Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:04:09.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2023

Landry Signé
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdella, Amrote. 2020. “How Investing in Digital Infrastructure Can Make the Difference to Africa’s Economic Recovery.” Microsoft News Center. https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2020/09/02/how-investing-in-digital-infrastructure-can-make-the-difference-to-africas-economic-recovery/Google Scholar
Abjiou, Ali. 2018. “Technologie: Le Maroc, un champion régional.” L’Economiste. www.leconomiste.com/article/1028598-technologie-le-maroc-un-champion-regionalGoogle Scholar
Abusalem, Khaled, Alsaleh, Mansour, Reuter, Timothy, and Alsedairy, Talal. 2021. “Why the Future Is Bright for Drone Technology.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/the-bright-future-for-drones/Google Scholar
Access to Medicine Foundation. 2016. Access to Medicine Index 2016. https://accesstomedicineindex.org/media/atmi/Access-to-Medicine-Index-2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ackerman, Evan, and Koziol, Michael. 2019. “The Blood Is Here: Zipline’s Medical Delivery Drones Are Changing the Game in Rwanda.” IEEE Spectrum 56(5): 2431.Google Scholar
ACT-IAC Emerging Technology COI and Management Concepts. 2021. “RPA in Federal Agencies: How Federal Agencies Achieve More through Robotic Process Automation.” https://www.actiac.org/documents/rpa-federal-agencies-how-federal-agencies-achieve-more-through-robotic-process-automationGoogle Scholar
Adegoke, Y. 2018. “Africa’s Startup Funding Deals Are Entering the Million-Dollar Era.” Quartz. https://qz.com/africa/1264614/africas-venture-capital-deals-are-entering-the-1-million-era/Google Scholar
Adepetun, Adeyemi. 2020. “Policies Shaping Telecoms Sector’s Growth, Contributions.” The Guardian Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/technology/policies-shaping-telecoms-sectors-growth-contributions/Google Scholar
Adepoju, Paul. 2017. “This Nigerian AI Health Startup Wants to Save Thousands of Babies’ Lives with a Simple App.” Quartz. https://qz.com/africa/1158185/nigerian-ai-health-startup-ubenwa-hopes-to-save-thousands-of-babies-lives-every-year/Google Scholar
Adhikari, Ratnakar. 2019. “Six Ways the Least Developed Countries Can Participate in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/op-ed/6-ways-least-developed-countries-can-participate-fourth-industrial-revolutionGoogle Scholar
Adhikari, Ratnakar, and Lehmann, Fabrice. 2020. “Least Developed Countries Can Become Authors of Their Technological Revolution.” OECD Development Matters. https://oecd-development-matters.org/2020/02/05/least-developed-countries-can-become-authors-of-their-technological-revolution/Google Scholar
Adhikari, Samik, Clemens, Michael, Dempster, Helen, and Ekeator Nkechi, Linda. 2021. “A Global Skill Partnership in Information, Communications, and Technology (ICT) between Nigeria and Europe.” Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/Global-Skill-Partnership-ICT-Nigeria-Europe.pdfGoogle Scholar
AfDB. 2016. Africa Tourism Monitor: Sustainable Tourism through Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Technology. https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Africa_Tourism_Monitor_2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
AfDB. 2021a. “Strengthening Food Systems Must Be at the Centre of Africa’s COVID-19 Recovery, Says African Bank Group.” https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/strengthening-food-systems-must-be-centre-africas-covid-19-recovery-says-african-development-bank-42642Google Scholar
AfDB. 2021b. “The African Development Bank Extends a Grant of $2 Million to Strengthen Cybersecurity and Boost Financial Inclusion in Africa.” https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-extends-grant-2-million-strengthen-cybersecurity-and-boost-financial-inclusion-africa-42526Google Scholar
AfDB, ADB, EBRD, and IDB. 2018. The Future of Work: Regional Perspectives. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Affectiva. 2016. “Emotion AI Leader Affectiva Announces $14 Million in Growth Capital.” https://www.affectiva.com/news-item/emotion-ai-leader-affectiva-announces-14-million-in-growth-capital/Google Scholar
AFP. 2013. “Cameroon Former Health Minister Gets 20 Years for Graft.” FoxNews.com. www.foxnews.com/world/cameroon-former-health-minister-gets-20-years-for-graftGoogle Scholar
Africa Business. 2018. “Improving Conditions for Investing in the Information Technology Sector in Egypt.” http://africabusiness.com/2018/09/19/egypt-it-sector/Google Scholar
Africa CDC. 2021a. “African Union and Africa CDC Launches Partnerships for African Vaccine Manufacturing (PAVM), Framework to Achieve It and Signs 2 MoUs.” African Union and Africa CDC. https://africacdc.org/news-item/african-union-and-africa-cdc-launches-partnerships-for-african-vaccine-manufacturing-pavm-framework-to-achieve-it-and-signs-2-mous/Google Scholar
Africa CDC. 2021b. “Our Vision.” African Union and Africa CDC. https://africacdc.org/about-us/vision/Google Scholar
Africa News. 2017. “Africa Gradually Embracing Tech to Promote Good Governance.” Africa News. https://www.africanews.com/2017/10/25/africa-gradually-embracing-tech-to-promote-good-governance-hi-tech//Google Scholar
African Development Bank. 2013. Health in Africa over the Next 50 Years. Abidjan: African Development Bank.Google Scholar
African News Agency. 2020. “Focus on Good Practice: The Digital Transformation Center of Tunisia.” https://www.africanewsagency.fr/focus-sur-une-good-practice-le-centre-de-transformation-digitale-de-tunisie/?lang=enGoogle Scholar
African Union and Africa CDC. 2021, March 26. “Africa’s Telecom and Technology Industry Leads the Charge against COVID-19 by Backing AU Covid-Tech & Vaccine Passport System.” https://africacdc.org/news-item/africas-telecom-and-technology-industry-leads-the-charge-against-covid-19-by-backing-au-covid-tech-vaccine-passport-system/Google Scholar
Afshar, Vala. 2017. “Cisco: Enterprises Are Leading the Internet of Things Innovation.” Huffington Post. www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/cisco-enterprises-are-leading-the-internet-of-things_us_59a41fcee4b0a62d0987b0c6Google Scholar
Agarwal, Dimple, Bersin, Josh, Lahiri, Gaurav, Schwartz, Jeff, and Volini, Erica. 2018. “AI, Robotics, and Automation: Putting Humans in the Loop.” Deloitte 2018 Global Human Capital Trends. www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/human-capital-trends/2018/ai-robotics-intelligent-machines.htmlGoogle Scholar
Agence Française de Développement. 2019. “By 2050, More than Half of Africa’s Population Will Be under 25 Years Old.” République Franҫaise. https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/2050-more-half-africas-population-will-be-under-25-years-oldGoogle Scholar
Aglionby, John. 2018. “Africa’s Banks Lag behind on Innovation in Financial Services.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/68788cbc-221f-11e8-9a70-08f715791301Google Scholar
Agostinelli, Simone, Marrella, Andrea, and Mecella, Massimo. 2020. “Towards Intelligent Robotic Process Automation for BPMers.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338401505_Towards_Intelligent_Robotic_Process_Automation_for_BPMersGoogle Scholar
Agyenim-Boateng, Yaw, Benson-Armer, Richard, and Russo, Bill. 2015. “Winning in Africa’s Consumer Market.” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/winning-in-africas-consumer-marketGoogle Scholar
Akileswaran, Kartik, and Hutchinson, Georgina. 2019. “Adapting to the 4IR: Africa’s Development in the Age of Automation.” Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. https://institute.global/advisory/adapting-4ir-africas-development-age-automationGoogle Scholar
Akinwande, Victor. 2018. “Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Where Does Africa Lie?” Techpoint Africa. https://techpoint.africa/2018/03/26/artificial-intelligence-healthcare-africa/Google Scholar
Akuta, Eric, Ong’oa, Isaac, and Jones, Chanika. 2011. “Combating Cyber Crime in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Discourse on Law, Policy, and Practice.” Journal of Peace, Gender, and Development Studies 1(4): 129137.Google Scholar
Alaa El-Din, Mohamed. 2021. “Egypt Builds Strong AI Industry to Serve Development Goals: Official.” https://dailynewsegypt.com/2021/05/31/egypt-builds-strong-ai-industry-to-serve-development-goals-official/Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, and Perotti, Roberto. 1996. “Income Distribution, Political Instability, and Investment.” European Economic Review 40(6): 12031228.Google Scholar
Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman. 2020. “Ex-DRC Health Minister Jailed for Stealing Ebola Funds.” Africanews. www.africanews.com/2020/03/24/ex-drc-health-minister-jailed-for-stealing-ebola-funds/Google Scholar
Allen, Tim, and Heald, Susette. 2004. “HIV/AIDS Policy in Africa: What Has Worked in Uganda and What Has Failed in Botswana?Journal of International Development 16(8): 11411154.Google Scholar
Alley, Tahrir. 2017. “Egypt’s Start-Up ‘Revolution’ Is Set to Boost Africa’s Tech Landscape.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1146981/egypts-tahrir-alley-boosts-start-ups-despite-political-instability-and-violenceGoogle Scholar
Alo, Babajide. n.d. “Nanotechnology in a Developing Country – Applications and Challenges.” World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/forums/forum6/ppt_nano_alo.pdfGoogle Scholar
Alur, Rajeev. 2015. Principles of Cyber-Physical Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/principles-cyber-physical-systemsGoogle Scholar
Amref Health Africa. 2021 February 9. “Using the Leap mHealth platform Remotely to Train Community Health Volunteers about COVID-19.” https://newsroom.amref.org/innovative-health-services-solutions/2021/02/using-the-leap-mhealth-platform-remotely-to-train-community-health-volunteers-about-covid-19/Google Scholar
Andrew, James P., DeRocco, Emily Stover, and Taylor, Andrew. 2009. The Innovation Imperative in Manufacturing: How the United States Can Restore Its Edge. Boston: Boston Consulting Group. www.themanufacturinginstitute.org/~/media/6731673D21A64259B081AC8E083AE091.ashxGoogle Scholar
Andrianaivo, Mihasonirina, and Kpodar, Kangni. 2011. “ICT, Financial Inclusion, and Growth: Evidence from African Countries.” IMF Working Paper 11/73.Google Scholar
Andriole, J. Stephen. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Augmented Analytics [Life in C-Suite].” IT Professional 21(6): 5659. doi: 10.1109/MITP.2019.2941668Google Scholar
Ane, Tanjea, and Yasmin, Suraiya. 2019. “Agriculture in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture 23. doi: 10.3329/aba.v23i2.50060Google Scholar
Anyango, Anita. 2018. “Construction Industry Goes Robotic.” Construction Review Online. https://constructionreviewonline.com/2018/09/construction-industry-goes-robotic/Google Scholar
Arezki, Rabah, Belhaj, Ferid, and Shah, Parmesh. 2019. Promoting a New Economy for the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/781781561575850158/pdf/Promoting-a-New-Economy-for-the-Middle-East-and-North-Africa.pdfGoogle Scholar
Arnold, Craig. 2019. “How to Turn Africa’s Manufacturing Sector into a High-Tech Powerhouse.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/how-to-turn-africas-manufacturing-sector-into-a-high-tech-powerhouse/Google Scholar
Asongu, Simplice. 2014. “Software Piracy, Inequality and the Poor: Evidence from Africa.” Journal of Economic Studies 41(4): 526553. doi: 10.1108/JES-10-2012-0141Google Scholar
Asongu, Simplice, and Nwachukwu, Jacinta C.. 2016. “The Role of Governance in Mobile Phones for Inclusive Human Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute 16/007. African Governance and Development Institute.Google Scholar
Assegaf, Zaenab, Cherepakha, Denys, Matambo, Aleck, and Weydringer, Jan. 2017. “Africa: Mapping New Opportunities for Sourcing.” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/africa-mapping-new-opportunities-for-sourcingGoogle Scholar
Atieno, Milicent. 2017. “How Technology Can Improve Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Innov8tiv. https://innov8tiv.com/technology-can-improve-healthcare-sub-saharan-africa/Google Scholar
Atiku, Sulaiman, and Boateng, Frank. 2020. Rethinking Education System for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9810-7.ch001Google Scholar
Atzori, Luigi, Iera, Antonio, and Morabito, Giacomo. 2010. “The Internet of Things: A Survey.” Computer Networks 54(15): 27872805.Google Scholar
AUC/OECD. 2021. Africa’s Development Dynamics 2021: Digital Transformation for Quality Jobs. AUC, Addis Ababa/OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/0a5c9314-enGoogle Scholar
Aufait Team. 2020. “Digital Competitiveness: Mauritius Loses Ground on African Counterparts.” https://aufait.media/2020/09/11/digital-competitiveness-mauritius-loses-ground-on-african-counterparts/Google Scholar
Auty, Richard. 1993. Sustaining Development in the Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Axxsys. 2018. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Impact on Financial Services. http://axxsysconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/FinTech-White-paper.pdfGoogle Scholar
Aykut, Dilek, and Blaszkiewicz-Schwartzman, Monika. 2018. Shaping the Future of Africa. International Finance Corporation. www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/5c9e9f2f-779a-4ab7-beb6-e3aa65b00a85/Africa+CEO+Forum+Report_FIN3_Web-lores.pdf?MOD=AJPERESGoogle Scholar
Banda, Honoré. 2015. “ICT: Outsourcing in Mauritius Faces New Challenges.” The Africa Report. www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/outsourcing-in-mauritius-faces-new-challenges.htmlGoogle Scholar
Banga, Karishma, and te Velde, Dirk Willem. 2018. “Digitalisation and the Future of Manufacturing in Africa.” Supporting Economic Transformation. https://set.odi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/SET_Digitalisation-and-future-of-African-manufacturing_Final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Barrow, Keith. 2018. “Construction 4.0: Delivering an Infrastructure Revolution.” International Railway Journal. www.railjournal.com/in_depth/construction-40-delivering-an-infrastructure-revolutionGoogle Scholar
Barteit, Sandra, Jahn, Albrecht, Banda, Sekelani, et al. 2019. “E-Learning for Medical Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and Low-Resource Settings: Viewpoint.” Journal of Medical Internet Research 21(1): e12449.Google Scholar
Bastos de Morais, Jean Claude. 2017. “Digital Technologies Can Deliver Better Healthcare to Sub-Saharan Africa. Here’s How.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/10/digital-paths-for-better-healthcare-in-sub-saharan-africa/Google Scholar
Batzilis, Dimitrios, Dinkelman, Taryn, Oster, Emily, Thornton, Rebecca, and Zanera, Deric. 2010. “New Cellular Networks in Malawi: Correlates of Service Rollout and Network Performance.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 16616.Google Scholar
Baumann, Bauke, and Hoffmann, Anja. 2020. “Digitalization and the Coronavirus in Morocco: From Care to Control?” https://eu.boell.org/en/2020/04/09/digitalisation-and-coronavirus-morocco-care-controlGoogle Scholar
Bayen, Maxime. 2018a. “1000 Tech Hubs Are Powering Ecosystems in Asia Pacific and Africa.” GSMA. www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/ecosystem-accelerator/1000-tech-hubs-are-powering-ecosystems-in-asia-pacific-and-africa/Google Scholar
Bayen, Maxime. 2018b. “A Look at Morocco’s Tech Ecosystem and Learnings from the Future. E.S. in Africa Conference.” GSMA. www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/programme/ecosystem-accelerator/look-moroccos-tech-ecosystem-learnings-futur-e-s-africa-conference/Google Scholar
Brown, Will. 2020. “Rwanda Deploys Robots to Fight COVID-19.” Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/rwanda-deploys-robots-fight-covid-19/Google Scholar
BCEAO. 2015. “Instruction N° 009-06-2015 Relative aux dispositifs de Sécurité des systèmes d’information des Bureaux d’Information sur le credit.”Google Scholar
Ben-Hassine, Wafa. 2019. “New Technologies for a New Tunisia.” Atlantic Council. www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/new-technologies-for-a-new-tunisiaGoogle Scholar
Besaw, Clayton, and Filitz, John. 2019. “AI & Global Governance: AI in Africa Is a Double-Edged Sword.” Centre for Policy Research at United Nations University. cpr.unu.edu/ai-in-africa-is-a-double-edged-sword.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bhargava, Alok, Jamison, Dean, Lau, Lawrence, and Murray, Christopher. 2001. “Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic Growth.” Journal of Health Economics 20(3): 423440.Google Scholar
Bholanauth, Jason. 2021. “What Lies Ahead in Mauritius’ Digital Landscape?” https://inboundmauritius.com/blog/what-lies-ahead-in-mauritius-digital-landscape/Google Scholar
Bhorat, Haroon, Kanbur, Ravi, Rooney, Christopher, and Steenkamp, François. 2017. “Sub-Saharan Africa’s Manufacturing Sector: Building Complexity.” African Development Bank Group Working Paper No. 256.Google Scholar
Bissel, Kelly, Lassale, Ryan M., and Dal Cin, Paolo. 2019. “Ninth Annual Cost of Cybercrime Study.” Accenture. https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/security/cost-cybercrime-studyGoogle Scholar
Bitok, Kipchirchir. 2016. “Biotechnology Hubs and Future Incubators in Africa.” Prescouter. https://www.prescouter.com/2016/08/biotechnology-hubs-future-incubators-africa/Google Scholar
Bloom, David E., and Canning, David. 2008. “Population Health and Economic Growth.” Commission on Growth and Development Working Paper No. 24.Google Scholar
Bloom, David E., Canning, David, Kotschy, Rainer, Prettner, Klaus, and Schünemann, Johannes. 2019. “Health and Economic Growth: Reconciling the Micro and Macro Evidence.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 26003.Google Scholar
Bloom, David E., Canning, David, and Sevilla, Jaypee. 2001. “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: Theory and Evidence.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 8587.Google Scholar
Bloom, David E., Canning, David, and Sevilla, Jaypee. 2004. “The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach.” World Development 32(1): 113.Google Scholar
Bond, Michael, Maram, Heba, Soliman, Asmaa, and Khattab, Riham. 2012. “Science and Innovation in Egypt.” Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/~/media/policy/projects/atlas-islamic-world/atlas-egypt-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Borgen Project. 2020. “Maternal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://borgenproject.org/maternal-mortality-in-sub-saharan-africa/Google Scholar
Bornet, Pascal, Barkin, Ian, and Wirtz, Jochen. 2021. Intelligent Automation: Welcome to the World of Hyperautomation: Learn How to Harness Artificial Intelligence to Boost Business & Make Our World More Human. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wsi:wsbook:12239Google Scholar
Botes, Anton, Marais, Hannah, and Lane, Andrew. 2019. “Winning in the African Oil and Gas Industry.” Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/oil-and-gas/africa-oil-gas-industry-energy-reserves.htmlGoogle Scholar
Boudway, Ira. 2021. “Medical Drone Startup to Begin Covid Vaccine Delivery in April.” Bloomberg. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-04/medical-drone-startup-to-begin-covid-vaccine-delivery-in-aprilGoogle Scholar
Boum, Yap, and Mburu, Yvonne. 2020. “Burden of Disease in Francophone Africa 1990–2017: The Triple Penalty?The Lancet Global Health 8(3): E306E307.Google Scholar
Boumedjout, Hichem. 2010. “Tunisia Launches First Nanotech Project.” SciDevNet. https://www.scidev.net/global/pollution/news/tunisia-launches-first-nanotech-project.htmlGoogle Scholar
Breckenridge, Keith. 2005. “The Biometric State: The Promise and Peril of Digital Government in the New South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 31(2): 267282.Google Scholar
Breedon, Robert, and Brufal, Jonathan. 2016. “Comment: Investing in Africa’s Healthcare Sector.” African Business Magazine. http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/sectors/finance/comment-investing-africas-healthcare-sectorGoogle Scholar
Breedon, Robert, and Gray, Tom. 2016. “Maximizing the Return on Healthcare Investment in Africa.” Lexology. www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=6727424b-f66c-46aa-aa6a-a2b31993c52eGoogle Scholar
Bremmer, Ian. 2017. “The Wave to Come.” Time. http://time.com/4775441/the-wave-to-comeGoogle Scholar
Briggs, Ray, Dobner, Ed, Dul, Jennifer, Mariani, Joe, and Kishnani, Pankaj. 2018. “Digital Reality in Government.” Deloitte Insights. www.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/industry/public-sector/augmented-virtual-reality-government-services.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bright, Jake. 2018. With a $10 Million Round, Nigeria’s Paga Plans Global Expansion. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/06/paga/Google Scholar
Brodsky, Paul. 2021. International Bandwidth Soars to New Heights. TeleGrography. https://blog.telegeography.com/2021-international-bandwidth-trends-demand-global-networksGoogle Scholar
Broadband Commission Working Group on Broadband for All: A “Digital Infrastructure Mo-onshot” for Africa. 2019. Connecting Africa through Broadband: A Strategy for Doubling Connectivity by 2021 and Reaching Universal Access by 2030. www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/10/17/achieving-broadband-access-for-all-in-africa-comes-with-a-100-billion-price-tagGoogle Scholar
BroadReach Consulting. 2019. “4IR Technology Holds Key to Better Healthcare in Africa.” BroadReach. www.broadreachcorporation.com/4ir-technology-holds-key-to-better-healthcare-in-africa/Google Scholar
Bryan, Lowell, Conway, Michael, Keesmaat, Tineke, McKenna, Sorcha, and Richardson, Ben. 2010. “Strengthening Sub-Saharan Africa’s Health Systems: A Practical Approach.” McKinsey & Company. www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/strengthening-sub-saharan-africas-health-systems-a-practical-approachGoogle Scholar
Burpee, Julia. 2015. “Canadian Team Uses 3D Printer to Make Artificial Legs for Ugandans.” CBC News. www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canadian-team-uses-3d-printer-to-make-artificial-legs-for-ugandans-1.2953620Google Scholar
Burt, Martin. 2016. “The Poverty Stoplight: A New Metric for Microfinance.” Dissertation for Tulane University Law School.Google Scholar
Business Chief. 2019. “Digitally Disrupting the Oil and Gas Industry.” The Journal of Petroleum Technology. https://jpt.spe.org/digitally-disrupting-oil-and-gas-industryGoogle Scholar
Business Software Alliance. 2016. “Seizing Opportunity through License Compliance.” https://globalstudy.bsa.org/2016/downloads/studies/BSA_GSS_US.pdf#page=5Google Scholar
Byanyima, Winnie, and Kende-Robb, Caroline. 2021. “Five Ways Women Are Driving Africa’s Transformation and Contributing to a Global Reset.” Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2021/03/05/5-ways-women-are-driving-africas-transformation-and-contributing-to-a-global-reset/Google Scholar
Caisse Centrale de Garantie. 2017. “Lancement des principals composantes du ‘Fonds Innov Invest.’” www.ccg.ma/fr/espace-media/actualites/lancement-des-principales-composantes-du-fonds-innov-investGoogle Scholar
“Cameroon: According to the CEO of Antic, Cybercrime Has Caused Cameroonian Banks to Lose More Than 3 Billion CFA Francs in 2015.” 2016. Camernews. http://www.camernews.com/62699-2/Google Scholar
Campbell, Keith. 2015. “South Africa Aiming to Become a Leader in Additive Manufacturing.” Engineering News. https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africa-aiming-to-become-a-leader-in-additive-manufacturing-2015-12-04Google Scholar
Candelon, François, El Bedraoui, Hind, and Maher, Hamid. 2021. “Developing an Artificial Intelligence for Africa Strategy.” OECD Development Matters. https://oecd-development-matters.org/2021/02/09/developing-an-artificial-intelligence-for-africa-strategy/#more-14109Google Scholar
Casey, Eoin. 2015. “Morocco Leads the Way in Hi-Tech Financial Services.” European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). www.ebrd.com/news/2015/morocco-leads-the-way-in-hitech-financial-services.htmlGoogle Scholar
Chakchouk, Moez. 2017. “Blockchain in Tunisia: From Experimentations to a Challenging Commercial Launch.” ITU Workshop on Security Aspects of Blockchain.Google Scholar
Champlin, Cary, Bell, David, and Schocken, Celina. 2017. “AI Medicine Comes to Africa’s Rural Clinics.” IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/ai-medicine-comes-to-africas-rural-clinicsGoogle Scholar
Chan, Rosanna. 2018. “Foresight Africa Viewpoint – Rethinking African Growth and Service Delivery: Technology as a Catalyst.” The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2018/01/12/foresight-africa-viewpoint-rethinking-african-growth-and-service-delivery-technology-as-a-catalyst/Google Scholar
Chatora, Rufaro. 2003. “An Overview of the Traditional Medicine Situation in the African Region.” African Health Monitor 4(1): 47.Google Scholar
Chen, Guangzhe, Geiger, Michael, and Minghui, Fu. 2015. Manufacturing FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, Determinants, and Impact. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Chen, Lincoln, Evans, David, Evans, Tim, et al. 2006. Working Together for Health: The World Health Report 2006. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Chironga, Mutsa, Cunha, Luis, de Grandis, Hilary, and Kuyoro, Mayowa. 2018. “African Retail Banking’s Next Growth Frontier.” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/african-retail-bankings-next-growth-frontierGoogle Scholar
Chironga, Mutsa, de Grandis, Hilary, and Zouaoui, Yassir. 2017. “Mobile Financial Services in Africa: Winning the Battle for the Customer.” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/mobile-financial-services-in-africa-winning-the-battle-for-the-customerGoogle Scholar
Chiweche, Manase Kudzai. 2019. “Fourth Industrial Revolution: What’s in It for African Women?” South African Institute of International Affairs. https://www.africaportal.org/documents/19280/Chiweshe__Fourth_industrial_revolution.pdfGoogle Scholar
CIAT. 2017. “Using Big Data and Machine Learning to Power a Nutrition Early Warning System (NEWS) for Africa.” http://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/good-news-for-the-fight-against-malnutrition/Google Scholar
Cilliers, Jakkie. 2018. “Made in Africa: Manufacturing and the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/research/africa-report/made-in-africa-manufacturing-and-the-fourth-industrial-revolutionGoogle Scholar
Cirera, Xavier, Lage, Filipe, and Sabetti, Leonard. 2016. “ICT Use, Innovation, and Productivity: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7868.Google Scholar
Clapper, James. 2016. “Statement for the Record: Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community.” https://arstechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/clappertestimony.pdfGoogle Scholar
Clausen, Lily B. 2015. “Taking on the Challenges of Health Care in Africa.” Stanford Graduate School of Business. www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/taking-challenges-health-care-africaGoogle Scholar
Clemens, Michael A., and Pettersson, Gunilla. 2008. “New Data on African Health Professionals Abroad.” Human Resources for Health 6(1).Google Scholar
Cohen, Boyd. 2014. “The Smartest Cities in the World 2015: Methodology.” Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/3038818/the-smartest-cities-in-the-world-2015-methodologyGoogle Scholar
Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A.. 1998. “On the Economic Causes of Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 50: 563573.Google Scholar
Collon, Cyril. 2018. “In Another Record-Breaking Year, African Tech Start-Ups Raised US$560 Million in VC Funding in 2017, a 53% YoY Growth.” Partech Africa. https://cdn-website.partechpartners.com/media/documents/2018.02.19_-_Africa_Tech_Startups_raises_560M_in_2017_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Colombo, Armando W., Karnouskos, Stamatis, Kaynak, Okyay, Shi, Yang, and Yin, Shen. 2017. “Industrial Cyberphysical Systems: A Backbone of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 11(1): 616.Google Scholar
Conway, Michael, Holt, Tania, Sabow, Adam, and Yuan Sun, Irene. 2019. “Should Sub-Saharan Africa Make Its Own Drugs?” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/should-sub-saharan-africa-make-its-own-drugsGoogle Scholar
Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO. 2018. The Global Innovation Index 2018: Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva.Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Brahima. 2017. Africa’s Race against the Machines. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/automation-africa-industrialization-by-brahima-coulibaly-2017-06Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Brahima. 2018. “Africa’s Alternative Path to Development.” The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/opinions/africas-alternative-path-to-development/Google Scholar
Crandall, Robert W., Lehr, William, and Litan, Robert. 2007. “The Effects of Broadband Deployment on Output and Employment: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of US Data.” Issues in Economic Policy 6: 134.Google Scholar
Crocker, Chester A. 2019. “African Governance: Challenges and Their Implications.” Hoover Institution. www.hoover.org/research/african-governance-challenges-and-their-implicationsGoogle Scholar
Dadios, Elmer P., Culaba, Alvin B., Albert, Jose Ramon G., et al. 2018. “Preparing the Philippines for the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Scoping Study.” Philippine Institute for Development Studies Discussion Paper No. 2018-11.Google Scholar
Dahshan, Mohamed. 2020. “Fragile States and the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” African Business. https://african.business/2020/02/economy/fragile-states-and-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/Google Scholar
Dannouni, Amane, Maher, Hamid, Gildemeister, Jan, et al. 2020. “The Race for Digital Advantage in Africa.” BCG. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/race-digital-advantage-in-africaGoogle Scholar
Daramola, Justine Olawande. 2019. “African Countries Should Reconsider How They Use e-Government Platforms.” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/african-countries-should-rethink-how-they-use-e-government-platforms-108689Google Scholar
David-West, Olayinka, and Iheanachor, Nkemdilim. 2016. “Constraints of the Nigerian Mobile Money Ecosystem.” https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbsinsight/constraints-of-the-nigerian-mobile-money-ecosystem-a-study/Google Scholar
David-West, Olayinka, Iheanachor, Nkemdilim, and Kelikume, Ikechukwu. 2018. “A Resource-Based View of Digital Financial Services (DFS): An Exploratory Study of Nigerian Providers.” Journal of Business Research 88. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.034Google Scholar
Davis, Nicholas, and Schwab, Klaus. 2018. Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum.Google Scholar
de Beer, D., du Preez, W., Greyling, H., et al. 2016. “A South African Additive Manufacturing Strategy.” Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, commissioned by South Africa Department of Science and Technology. https://site.rapdasa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/South-African-Additive-Manufacturing-Strategy.pdfGoogle Scholar
de León, Riley. 2020. “Zipline Begins Drone Delivery of Covid-19 Test Samples in Ghana.” CNBC. www.cnbc.com/2020/04/20/zipline-begins-drone-delivery-of-covid-19-test-samples-in-ghana.htmlGoogle Scholar
Deaton, Angus S., and Tortora, Robert. 2015. “People in Sub-Saharan Africa Rate Their Health and Health Care among the Lowest in the World.” Health Affairs 34(3): 519527.Google Scholar
Deen-Swarray, M. 2016. “Toward Digital Inclusion: Understanding the Literacy Effect on Adoption and Use of Mobile Phones and the Internet in Africa.” Information Technologies & International Development 12(2): 2945.Google Scholar
Dele-Olowu, Shola, Ogunrinu, Temidayo, Chukwu, Destiny, Mbogu, Akachi, Mohammed, Abubakar, and Wiwa, Owes. 2020. “Leveraging e-Learning to Train Health Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria.” Clinton Health Access Initiative. https://www.clintonhealthaccess.org/leveraging-e-learning-to-train-health-workers-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-nigeria/Google Scholar
Deloitte. 2014. “Africa Is Ready to Leapfrog the Competition.” www2.deloitte.com/za/en/pages/public-sector/articles/smart-cities.htmlGoogle Scholar
Deloitte. 2016. “Africa’s Changing Infrastructure Landscape: Africa Construction Trends Report.” https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/fpc/Documents/secteurs/immobilier/DeloitteAfrica_Construction_Trends_2017_Nov2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Deloitte. 2018b. “Preparing Tomorrow’s Workforce for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/gx-preparing-tomorrow-workforce-for-4IR.pdfGoogle Scholar
Deloitte Insights. 2020a. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution at the Intersection of Readiness and Responsibility.” https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/de/Documents/human-capital/Deloitte_Review_26_Fourth_Industrial_Revolution.pdfGoogle Scholar
Diabaté, Abdoulaye. 2021. “Results from Months of Monitoring Following the First Release of Non Gene Drive Genetically Modified Mosquitoes in Africa.” Target Malaria. https://targetmalaria.org/results-from-months-of-monitoring-following-the-first-release-of-non-gene-drive-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-in-africa/Google Scholar
Dialani, Priya. 2018. “Augmented Analytics is the Tomorrow of Business Intelligence.” Analytics Insight. https://www.analyticsinsight.net/augmented-analytics-is-the-tomorrow-of-business-intelligence/Google Scholar
“Digital Mauritius 2030 Strategy: Maurice avance vers l’ère 4.0 grâce au TIC.” 2018. Call Center Ile Maurice. www.callcenterilemaurice.com/digital-mauritius-2030-strategyGoogle Scholar
Digitalist. 2019. “The Digital Paradox of Change in the Oil and Gas Industry.” The Journal of Petroleum Technology. https://jpt.spe.org/digital-paradox-change-oil-and-gas-industryGoogle Scholar
Disrupt Africa. 2020. African Tech Startups: Funding Report 2020. https://disruptafrica.gumroad.com/l/njrzlGoogle Scholar
Doroba, Hendrina, Mbanugo, Tochukwu, and Edosio, Uyoyo. 2020. “The Relevance of Digital Skills in the COVID-19 Era.” African Development Bank. https://www.afdb.org/fr/news-and-events/relevance-digital-skills-covid-19-era-36244Google Scholar
Drath, Rainier, and Horch, Alexander. 2014. “Industries 4.0 – Hit or Hype?IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 8(2): 5658.Google Scholar
Drummond, P., Thakoor, V., and Yu, S.. 2014. “Africa Rising: Harnessing the Demographic Dividend.” IMF Working Paper No. 14143.Google Scholar
DTI (Department of Trade and Industry of the Republic of South Africa). 2018. “The Digital Industrial Revolution.” http://www.dti.gov.za/industrial_development/fipt.jspGoogle Scholar
Duara, P. 2018. Nationalism and Development in Asia. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. www.wider.unu.edu/publication/nationalism-and-development-asiaGoogle Scholar
Duffy, Ryan. 2021. “‘Imagine How You Would Use Teleportation’: Drone Delivery Unicorn Zipline’s CEO on Plans for $250 Million Funding.” Morning Brew. https://www.morningbrew.com/emerging-tech/stories/2021/06/30/imagine-use-teleportation-drone-delivery-unicorn-ziplines-ceo-plans-250-million-fundingGoogle Scholar
Duricic, A. 2018. Care AI: A Solution for African Health Care? Masters of Media. https://mastersofmedia.hum.uva.nl/blog/2018/09/23/careai-a-solution-for-african-healthcare/Google Scholar
Duvivier, Robbert J., Burch, Vanessa C., and Boulet, John R.. 2017. “A Comparison of Physician Emigration from Africa to the United States of America between 2005 and 2015.” Human Resources Health 15(41).Google Scholar
Ecofin Agency. 2018. “Tunisia: 5G Licenses Will Probably Be Available in 2021, According to the Minister of Digital Economy.” www.ecofinagency.com/telecom/2112-39465-tunisia-5g-licenses-will-probably-be-available-in-2021-according-to-the-minister-of-digital-economyGoogle Scholar
Economic Development Board of Mauritius. 2021. “Showcasing the Shining Resilience of the ICT/BPO Industry.” https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/showcasing-shining-resilience-ictbpo-industry-edb-mauritiusGoogle Scholar
“Egypt Riding the Gas Wave to Self Sufficiency.” 2018. Africa Oil Week. https://www.africa-oilweek.com/Articles/7-worldwide-oil-gas-projects-to-watch-in-2018Google Scholar
Ehui, S. 2018. “Why Technology Will Disrupt – and Transform – Africa’s Agriculture Sector in a Good Way.” In Foresight Africa: Top Priorities for the Continent in 2018: 96. www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/foresight-2018_full_web_final2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ekekwe, Ndubuisi. 2018. “How New Technologies Could Transform Africa’s Health Care System.” Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/08/how-new-technologies-could-transform-africas-health-care-systemGoogle Scholar
El-Behary, Hend. 2016. “Egypt Missing Targets on Research and Development: UNESCO.” Egypt Independent. https://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-missing-targets-research-and-development-unesco/Google Scholar
El-Darwiche, B., Friedrich, E., Koster, A., and Singh, M.. 2013. “Digitization for Economic Growth and Job Creation: Regional and Industry Perspectives.” PwC Strategy&. www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/Strategyand_Digitization-for-Economic-Growth-and-Job-Creation.pdfGoogle Scholar
El Elj, Moez. 2012. “Innovation in Tunisia: Empirical Analysis for Industrial Sector.” Journal of Innovation Economics and Management 1(9): 183197.Google Scholar
El Masaiti, Amira. 2017. “Morocco Leads in Science, Technology and Innovation in Africa: Report.” Morocco World News. www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/03/212434/morocco-leads-in-science-technology-and-innovation-in-africa-report/Google Scholar
Engelke, Peter. 2018. “Three Ways the Fourth Industrial Revolution Is Shaping Geopolitics.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/three-ways-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-is-shaping-geopolitics/Google Scholar
Euphemia, Nwokorie, Odii, Juliet, and Njoku, Donatus. 2019. “Cyberspace Activities Awareness and Security Strategies in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria.” IRE Journals 3(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338225751_Cyberspace_Activities_Awareness_and_Security_Strategies_in_Tertiary_Institutions_in_NigeriaGoogle Scholar
Eusébio, Celeste, Teixeira, Leonor, and Carneiro, Maria João (Eds.). 2021. ICT Tools and Applications for Accessible Tourism. IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6428-8Google Scholar
Evans, Dave. 2011. “The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is Changing Everything.” Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group. www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
“Facts about Health in the African Region of WHO.” 2018. All Countries. https://allcountries.org/health/facts_about_health_in_the_african_region_of_who.htmGoogle Scholar
FAO. 2016. The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security. www.fao.org/3/a-i6030e.pdfGoogle Scholar
FAO. 2017. The State of Food and Agriculture: Leveraging Food Items for Inclusive Rural Transformation. https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1043688/Google Scholar
Faria, Julia. 2021. “Registered Mobile Money Accounts in Kenya 2019–2021.” Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1188510/registered-mobile-money-accounts-in-kenya/Google Scholar
Farmcrowdy. 2022. farmcrowdy.comGoogle Scholar
FDI Intelligence. 2016. The Africa Investment Report 2016: Foreign Investment Broadens Its Base. https://www.camara.es/sites/default/files/publicaciones/the-africa-investment-report-2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Amy. 2020. “Inside a Silicon Valley Unicorn’s Urgent Dash to 3D-Print Face Shields and Test Swabs to Battle COVID-19.” Forbes. www.forbes.com/sites/amyfeldman/2020/03/25/inside-a-silicon-valley-unicorns-urgent-dash-to-3d-print-face-shields-and-test-swabs-to-battle-covid-19/#1e9ecacc4370Google Scholar
Fengler, Wolfgang. 2013. “Big Data and Development: ‘The Second Half of the Chess Board.’” World Bank. https://blogs.worldbank.org/category/tags/kenya-ictGoogle Scholar
Financial Services Commission of Mauritius. 2018. Regulatory Framework for the Custodian Services (Digital Asset) License. https://www.fscmauritius.org/media/70752/communiqu%C3%A9-regulatory-framework-for-the-custodian-services-digital-asset-licence.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fleming, Sean. 2018. “In Rwanda, High-Speed Drones Are Delivering Blood to Remote Communities.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/in-rwanda-drones-are-delivering-blood-to-remote-communities/Google Scholar
Flood, Z. 2018. “Zimbabwe and Kenya Lead the Way in Africa’s Dash from Cash.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/22/kenya-leads-way-mobile-money-africa-shifts-towards-cash-free-livingGoogle Scholar
Fox, L., and Signé, L.. 2021. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the Future of Work: Could This Bring Good Jobs to Africa?” Include Platform. https://includeplatform.net/publications/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-4ir-and-the-future-of-work-could-this-bring-good-jobs-to-africa/Google Scholar
Fraser, M., Anastaselos, T., and Ravikumar, G. V. V.. 2018. “The Disruption in Oil and Gas Upstream Business by Industry 4.0.” Infosys White Papers. www.infosys.com/engineering-services/white-papers/Documents/disruption-oil-gas-upstream.pdfGoogle Scholar
Freedom House. 2017. “Nigeria Country Profile.” Freedom House: Freedom on the Net. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2017/nigeriaGoogle Scholar
Freedom House. 2018. Freedom on the Net 2018: The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTN_2018_Final%20Booklet_11_1_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Frehywot, Seble, Park, Chulwoo, and Infanzon, Alexandra. 2019. “Medical Diaspora: An Underused Entity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries’ Health System Development.” Human Resources for Health 17(Article number: 56).Google Scholar
Frey, Carl, Osborne, Michael, and Holmes, Craig. 2016. Technology at Work v2.0: The Future Is Not What It Used to Be. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives and Solutions. University of Oxford. www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/reports/Citi_GPS_Technology_Work_2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Frost and Sullivan. 2016. African Pharmaceuticals Market Forecast 2020: Assessing Market Potential with a Focus on Kenya and Nigeria. https://store.frost.com/african-pharmaceuticals-market-forecast-to-2020.htmlGoogle Scholar
Frost & Sullivan and Principal. 2018. 5G: The Foundation for a Hyper-Connected World. https://www.principalglobal.com/knowledge/insights/5g-foundation-a-hyper-connected-worldGoogle Scholar
Fu, X. 2020. Innovation under the Radar: The Nature and Sources of Innovation in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316869482Google Scholar
“Gabon: La BGFI-Bank secouée par une fraude massive aux cartes Visa prépayées.” 2017. Jeune Afrique. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/404469/economie/gabon-bgfi-bank-secouee-fraude-massive-aux-cartes-visa-prepayees/Google Scholar
“Gabon-Côte d’Ivoire: Quand un conseiller d’Alassane Ouattara aide Jean Ping à l’insu de son patron…” 2016. Jeune Afrique. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/353085/politique/gabon-cote-divoire-conseiller-dalassane-ouattara-aide-jean-ping-a-linsu-de-patron/Google Scholar
Gadzala, Aleksandra. 2018. “3D Printing: Shaping Africa’s Future.” The Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/3D_Printing_Africa_WEB.pdfGoogle Scholar
Galasso, V. N., Feroci, G. N., Pfeifer, K., and Walsh, M.. 2017. “The Rise of Populism and Its Implications for Development NGOs.” Oxfam Research Backgrounder series. www.oxfamamerica.org/riseofpopulismGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Prashant, Khanna, Somesh, and Ramaswamy, Sree. 2016. “Which Industries Are the Most Digital (And Why)?” Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/04/a-chart-that-shows-which-industries-are-the-most-digital-and-whyGoogle Scholar
Ganguly, S., Harreis, H., Margolis, B., and Rowshankish, K.. 2017. “Digital Risk: Transforming Risk Management for the 2020s.” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-insights/digital-risk-transforming-risk-management-for-the-2020sGoogle Scholar
Gebre, S. 2018. “Blockchain Opens Up Kenya’s $20 Billion Informal Economy.” Bloomberg. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-14/blockchain-is-opening-up-kenya-s-20-billion-informal-economyGoogle Scholar
Gentner, S. 2016. “Industry 4.0: Reality, Future or Just Science Fiction? How to Convince Today’s Management to Invest in Tomorrow’s Future! Successful Strategies for Industry 4.0 and Manufacturing IT.” Chimia 70(9): 628633.Google Scholar
Gerbert, P., Catagnino, S., Rothballer, C., Renz, A., and Rainer, F.. 2016. Digital in Engineering and Construction. The Boston Consulting Group. http://futureofconstruction.org/content/uploads/2016/09/BCG-Digital-in-Engineering-and-Construction-Mar-2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ghafar, Adel Abdel. 2016. “Educated but Unemployed: The Challenge Facing Egypt’s Youth.” Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/en_youth_in_egypt-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gilga, S., Hrkac, G., Donnelly, C., et al. 2017. “Emergent Dynamic Chirality in a Thermally Driven Artificial Spin Ratchet.” Nature Materials 16(11): 1106.Google Scholar
Giuliani, Dario, and Ajadi, Sam. 2019. “618 Active Tech Hubs: The Backbone of Africa’s Tech Ecosystem.” GSMA Mobile for Development. https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/blog/618-active-tech-hubs-the-backbone-of-africas-tech-ecosystem/Google Scholar
Goad, Kimberly. 2021. “How Drones Are Being Used to Deliver Lifesaving HIV Drugs to Remote Areas of the World.” Johnson & Johnson. https://www.jnj.com/innovation/medical-drones-deliver-hiv-medicineGoogle Scholar
Goldstein Research. 2016. African Pharmaceutical Market – Industry Analysis & Forecast 2017–2030. New York: Goldstein Research. www.goldsteinresearch.com/report/africa-pharmaceutical-industry-market-size-forecastGoogle Scholar
Goldstein Research. 2019. Africa Healthcare Market Outlook: Opportunity and Demand Analysis, Market Forecast, 2016–2024. New York: Goldstein Research. https://www.goldsteinresearch.com/report/africa-healthcare-market-outlook-opportunity-and-demand-analysis-market-forecast-2016-2024Google Scholar
Government of Canada. 2020. “Secteur des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) en Tunisie.” https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/tunisia-tunisie/market-reports-etudes-de-marches/0002801.aspx?lang=engGoogle Scholar
Government of Kenya. 2008. “Kenya Vision 2030.” http://vision2030.go.ke/enablers-and-macrosGoogle Scholar
Government of the Republic of Mauritius. 2018. “Digitalisation Will Usher Mauritius into Industrial Age 4.0, Says Minister.” Innoviva Inc. www.publicnow.com/view/01E4E12E54C9D4338982E132A445D77CB7E36CED?2018-06-07-13:00:14 01:00-xxx2916Google Scholar
Great Lakes St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Africa Trade Office. 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa: Healthcare Market Opportunities. https://ihif.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Southern-Africa-Healthcare-Brief-for-GSGP-Companies-2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gretzel, U., Zhong, L., and Koo, C.. 2016. “Application of Smart Tourism to Cities.” International Journal of Tourism Cities 2(2).Google Scholar
Grigorov, Vladimir. 2009. “Healthcare in Africa.” Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 20(5): 275277.Google Scholar
Gruber, H., and Koutroumpis, P.. 2011. “Mobile Telecommunications and the Impact on Economic Development.” Wiley-Blackwell 52nd Panel Meeting of Economic Policy: 141.Google Scholar
GSMA. 2017. “Egypt.” GSMA Mobile Connectivity Index. https://www.mobileconnectivityindex.com/#year=2017&zoneIsocode=EGYGoogle Scholar
GSMA. 2018a. “Access to Mobile Services and Proof-of-Identity: Global Policy Trends, Dependencies and Risks.” https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Access-to-Mobile-Services-and-Proof-of-Identity.pdfGoogle Scholar
GSMA. 2018b. The Mobile Economy: Sub-Saharan Africa 2018. https://www.gsma.com/r/mobileeconomy/sub-saharan-africa/Google Scholar
GSMA. 2021b. The Mobile Economy Sub-Saharan Africa 2021. https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/sub-saharan-africa/Google Scholar
Guttentag, D. 2010. “Virtual Reality: Applications and Implications for Tourism.” Tourism Management 31(5): 637651.Google Scholar
Gwagwa, A., Kraemer-Mbula, E., Rizk, N., Rutenberg, I., and Beer, J.. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deployments in Africa: Benefits, Challenges and Policy Dimensions.” The African Journal of Information and Communication. http://dx.doi.org/10.23962/10539/30361Google Scholar
Hafkin, Nancy. 2009. “E-Government in Africa: An Overview of Progress Made and Challenges Ahead.” Prepared for the UNDESA/UNPAN workshop on electronic/mobile government in Africa: Building Capacity in Knowledge Management through Partnership, held at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. wisa.org/wp-content/uploads?unpan034002.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Nayyar, Gaurav. 2017. Trouble in the Making? The Future of Manufacturing-Led Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Hamann, Jasper. 2021. “Study: Morocco Ranks Second in Africa on Digital Transformation.” Morocco World News. https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/04/338879/study-morocco-ranks-second-in-africa-on-digital-transformationGoogle Scholar
Hamuth, Shaffick. 2017. “The Digital Economy: Opportunities Abound, Initiatives Lacking.” Le Defi Media Group. defimedia.info/digital-economy-opportunities-abound-initiatives-lackingGoogle Scholar
Happi, Christian. 2020. “Nigerian Scientists Have Identified Seven Lineages of SARS-CoV-2.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1900397/nigerian-scientists-identified-seven-lineages-of-sars-cov-2-covid/Google Scholar
Harvey, Ross. 2017. “The ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’: Potential and Risks for Africa.” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-potential-and-risks-for-africa-75313Google Scholar
Hatch, Grant, Becker, Pieter, and van Zyl, Michelle. 2011. “The Dynamic African Consumer Market: Exploring Growth Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Accenture. https://studylib.net/doc/8721889/the-dynamic-african-consumer-market--exploringGoogle Scholar
Hatim, Yahia. 2020. “Is Digitization the Future for Morocco’s Business Sector?” https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/01/292042/digitization-future-morocco-business-sectorGoogle Scholar
Hayden, E. C. 2014. “Technology: The $1,000 Genome.” Nature 507(7492): 294295.Google Scholar
Heberger, Matthew. 2013. “Five Facts about Health in Africa.” The Dokotoro Project. http://dokotoro.org/five-factsGoogle Scholar
Heilbron, Miguel. 2013. “Ten Innovative African Healthcare Startups.” VC4A. https://vc4a.com/blog/2013/01/24/10-innovative-african-healthcare-startupsGoogle Scholar
Heldreth, Courtney, Viégas, Fernanda, Akinsanmi, Titi, and Akrong, Diana. 2019. “AI in Nigeria.” Google Whitepaper, Policy Perspectives + People Insights. https://research.google/pubs/pub48985/Google Scholar
Heney, Paul. 2020. “Global R&D Investments Unabated in Spending Growth.” R&D World. https://www.rdworldonline.com/global-rd-investments-unabated-in-spending-growth/Google Scholar
Henn, Brynne. 2021. “Augmented Analytics Use Cases and Examples.” Sisu. https://sisudata.com/blog/augmented-analytics-use-cases-and-examplesGoogle Scholar
Heuler, Hilary. 2014. “With a Piracy Rate of 80 Percent, Can the Tech World Convince Africa to Buy Legitimate Software?” ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/with-a-piracy-rate-of-80-percent-can-the-tech-world-convince-africa-to-buy-legitimate-software/Google Scholar
Höller, J., Tsiatsis, V., Mulligan, C., Karnouskos, S., Avesand, S., and Boyle, D.. 2014. From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780124076846/from-machine-to-machine-to-the-internet-of-thingsGoogle Scholar
Holmås, H., Sjåtil, O., Santamarta, S., Lindseth, S., and Romanin, P.. 2019. “Creating Value with Digital Twins in Oil and Gas.” BCG. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2019/creating-value-digital-twins-oil-gasGoogle Scholar
Holt, Tania, Lahrichi, Mehdi, Mina, Jean, and Santos da Silva, Jorge. 2015. Insights into Pharmaceuticals and Medical Products: Africa, a Continent of Opportunity for Pharma and Patients. Johannesburg: McKinsey & Company.Google Scholar
Howard, Philip N. 2015. Pax Technica. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Howell, Jenalea. 2017. “Number of Connected IoT Devices Will Surge to 125 Billion by 2030, IHS Markit says.” IHS. https://technology.ihs.com/596542/number-of-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-to-125-billion-by-2030-ihs-markit-saysGoogle Scholar
Huet, Jean-Michel. 2016. “Smart Cities: The Key to Africa’s Third Revolution.” Bearing Point Institute. www.bearingpoint.com/en-us/our-success/thought-leadership/smart-cities-the-key-to-africas-third-revolution/Google Scholar
IBL Group. 2020. Diya Nababsing-Jetshan: “Digital Transformation Can Be a Powerful Driver for Business Outcomes.” https://www.iblgroup.com/diya-nababsing-jetshan-digital-transformation-can-be-powerful-driver-business-outcomesGoogle Scholar
IBM. 2017. IBM’s African Scientists Look to Tackle the Continent’s Pressing Healthcare Challenges with AI. https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2017/11/ibms-african-scientists-look-tackle-continents-pressing-healthcare-challenges-ai/Google Scholar
Ichikowitz, Ivor. 2017. “Africa Is Stoking the Fire of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Paramount Group Perspective: African Business. www.paramountgroup.com/media/1502/africa-is-stoking-the-fire-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution.pdfGoogle Scholar
IDRC. 2022. “Bajenu Gox: A Community Approach to Maternal and Child Health in Senegal (IMCHA).” www.idrc.ca/en/project/bajenu-gox-community-approach-maternal-and-child-health-senegal-imchaGoogle Scholar
IFC. 2018. Digital Access: The Future of Financial Inclusion in Africa. Interpol to Launch Crime Control Platform in Nigeria in Partnership with VoguePay. Finextra. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/72585/interpol-to-launch-crime-control-platform-in-nigeria-in-partnership-with-voguepayGoogle Scholar
Ikegbune, Cassandra. 2021. “ACEGID-Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative Trains African Scientists in Next Generation Sequencing.” ACEGID Redeemer’s University. https://acegid.org/2021/06/21/acegid-africa-pathogen-genomics-initiative-trains-african-scientists-in-ngs/Google Scholar
IndyGeneUS AI. 2021. “IndyGeneUS AI Secures Pathogen Sequencing Capability to Support COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Initiatives.” PRNewswire. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/indygeneus-ai-secures-pathogen-sequencing-capability-to-support-covid-19-genomic-surveillance-initiatives-301294883.htmlGoogle Scholar
International Federation of Robotics. 2020. “IFR Presents World Robotics Report.” https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/record-2.7-million-robots-work-in-factories-around-the-globeGoogle Scholar
International Federation of Robotics. 2021. IFR Presents World Robotics Report. https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/robot-sales-rise-againGoogle Scholar
International Finance Corporation. 2008. The Business of Health in Africa: Partnering with the Private Sector to Improve People’s Lives. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
International Trade Administration. 2019a. “Kenya – Medical Equipment.” Export.gov. www.export.gov/article?id=Kenya-medical-equipmentGoogle Scholar
International Trade Administration. 2019b. “South Africa – Medical Devices.” Export.gov. www.export.gov/article?id=South-Africa-medical-devicesGoogle Scholar
International Trade Administration. 2019c. “Botswana – Medical Equipment and Pharmaceuticals.” Export.gov. www.export.gov/article?id=Botswana-Medical-Equipment-and-PharmaceuticalsGoogle Scholar
International Trade Administration. 2022. “Tunisia – Commercial Country Guide.” https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/tunisia-telecommunications-equipment-servicesGoogle Scholar
Ismaili, Fayçal. 2018. “Développement Technologique: Le Maroc leader en Afrique.” LE 360. fr.le360.ma/economie/developpement-technologique-le-maroc-leader-en-afrique-165423Google Scholar
ISO. 2017. “ISO Survey of Certifications to Management System Standards.” https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=18808772&objAction=browseGoogle Scholar
ISO. 2020. “ISO Survey of Certifications to Management System Standards.” https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=18808772&objAction=browseGoogle Scholar
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2019. “Israel and Cameroon Inaugurate State of the Art 3D Printing Facility in Yaoundé.” https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutTheMinistry/Events/Pages/Israel-and-Cameroon-inaugurate-3D-facility-in-Yaounde-16-April-2019.aspxGoogle Scholar
Issahaku, A., and Kimbu, A.. 2020. “Strategies Africa’s Tourism Requires to Manage Blow from Coronavirus.” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/strategies-africas-tourism-requires-to-manage-blow-from-coronavirus-135858Google Scholar
Itcovitz, Hannah. 2020. “Advancing Africa’s Capabilities.” Include Platform. https://includeplatform.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Advancing-Africas-Capabilities.pdfGoogle Scholar
ITU News. 2019. “The Digital Transformation of Mauritius: Q+A with Minister Sawmynaden.” https://www.itu.int/en/myitu/News/2020/03/23/15/33/The-digital-transformation-of-Mauritius-QplusA-with-Minister-SawmynadenGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Tom. 2015. “Kenya’s Weza Tele Acquired by AFB for $1.7m.” Disrupt Africa. http://disrupt-africa.com/2015/05/kenyas-weza-tele-acquired-by-afb-for-1-7m/Google Scholar
Jackson, Tom. 2020a. “Kenya’s Ilara Health Raises $3.75m Series A Funding Round.” Disrupt Africa. https://disrupt-africa.com/2020/12/16/kenyas-ilara-health-raises-3-75m-series-a-funding-round/Google Scholar
Jackson, Tom. 2020b. “Nigerian Startup 54gene Partners US Firm Illumina to Launch Lagos Genomics Facility.” Disrupt Africa. https://disrupt-africa.com/2020/09/07/nigerian-startup-54gene-partners-us-firm-illumina-to-launch-lagos-genomics-facility/Google Scholar
Jackson, Tom. 2021. “Ghanaian e-Health Startup mPharma Makes Ethiopia Its 6th Market in Africa.” Disrupt Africa. https://disrupt-africa.com/2021/03/15/ghanaian-e-health-startup-mpharma-makes-ethiopia-its-6th-market-in-africa/Google Scholar
Jamii Afriica. 2017. “About Us.” www.jamiiafrica.comGoogle Scholar
Jamrisko, Michelle, and Wei, Lu. 2017. “These Are the World’s Most Innovative Economies.” Bloomberg. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-17/sweden-gains-south-korea-reigns-as-world-s-most-innovative-economiesGoogle Scholar
Jamwal, Ankit. 2016. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Challenges for Enterprises and Their Stakeholders.” Information Services Group. https://www.isg-one.com/industries/manufacturing/articles/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-challenges-for-enterprises-and-their-stakeholdersGoogle Scholar
Jansen van Vuuren, J. C., and Leenen, Louise. 2019. “Framework for the Development and Implementation of a Cybercrime Strategy in Africa.” Conference: International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336605756_Framework_for_the_Development_and_Implementation_of_a_Cybercrime_Strategy_in_AfricaGoogle Scholar
Jasanoff, Sheila. 2015. “Future Imperfect: Science, Technology, and the Imaginations of Modernity.” In Jasanoff, Sheila and Kim, Sang-Hyun (Eds.), Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 133. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.003.0001Google Scholar
Jensen, R. 2007. “The Digital Provides: Information (Technology), Market Performance and Welfare in the South Indian Fisheries Sector.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3): 879924.Google Scholar
Jezard, Adam. 2018. “Morocco Is Building a Giant Thermosolar Farm in the Sahara Desert.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/morocco-is-building-a-solar-farm-as-big-as-paris-in-the-sahara-desert/Google Scholar
Jimenez, Joseph. 2015. “Three Ways to Improve Healthcare in Africa.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/01/3-ways-to-improve-healthcare-in-africaGoogle Scholar
Kallel, Anis. 2018. “The Next Wave of Innovation Will Come from Tunisia – Here Is Why.” Medium. https://medium.com/@akallel/the-next-wave-of-innovation-will-come-from-tunisia-here-is-why-c6892addd564Google Scholar
Kamel, S. H., & Rizk, N.. 2019. “The Role of Innovative and Digital Technologies in Transforming Egypt into a Knowledge-Based Economy.” In Habib, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Research on the Evolution of IT and the Rise of E-Society. IGI Global, pp. 386–400. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7214-5.ch017Google Scholar
Kamineni, Shobana. 2019 July 15. “Five Ways to Bridge the Global Health Worker Shortage.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/07/5-ways-to-bridge-the-global-health-worker-shortage/Google Scholar
Kande, M., and Sonmez, M.. 2020. “Don’t Fear AI. It Will Lead to Long-Term Job Growth.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/dont-fear-ai-it-will-lead-to-long-term-job-growth/Google Scholar
Kariuki, H. 2018. “Innovation Is Key to Curbing Post-Harvest Losses in Africa.” Medium. https://medium.com/@harriet436/innovation-is-key-to-curbing-post-harvest-losses-in-africa-755f2cde0b2fGoogle Scholar
Kaseje, Dan. 2006. “Health Care in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and an Emerging Model for Improvement.” The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/health-care-africa-challenges-opportunities-and-emerging-model-for-improvementGoogle Scholar
Kasilo, Ossy M. J. 2003. “Enhancing Traditional Medicine Research and Development in the African Region.” African Health Monitor 4(1): 1518.Google Scholar
Katz, R. L., Vaterlaus, S., Zenhaüsern, P., and Suter, S.. 2010. “The Impact of Broadband on Jobs and the German Economy.” Intereconomics 45(1): 2634.Google Scholar
Kazimierczuk, Agnieszka. 2020. “Will the Future of Work Create Two Speeds in Africa?” Include Platform. https://includeplatform.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Will-the-future-of-work-create-two-speeds-in-Africa-022020.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kaushal, Mohit, and Tyle, Sheel. 2015. “The Blockchain: What It Is and Why It Matters.” Brookings TechTank blog. www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2015/01/13/the-blockchain-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/Google Scholar
Kemp, Simon. 2020. “Digital 2020: Mauritius.” Kepios. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-mauritiusGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Simon. 2021a. “Digital 2021: Egypt.” Kepios. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-egyptGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Simon. 2021b. “Digital 2021: Kenya.” Kepios. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-kenyaGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Simon. 2021c. “Digital 2021: Nigeria.” Kepios. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-nigeriaGoogle Scholar
Kemp, Simon. 2021d. “Digital 2021: Rwanda.” Kepios. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-rwandaGoogle Scholar
Kene-Okafor, Tage. 2021. “How African Startups Raised Investments in 2020.” TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/02/11/how-african-startups-raised-investments-in-2020/Google Scholar
Kene-Okafor, Tage. 2021. “RxAll Grabs $3.15M to Scale Its Drug and Counterfeiting Tech across Africa.” TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/20/rxall-grabs-3-15m-to-scale-its-drug-checking-and-counterfeiting-tech-across-africa/Google Scholar
Khan, Themrise. 2020. “Young, Female and African: Barriers, Interventions and Opportunities for Female Youth Employment in Africa.” Include Platform. https://includeplatform.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Khan-2020-Young-female-and-African-barriers-interventions-and-opportunities-for-female-youth-employment-in-Africa-INCLUDE.pdfGoogle Scholar
Khurana, A., and Shaban, M.. 2018. The Future of Manufacturing – Morocco. PwC Global Manufacturing and Industrialization Summit. http://gmisummit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/20180214_GMIC_GMIS-Morocco_v4.0.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kigen, Paula Musuva, Muchai, Carol, Kimani, Kevin, et al. 2015. “Kenya Cyber Security Report 2015.” Serianu. https://www.serianu.com/downloads/KenyaCyberSecurityReport2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kihara, Patrick, and Njeri, Juliet. 2016. “Africa Cracks Down on Social Media.” BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37300272Google Scholar
Kinai, A. 2018. “IBM and Twiga Foods Introduce Blockchain-Based MicroFinancing for Food Kiosk Owners in Kenya.” IBM. https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2018/04/ibm-twiga-foods/Google Scholar
Kirigia, Joses Muthuri, and Barry, Saidou Pathe. 2008. “Health Challenges in Africa and the Way Forward.” International Archives of Medicine 1: 27.Google Scholar
Kizza, Joseph M. 2016. “Can Implementing Smart City Technologies Save the African Cities? – Part 2.” International Journal of Computing and ICT Research (IJCIR) 10(2): 69. http://www.ijcir.org/volume10-issue2/article1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Klonner, S., and Nolen, P.. 2010. “Cell Phones and Rural Labor Markets: Evidence from South Africa.” Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Verein fuer Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.Google Scholar
Knapp, Tim, Richardson, Ben, and Viranna, Shrey. 2010. “Three Practical Steps to Better Health. In Africa.” McKinsey & Company. www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/three-practical-steps-to-better-health-for-africans#Google Scholar
Kodjani, David. 2021. “The Cost of Cybercrime in Africa.” AfroAware. https://afroaware.com/cybercrime-cost-africaGoogle Scholar
Koigi, Bob. 2021. “Egypt Government Partners with Siemens to Establish First Industry 4.0 Innovation Center.” https://africabusinesscommunities.com/tech/tech-news/egypt-government-partners-with-siemens-to-establish-first-industry-4.0-innovation-center/Google Scholar
Kolodziejczyk, Bart. 2018. “Why Do We Fail to Measure the Most Innovative Countries?” Brookings TechTank. www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2018/01/22/why-do-we-fail-to-measure-the-most-innovative-countries/Google Scholar
Kontzer, Tony. 2018. “Nigerian Startup Aims to Save Lives by Analyzing Infant Cries with AI.” NVIDIA blog. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2018/10/05/ubenwa-startup-deep-learning-infant-cries/Google Scholar
Kortuem, Gerd, Kawsar, Fahim, Sundramoorthy, Vasughi, and Fitton, Daniel. 2010. “Smart Objects as Building Blocks for the Internet of Things.” IEEE Internet Computing 14(1): 4451.Google Scholar
Koundouno, Tamba François. 2018. “Morocco among the Most Innovative Countries of the MENA Region.” Morocco World News. www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/07/250516/morocco-innovative-mena-region/Google Scholar
Koutroumpis, P. 2009. “The Economic Impact of Broadband on Growth: A Simultaneous Approach.” Telecommunications Policy 33(9): 471485.Google Scholar
Kramer, F. D., Starr, S. H., and Wentz, L. K.. 2009. “Cyber Power and National Security.” Center for Technology and National Security Policy and National Defense University.Google Scholar
Kritzinger, E., and von Solms, S. H.. 2011. “A New Role for Information Service Providers as Part of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection in Africa.” Center for Infrastructure Protection and Homeland Security at George Mason University 9(12).Google Scholar
Kritzinger, E., and von Solms, S. H.. 2012. “A Framework for Cybersecurity in Africa.” Journal of Information Assurance & Cybersecurity 2012: 110.Google Scholar
Kshetri, Nir. 2019. “Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in Africa.” Journal of Global Information Technology Management 22(2): 7781. doi: 10.1080/1097198X.2019.1603527Google Scholar
Kubayi-Ngubane, M. T. 2018. “Draft White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation.” Department of Science and Technology of the Republic of South Africa. https://www.csir.co.za/sites/default/files/DST%20Draft%20White%20Paper%20on%20STI_Web%20version_FINAL_12092018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kumar, N. 2010. “Africa Could Become the Cybercrime Capital of the World.” https://www.psfk.com/2010/04/africa-could-become-the-cybercrime-capital-of-the-world.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kumar, N., Mohan, K., and Holowczak, R.. 2008. “Locking the Door but Leaving the Computer Vulnerable: Factors Inhibiting Home Users’ Adoption of Software Firewalls.” Decision Support System 46: 254264.Google Scholar
Ladimeji, Dapo. 2020. “4IR and Nigeria. Pan – African.” Volume 83. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340266793_4IR_and_NigeriaGoogle Scholar
Laitinen, Anni, Koivu, Annarinna, Nykanen, Pirkko, and Kimaro, Honest. 2019. “Healthcare Workers’ eHealth Competences in Private Health Centres in Urban Tanzania.” Journal of Health Informatics in Developing Countries 14(1).Google Scholar
Lakmeeharan, K., Manji, Q., Nyario, R., and Poeltner, H.. 2020. “Solving Africa’s Infrastructure Paradox.” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/solving-africas-infrastructure-paradoxGoogle Scholar
Lancaster, Henry. 2017. “Fixed and Mobile Broadband in Africa: An Executive Summary.” Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies 10(10). http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no10/10.10-15-Lancaster.pdfGoogle Scholar
Latif Dahir, Abdi. 2017. “Kenya’s Newest Tech Hubs Are Sprouting outside Its ‘Silicon Savannah’ in Nairobi.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1059305/kenyas-newest-tech-hubs-are-sprouting-outside-its-silicon-savannah-in-nairobi/Google Scholar
Latif Dahir, Abdi, and Kazeem, Yomi. 2018. “Tunisia’s ‘Startup Act’ Could Show Other African Governments How to Support Tech Ecosystems.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1252113/tunisia-startup-act-to-boost-african-tech-ecosystem-and-innovation/Google Scholar
Lee, M., Yun, J. J., Pyka, A., et al. 2018. “How to Respond to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or the Second Information Technology Revolution? Dynamic New Combinations between Technology, Market, and Society through Open Innovation.” Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 4(3): 21.Google Scholar
Lewin, D. M., Williamson, B., and Cave, M. E.. 2009. Regulating Next-Generation Fixed Access to Telecommunications Services. SSRN.Google Scholar
Lewis, Nell. 2019. “Drones, Apps and Smart Lockers: The Technology Transforming Healthcare in Africa.” CNN Business. www.cnn.com/2019/10/15/tech/tech-africahealthcare/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Li, G., Hou, Y., and Wu, A.. 2017. “Fourth Industrial Revolution: Technological Drivers, Impacts and Coping Methods.” Chinese Geographical Science 27(4): 626637.Google Scholar
Liao, Yongxin, Deschamps, Fernando, Loures, Eduardo de Freitas Rocha, and Ramos, Luiz Felipe Pierin. 2017. “Past, Present and Future of Industry 4.0 – A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda Proposal.” International Journal of Production Research 55(12): 36093629.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, G., and Wisniewski, T.. 2014. “Information Asymmetry and Power in a Surveillance Society.” MPRA Paper No. 58726. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/58726/8/MPRA_paper_58726.pdfGoogle Scholar
Linsky, Marty, and Darabya, Ghaleb. 2019. “Leadership in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Dubai Policy Review. http://dx.doi.org/10.46993/DPR/EN002Google Scholar
Liu, Peter, and Reuter, Timothy. 2021. “Five Lessons from Africa on How Drones Could Transform Medical Supply Chains.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/5-lessons-from-africa-on-how-drones-could-transform-medical-supply-chains/Google Scholar
Lotz, Brendyn. 2015. “African Countries Top List for Mobile Malware Attacks.” Hypertext. https://www.htxt.co.za/2015/12/22/mobile-is-the-weak-link-in-business-network-security/Google Scholar
Lou, Karine Kouassi, Sadeski, Francie, and Lacave, Matthieu. 2019. “Study on Unlocking the Potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa. Morocco Country Case Study.” Technopolis & Research ICT Africa & Tambourine Innovation Ventures, African Development Bank. https://4irpotential.africa/Google Scholar
Ly, Racine. 2021. “Machine Learning Challenges and Opportunities in the African Agricultural Sector – A General Perspective.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.05101. https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.05101Google Scholar
Lye, David. 2017. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Challenges for Government.” Brink. www.brinknews.com/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-and-challenges-for-governmentGoogle Scholar
Maaref, Slaheddine. 2012. “Cloud Computing in Africa: Situation and Perspectives.” ITU. https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/publications/Cloud_Computing_Afrique-e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Maclean, Ruth, and Marks, Simon. 2020 April 18. “10 African Countries Have No Ventilators. That’s Only Part of the Problem.” The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/18/world/africa/africa-coronavirus-ventilators.html?smid=url-shareGoogle Scholar
Madden, Payce. 2020. “Africa’s Preparedness for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/03/11/figures-of-the-week-africas-preparedness-for-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/Google Scholar
Mahajan, Vijay. 2009. Africa Rising: How 900 Million African Consumers Offer More Than You Think. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.Google Scholar
Mahajan, Vijay. 2011 [2009]. Africa Rising: How 900 Million African Consumers Offer More Than You Think. FT Press (initially published in 2008).Google Scholar
Makaka, Andrew, Breen, Sarah, and Binagwaho, Agnes. 2012. “Universal Health Coverage in Rwanda: A Report of Innovations to Increase Enrolment in Community-Based Health Insurance.” The Lancet 380(7).Google Scholar
Makuvaza, Leonard, Johnson, Chernay, and Smit, Herman. 2018. “The Rise of African Digital Platforms.” Insight2Impact. http://i2ifacility.org/insights/blog/the-rise-of-african-digital-platforms?entity=blogGoogle Scholar
Manson, Katrina. 2015. “GE and Philips Scan Africa Medical Market.” Financial Times. www.ft.com/content/6cf30f9e-c26c-11e4-ad89-00144feab7deGoogle Scholar
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., and Marrs, A.. 2013. “Disruptive Technologies: Advances That Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy.” McKinsey Global Institute. www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20DigitalGoogle Scholar
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., Woetzel, J., and Aharon, D.. 2015. “Unlocking the Potential of the Internet of Things.” McKinsey Global Institute. www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-internet-of-things-the-value-of-digitizing-the-physical-worldGoogle Scholar
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P., and Dewhurst, M.. 2017. “A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity.” McKinsey Global Institute. www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-worksGoogle Scholar
Marinchenko, T. E. 2021. “Digital Transformations in Agriculture.” In Bogoviz, A. V. (Eds.), Complex Systems: Innovation and Sustainability in the Digital Age. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, vol. 283. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58823-6_45Google Scholar
Maritz, Jaco. 2013. “Private Sector Eyeing Opportunities in Africa’s Healthcare Industry.” How We Made It in Africa. www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/private-sector-eyeing-opportunities-in-africas-healthcare-sectorGoogle Scholar
Marr, Bernard. 2018. “Nine Powerful Real-World Applications of Augmented Reality (AR) Today.” Forbes. www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/07/30/9-powerful-real-world-applications-of-augmented-reality-ar-today/#29e6f23c2fe9Google Scholar
Mashrou3i. 2020. “About Mashrou3i.” https://mashrou3i.net/en/what-is-mashrou3i/Google Scholar
Mastercard Foundation. 2021a. “Mastercard Foundation to Deploy $1.3 Billion in Partnership with Africa CDC to Save Lives and Livelihoods.” https://mastercardfdn.org/mastercard-foundation-to-deploy-1-3-billion-in-partnership-with-africa-cdc-to-save-lives-and-livelihoods/Google Scholar
Mastercard Foundation. 2021b. “New Platform Curates African Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic.” https://mastercardfdn.org/new-platform-curates-african-perspectives-on-the-covid-19-pandemic/Google Scholar
Matchaba, Patrice. 2018. “How New Tech Can Propel Africa to the Forefront of Healthcare.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/africa-lead-healthcare-fourth-industrial-revolution/Google Scholar
Mathe, Amanda. 2019. “The Misunderstood World of Cybersecurity in Africa. Policy Center.” https://www.policycenter.ma/opinion/misunderstood-world-cybersecurity-africa#.YRVTYI5Kg2wGoogle Scholar
“Mauritius’ Financial Sector to Launch Digital-Asset Licensing Program.” 2019. Africa Times. africatimes.com/2019/02/20/mauritius-financial-sector-to-launch-digital-asset-licensing-program/Google Scholar
“Mauritius Is Willing to Adapt Distributed Ledger Technology and Acknowledge the Cryptocurrency as Digital Asset.” 2018. Offshore License. offshorelicense.com/blog/detail/mauritius-willing-adapt-distributed-ledger-technology-and-acknowledge-cryptocurrency-digital-assetGoogle Scholar
Mauritius Ministry of Technology, Communication, and Innovation. 2018. “Digital Mauritius 2030 Strategic Plan.” mtci.govmu.org/English/Documents/2018/Launching Digital Transformation Strategy 191218/DM 2030 17 December 2018 at 12.30hrs.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mazambani, L., Rushwaya, T., and Mutambara, E.. 2018. “Financial Inclusion: Disrupted Liquidity and Redundancy of Mobile Money Agents in Zimbabwe.” Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15(3): 131142.Google Scholar
McHugh, Lauren. 2017. “How Global Pharma Players Can Gain Traction in Africa.” Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/global-pharma-players-can-gain-traction-africaGoogle Scholar
McKinsey Global Institute. 2020. “Risk, Resilience, and Rebalancing in Global Value Chains.” https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/risk-resilience-and-rebalancing-in-global-value-chainsGoogle Scholar
Meads, David. 2017. “Here’s How Africa Can Take Advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/heres-how-africa-can-take-advantage-of-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/Google Scholar
Meijia, P., and Castel, V.. 2012. Could Oil Shine like Diamonds? How Botswana Avoided the Resource Curse and Its Implications for a New Libya. AfDB Chief Economist Complex.Google Scholar
Mellah, Mohamed. 2018. “Transformation digitale: Le Maroc à la recherche de son second souffle.” Al HuffPost Maghreb. www.huffpostmaghreb.com/mohamed-mellah/transformation-digitale-le-maroc-a-la-recherche-de-son-second-souffle_b_19085134.htmlGoogle Scholar
Mercy Corps. 2019. “Towards a Digital Workforce: Understanding the Building Blocks of the Kenya Gig Economy.” https://www.mercycorps.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/Youth_Impact_Labs_Kenya_Gig_Economy_Report_2019_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
MINDEX. 2018. “GMEX Leads Consortium to Launch a Mauritius Based International Commodities and Derivatives Exchange (MINDEX) Ecosystem.” www.mindex.mu/gmex-leads-consortium-to-launch-a-mauritius-based-international-commodities-and-derivatives-exchange-mindex-ecosystem/Google Scholar
Minishi-Majanja, Mabel, and Ondari-Okemwa, Ezra. 2009. “Enhancing Government Basic Service Delivery and Performance Effectiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa through e-Governance.” Mousaion 27(2): 1735.Google Scholar
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. 2020. “Egypt Telecom Sector Grows by 15.2% Despite COVID-19: Cabinet Report. Ahram Online. https://mcit.gov.eg/Upcont/MediaCenter/EN_Egypt_Telecom_Sector_Grows_by_15.2_Despite_COVID_19_Cabinet_Report%20.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. 2021. “Digital Egypt.” https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Digital_EgyptGoogle Scholar
Minu, M. S., and Ahmed, Zoya. 2020. “Augmented Analytics: The Future of Business Intelligence.” Recent Trends in Computer Science and Software Technology 5: 713. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3757837Google Scholar
MISC. 2018. MISC Industrial Automation Systems. https://www.miscegypt.com/Google Scholar
Mistra, M. 2019. Epidemics and the Health of African Nations. African Books Collective. https://www.africanbookscollective.com/books/epidemics-and-the-health-of-african-nationsGoogle Scholar
Mogo, Ebele. 2021. “The AfCFTA Agreement Should Be Radical in Prioritizing Africa’s Health.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1977159/?utm_term=mucpGoogle Scholar
Monks, Kieron. 2017. “M-Pesa: Kenya’s Mobile Money Success Story Turns 10.” CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/africa/mpesa-10th-anniversary/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Monostori, László. 2014. “Cyber-Physical Production Systems: Roots, Expectations and R&D Challenges.” Procedia CIRP 17: 9-13. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827114003497Google Scholar
Moore, Jan, Chandran, Vinay, and Schubert, Jörg. 2018. “Are Middle East Workers Ready for the Impact of Automation?” McKinsey and Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/are-middle-east-workers-ready-for-the-impact-of-automationGoogle Scholar
Mordor Intelligence. 2021. Africa Automative Market – Growth, Trends, COVID-19 Impact, and Forecasts (2021–2026). https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/africa-automotive-industry-outlookGoogle Scholar
Morel, Benoit. 2016. “The Challenge of Building Cyber Security Capability in Africa.” Africa Policy Review. http://africapolicyreview.com/the-challenge-of-building-cyber-security-capability-in-africa/Google Scholar
“Morocco Has Second Highest Potential for Automation in Africa – McKinsey Says.” 2017. The North Africa Post. http://northafricapost.com/17406-morocco-second-highest-potential-automation-africa-mckinsey-says.htmlGoogle Scholar
“Morocco Seeks Digital Transformation for Economic, Social Development.” 2019. Morocco World News. www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/01/263828/morocco-digital-economic-social-development/Google Scholar
Mothobi, Onkokame, and Grzybowski, Lukasz. 2017. “Infrastructure Deficiencies and Adoption of Mobile Money in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Information Economics and Policy 40: 7179.Google Scholar
Mourdoukoutas, Eleni. 2017. “Africa’s Digital Rise Hooked on Innovation.” UN Africa Renewal. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/may-july-2017/africa%E2%80%99s-digital-rise-hooked-innovationGoogle Scholar
Mpala, Daniel. 2018. “Five SA Biotech Companies to Watch in 2018.” Ventureburn. http://ventureburn.com/2018/05/x-south-african-biotech-companies-watch-2018-digital-stars/Google Scholar
Mphidi, Hamilton. 2008. “Digital Divide and e-Governance in South Africa.” Research, Innovation and Partnerships, Tshwane University of Technology.Google Scholar
Muggah, Robert, and Hill, Katie. 2018. “African Cities Will Double in Population by 2050. Here Are 4 Ways to Make Sure They Thrive.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/Africa-urbanization-cities-double-population-2050-4%20ways-thrive/Google Scholar
Mureithi, Carlos. 2021a. “The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Created Africa’s Next Big Investment Opportunity.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1986528/the-covid-19-pandemic-has-boosted-african-health-tech-startups/Google Scholar
Mureithi, Carlos. 2021b. “African Telemedicine Startups Need Regulation to Reach More Patients.” Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/2010661/africas-growing-telemedicine-space-has-a-regulation-problem/Google Scholar
Muto. 2008. “The Impact of Mobile Phone Coverage Expansion on Market Participation: Panel Data Evidence from Uganda.” World Development 37(12): 18871896.Google Scholar
Mwanza, Kevin, and Wilkings, Henry. 2018. “African Startups Bet on Blockchain to Tackle Land Fraud.” Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-landrights-blockchain/african-startups-bet-on-blockchain-to-tackle-land-fraud-idUSKCN1G00YKGoogle Scholar
Myovella, Godwin, Karacuka, Mehmet, and Haucap, Justus. 2020. “Digitalization and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa and OECD Economies.” Telecommunications Policy 44(2): S0308596119302290.Google Scholar
Narayanan, Anjana. 2020. “How Data Analytics Skills Can Open New Opportunities for Oil and Gas Professionals.” The Journal of Petroleum Technology. https://jpt.spe.org/how-data-analytics-skills-can-open-new-opportunities-for-oil-and-gas-professionalsGoogle Scholar
Nasman, Nina, Dowling, Dan, Combes, Benjamin, and Herweijer, Celine. 2017. Fourth Industrial Revolution for the Earth: Harnessing the 4th Industrial Revolution for Sustainable Emerging Cities. PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/sustainability/assets/4ir-for-the-earth.pdfGoogle Scholar
Nathaniel, Allen. 2021. “Africa’s Evolving Cyber Threats. Spotlight, Africa Center for Strategic Studies.” https://africacenter.org/spotlight/africa-evolving-cyber-threats/Google Scholar
National Computer Board. 2020. “National Computer Board.” 1 World Connected. https://1worldconnected.org/project/africa_digitalskills_nationalcomputerboardmauritiusGoogle Scholar
National Nanotechnology Initiative. 2021. “NNI Budget.” United States of America. https://www.nano.gov/about-nni/what/fundingGoogle Scholar
Naudé, Wim. 2017. “Entrepreneurship, Education and the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa.” Institute of Labor Economics. www.iza.org/publications/dp/10855/entrepreneurship-education-and-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-in-africaGoogle Scholar
Naudé, Wim. 2018. “Brilliant Technologies and Brave Entrepreneurs: A New Narrative for African Manufacturing.” Journal of International Affairs 72(1): 143158.Google Scholar
Navas-Sabater, Juan. 2015. “World Bank Regional Broadband Programs and Proposed Central Asian Regional Fiber Optic Network (CARFON).” UN SPECA Project Working Group on Knowledge-based Development, Dushanbe, Tajikistan. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/World%20Bank%20Regional%20Broadband%20Programs%20and%20CARFON%20-%20Dushanbe%20workshop%20June%202015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Necdem, Assongmo. 2015. “Cameroun: 22,2 milliards FCfa de pertes en 2015 sur les appels frauduleux par Simbox.” Investir au Cameroun. https://www.investiraucameroun.com/telecom/0910-6775-cameroun-22-2-milliards-fcfa-de-pertes-en-2015-sur-les-appels-frauduleux-par-simboxGoogle Scholar
Ncube, Mtuli. 2015. “Inclusive Growth in Africa.” In Monga, Celestin and Yifu Len, Justin (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ndemo, Bitange. 2015. “Effective Innovation Policies for Development: The Case of Kenya.” Global Innovation Index 2015: Effective Innovation Policies for Development. https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/reportpdf/GII-2015-v5.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ndemo, Bitange. 2016. “The Paradigm Shift: Disruption, Creativity, and Innovation in Kenya.” In Ndemo, Bitange and Weiss, Tim (Eds.), Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 123.Google Scholar
Ndung’u, Njuguna. 2018. “Next Steps for the Digital Revolution in Africa.” The Brookings Institution Working Paper 20. www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Digital-Revolution-in-Africa_Brookings_AGI_20181022.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ndung’u, Njuguna. 2019. “Could Taxation of Mobile Banking in Africa Stall Financial Inclusion?” In Foresight Africa. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Ndung’u, Njuguna, and Signé, Landry. 2020. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Digitization Will Transform Africa into a Global Powerhouse.” www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ForesightAfrica2020_Chapter5_20200110.pdfGoogle Scholar
NEPAD. 2012. Africa Information and Communications Technology Sector Outlook 2030. https://www.nepad.org/publication/africa-ict-sector-outlook-2030-0Google Scholar
NEPAD, AU, and AfDB. 2011. Study on Program for Infrastructure Development in Africa: Study Synthesis. http://www.au-pida.org/download/study-on-pida-phase-iii-reports/Google Scholar
Neudert, Lisa-Maria. 2018. “Future Elections May Be Swayed by Intelligent, Weaponized Chatbots.” MIT Technology Review. www.technologyreview.com/s/611832/future-elections-may-be-swayed-by-intelligent-weaponized-chatbots/Google Scholar
Newfarmer, Richard, Page, John, and Tarp, Finn. 2018. Industries without Smokestacks: Industrialization in Africa Reconsidered. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Newman, Carol, Page, John, and Tarp, Finn. 2017. “Made in Africa – The Future of Production on the Continent.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/made-in-africa-the-future-of-production-on-the-continent/Google Scholar
Nigeria Communications Commission. 2021. “ICT Development: Nigeria Seeks Increased Regional Collaboration among West African States.” https://www.ncc.gov.ng/media-centre/news-headlines/965-ict-development-nigeria-seeks-increased-regional-collaboration-among-west-african-statesGoogle Scholar
Nijhuis, Sebastiaan, and Iris Herrmann, . 2019. The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Agriculture. Strategy+Business. https://www.strategy-business.com/article/The-fourth-industrial-revolution-in-agricultureGoogle Scholar
Norbrook, Nicholas, Soumaré, Marième, Velluet, Quentin, and Galtier, Mathier. 2020. “Tech Hubs across Africa to Incubate the Next Generation.” The Africa Report. https://www.theafricareport.com/23434/tech-hubs-across-africa-to-incubate-the-next-generation/Google Scholar
Nsehe, Mfonobong. 2014. “Seven Innovative Products from Africa You Should Know.” Forbes. www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2014/02/13/seven-innovative-products-from-africa-you-should-know/#1da38a5f7f1cGoogle Scholar
Nsehe, Mfonobong. 2018. “Meet Piggybank.ng, the Nigerian FinTech Startup That Just Raised $1.1 million.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/05/31/meet-piggybank-ng-the-nigerian-fintech-startup-that-just-raised-1-1million/#bb8db1310ca2Google Scholar
Nsengimana, Jean Phibert. 2018. “How Africa Wins The 4th Industrial Revolution.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startupnationcentral/2018/10/10/how-africa-wins-the-4th-industrial-revolution/#66f14c7c2f37Google Scholar
Nyakanini, Grace, Maurice, Sayinzoga, Nicholas, Gates, Erik, Almqvist, and Kutay, Erkan. 2020. “Unlocking the Digital Economy in Africa: Benchmarking the Digital Transformation Journey.” Dial-Smart Africa. https://digitalimpactalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SmartAfrica-DIAL_DigitalEconomyInAfrica2020-v7_ENG.pdfGoogle Scholar
OC&C. 2018. “Tech Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Nigeria.” https://www.occstrategy.com/media/1307/tech-eship-in-nigeria.pdfGoogle Scholar
OECD. 2018. Digital Government Review of Morocco: Laying the Foundations for the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Morocco. Paris: OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing.Google Scholar
Ogaugwu, Christian, Agbo, Stanley, and Adekoya, Moninat. 2019. “CRISPR in Sub-Saharan Africa: Applications and Education.” Trends in BioTechnology 7: 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.07.012Google Scholar
Ogbole, Godwin I., Adeyomoye, Adekunle O., Badu-Peprah, Augustina, Mensah, Yaw, and Nzeh, Donald Amasike. 2018. “Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Availability in West Africa.” Pan African Medical Journal 30(1): 240.Google Scholar
Ogbuoji, Osondu, Bharali, Ipchita, Emergy, Natalie, and McDade, Kaci Kennedy. 2019. “Closing Africa’s Health Financing Gap.” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2019/03/01/closing-africas-health-financing-gap/Google Scholar
Okonkwo, Judith. 2018. “Africa’s Largest Augmented and Virtual Reality Event Supported by VR First.” Medium. https://medium.com/vr-first/vr-first-supports-africas-largest-augmented-and-virtual-reality-event-f33397799677Google Scholar
Olyaei, Sam. 2017. “Gartner Says Middle East and North Africa Information Security Spending Will Grow 11 Percent to Reach $1.8 Billion in 2017.” Gartner. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-10-16-gartner-says-middle-east-and-north-africa-information-security-spending-will-grow-11-percent-to-reach-1-billion-in-2017Google Scholar
Ong, S. K., and Nee, Andrew Y. C.. 2013. Virtual and Augmented Reality Applications in Manufacturing. Springer Science & Business Media. Singapore: National University of Singapore.Google Scholar
Onwughalu, Vincent, and Ojakorotu, Victor. 2020. “The 4th Industrial Revolution: an Opportunity for Africa’s ‘Decolonization’ and Development or Recolonization?African Renaissance; London. United Kingdom 17(1): 7593. https://journals.co.za/doi/10.31920/2516-5305/2020/17n1a4Google Scholar
Oolun, Krishna, Ramgolam, Suraj, and Dorasami, Vasenden. 2012. “The Making of a Digital Nation: Toward i-Mauritius.” The Global Information Technology Report 161168.Google Scholar
Orange. 2017. Orange Middle East and Africa: Partner for Digital Transformation. www.orange.com/en/content/download/38172/1160229/version/6/file/MEA_Plaquette_2017_EN_PDF_Web_Page.pdfGoogle Scholar
Osuagwu, Prine. 2021. “Why ICT Will Remain Nigeria’s Top GDP Earner.” Vanguard. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/why-ict-will-remain-nigerias-top-gdp-earner/Google Scholar
Oughton, Edward J., Comini, Niccolo, Foster, Vivien, and Hall, Jim W.. 2021. “Policy Choices Can Help Keep 4G and 5G Universal Broadband Affordable.” Policy Research Working Paper No. 9563. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35212Google Scholar
Owoyemi, Ayomide, Boyd, Andy, Osiyemi, Adeneken, and Owoyemi, Joshua. 2020. Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare in Africa. Frontiers in Digital Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2020.00006Google Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2017a. “Nigeria Makes Significant Progress towards Universal Health Care Coverage.” The Report: Nigeria 2017. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/prioritising-care-new-developments-health-care-signify-progress-towards-universal-coverage-politicalGoogle Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2017b. “Tunisia’s Education Sector to Be Overhauled.” https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/track-series-reforms-are-set-overhaul-sectorGoogle Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2018a. “Skilled Workforce, Low Costs and State Support Offer an Attractive Environment for Technological Investment in Egypt.” The Report: Egypt 2018. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/top-ranks-highly-skilled-workforce-low-costs-and-government-support-offer-attractive-environmentGoogle Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2018b. “Young Egyptians Gain ICT Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Skills with New Programs.” The Report: Egypt 2018. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/brain-gain-multiple-initiatives-launched-develop-ict-capabilities-and-entrepreneurial-skills-youngGoogle Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2020. “Tunisia’s Government Works to Develop the Start-Up Ecosystem Using New Policies and Incentives.” https://new.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/article/tunisias-government-works-to-develop-the-start-up-ecosystem-using-new-policies-and-incentives/Google Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2021a. “E-Commerce in Sub-Saharan Africa: Can Covid-19 Growth Be Sustained?” https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/e-commerce-sub-saharan-africa-can-covid-19-growth-be-sustainedGoogle Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2021b. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Key to the Coronavirus Recovery?” https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/fourth-industrial-revolution-sub-saharan-africa-key-coronavirus-recoveryGoogle Scholar
Oxford Business Group. 2021c. “What Infrastructure Will Aid in Egypt’s Digital Transformation?” https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/mobile-connection-new-legislation-and-continuing-investment-communications-infrastructure-setGoogle Scholar
Oyelola, Folake Olagunju. 2016. “Cybersecurity and the Fight against Cybercrimes in West Africa: Current Status, Challenges and the Future.” Global Forum on Cyber Expertise. https://www.thegfce.com/news/news/2016/12/07/cybersecurity-and-fight-against-cybercrimesGoogle Scholar
Panayotou, Todor. 1993. “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development.” ILO Working Papers 992927783402676. International Labour Organization.Google Scholar
Panayotou, Todor. 2003. Economic Growth and the Environment. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Spring Seminar.Google Scholar
Pandey, Piyush, Golden, Deborah, Peasley, Sean, and Kelkar, Mahesh. 2019. “Making Smart Cities Cybersecure: Ways to Address Distinct Risks in an Increasingly Connected Urban Future.” Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/smart-city/making-smart-cities-cyber-secure.htmlGoogle Scholar
Pape. 2019. “Transformation Digitale. Inwi dote le Maroc de la plus grande infrastructure datacenter.” Micromagma Magazine. www.micromagma.ma/actualites/maroc/item/8774-transformation-digitale-inwi-dote-le-maroc-de-la-plus-grande-infrastructure-datacenterGoogle Scholar
Paracha, Zubair Naeem. 2018. “A Guide to Egypt’s Tech Startup Ecosystem.” Menabytes. https://www.menabytes.com/egypt-tech-startup-ecosystem-guide/Google Scholar
Pensulo, Charles. 2021. “Could 3D Printed Schools Be ‘Transformative’ for Education in Africa?” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/could-3d-printed-schools-be-transformative-for-education-in-africa/Google Scholar
Pepper, Robert, Garrity, John, and LaSalle, Connie. 2016. “Cross-Border Data Flows, Digital Innovation, and Economic Growth.” Global Information Technology Report. https://reports.weforum.org/global-information-technology-report-2016/1-2-cross-border-data-flows-digital-innovation-and-economic-growth/Google Scholar
Peters, Michael A. 2017. “Technological Unemployment: Educating for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics 5(1): 2533.Google Scholar
Pharatlhatlhe, Kesaobaka, and Byiers, Bruce. 2019. “Youth Unemployment and the Role of Regional Organisations: The Case of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).” https://ecdpm.org/publications/youth-unemployment-and-the-role-of-regional-organisations/Google Scholar
PND. 2016. “Gates Foundation to Invest $5 Billion in Africa over Five Years.” PND by Candid. https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/gates-foundation-to-invest-5-billion-in-africa-over-five-yearsGoogle Scholar
Ponelis, Shana R., and Holmner, Marlene A.. 2015. “ICT in Africa: Building a Better Life for All.” Information Technology for Development 21(2): 163177.Google Scholar
Poverty Spotlight. 2021. “The Impact.” https://www.povertystoplight.org/en/impact/Google Scholar
Power Africa. 2020. “Cybersecurity for Transmission and Distribution in Africa.” Power Africa. https://powerafrica.medium.com/cybersecurity-for-transmission-and-distribution-in-africa-475676074534Google Scholar
Prakash, Chander, Singh, Sunpreet, Pabla, Bs, and Krolczyk, Grzegorz. 2020. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. Singapore: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4059-2Google Scholar
Prisecaru, Petre. 2016. “Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Knowledge Horizons – Economics 8(1)” 57–62. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:khe:journl:v:8:y:2016:i:1:p:57-62Google Scholar
Puchooa, Daneshwar. 2004. “Biotechnology in Mauritius: Current Status and Constraints.” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 7(2).Google Scholar
PwC. 2015. Global State of Information Security Survey 2015.Google Scholar
PwC. 2017. “Fighting Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals: New Defenses for an Underestimated – and Growing – Menace.” Strategy&. www.strategyand.pwc.com/gx/en/insights/2017/fighting-counterfeit-pharmaceuticals/fighting-counterfeit-pharmaceuticals.pdfGoogle Scholar
Qiang, C. Z., and Rossotto, C. M.. 2009. “Economic Impacts of Broadband.” In Information and Communications for Development 2009: Extending Reach and Increasing Impact. Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 3550.Google Scholar
Quarshie, Henry Osborn, and Martin-Odoom, Alexander. 2012. Ethical Dilemma in a Computerized Society: Computer Ethics and Society. Mauritius: Lambert Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Quartz Staff. 2019. “Quartz Africa Innovators 2019: Leading the Change for Africa’s Future.” Quartz. https://qz.com/africa/1700312/quartz-africa-innovators-2019Google Scholar
Qui, Winston. 2020. “A study on Submarine Cables Crossing Egypt and Their Costs.” Submarine Networks. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/services/research/submarine-cables-crossing-egypt-and-costGoogle Scholar
Radwan, Ismail, and Pellegrini, Giulia. 2010. Knowledge, Productivity, and Innovation in Nigeria: Creating a New Economy. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2424Google Scholar
Rao, Pavithra. 2020 June 25. “Nigerian Digital Healthcare Startup Helps Triage COVID-19 Cases.” Africa Renewal. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/june-2020/coronavirus/nigerian-digital-healthcare-startup-helps-triage-covid-19-casesGoogle Scholar
Ratcheva, Vesselina Stefanova, and Leopold, Till. 2018. “Five Things to Know about the Future of Jobs.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/future-of-jobs-2018-things-to-know/Google Scholar
Razavi, Lauren. 2018. “How Rwanda’s Capital Became an African Tech Leader.” Medium. https://medium.com/s/story/how-rwandas-capital-became-an-african-tech-leader-66e00edc74dGoogle Scholar
Rehr, David K., and Munteanu, Dorin. 2021. “The Promise of Robotic Process Automation for the Public Sector.” Center for Business Civic Engagement George Mason University. https://cbce.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Promise-of-RPA-For-The-Public-Sector.pdfGoogle Scholar
Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. 2000. Rwanda Vision 2020. Kigali, Rwanda: Republic of Rwanda. https://www.sida.se/globalassets/global/countries-and-regions/africa/rwanda/d402331a.pdfGoogle Scholar
Retief, Chanel. 2021. “The Cost of CO2VID.” Forbes Africa. https://www.forbesafrica.com/focus/2021/08/04/the-cost-of-co₂vid/Google Scholar
Richard, Stéphane. 2019. “Three Reasons Why Most Africans Aren’t on the Internet – And How to Connect Them.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/3-reasons-why-most-africans-arent-on-the-internet-and-how-to-connect-them/Google Scholar
Richards, Kevin. 2017. “2017 Cost of Cyber Crime Study.” Accenture Security. https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insight-cost-of-cybercrime-2017Google Scholar
Riley, Thyra, and Kulathunga, Anoma, 2017. Bringing E-money to the Poor: Successes and Failures. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Roman, Rodrigo, Najera, Pablo, and Lopez, Javier. 2011. “Securing the Internet of Things.” IEEE Computer 44: 5158.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 1999. “The Political Economy of the Resource Curse.” World Politics 51: 297322.Google Scholar
Rouse, M. Stella, and Verhoef, Grietjie. 2016. “Mobile Banking in Africa: The Current State of Play.” In Batiz-Lazo, B. and Efthymiou, L. (Eds.), The Book of Payments: Historical and Contemporary Views of the Cashless Economy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 233257. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60231-2_21Google Scholar
Rowe, Brent, Reeves, Doug, Wood, Dallas, and Braun, Fern, 2010. “Estimating the Market for Internet Service Provider-Based Cybersecurity Solutions.” Institute for Home Security Solutions.Google Scholar
Russo, Amanda, and Wolf, Harrison. 2019. “What the World Can Learn from Rwanda’s Approach to Drones.” World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/what-the-world-can-learn-from-rwandas-approach-to-drones/.Google Scholar
Russo, Giuliano, Bloom, Gerald, and McCoy, David. 2017. “Universal Health Coverage, Economic Slowdown and System Resilience: Africa’s Policy Dilemma.” BMJ Global Health 2(3).Google Scholar
Rwanda Energy Group. 2021. “Electricity Access.” https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/access/Google Scholar
Sahadut, Muhammad Ridwan, Bundhoo, Mohammad Hashim, and Catherine, Pierre Clarel. 2015. “The Establishment of Smart Cities in Mauritius: Requirements, Challenges and Opportunities.” The Second International Conference on Data Mining, Internet Computing, and Big Data (Big Data 2015).Google Scholar
Salient. 2021. Innovations in Health Product Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Market Intelligence Report. https://healthtech.salientadvisory.com/reports/african-health-product-distribution-2021/Google Scholar
Sawahel, Wagdy. 2021. “Africa Launches Powerful Supercomputer.” University World News. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210228193908881Google Scholar
SAS. 2019. “Big Data: What It Is and Why It Matters.” https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.htmlGoogle Scholar
Schaffer, Mark, Steenkamp, Andre, Flowerday, Wayde, and Goddard, John Gabriel. 2018. Innovation Activity in South Africa: Measuring the Returns to R&D. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/30265Google Scholar
Schmidt, Oliver. 2018. “Digitalization, Servitization and ‘Leapfrogging’ – The Case of Mobile Financial Services in East Africa.” In Die informatisierte Service-Ökonomie. Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH: Springer.Google Scholar
Schneier. 2007. “Home Users: A Public Health Problem?” Schneier on Security. http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2007/09/Google Scholar
Schultz, Ivy. 2018. “International Entrepreneurship: Exposure to Micro-Markets in Tunisia.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/columbiabusinessschool/2018/12/03/international-entrepreneurship-exposure-to-micro-markets-in-tunisiaGoogle Scholar
Schwab, Klaus. 2016a. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Schwab, Klaus. 2016b. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What It Means, How to Respond.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/Google Scholar
Schwab, Klaus. 2018. The Global Competitiveness Report 2018. Cologny/Geneva: World Economic Forum. www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schwab, Klaus, and Davis, Nicholas. 2018. Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Cologny/Geneva: World Economic Forum.Google Scholar
Scott, Kate. 2018. “Drones Driven by AI Will Track Illegal Fishing in African Waters.” CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/15/africa/atlan-space-ai-drone-morocco/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Seo, Michael. 2019. “Can a Mobile Health Payment Platform Reshape Kenya’s Health Care System?” Global Innovations in Health Care. https://international.kaiserpermanente.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Carepay-MTiba_final_080519.pdfGoogle Scholar
Serianu. 2016. Africa Cyber Security Report 2016: Achieving Cyber Security Resilience. https://www.serianu.com/downloads/AfricaCyberSecurityReport2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Serianu. 2017. Africa Cyber Security Report 2017: Demystifying Africa’s Cyber Security Poverty Line. https://www.serianu.com/downloads/AfricaCyberSecurityReport2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
“Seven Worldwide Oil and Gas Projects to Watch in 2018.” 2017. Africa Oil Week. https://www.africa-oilweek.com/Articles/7-worldwide-oil-gas-projects-to-watch-in-2018Google Scholar
Shahan, Zachary. 2021. “Morocco Aims for 50% Renewable Energy by 2030.” Clean Technica. https://cleantechnica.com/2021/01/22/morocco-aims-for-50-renewable-energy-by-2030/Google Scholar
Shapshak, Toby. 2019. “Africa Now Has 643 Tech Hubs Which Play ‘Pivotal’ Role for Business.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2019/10/30/africa-now-has-643-tech-hubs-which-play-pivotal-role-for-business/?sh=168446184e15Google Scholar
Sharma, Abhinav, Jain, Arpit, Gupta, Prateek, and Chowdary, Vinay. 2020. “Machine Learning Applications for Precision Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review.” IEEE Access 9: 48434873. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048415Google Scholar
Shekar, Meera, and Otto, Kate. 2014. ICT for Health in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/19020Google Scholar
Siba, Eyerusalem, and Sow, Mariama. 2017. “Smart City Initiatives in Africa.” The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/11/01/smart-city-initiatives-in-africa/Google Scholar
Sibanda, Tawanda. 2019. “Digital Reinvention Can Spur South Africa’s Economy.” McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/middle-east-and-africa/digital-reinvention-can-spur-south-africas-economyGoogle Scholar
Sicari, S., Rizzardi, A., Grieco, L. A., and Coen-Porisini, A.. 2015. “Security, Privacy and Trust in Internet of Things: The Toad Ahead.” Computer Networks 76: 146164.Google Scholar
Siderska, Julia. 2021. “The Adoption of Robotic Process Automation Technology to Ensure Business Processes during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Sustainability 13(14): 8020. doi: 10.3390/su13148020Google Scholar
Siemens. 2017. Africa Digitalization Maturity Report 2017. www.siemens.co.za/pool/about_us/Digitalization_Maturity_Report_2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2018a. “Capturing Africa’s High Returns.” The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/opinions/capturing-africas-high-returns/Google Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2018b. “Africa’s Consumer Market Potential: Trends, Drivers, Opportunities, and Strategies.” The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Africas-consumer-market-potential.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2018c. “Africa’s Tourism Potential: Trends, Drivers, Opportunities, and Strategies.” The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Africas-tourism-potential_LandrySigne1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2020a. “The Potential of Manufacturing and Industrialization in Africa.” The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Manufacturing-and-Industrialization-in-Africa-Signe-20180921.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2020b. Unlocking Africa’s Business Potential: Trends, Opportunities, Risks and Strategies. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2021a. “Capturing Africa’s Insurance Potential for Shared Prosperity.” Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2021/07/02/capturing-africas-insurance-potential-for-shared-prosperity/Google Scholar
Signé, Landry. 2021b. “Strategies for Effective Health Care for Africa in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Bridging the Gap between the Promise and Delivery.” Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Strategies-for-effective-health-care-delivery-in-Africa_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry, and Fox, Louise. 2021. “The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the Future of Work: Could This Bring Good Jobs to Africa?” INCLUDE Knowledge Platform. https://includeplatform.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Book-ESP-Fox-FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry, and Johnson, Chelsea. 2018. Africa’s Tourism Potential: Trends, Drivers, Opportunities, and Strategies. Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Africas-tourism-potential_LandrySigne1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Signé, Landry, and Signé, Kevin. 2018. “Cybersecurity in Africa: Securing Businesses with a Local Approach with Global Standards.” The Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2018/06/04/cybersecurity-in-africa-securing-businesses-with-a-local-approach-with-global-standards/Google Scholar
Signé, Landry, and Signé, Kevin. 2021. “African States Can Improve Their Cybersecurity.” The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/how-african-states-can-improve-their-cybersecurity/.Google Scholar
