Index

doi:10.1017/9781009434713.014

Index

Acosta, Ricardo, 209

Afghanistan, 29, 30, 33, 278

Africa, 12, 27, 29, 48, 49, 125, 126, 129, 131, 133, 135, 145, 157, 160, 165, 169, 171, 181, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 209, 210, 213, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233. See also Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

East Africa, 110, 126, 164, 175, 231

sub-Saharan Africa, 104, 158–180, 226, 227, 231

West Africa, 109, 126, 130, 135–157, 187, 212, 227, 273

Africa Rice Center, 137, 166

African Agricultural Technology Foundation, 231

African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT). See trypanosomiasis

agribusiness, 6, 14, 75, 76, 78, 85, 87, 125, 199, 288, 291, 301, 308 See also private sector; seed industry

agricultural economics, 11, 39, 81, 82, 120, 123, 167

agricultural research for development (AR4D), 159, 179

agro-ecology, 11, 19, 27, 28, 31, 33, 40, 41, 42, 49, 152, 165, 186, 188, 221, 267, 282, 299

al-Assad, Bashar, 17, 41

al-Assad, Hafez, 23, 35, 36, 37, 41

Albania, 278

Algeria, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33

Alliance for Progress, 75, 77, 183, 198

Altieri, Miguel, 299, 300

Andean region, 69

Arab-Israeli war, 23

Arafat, Yasser, 37

Argentina, 40, 189, 190, 210

Arid Land Agricultural Development program (ALAD), 25, 33

arid regions. See drylands

Asia, 6, 18, 46, 48, 49, 50, 72, 80, 104, 124, 126, 131, 149, 181, 185, 190, 205, 210, 213, 221, 224, 232

Central Asia, 24, 42

South Asia, 97, 273

Southeast Asia, 93, 186

Western Asia, 21, 41. See also Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Asian Development Bank, 119, 129

Australia, 129, 186, 278

Ba’ath Party, 23, 35

bananas, 80, 145, 202

Bangladesh War, 52, 60

Bänziger, Marianne, 227

barley, 24, 26, 39, 40, 104, 249, 276

Beachell, Henry, 138

beans, 11, 65, 83, 127, 181–206, 244, 272

bean breeding, 11, 181, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 195, 197, 200, 201, 205

broad beans, 39

velvet beans, 108, 109, 112

Belgium, 129

Bell, David, 84, 85

Bellagio meetings, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 162

Bennett, Erna, 267, 268, 270, 272, 276

Bigirwenkya, Z.H.K., 31

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 227, 230, 285

biotechnology, 173, 229, 230, 232, 253, 260, 277, 292, 297, 298

transgenic animals, 159, 170, 174

transgenic plants, 231, 291, 297, 298, 306

Bioversity International, 12, 13, 255, 256, 257, 281, 282, 302, 304 See also International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR); International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)

Boerma, Addeke Hendrik, 24, 122, 127

Bolivia, 83, 190

Borlaug, Norman, 79, 89, 101, 120, 121, 122, 123, 138, 217, 218, 220, 270

Bouaké research station, 142, 148, 151, 154

Brazil, 71, 83, 186, 189, 192, 273

British Empire, 20, 24, 35, 140, 142, 143, 149

Brown, Lester R., 191

Bunting, A. H., 129

cacao, 70, 80 See also cocoa

Canada, 9, 25, 99, 119, 129

capitalism, 7, 9, 36, 64, 77, 121, 125, 206, 287, 289, 300, 308, 309

foreign investment, 37, 41, 78

Caribbean region, 80, 84, 85, 189, 195

Carter, Jimmy, 220

cassava, 5, 65, 83, 84, 145, 183, 185, 186, 192

cattle, 5, 70, 83, 159, 161, 162, 163, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 198, 199, 200, 202

beef, 83, 173, 193, 198, 199, 200

dairy, 173, 205

Cauca Valley Corporation (CVC), 73, 74, 76, 82, 85

Central America, 11, 84, 98, 108, 110, 181–206, 221, 222, 273

conflict in, 193, 197, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206

Central American Cooperative Program for the Cultivation and Improvement of Food Cultivars (PCCMCA), 194

Central American Corn Improvement Program, 91

Centre de Recherche Agronomique du Bambey (Senegal), 128

CGIAR, 1, 63, 92, 119, 158, 179, 180, 181, 237, 253

and CIMMYT, 89, 94, 106, 108, 112, 212

and IBPGR, 243, 246, 272

and ICARDA, 34, 38, 39, 42

and ICRISAT, 51, 59, 88, 117, 139, 158, 181, 210, 234, 286

and ILCA, 165

and ILRAD, 163, 164

and ILRI, 168, 169

and WARDA, 149, 156

centers, 68, 159

founding of, 24, 50, 81, 120, 162, 210

funding, 155, 169, 170, 249

genetic resources management, 250, 259, 261, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 284

independent legal personality of, 294

intellectual property in, 286, 309

mission, 1, 17, 44, 104, 130, 160, 234, 237, 254, 257

organization of, 163, 174, 183, 248

Research Programs (CRPs), 159, 174, 175, 176, 177

Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), 2, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 38, 39, 42, 51, 55, 127, 128, 129, 139, 167, 170, 212, 239, 269

Chandler, Robert F., 148, 191

Charan Singh, Chaudhury, 60, 62

Chavarriaga, Eduardo, 78

Chenna Reddy, Marri, 60

chickpeas, 39, 49, 56, 57, 124, 127, 128, 133, 244

Chile, 90, 121, 189

China, 7, 8, 52, 77, 135, 136, 137, 146, 157, 210

CIAT. See International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

CIMMYT. See International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)

CIP. See International Potato Center (CIP)

citrus fruit, 71

climate change, 5, 26, 64, 68, 86, 112, 233, 254

cocoa, 140, 141, 146, 278

coffee, 70, 71, 140, 141, 199, 201, 202, 204, 278

Cold War, 1, 6, 9, 18, 19, 24, 37, 42, 46, 51, 52, 62, 64, 67, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 81, 87, 98, 116, 146, 149, 181, 202, 206, 220

anti-communism, 22, 25, 46, 75, 181, 205

containment, 18, 37, 42

Colombia, 7, 10, 48, 63–87, 90, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 192

conflict in, 64, 70

La Violencia, 73, 74

Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 183, 184

Colombian Agricultural Program (CAP), 72, 76, 79, 82, 182, 183, 186

Colombian Institute for Agrarian Reform (INCORA), 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87

Colombian Sugarcane Growers Association (ASOCAÑA), 64, 76, 86, 87

colonialism, 6, 11, 22, 80, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 154, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162, 254

Comeau, John, 51, 128

commodity-focused research, 40, 168, 174

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), 186, 262

communism, 76, 98, 116, 206. See also Cold War: anti-communism; Cold War:containment

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). See CGIAR

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 247, 250, 255, 256, 280, 281, 294

Cooperative Regional Project on Beans for Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean (PROFRIJOL), 189, 196, 197

corn. See maize

Costa Rica, 84, 106, 190, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 201, 202

cotton, 24, 80, 109, 140, 142, 143, 199, 200, 204, 244

Crawford, John, 127

crop descriptors, 234–258

crop diversity. See genetic resources

crop improvement. See plant breeding

Cuba, 7, 77, 278

Cuban Revolution, 74, 78, 205

Cummings, Ralph W., 44, 47, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 62, 128

de la Madrid, Miguel, 107

debt crisis, 199, 204

decolonization, 21, 145, 146, 147, 155

postcolonialism, 3, 6, 27, 35, 38, 62, 117, 146, 156

Demuth, Richard, 25, 127

dependency theory, 121

Desai, Morarji, 60

deterritorialization, 66, 85

Doggett, Hugh, 51, 128

Dominican Republic, 106

Dougall, H. W., 145

drylands, 10, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 40, 41, 42, 49, 56, 58, 124

dryland crops, 26, 45, 48, 49, 55

Dulles, John Foster, 22

DuPont Pioneer, 86

East Coast fever (ECF), 162, 164, 168

Economic Commission for Africa, 119

Ecuador, 83, 190, 192, 278

Eder, Harold, 65, 74

Eder, James “Santiago,” 70

Egypt, 20, 21

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 22, 42

El Salvador, 106, 107, 193, 197, 202, 203, 204, 205

Ethiopia, 165, 273, 278

Europe, 9, 11, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 32, 34, 104, 130, 132, 139, 140, 159, 177, 194, 253, 292, 306

European Association for Research on Plant Breeding (EUCARPIA), 264

European Commission/International Fund for Agricultural Development (EC-IFAD), 175

European Economic Community, 129

European Plant Genetic Resources Search Catalogue (EURISCO), 253

excellence, 12, 158, 159, 170, 179

institutional excellence, 138, 160, 179

research excellence, 157, 159, 171, 173, 179

scientific excellence, 11, 128, 160, 161, 163, 179

Falcon, Walter, 293

Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, 202

farming systems research, 14, 38, 39, 41, 85, 108, 139, 153, 155, 156, 167, 169

fertilizers, 65, 84, 108, 109, 115, 133, 136, 141, 145, 149, 150, 201, 217, 223, 228, 289

Fiji, 246

Flores, Marina, 191

Ford Foundation, 1, 25, 32, 46, 48, 49, 51, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85, 90, 95, 98, 109, 119, 128, 145, 183, 212

Ford, Gerald R., 37

France, 86, 119, 146, 148, 155, 156

Frankel, Otto, 265, 267, 270, 277

French Empire, 20, 35, 140, 142, 143, 149

Gandhi, Indira, 9, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62

Gates Foundation. See Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Gaud, William S., 115

Gauger, L., 128

gender, 5, 8, 14, 147, 150, 221, 222

gene banks, 12, 17, 188, 194, 236, 238, 239, 244, 246, 248, 251, 257, 259, 267, 268, 269, 270, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283. See also Svalbard Global Seed Vault, germplasm collection

genetic erosion, 259, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 284

genetic resources, 7, 12, 13, 63, 186, 194, 229, 238, 240, 242, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 256, 259–285, 301 See also gene banks; germplasm collections

Commission on Plant Genetic Resources (FAO), 280, 281

Genetic Resources Action International (GRAIN), 287, 299

Germany, Federal Republic of, 129

germplasm collections, 42, 57, 72, 80, 94, 101, 102, 108, 128, 131, 133, 185, 186, 188, 194, 214, 239, 241, 246, 250, 260, 262, 273 See also gene banks

Gerpacio, Roberta, 224

Ghana, 145, 147, 149, 156

Gil Preciado, Juan, 95

Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust), 63, 274, 281

Global Forum for Agricultural Research (GFAR), 250

Global Harvest Initiative, 86

global public goods, 13, 211, 224, 230, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 296, 300, 302

goats, 27, 166

Grant, Ulysses Jerry, 82, 84

Gray, Clarence, 48, 49

Green Revolution, 2, 24, 49, 72, 81, 115, 117, 120, 124, 134, 137, 145, 190, 200, 205, 206, 210, 220, 226, 239, 242, 261, 269, 270, 285

African Green Revolution, 137, 226

Central America, 181, 202

critiques, 6

extension of, 25, 38, 55, 58, 118, 122, 124, 127

India, 45, 58

social unrest caused by, 115, 121, 123

Gregory, W. C., 129

groundnuts, 56, 57, 118, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 140

groundnut breeding, 11, 117, 126, 131, 132

Guatemala, 106, 109, 191, 192, 193, 194, 199, 202, 203, 204, 215, 222

Haiti, 106

Hanson, Haldore, 105

Hardin, Lowell S., 79, 80, 87, 119, 120, 121, 187

Harrar, J. George, 92, 95, 101, 148

hemp, 71

Henry, Paul Marc, 148

high-yielding varieties, 47, 49, 72, 106, 119, 133, 184, 190, 200, 205, 206, 265

hogs, 83, 84, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179

pork, 175, 176, 177

Holguín, Roberto, 79

Honduras, 106, 192, 193, 194, 202

Horsch, Robert, 297

House, Lee, 56

hunger, 19, 25, 46, 58, 59, 98, 102, 105, 108, 112, 116, 122, 124, 190, 212, 218, 221, 302 See also malnutrition

famine, 58, 97, 98, 122, 210

IBPGR. See International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR)

ICARDA. See International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)

ICRISAT. See International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

IITA. See International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)

ILCA. See International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)

ILRAD. See International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD)

ILRI. See International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

imperialism, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 161, 262 See also colonialism

India, 2, 9, 29, 44–62, 82, 98, 115, 116, 124, 125, 128, 131, 144, 215, 224, 270, 304

Indian Agricultural Program, 90

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), 44, 47, 53

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 44, 49, 56, 57

Indigenous knowledge, 109, 167, 253, 254

Indonesia, 50

Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrières (IRAT), 146, 147

intellectual property, 1, 12, 13, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 253, 277, 279, 286, 309

