof, R. & Swenson, J. E. (2013). Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator? Biological Conservation 168: 128–133.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Kindberg, J., Sæbø, S., Swenson, J. E. & Støen, O. G. (2014). Brown bear circadian behavior reveals human environmental encroachment. Biological Conservation 173: 1–9.Google Scholar

Ordiz, A., Støen, O. G., Delibes, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2017). Staying cool or staying safe in a human-dominated landscape: which is more relevant for brown bears? Oecologia 185: 191–194.Google Scholar

Palomero, G., Fernández, A. & Naves, J. (1993). Demografía del oso pardo en la Cordillera Cantábrica. In: Naves, J. & Palomero, G. (Eds.), El Oso Pardo (Ursus arctos) en España (pp. 55–80). Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar

Palomero, G., Ballesteros, F., Nores, C., et al. (2007). Trends in number and distribution of brown bear females with cubs-of-the-year in the Cantabrian Mountains, Spain. Ursus 18: 145–157.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Huber, D., Jerina, K., et al. (2018b). Trans-boundary and trans-regional management of a large carnivore: Managing brown bears across national and regional borders in Europe. In: Hovardas, T. (Ed.), Large carnivore conservation and management: Human dimensions and governance. Oxford: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Zarzo-Arias, A., Bombieri, G., et al. (2018c). Density and reproductive characteristics of female brown bears in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain. European Zoological Journal 85: 313–321.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Zarzo-Arias, A., Novo-Fernández, A., Bombieri, G. & Lopez-Sanchez, C. (2019). Responses of an endangered brown bear population to climate change based on predictable food resource and shelter alterations. Global Change Biology 25: 1133–1151.Google Scholar

Penteriani, V., Zarzo-Arias, A., Delgado, M. M., et al. (2020). Female brown bears use areas with infanticide risk in a spatially confined population. Ursus 2020(31e2): 1–9.Google Scholar

Pérez, T., Naves, J., Vázquez, J. F., et al. (2010). Evidence for improved connectivity between Cantabrian brown bear subpopulations. Ursus 21: 104–108.Google Scholar

Pérez, T., Naves, J., Vázquez, J .F., et al. (2014). Estimating the population size of the endangered Cantabrian brown bear through genetic sampling. Wildlife Biology 20: 300–309.Google Scholar

PNALM. (2018). Rapporto orso marsicano 2017 Notiziario PNALM-Natura protetta n 21 estate 2018. Available from www.parcoabruzzo.it/pdf/NaturaProtetta_RapportoOrso2017.pdf [in italian].Google Scholar

Posillico, M., Meriggi, A., Pagnin, E., Lovari, S. & Russo, L. (2004). A habitat model for brown bear conservation and land use planning in the central Apennines. Biological Conservation 118: 141–150.Google Scholar

Ripple, W. J. & Beschta, R. L. (2012). Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation 145: 205–213.Google Scholar

San Miguel, A., Ballesteros, F., Blanco, J. C. & Palomero, G. (Eds.). (2012). Manual de buenas prácticas para la gestión de corredores oseros en la Cordillera Cantábrica. Madrid, Spain: Fundación Oso Pardo (FOA) and Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente.Google Scholar

Schaal, B. A. & Leverich, W. J. (1996). Molecular variation in isolated plant populations. Plant Species Biology 11: 33–40.Google Scholar

Scharf, A. K. & Fernández, N. (2018). Up-scaling local-habitat models for large-scale conservation: assessing suitable areas for the brown bear comeback in Europe. Diversity and Distributions 24: 1573–1582.Google Scholar

Skrbinšek, T., Jelenčič, M., Waits, L. P., et al. (2012). Using a reference population yardstick to calibrate and compare genetic diversity reported in different studies: an example from the brown bear. Heredity 109: 299–305.Google Scholar

Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Endrestøl, A., Hackländer, K., Swenson, J. E. & Zedrosser, A. (2012). The mating system of the brown bear Ursus arctos. Mammal Review 42: 12–34.Google Scholar

Swenson, J. E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. & Zedrosser, A. (2000). Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Europe. Nature and Environment No. 114. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.Google Scholar

Tosoni, E., Boitani, L., Gentile, L., et al. (2017a). Assessment of key reproductive traits in the Apennine brown bear population. Ursus 28: 105–116.Google Scholar

Tosoni, E., Boitani, L., Mastrantonio, G., Latini, R. & Ciucci, P. (2017b). Counts of unique females with cubs in the Apennine brown bear population, 2006–2014. Ursus 28: 1–14.Google Scholar

Treves, A. & Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human–carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation Biology 17: 1491–1499.Google Scholar

Tsaparis, D., Karaiskou, N., Mertzanis, Y. & Triantafyllidis, A. (2014). Non-invasive genetic study and population monitoring of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) (Mammalia: Ursidae) in Kastoria region – Greece. Journal of Natural History 49: 393–410.Google Scholar

Van Gils, H., Westinga, E., Carafa, M., Antonucci, A. & Ciaschetti, G. (2014). Where the bears roam in Majella National Park, Italy. Journal for Nature Conservation 22: 23–34.Google Scholar

Vucetich, J. A. & Waite, T. A. (2000). Is one migrant per generation sufficient for the genetic management of fluctuating populations? Animal Conservation 3: 261–266.Google Scholar

Wiegand, T., Naves, J., Stephan, T. & Fernandez, A. (1998). Assessing the risk of extinction for the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Cordillera Cantabrica, Spain. Ecological Monograph 68: 539–570.Google Scholar

Zarzo-Arias, A., Delgado, M., Ordiz, A., et al. (2018). Brown bear behaviour in human-modified landscapes: the case of the endangered Cantabrian population, NW Spain. Global Change and Conservation 16: e00499.Google Scholar

Zarzo-Arias, A., Penteriani, V., Delgado, M. M., et al. (2019). Identifying potential areas of expansion of the endangered brown bear population in the Cantabrian Mountains (Asturias, NW Spain). PLoS ONE 14(1): e0209972.Google Scholar

Zedrosser, A., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Gossow, H. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past. Biological Conservation 144: 2163–2170.Google Scholar

Book contents

Part III - Human–Bear Coexistence

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive