Index
A., Ernest, 111
access to food/acquisition of food
in general, , , 125
gender and, ,
of the impoverished,
location of ghetto and,
of refugees,
religion and,
social networks and,
trading and, ,
during Warsaw ghetto uprising,
accessibility of ghettos
in general,
Adria Restaurant, 112
the affluent
agriculture,
air raids, 17
Ajzner, Abram, 43
Akawie, Henryk, 43
Aktion 14f13, 183
“arranging a liquidation”, 193
atrocity of hunger, , 90,
Babiacki, Edward, 43
Bakers’ Riot, 128
balagan,
bank accounts, freezing of, 23
Barkai, Avraham, 79
Bart, Tadeusz, 38
Bau, Joseph, 173
Beale, Mendel, 29
Beck, Kuba, 174
begging, for food, ,
Beis Yaakov movement, 122
Bender, Markus, 43
Berg, Mary
on ersatz honey, 72
father of, 164
on food theft, 161
on foot shortages, 20
on illicit use of bakery ovens, 159
on impoverishment of friends, 109
on Jewish police, 41
on luxury foods, 114
mother of, 146
on opening of cafés, 112
on refugees, 189
on seizure of Jewish property, 42
on sexual abuse of Jewish girls, 24
on smuggling, 151
on smuggling by Germans, 147
on soup kitchens, 32
on street food, 158
on travel restrictions, 27
on trek to Warsaw, 18
Berkowicz, Shlomo, 180
Berman, Jakub, 38
Bertgram, Amalia, 96
Bieberstein, Marek
arrest of, 49
criticism on, 36
deportations and, 53
Judenrat leadership of, 35,
ŻSS and, 127
black market
food on
in general,
availability of, 31
cheating and,
dangers of,
illegality of, 31
in Łódź ghetto, 153
in Warsaw ghetto, 153
food rations cards on, 153
Blim, Abraham, 149
“Bloody Thursday”, 45
Bochnik, Halina, 111
Borowski, Tadeusz, 205
Boruch, Praszkier, 123
Borzykowski, Tuvia, 198
Bousko (German guard), 147
Bramson, Ryva, 141
Brand, Regina, 197
Brauner, Henry, 171
“bread seekers”, 6
Brockmier, Abraham, 78
Bryan, Julien Hequembourg, 20
Brzeziny, 192
Buchenholz, Pauline, 171
Bucher, Akiba, 47
Bulwa, Dawid, 47
Bund, Adolf, 153
businesses, seizure of,
Byteńska, Romea, 117
Café Hirschfeld, 112
Café Pod Fontanna, 112
Café Sztuka, 112
cafés/restaurants,
cakes, baking of,
cannibalism, , 204
Carpenters’ Strike,
Caspari, Wilhelm, 77
challah, 120
Chari, Anatol
on entertaining, 113
on grandmother, 121
on uncle, 109
use of social network by, 107
working in gas division, 154
Chari, Piotr, 107
children
begging by, 139
day cares for, 207
of deported parents, 193
orphanages for, ,
running errands by, 181
smuggling by,
supplemental food rations for, 115
Chronicle (Łódź ghetto)
on contagious diseases, 80
on death toll, 88
on food during religious ceremonies, 123
on food theft, 161
on grave diggers health, 79
on increase in private commerce,
on Kitchen no. 2,
on milk supply, 52
on scavenging for food, 102
on supplemental ration coupons, 115
collaborators, 112
coping strategies
Coppée, François, 1
cows, 122
Czerniaków, Adam
arrest of, 40
on black market foods, 31
on cannibalism, 103
on communal hunger relief, 129
criticism on, 36
on food access of workers,
on food prices,
on food rationing, 30
on hunger and humor,
on Jewish Civilian Committee, 37
on Judenrat, 35
on Nazi looting, 22
food distribution to the affluent and, 114
on own position,
physical abuse of, 52
provisioning the poor by, 129
Czerniaków, Niunia, 131
Czuchajowski, Bolesław, 46
daily prayers, hunger and,
Damm, A., 43
Danek-Czortkowa, Aurelia, 144
day cares, 207
death camps. see under specific extermination camps
Dembitzer, Theodor, 47
Department of Food Supply and Economics (Ernährungs Wirtschaftsamt), 55
deportations. see also displacements; refugees
in general, , 200
food as lure for,
food prices and,
hiding from,
into the ghettos
of Jews from surrounding areas,
of Western Jews,
Jewish officials and,
stealing from deportees, 186
dietary laws, ,
digestion, 80
dismissals, 24
doctors, food access of, 180
Draenger, Gusta, 193
Drozdzikowka, Irena, 144
Dube, Alfred
on death by starvation, 86
on ersatz coffee, 102
on food access of Western Jews, 191
on food theft, 164
on hunger pains, 83
on trading for food, 153
duration, of hunger/starvation,
“Dying in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto” (Singer), 93
Dzikover Rebbe (Horowitz, Alter), 123
Edelman, Marek, 199
edema, hunger, 78
Efrati, David, 150
Eichmann, Adolf, 87
Ekerman, Ber Ajzyk, 38
Elberg, Yehuda, 81
entertaining,
Entitlement theory, 6
Epstein, Tatiana, 112
Ernährungs Wirtschaftsamt (Department of Food Supply and Economics), 55
ersatz honey, 72
Esther/Minia, 59
ethnic Germans, 28
evictions, 24
extermination camps. see under specific extermination camps
factory work,
Falk, Max, 146
“Famine and the Female Mortality Advantage” (Macintyre), 88
Faust, Samuel, 43
fecalists, 172
Fels, Edgar, 182
Female Order Service (FOS), 117
fish, 101
Flam, Yaakov, 191
Fogel, Hersz
on deportations, 192
on escape attempt, 18
on food quality, 71
on volunteering for labor assignments, 172
Folman, Chawka, 70
food
begging for, ,
growing of, 32,
health hazards and, 103
hoarding of, 17
portioning of, 101
salvaging of spoiled, 72
scavenging for, 63, ,
selflessness with,
serving of,
spoilage of, 67
stretching techniques for,
trading for, ,
food banks, 210
food fantasies,
food rations/rationing
in general,
condition of,
deportations and, 193
insufficiency of,
in Kraków ghetto,
in Łódź ghetto, , 61,
meat, 99
ration cards corruption and,
trade in, 153
in Warsaw ghetto, , 129
withholding of, 182
food strikes,
food-stretching techniques,
foreign aid,
Förster, Aleksander, 124
FOS (Female Order Service), 117
Fraenkel, Gershon, 79
Frankfurt, Artur, 43
Frankl, Victor, 82
Frenkel, Sara, 92
Friedman, Ben, 10
Frisch, Dawid, 47
fund raising, charitable, , ,
G., Mrs., 182
G., Sylvia, 173
gardening,
Gelkopf, Jakub, 146
gender/gender roles
in general,
Generalgouvernement for the Occupied Polish Territories
anti-Jewish measures of,
establishment of, 26
genocide, by attrition, ,
Gepner, Abraham, 38
German police (Kripo), , ,
Germans, interactions between Jews and,
Gerszowski, Pinkus, 43
Gertler, Dawid, 36
Gertler, Michal, 224
Geto-Tsaytung (journal), 130
ghetto currencies, 153
“Ghetto Kingdom” (Spiegel),
ghetto police
food theft by, 190
Jewish
bribing of,
deportation of,
establishment of, 41
food access of, 177
requirements of candidates, 41
Warsaw ghetto, 41
smuggling by, 147
ghettos
entertaining in,
German administration over, , 54
as labor-focused ghettos, , 187
liquidation of,
longevity of, 111
non-Jews in,
restaurants/cafés in,
types of, 7
Glass, W., 43
Glatter, Stanisław, 43
Głowny Dom Schronienia (Main Shelter Home),
Gluecksberg, Rachmil Henryk, 38
Goldfeder, Moszek, 166
Goldflus, Joachim, 47
Golkin, Arline T., 165
Goodchild, Sam, 198
Gottleib, Izydor, 47
Greif, Maksmilian, 47
Greiser, Arthur, 27
Grüner, Marcel, 177
Grunhut, Ziuta, 173
Grynberg, Mr., 173
Gutman, Jakub, 43
Gutsztat, Eliezer, 121
Gutter, David, 49
H., Alice,
Haber, Maurycy, 47
Haberfeld, Lusia, 97
Harel, Miriam,
Hasenfus, Chaim, 139
Hasman, Avraham, 162
Hass, Jeffrey, 6
Heilman, Anna, 173
Heinrich, Hermann, 124
Helman, Dawid Lajb, 43
Hemar, Alice, 174
Hershkovitz, Yankele
on access to food, 111
food fantasies in songs of, 84
on hunger, 91
on ration card corruption, 163
survival and death of, 140
Hertz, Jakub, 43
Hertz, Mieczysław, 43
Herzog, Chaim Samuel, 47
hoarding, of food, 17
Hochenberg, Szmul, 43
Hoffman, George, 197
Hollander, Joseph, 65
Holocaust studies, shifts in,
Holzinger, Frau, 174
Horowitz, Alter (Dzikover Rebbe), 123
horsemeat, 101
Huberband, Shimon
on executions, 167
on holiday meals, 26
on jokes on hunger, 85
on policemen, 109
on ritual slaughter, 72
humor, hunger/starvation and,
hunger foods,
hunger pains, 83
hunger relief systems. see also under specific ghettos and initiatives
in general, 126
charities and private initiatives, , , 63,
failure of, ,
foreign aid and,
before the German occupation, 110
official communal, ,
for refugees, ,
hunger taboo consumptions,
impoverishment
irritability,
Jakubowicz-Loewi, Marsha, 146
Jamier, Szylim Ber, 38
Jaszuński, Ignacy, 43
Jaszuński, Józef, 38
Jewish Civilian Committee of the Capital City of Warsaw, 37
Joskowicz, Estusia, 161
Judenrat of Warsaw. see also Czerniaków, Adam
criticism of, 36
departments of,
leadership of, 35
members of,
political representation of population in, 38
workings of,
Judenräte (Jewish Councils). see also under specific Judenräte
after establishment of ghettos,
establishment of, 35
physical abuse of members of, , 52
Jüdische Unterstützungstelle (JUS), 127
K., Mrs., 153
Kaminski, Adam,
Kaplan, Chaim Aron
on air raids, 17
on begging,
on closed ghettos, 37
on creation of Warsaw ghetto, 39
criticism on Judenrat by, 36
on death sentences for smuggling, 152
on eating kosher, 122
on eviction from home, 24
on food acquisition, 32
food fantasies of, 82
on food lines, 19
on food prices, 158
on foot shortages, 20
on Hanukkah celebration, 136
on job loss, 108
on physical abuse of Jews, 21
on smuggling, 147
Kapusta, Josek, 161
Karp, Bella, 96
Kitchen no. 2,
Klein, Eddie, 124
Kleinberger, Wladislaus, 47
Kliger, Marek, 36
Klimec, Stanisław, 46
Knoll, Renia, 156
Kobryner, Edward Eliasz, 38
Korczak, Janusz, 86
Kraków
bombing of, 17
food availability in,
food prices in, 31
Jewish community in. see also Kraków ghetto
in general,
freezing of assets of, 23
reception of refugees by, 10
shadow leadership of, 36
political orientation of population of, 8
Kraków ghetto
in general, 9
entrance to, 50
establishment of, 49
extent of, 50
food distribution in
based on survivors accounts, 61
charitable organizations, 63
private food shops, 64
rationing of,
food provisioning in
in general,
agricultural production,
charitable organizations, 132
food packages, 69
food processing,
official communal,
Ger Hasids in, 122
labor inside of,
labor outside of, 173
as labor-focused ghetto, 187
longevity of, 111
mail service in, 69
population density of, 50
resistance in, 9
restaurants and cafés in,
starvation in, ,
Kripo (German police), , ,
Kroll, Renia, 156
Krywaniu, Helena, 144
Kurshenbaum, Renny,
Labedz, Lazarz, 38
labor, food acquisition and
in general, 25,
inside of the ghettos
in general, 169,
of community employees,
dangerous jobs, 172
forced,
hierarchy of jobs,
Kraków ghetto,
piecework, 180
private employment,
social networks and,
supplemental work,
Warsaw ghetto, 170
outside of the ghettos,
Lajzerowicz, Mordechaj, 225
Lando, Jakub, 43
laws of kashrut, ,
leadership, Jewish. see also Judenräte (Jewish Councils):leadership of
and ghetto creation, 37
shadow, , 41,
Left Poalei Tsiyon, 136
Leinkram, Bernard, 47
Lesser, Benjamin,
Leszczyński, Jakub, 43
Lewi, Sarenka, 175
Leyson, Leon
on air-raids, 17
on father bringing home food, 146
on finding food, 95
on food-stretching techniques, 98
on hunger, 83
on physical abuse of Jews, 21
on running errands, 181
on trading goods for food, 154
Leyson, Tsalig, 181
Librowitz, Lubra, 83
Lichtensztajn, Izrael, 209
Lichtig, Samuel, 47
Lictenbaum, Marek, 38
Lieberman, Fiszel, 43
Lipstadt, David, 194
“liquidation, arranging a”, 193
Łódź
bombing of, 17
Jewish community in. see also Łódź ghetto
in general,
barred from work, 24
forced migration of Jews from, 29
freezing of assets of, 23
political organization of, 12
restrictions on movement of,
shadow leadership of, 36
political orientation of population of, 8
textile industry in, 12
Łódź ghetto
as labor-focused ghetto, , 187
children in, 58
communal kitchens in, 137
deportations into,
diary excerpts from. see Les Vrais Riches (Coppée)
food prices in,
food provisioning in
in general, ,
agricultural production, , 70
charitable organizations, 132
food packages, 69
food processing,
refugees’ impact on,
food strikes in,
ghetto songs from, 86
Jewish police in, 45
Judaism in, 123
judiciary in, 145
labor in, 170
longevity of, 111
mail service in, 69
population density of, 45
public utilities in,
restaurants and cafés in, 112
smuggling of food into,
starvation in, , 56
Summary Court in,
survival in,
wire fence around,
Love Your Neighbor as Yourself (We’ohawta L’reacha Kamocha), 123
Lutomierski, Mendele, 121
M., Freda, 45
M., Jacob (member of fire brigade)
on food-stretching techniques, 153
on hunger, 177
on prostitution, 181
on smuggling by Germans, 147
on trading for food, 191
M., Josek, 166
Macintyre, Kate, 88
mail service,
Main Shelter Home (Głowny Dom Schronienia),
Majer, Samuel, 47
Margulis, Meyer,
meat, 101
Meltzer, Ruzha, 116
mental abilities, decrease in,
Meszorer, Josef, 149
migration, as coping strategy for hunger, 105
Milejkowski, Izrael, 38
Miller, Bernard, 47
Millman, Edith, 137,
Mokrski, Leon, 43
Morgenbesser, Rafał, 47
movement, restrictions on,
Müller, Berta, 174
Müller-Madej, Stella, 174
Najman, Aron Dawid, 224
Najman, Luzer, 224
Neftalin, Henry, 225
Nelken, Halina
on baking cakes, 98
on cafés,
on entertaining, 113
food fantasies of,
on food lines, 73
on food rations/rationing, , 63
on forced labor assignment, 171
on lack of fuel, 63
on non-Jews working in ghetto, 124
on piecework, 180
receiving food gifts by, 114
on sauerkraut making, 73
on trading goods for food, 154
Netzer, Esther, 150
Nirenberg, Yankl, 27
non-food additives, 96
Nothm, Nathan, 71
Nowimiast, Symon, 47
Opoczynski, Peretz, 33
opportunity thefts, ,
Otsap, Avrohom, 72
P., Ludmilla, 29
Pankiewicz, Tadeusz
on deportations, 193
employees of, 144
on private food shops, 64
on refugees, 192
on street trade, 154
Pantirer, Murray, 150
Patronage for Torah Students, 123
“Pe Kadosch” (Holy Mouth), 121
Pemper, Mieczysław, 22
Person, Katarzyna, 182
physical abuse
in general,
food acquisition and, , 73
of Judenrat members, , 52
during labor assignments, ,
Piaseczner Rebbe (Shapira, Kalonymos Kalmish), 135
Pick, Chil Majer, 43
Piłsudski, Józef, 9
Pionka, Aliza, 94
Pisar, Samuel, 84
Poland. see also under specific cities and ghettos
treatment of Jews in, 9
Polanski, Ryszard, 18
postcards, to lure deportees, 194
Poznanski, Jakub
on begging, 138
on food distribution to the affluent, 114
on food strikes,
on private food shops, 55
on quality of food, 97
on reasons for starvation, 56
Praszkier, Boruch, 224
private employment,
productivity, hunger/starvation and,
property, Jewish
seizure of
in general,
businesses,
in Warsaw ghetto,
prostitution, 95,
R., Pinchas, 21
Rappaport, Schabse, 47
Ratner, Jakob, 163
Rawicki, Jerry, 199
ready meals, 154
Red Cross, 127
restaurants/cafés, , 122
Riechert, Eugen, 48
Ringelblum, Emanuel, 67
on closing of Warsaw ghetto, 40
on death sentences for smuggling, 152
on food fantasies, 82
on food packages, 69
on food prices, 157
on food seizures, 146
on food-stretching techniques, 98
on gardening, 70
on impoverishment, 109
returning to Warsaw, 19
on soup kitchens,
Rosen, Bluma, 94
Rosenberg, Jacob, 30
Rosenblatt, Leon, 45
Rosenfeld, Oskar, 89, 123
on arrival in the Łódź ghetto, 186
on child beggars, 139
on food access of Western Jews, 191
on food as lure for deportations, 193
on food fantasies, 83
on food for refugees, 133
on food prices,
on food theft, 165
on hunger and humor, 85
on hunger foods, 96
on irritability caused by hunger, 81
on physical effects of starvation, 78
on portioning of food, 101
on receiving food gifts, 113
on scavenging for food, 102
on starvation and sacrificing,
on theft of possessions of the dead, 163
Rosensztat, Bolesław, 38
Rothschild, Blanka, 23
Rotkopf-Blair, Tonia, 27
Rozen, Chil, 38
Rozen, Jonas, 43
Rozentha, Baruch Wolf, 38
Różycki, Stanisław, 152
Rubin, Leon, 43
Rumkowska, Helena, 136
Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 114, 115, 117, 123, 124, 130, 132, 136, 165, 170, 175
Carpenters’ Strike and, 179
on closing times of food distribution points, 156
critcism on, 36
deportations and, 53
elected to Judenrat, 35
on food access of works, 183
on food as lure for deportations, 194
food distribution to the affluent and, 114
food during holidays and, 60
on food prices inside ghetto,
on food riots, 128
on food theft, 165
Judenrat leadership of,
on orphaned children, 193
physical abuse of, 52
on rationing, 190
on reasons for starvation, 56
sending of food gifts by, 113
on soup kitchens, 57
use of soup kitchens by, 138
S., Eva, 21
S., Frania, 161
sacrificing
by family members,
of the vulerable,
Salpeter, Leon (Leib),
Schiff, Rosalie, 189
Schlachet, Dr., 47
Schlang, Dawid, 47
Schlosser, Jakub, 43
Schmur, Aron, 47
Schutzstaffel (SS), 28,
Schwartz, Herman, 38
selflessness, with food,
Selver-Urbach, Sara, 73
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 26
Shapira, Kalonymos Kalmish (Piaseczner Rebbe), 135
shellfish, canned, 101
short-weighting of food, 165
Siebert, Paul,
Singer, Oskar
on bread prices, , 196
on cheating on black market,
on salvaging of food, 72
on starvation and sacrificing, 93
on withholding food rations, 182
singing beggars,
smuggling of food, 16, 94, , 174, 192, 205
bribing and,
by children,
by Germans, 147
by ghetto police, 147
large-scale operations,
of livestock,
into Łódź ghetto,
of meat, 72,
policing of,
trams and,