Inter-American Development Bank, 77, 119, 186

Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), 194

Inter-Asian Corn Program, 213, 215, 221

International Agri-Food Network, 297

International Arachis Newsletter, 133

International Association of Plant Breeders for the Protection of Plant Varieties (ASSINSEL), 264, 278, 287, 298

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 24, 31, 126, 127

International Biological Program, 264

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), 239, 241, 243, 244, 247, 249, 257, 270, 271, 275, 277, 279, 280

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), 10, 17–43, 64, 276, 304

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 10, 48, 63–87, 120, 181–206, 302

International Coalition for Development Action, 277

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 9, 10, 11, 28, 29, 44–62, 117, 129, 131, 132, 276, 302, 304, 306

International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 25, 128

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 8, 89

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 10, 48, 81, 84, 85, 89, 126, 127, 148, 151, 152, 156, 183, 186, 212, 304

International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), 158, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 176, 179

International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), 158, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 176, 179

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 6, 158–180, 302, 304

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 6, 9, 12, 25, 40, 88–112, 117, 127, 159, 180, 183, 191, 209–233, 264, 276, 300, 302, 308

International Maize Improvement Consortia, 225

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 257, 274, 281

International Potato Center (CIP), 8, 246, 276

international public goods. See global public goods

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 6, 81, 90, 93, 117, 137, 148, 149, 156, 159, 183, 184, 209, 264, 276, 291, 308

International Seed Trade Federation, 287, 298

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 250, 252, 256, 281

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 247, 279

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), 277, 279, 280, 295

International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 6, 8

IPGRI. See International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)

IR8 rice variety, 137, 138, 184, 200, 201

Iran, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 278

Iranian Revolution of 1979, 34, 35

Iraq, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 41

IRRI. See International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

irrigation, 20, 26, 27, 40, 41, 55, 73, 74, 100, 108, 141, 142, 143, 145, 149, 185, 201

Israel, 21, 22, 35, 37

Italy, 119, 187

Ivory Coast, 141, 142, 143, 155

Jadid, Salah, 23

Jamaica, 106

Japan, 9, 119, 132, 220

Johnson, Lyndon B., 119

Jones, Monty, 135

Jordan, 21, 34

Joshi, A.B., 47

Kellogg Foundation, 77, 183, 186

Kemp, Steve, 171

Kennedy, John F., 75, 183

Kenya, 172, 216, 223, 227

Khrushchev, Nikita, 22

Khush, Gurdev, 138

Kissinger, Henry, 37

Kuwait, 32, 41

land reform, 65, 75, 77, 87, 183, 202

land tenancy, 199, 200

later-generation development problems. See second-generation development problems

Latin America, 6, 10, 27, 40, 64, 80, 82, 84, 104, 181, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 201, 204, 210, 213, 232, 264

Le Buanec, Bernard, 297

Lebanese civil war, 17, 34

Lebanon, 10, 17, 21, 22, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37

legumes, 38, 82, 123, 124, 126, 127, 133, 166, 181, 183, 188, 201

lentils, 39, 244

Liberia, 147, 155

Libya, 278

Lillienthal, David, 73

limited exclusivity agreements, 307, 308

livestock research, 39, 75, 158–180, 183, 185. See also cattle; hogs

Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 75

López Mateos, Adolfo, 92, 93

maize, 7, 12, 47, 63, 69, 71, 80, 82, 83, 91, 94, 96, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 181, 182, 183, 193, 194, 200, 201, 202, 205, 209, 217, 241, 262, 264, 272, 273, 276, 308

high-lysine maize, 218, 219, 220, 233

hybrid maize, 209, 211, 215, 220, 223, 224, 225, 231, 232, 268

maize breeding, 12, 67, 72, 79, 82, 92, 95, 209–233

open-pollinated varieties, 211, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224, 226, 232

stress tolerant maize, 227, 228, 233

Majidi, Abdul Majid, 31

Malawi, 222

Malaysia, 50

Mali, 140, 148, 149, 150

malnutrition, 68, 125, 181, 187, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 206, 217, 226. See also protein gap

Mangelsdorf, Paul, 213

marginal zones, 62, 76, 80, 82, 85, 107, 200, 202, 224, 225

MasAgro, 110

Mata, Leonardo, 191

Mauboussin, J. C., 129

McKelvey, John, 159, 162

McLaren, Donald, 198

McNamara, Robert, 9, 50, 81

mega-environments, 221

Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP), 47, 72, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 103, 112, 182, 274

Mexico, 2, 7, 9, 40, 47, 71, 81, 84, 88–112, 117, 182, 183, 186, 187, 189, 192, 195, 209, 210, 213, 214, 215, 222, 223, 225, 227, 264, 274, 278

Mid-American State Universities Association, 77

Middle East, 189 See Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 3, 17–43, 104

millet, 47, 49, 56, 57, 124, 126, 128, 140, 244, 272

modernization theory, 22, 121

Monsanto, 229, 231, 297

Mooney, Pat, 277

Morocco, 29

Myers, Will, 119, 122, 148

Mzima project, 171, 172, 173

Naik, K.C., 53, 54

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 22, 23

National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA), 91, 95

Near East and North Africa. See Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 46

Nestlé, 125

Netherlands, 129

New International Economic Order, 122

New Rices for Africa (NERICA), 135, 136, 137

Nicaragua, 106, 193, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 278

Nigeria, 10, 48, 81, 84, 85, 126, 129, 130, 147, 148, 149, 156, 157, 183, 185, 186, 226

Nippon Foundation, 220

Nixon, Richard M., 51, 52, 59

North America, 187, 194, 198, 200, 292

Norway, 63, 129

Nour, M., 38

Novartis Foundation, 231

Nutrition Institute of Central America and Panama (INCAP), 191

Office du Niger, 140, 141, 144, 150

Office for Overseas Scientific and Technological Research (ORSTOM), 129, 230

oil (crops), 123, 130, 131, 132, 140, 141, 205, 244

oil (petroleum), 19, 22, 31, 32, 41, 198, 204

OPEC crisis of 1973, 32

One CGIAR, 14, 257, 307, 308

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 119

Organization of American States (OAS), 75

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 32

Orientalism, 19, 20

Ottoman Empire, 20, 21, 22, 27, 35, 36, 38

overpopulation, 46, 98, 122. See also population growth

Overseas Development Administration (United Kingdom), 128

Pakistan, 50, 52, 60, 98, 115, 116, 123

Pal, B. P., 44, 47, 49

Palestine, 20, 21, 34

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 34, 37

Paliwal, Ripsudan, 224

Palmira Agricultural Experiment Station, 71, 72, 75, 80

Panama, 106, 192, 193

Papua New Guinea, 246

participatory research, 108, 109, 110, 112, 154, 222, 282

participatory varietal selection (PVS), 154, 155

pasture and forage crops, 38, 65, 83, 109, 185, 186, 192, 244 See also legumes

patents, 229, 232, 287, 288, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306, 308

Peace Corps, 75, 77

Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program, 133

peanuts. See groundnuts

Pearson Commission on International Development, 9, 81

Peru, 83, 190, 192

Philippines, 2, 6, 50, 81, 84, 90, 93, 109, 115, 117, 183, 184, 209

pigeon peas, 49, 56, 57, 124, 127, 128, 133, 306

pigs. See hogs

Pinchinat, Antonio M., 191

Pino, John, 111

Pioneer Hi-Bred, 79, 222, 224

Plan Puebla. See Puebla Project

plant breeding, 38, 39, 40, 75, 94, 98, 164, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 191, 195, 289, 290. See also beans: bean breeding; groundnuts: groundnut breeding; maize: maize breeding; rice: rice breeding; wheat: wheat breeding

plant variety protection, 287, 288, 292, 293, 295, 297, 303, 304, 308

Plucknett, Donald, 275

Point Four, 45, 72

population growth, 27, 78, 80, 110, 118, 212 See also overpopulation

Portères, Roland, 144

potato, 276

poverty, 10, 24, 34, 41, 42, 62, 78, 111, 121, 163, 198, 200, 205, 206, 221, 226, 302

precision agriculture, 253, 255

Pritchard, William, 167

private sector, 12, 78, 211, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232, 286, 288, 289, 292, 296, 299, 300, 301, 307, 308

protein crisis. See protein gap

protein gap, 10, 124, 125, 131, 181, 187, 191, 194, 198, 217, 218

public sector, 215, 216, 223, 224, 226, 232, 286, 289, 292

public–private partnerships, 224, 230, 231, 232, 288, 291, 293, 300

Puebla Project, 84, 100, 101, 213

Puerto Rico, 71

pulses, 56, 57, 123, 124, 133, 244

quality protein maize. See high-lysine maize

Rachie, Kenneth O., 47

rainfed agriculture, 19, 32, 33, 38, 40, 41, 48, 55, 56, 61, 84, 100, 110, 127, 211, 215, 222, 226, 227, 233

Rajaram, Sanjaya, 110

Rangaswami, G., 53

Rao, G. V. K., 52

Rao, P. V. Narasimha, 57

Raper, Jayne, 171

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 65, 74

Ricardo Acosta, 209

rice, 2, 7, 11, 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 65, 70, 71, 80, 82, 83, 115, 119, 135–157, 181, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194, 200, 201, 202, 205, 210, 213, 239, 244, 262, 264, 272, 273, 276, 308

hybrid rice, 135, 136, 137, 157, 306

rice breeding, 135, 143, 145, 147, 149, 152, 153, 155, 184

upland rice, 142, 148, 151

Richard Toll, 141

Richards, Paul, 152, 153

Roberts, Lewis, 79, 80, 87, 124, 125, 182, 187, 191

Roberts, Timothy, 296

Rockefeller Foundation, 48, 49, 79, 111, 124, 145, 148, 159, 162, 185, 212, 218, 231, 264, 285

and CGIAR, 1, 81, 115, 119, 292

and the Green Revolution, 46, 242

in Colombia, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 182, 183, 186

in India, 44, 47, 48, 50, 53, 55, 56, 90, 215

in Mexico, 81, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 223, 274

in the Middle East and North Africa, 26

inter-American programs, 92, 194, 222

training grants, 78, 99, 182

Rockefeller III, John D., 50, 101

Rokupr research station, 143, 147, 148, 149, 156

Rostow, Walt Whitman, 22

rubber, 80

Ruppert, Joseph A., 182

Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI), 277

Ryan, J. G., 129

Sabha, Rajya, 56

Sandinista Revolution, 202

Santos, Juan Manuel, 86

Sasakawa Global 2000, 220

Sasakawa, Ryōichi, 220

Saudi Arabia, 32, 129

Sauger, Louis, 51

second-generation development problems, 10, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 134

seed banks. See gene banks

seed industry, 78, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 283, 289, 307

Seed Treaty. See International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

semi-arid regions, 19, 25, 42, 51, 58 See drylands

Senegal, 129, 130, 140, 148, 149, 150, 156

Serageldin, Ismail, 254, 294, 296, 301

sheep, 27, 38, 166

Shinde, Annasaheb, 57

Sierra Leone, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152

Singh, Tarlok, 44

Sivaraman, B., 44

Skilbeck Committee, 26, 28, 31, 35, 38, 40

Skilbeck, Dunstan, 26

slavery, 70, 74, 140

soil science, 38, 39, 41, 75, 141, 145, 166

Somoza, Anastacio, 202

sorghum, 47, 49, 56, 57, 124, 126, 128, 140, 272, 276

South Africa, 210, 231

South America, 29, 109, 129, 143, 198

Andean region, 77, 84, 189, 222

South Korea, 7

southern corn leaf blight, 268

Soviet Union, 8, 18, 22, 41, 42, 77, 205, 206, 241, 278

soybeans, 127, 187

Sprague, Ernest W., 213, 215, 224

Sprague, George F., 216

Sriwatanapongse, Sujin, 221

Subramaniam, C., 44, 47

Sudan, 129, 130, 173

Suez crisis, 22, 23

sugarcane, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 85, 199, 202

Sugar Plan, 76, 78

sugarcane breeding, 71, 72

sugarcane mosaic virus, 71, 72

sustainability, 86, 110, 165, 179, 221, 254, 257, 281, 286, 287, 298

Svalbard Global Seed Vault, 63, 72, 274

Swaminathan, M. S., 44, 47, 57, 270, 294

Sweden, 119, 129

sweet potato, 145, 245

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), 195

Switzerland, 106, 129

Syria, 10, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 33, 35, 36, 41

Syrian civil war, 17, 41, 43

systems thinking, 165, 166, 167, 170

System-Wide Information Network for Genetic Resources, 249, 251

system-wide policy, 295, 300, 303, 308

system-wide research, 12, 234, 249

system-wide strategy, 290, 291

Taiwan, 7, 146

Tanganyika, 129

Tata Group, 125

Taussig, Michael, 74

Technical Advisory Committee (TAC). See CGIAR

technical assistance, 42, 45, 51, 73, 86, 87, 89, 90, 110, 111, 228

Tenorio, Humberto, 78

Thailand, 185, 215, 221, 223, 224

Thammasat Resolution, 299

Third World Network, 287, 299

timber, 140, 141

training programs, 88, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 111, 177, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 192

Tribe, Derek, 164, 165

Tripati, Kamalapati, 57

Tripp, Robert, 218

triticale, 104

Troll classification, 28, 29, 49

tropical medicine, 159, 161

parasitology, 161, 162

tropics, 10, 19, 28, 29, 48, 49, 51, 67, 80, 82, 119, 129, 133, 183, 185, 187, 209, 210, 215, 216, 217, 221, 223, 224, 232

semi-arid tropics, 10, 118, 128, 129

Truman, Harry S., 45

trypanosomiasis, 161, 162, 164, 168, 171, 172, 174

Tunisia, 32, 33

Turkey, 30, 32, 33, 115

Uganda, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179

Unilever, 125

United Kingdom, 119, 125, 129, 146, 155, 172, 278

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 125, 187

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 268

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 122, 131

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, 283

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2, 59, 119, 126, 127, 129, 148, 195, 218, 292

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 63, 86, 94, 95, 125, 148, 177, 221, 250, 253, 292

and CGIAR, 2, 59, 81, 119, 126

and the Green Revolution, 24

and genetic resources management, 240, 243, 247, 248, 250, 252, 259, 262, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280

in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 25, 38

and the protein gap, 187, 191, 217

United Nations International Fund for Agricultural Development, 250

United Nations Protein Advisory Group, 187, 198

United Nations Refugee Agency, 203

United States, 9, 18, 22, 37, 44, 45, 46, 51, 59, 94, 98, 99, 116, 117, 119, 121, 129, 131, 172, 181, 183, 186, 187, 198, 202, 205, 206, 209, 275, 278

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 22, 26, 48, 51, 52, 53, 56, 77, 115, 183, 186, 194, 212, 248

United States Department of Agriculture, 71, 72, 186

United States Department of State, 46, 77

United States Technical Cooperation Mission to India, 53

upland crops, 48, 49, 50, 55, 67, 124, 126, 128

uplands, humid, 139, 142, 143, 149, 151, 155

USSR. See Soviet Union

vaccines, 5, 163, 164, 168, 170, 171, 173, 179

van Dusseldorp, D.B.W.M., 161

van Schoonhoven, Aart, 201

Vasal, S. K., 220

Vavilov, Nikolai, 262

vegetables, 150

Venezuela, 83, 186

veterinary medicine, 158, 161, 163, 167, 174, 179, 182

Via Campesina, 287, 299

Vietnam, 7, 205

Viguier, Pierre, 144

Villegas, Evangelina, 99, 220

Viteri, Fernando E., 191

Voysest, Oswaldo, 201

Wallace, Henry A., 79

Waterlow, John C., 218

Wellhausen, Edwin, 182, 223

West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), 11, 135–157

Western Asia and North Africa. See Middle East and North Africa

Wharton, Clifton, 121

wheat, 2, 7, 24, 29, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 94, 96, 98, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112, 115, 119, 123, 181, 182, 183, 185, 191, 193, 205, 210, 213, 244, 262, 264, 272, 273, 276, 308

descriptors, 241, 242, 244

durum wheat, 26, 40

research programs, 40, 94, 98, 101, 103, 104

wheat breeding, 20, 88, 92, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103, 145

wide adaptation, 101, 138, 156, 157, 185, 201, 210, 213, 264

Wildlife Conservation Society, 86

Williams, Trevor, 270

Winkelmann, D.L., 108

Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 168

World Agroforestry, 308

World Bank, 1, 9, 50, 59, 74, 77, 81, 86, 119, 126, 129, 242, 250, 255, 292

World Food Conference, 105

world food crisis, 227

World Food Prize, 135, 157, 220

World Health Organization (WHO), 125, 177, 187, 217

World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (WIEWS), 281

World Trade Organization (WTO), 295

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 294, 295, 298, 299

World War I, 21, 23, 36, 94

World War II, 3, 18, 22, 42, 72, 98, 112, 182, 209, 262, 290

WorldFish, 8, 308

Wortman, Sterling, 47

Yuan, Longping, 135, 157

Zeneca (AstraZeneca), 294, 296

Zimbabwe, 222, 223, 227

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