social networks, 5, 7, 19, 31, 34, 53, 91, 94, 95, 105,
food access and,
jobs/occupations and, , 224
survival and, 107
socialism, Jewish, 12
soup, 17, 20, 25, 60, 64, 70, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 86, 91, 94, 95, 98, 99, 102, 118, 119, 125, 126, 128, , 142, 153, 162, 172, 175, 176, 178, 180, 192, 194, 196
food rations cards for, 153
as food-stretching technique,
as payment, 181,
price of, 158
scams with, 165
soup kitchens, , see also soup
in general, , 133
as gathering places for underground activities, 122,
in Kraków ghetto, 62
in Kraków ghettoin Kraków ghetto, 63
in Łódź ghetto, ,
types of,
sources, used for this study,
Spiegel, Isaiah, , 162
Spielman, Wladislaw, 112
Spira, Ascher, 47
Spira, Simcha, 123
Spira, Symche, 149
spoilage, of food, 67
‘spoon’ campaigns, 137
Stahl, Dawid, 43
Star of David, , 30
Starzyński, Stefan, 37
Steinberg, Joachim, 47
Steindig-Lindberg, Gustava, 169
stews, as food-stretching technique, 98
survival, factors of,
Süssman, Pola, 96
sweeteners,
Switgal, Robert, 43
Szajniak, Abram, 225
Szczesliwy, Mendel, 57
Szereszewski, Stanisław, 38
Szpiro, Dawid, 38
Sztokhamer, Szymon, 38
Sztolcman, Abram, 38
Taubler, Maurycy, 47
Teichtal, Izak, 47
Tempel, Hilary, 38
theft of food, 106,
from deportees, 186
large-scale operations,
opportunity theft,
punishment for, 166
theft, of possessions of the dead, 163
Toprol Society, 70
trading, for food, ,
Treblinka extermination camp, 187
Turski, Marian, 98
volunteering, for forced labor, 172
the vulnerable/weak
sacrifice of the,
suffering of,
supplemental food rations for,
W., Tola, 154
Wächter, Otto, 49
Walker, Peter, 4
Ware, Anna, 173
Warsaw
bombing of, 17
capitulation of, 20
connection with ghetto, 41
food prices in, 29
Jewish community in. see also Warsaw ghetto
in general,
freezing of assets of, 23
shadow leadership of, 36
theft of funds of, 23
political inclination of population of, 8
refugees in, 39
Warsaw ghetto
communal kitchens in, 137
creation of,
death by starvation in, 86
extent of, 40
food provisioning in
in general,
agricultural production,
charitable organizations,
food packages, 69
food processing,
official communal, ,
hunger/starvation in, 2
Jewish police in, 41
labor in, 170
liquidation of, 188,
longevity, 111
mail service in, 69
quarantine center at, 133
refugee center in,
religious study groups in,
restaurants and cafés in, 112
seizure of property in,
Warszawsk, Zygmunt, 43
Warszawski, Dawid, 43
Wasser, Mordechaj, 105,
We’ohawta L’reacha Kamocha (Love Your Neighbor as Yourself), 123
weddings, 123
Wehrman, Tola, 64
Weichert, Michal, 127
Weinreich, Aneta,
Weinstein, Izydor, 43
Windman, Dawid, 43
Wisniewski, Stanislaw, 146
Wyszewiański, Maks, 43
Z., Rubin, 166
Zabludowski, Bernard, 38
Zawadzki (smuggler), 146
Zdunska Wol, 192
Zelkowicz, Josef (Jozef), 115, 138, 165, 172
on begging, 138
on dangerous jobs, 172
on death by starvation, , 141
on extra food rations, 83
on food lines,
on food rationing, 59
on kosher vs. non-kosher foods, 100
on living on poor relief, 109
on parents with hungry children, 83
on scavenging for, 102
on selling assets for food, 93
on short-weighting of food, 165
on soup kitchens, 57
on starvation and sacrificing, 94
on unscrupulous shopkeepers, 159
Zimmerman, Henryk, 46
Zionism, 12
Zurowski, Ludwig, 146
Zylberg, Michael, 79
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