Signé, Landry, and van der Ven, Colette. 2019. Keys to Success for the AfCFTA Negotiations. Washington: Brookings Africa Growth Initiative.Google Scholar
Singh, Rishi. 2018. “Mauritius Must Look to the Example of Singapore to Build Its Own Global Digital Revolution.” Maunews Online. maunewsonline.uitvconnect.com/mauritius-must-look-to-the-example-of-singapore-to-build-its-own-globaldigital-revolution/Google Scholar
Sirkin, Hal, Zinser, Michael, and Rose, Justin. 2015. “The Robotics Revolution: The Next Great Leap in Manufacturing.” Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/lean-manufacturing-innovation-robotics-revolution-next-great-leap-manufacturing.aspxGoogle Scholar
Slav, Irina. 2019. “Oil Rises Amid Nigerian Oil Terminal Shutdown.” Oilprice.com. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Rises-Amid-Nigeria-Oil-Terminal-Shutdown.htmlGoogle Scholar
Slavova, Mira, and Okwechime, Ekene. 2016. “African Smart Cities Strategies for Agenda 2063.” Africa Journal of Management 2(2): 210229.Google Scholar
Smit, Janine. 2013. “Africa’s First Virtual Reality Mine Design Center.” University of Pretoria – Innovate. https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/Legacy/sitefiles/file/44/1026/2163/8121/innovate8/2829africas_first_virtual_reality_mine_design_centrebyjaninesmit.pdfGoogle Scholar
Smith, Stephen. 2019. The Scramble for Europe: Young Africa on Its Way to the Old Continent, 1st ed. London: Polity.Google Scholar
Solomon, Edna, and van Klyton, Aaron. 2020. “The Impact of Digital Technology Usage on Economic Growth in Africa.” Utilities Policy 67. doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2020.101104Google Scholar
“Sound Energy Are Plotting a Path to Develop Their Assets in Western Morocco.” 2019. Africa Oil Week. https://www.africa-oilweek.com/Articles/httpsafrica-oilweekcomarticlessound-energyGoogle Scholar
Spivey, Lori, Dupoux, Patrick, Niavas, Stefano, Ermia, Tenbite, and Heuze, Stéphane. 2013. “Ten Things to Know about African Consumers: Capturing the Emerging Consumer Class.” Bcg.perspectives. www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/globalization_consumer_insight_ten_things_to_know_about_african_consumers/Google Scholar
Stankovic, Mirjana, Gupta, Ravi, Sadeski, Francie, and Lacave, Matthieu. 2019. “Study on Unlocking the Potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa. Final Report – Country Case: Uganda.” African Development Bank.Google Scholar
Statista. 2021. “Number of Public and Private Tertiary Education Institutions in Tunisia from 2013/2014 to 2018/2019.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/1241507/number-of-public-and-private-tertiary-education-institutions-in-tunisia/Google Scholar
Statistics South Africa. 2018. Quarterly Labor Force Survey: Quarter 2: 2018. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02112ndQuarter2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Steyn, Gabriella. 2018. “Aerobotics Uses Artificial Intelligence to Make Farming Easier.” Business Report. https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/technology/watch-aerobotics-uses-artificial-intelligence-to-make-farming-easier-17505625Google Scholar
Stork, Cristoph, Calandro, Enrico, and Gillwald, Alison. 2013. “Internet Going Mobile: Internet Access and Use in 11 African Countries.” info 15(5): 3451.Google Scholar
Stroetmann, Karl. 2018. “Digital Health Ecosystem for African Countries: A Guide for Public and Private Actors for Establishing Holistic Digital Health Ecosystems in Africa.” Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).Google Scholar
Suberg, William. 2018. “Egypt’s Central Bank Conducting ‘Feasibility Studies’ Around Digital Currency Issuance.” Cointelegraph. https://cointelegraph.com/news/egypts-central-bank-conducting-feasibility-studies-around-digital-currency-issuanceGoogle Scholar
Sun, Irene Y., Jarayam, Kartik, and Kassiri, Omid. 2017. “Dance of the Lions and Dragons: How Are Africa and China Engaging, and How Will the Partnership Evolve?” McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Middle%20East%20and%20Africa/The%20closest%20look%20yet%20at%20Chinese%20economic%20engagement%20in%20Africa/Dance-of-the-lions-and-dragons.ashxGoogle Scholar
Sustainable Energy for All. 2021. “Power Africa, SEforALL to Accelerate Health Facility Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://www.seforall.org/news/health-facility-electrification-in-sub-saharan-africa.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Ewan. 2017. “Governance of Cybersecurity: The Case of South Africa.” African Journal of Information and Communication 20: 83112.Google Scholar
Swan, Melanie. 2015. Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.Google Scholar
Tan, Joy. 2018. “Cloud Computing Is Crucial to the Future of Our Societies – Here’s Why.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joytan/2018/02/25/cloud-computing-is-the-foundation-of-tomorrows-intelligent-world/#22abc1564073Google Scholar
Tanner, Maureen. 2009. “Communication and Culture in Global Software Development: The Case of Mauritius and South Africa.” Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations 4: 5786.Google Scholar
Taylor, Ian. 2014. Africa Rising? BRICS – Diversifying Dependency. Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
Te Velde, Dirk. 2016. Why African Manufacturing Is Doing Better than You Think. Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/comment/10382-why-african-manufacturing-doing-better-you-thinkGoogle Scholar
Terebey, Skye. 2016. “African Union Cybersecurity Profile: Seeking a Common Continental Policy.” University of Washington Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. https://jsis.washington.edu/news/african-union-cybersecurity-profile-seeking-common-continental-policyGoogle Scholar
“The Battle against Ransomware.” 2017. African Business Magazine. https://africanbusinessmagazine.com/sectors/technology/the-battle-against-ransomware/Google Scholar
The Conversation. 2021. “African Countries Must Muscle up Their Support and Fill Massive R&D Gap.” https://theconversation.com/african-countries-must-muscle-up-their-support-and-fill-massive-randd-gap-161024Google Scholar
The Medical Futurist. 2020. Ten Ways Technology Is Changing Healthcare. https://medicalfuturist.com/ten-ways-technology-changing-healthcare/Google Scholar
Theunissen, Ian. 2015. “E-agriculture: How ICT Is Taking Farming into the Future.” IT News Africa. https://www.itnewsafrica.com/2015/11/e-agriculture-how-ict-is-taking-farming-into-the-future/Google Scholar
Thompson, Herbert, and Garbacz, Christopher. 2008. “Broadband Impacts on State GDP: Direct and Indirect Impacts.” Paper presented at the International Telecommunications Society 17th Biennial Conference, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Times Higher Education. 2021. “Best Universities in Africa 2022.” https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-africaGoogle Scholar
Trade Commissioner. 2021. “Cybersecurity Market in Morocco.” Government of Canada. https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/morocco-maroc/market-reports-etudes-de-marches/0005881.aspx?lang=engGoogle Scholar
Tsagkalidis, Christos, Matrone, Luigi, El Ouazzani, Zineb, et al. 2018. “Trade 2030 and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR): Bringing the Vision and Thoughts of Youth to the World.” Global Shapers Community and WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/public_forum18_e/fly_64.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tshabalala, Sim. 2017. “South Africa in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A New Opportunity to Create More Jobs and a Better Society.” Standard Bank. https://standardbank.com/CIB/About-us/Insights-Hub/South-Africa-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution:--A-new-opportunity-to-create-more-jobs-and-a-better-societyGoogle Scholar
Tshiani, Valerie, and Tanner, Maureen. 2018. “South Africa’s Quest for Smart Cities: Privacy Concerns of Digital Natives of Cape Town, South Africa.” Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning 14: 5576.Google Scholar
Tsuyoshi, Kano, and Toyama, Kentaro. 2020. “Bottlenecks of ICT Innovation in Rwanda.” In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD2020). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, Article 16, 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3392561.3394644.Google Scholar
Tugizimana, Fidele, Engel, Jasper, Salek, Reza, Dubery, Ian, Piater, Lizelle, and Burgess, Karl. 2020. “The Disruptive 4IR in the Life Sciences: Metabolomics.” In Doorsamy, Wesley, Paul, Babu, and Marwala, Tshilidzi (Eds.), The Disruptive Fourth Industrial Revolution. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 674. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48230-5_10Google Scholar
Turianskyi, Yarik, and Gruzd, Steven. 2016. “Can Technological Advances Improve Governance in Africa?” The Mail & Guardian. mg.co.za/article/2016-04-27-can-technological-advances-improve-governance-in-africaGoogle Scholar
Uche Ordu, Aloysius. 2020. “The Coming of Age of the African Centers for Disease Control.” Brookings Africa in Focus blog. www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2020/04/15/the-coming-of-age-of-the-africa-centers-for-disease-control/Google Scholar
Uchechukwu, Nnamani, and Makwe Stella, . 2019. “Impact of Electronic Banking on Customer Satisfaction.” IDOSR Journal of Science and Technology 4(1): 2335. https://www.idosr.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/04/IDOSRJST-41-23-35-2019.-OL.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNCTAD. 2017. “Robots, Industrialization, and Inclusive Growth.” In Trade and Development Report 2017. Beyond Austerity: Towards a Global New Deal.Google Scholar
UNCTAD. 2019. Foreign Direct Investment to Africa Defies Global Slump, Rises 11%. https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=2109Google Scholar
UNCTAD. 2020a. Discussion on “Harnessing Rapid Technological Change for Inclusive and Sustainable Development.” Kenya’s Position Paper. https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/ecn162020_s06_rapidtech_space_Kenya_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNCTAD and UNIDO. 2011. Economic Development in Africa Report 2011. https://unctad.org/en/Docs/aldcafrica2011_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNDP. 2018. “Rwanda: Human Development Indicators.” http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/RWAGoogle Scholar
UNDP. 2020. “Human Development Report 2020.” http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/EGYGoogle Scholar
“Une directive de BAM sur la fiabilité et la sécurité systèmes d’information des banques.” 2016. La Tribune. https://lnt.ma/une-directive-de-bam-sur-la-fiabilite-et-la-securite-systemes-dinformation-des-banques/Google Scholar
UNECA. 2014. “Tackling the Challenges of Cybersecurity in Africa.” UNECA Policy Brief NTIS/002/2014.Google Scholar
UNECA. 2020a. Economic Report on Africa 2020: Innovative Finance for Private Sector Development in Africa. https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/fullpublicationfiles/ERA_2020_mobile_20201213.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNECA, GBCHealth, and Aliko Dangote Foundation. 2019. Healthcare and Economic Growth in Africa. Addis Ababa: United Nationals Economic Commission for Africa.Google Scholar
UNFPA, World Health Organization, UNICEF, World Bank Group, the United Nations Population Division. 2019. Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2017. https://www.unfpa.org/featured-publication/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2017Google Scholar
UNICEF. 2016. “mTrac: Using Innovations to Improve Healthcare.” www.unicef.org/uganda/what-we-do/mtracGoogle Scholar
UNICEF. 2017. Education Budget Brief: Investing in Child Education in Rwanda. https://www.unicef.org/rwanda/RWA_resources_budgetbriefseducation.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNICEF. 2019. “Children in Africa: Key Statistics on Child Survival and Population.” https://data.unicef.org/resources/children-in-africa-child-survival-brochure/Google Scholar
UNICEF. 2020. “E-Learning Tools Help to Ensure Continuity of Services in Somalia during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” https://www.unicef.org/esa/documents/e-learning-tools-help-ensure-continuity-services-somalia-during-covid-19-pandemicGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2019. “World Population Prospects.” https://population.un.org/wppGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 2020. “E-Government Survey 2020: Digital Government in the Decade of Action for Sustainable Development – With Addendum on COVID-19 Response.” United Nations. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2020-Survey/2020%20UN%20E-Government%20Survey%20(Full%20Report).pdfGoogle Scholar
UNWTO. 2019. Tourism Highlights 2017 Edition. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152Google Scholar
USAID. 2016. “Data-driven Strategy to Improve Health Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa.” BroadReach/Regional Action through Data Fact Sheet. www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/Fact_Sheet_RAD_IGAD_WAHO_508.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vahabi, Mehrdad. 2017. A Critical Survey of the Resource Curse Literature through the Appropriability Lens. Document de travail du CEPN N°2017-14. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01583559/documentGoogle Scholar
van der Stelt, Merel, Verhulst, Arico C., Vas Nunes, Jonathan H., et al. 2020. “Improving Lives in Three Dimensions: The Feasibility of 3D Printing for Creating Personalized Medical Aids in a Rural Area of Sierra Leone.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 102: 4. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0359.Google Scholar
van der Waag-Cowling, Noëlle. 2020. “Living below the Cyber Poverty Line: Strategic Challenges for Africa.” International Committee of the Red Cross. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2020/06/11/cyber-poverty-line-africa/Google Scholar
Vasconcellos, G. Alexandre , Fonseca e Fonseca, Bruna de Paula, and Morel, Carlos M.. 2018. “Revisiting the Concept of Innovative Developing Countries (IDCs) for Its Relevance to Health Innovation and Neglected Tropical Diseases and for the Prevention and Control of Epidemics.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12(7).Google Scholar
V.e.n.t.u.r.e.s Onsite & Construct East Africa. 2015. The Emerging East Africa Construction Market 2015: Focus on Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozambique and Kenya. www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/files/TRADE/THE_BIG_5_CONSTRUCT_EAST_AFRICA/The%20Emerging%20East%20Africa%20Construction%20Market%202015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Veselinovic, Milena. 2018. “Alain Nteff, Savior of Cameroon’s Mothers and Babies.” CNN. www.cnn.com/2015/02/17/africa/gifted-mom-cameroon-alain-nteff/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Vidal, Maria. 2017. “Mapping Africa’s Latest Innovations in Digital Finance.” CGAP. https://www.cgap.org/blog/mapping-africas-latest-innovations-digital-financeGoogle Scholar
Vithani, Priya. 2017. “Government and Private Sector Team up to Support Startups in Egypt.” Wamda. https://www.wamda.com/2017/06/government-private-sector-team-support-startups-egyptGoogle Scholar
VOA. 2011. “Ethiopia Recruits Health ‘Army’ to Combat Child Mortality, Malnutrition.” VOA. www.voanews.com/africa/ethiopia-recruits-health-army-combat-child-mortality-malnutritionGoogle Scholar
Wadekar, Neha. 2020 April 15. “Kenya’s 3D Printing Community Is Making Covid-19 Equipment to Fill a Deficit as Caseloads Rise.” QuartzAfrica. https://qz.com/africa/1838608/?utm_term=mucpGoogle Scholar
Wamboye, Evelyn, Adekola, Abel, and Sergi, Bruno. 2016. “ICTs and Labor Productivity Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.” International Labor Review 155(2): 231252.Google Scholar
Waluyo, B. Agustinus, and Tan, Ling (Eds.). 2022. Mobile Computing and Technology Applications in Tourism and Hospitality. IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6904-7Google Scholar
We Robotics. 2020. “How Delivery Drones Are Being Used to Tackle COVID-19.” https://blog.werobotics.org/2020/04/25/cargo-drones-covid-19/Google Scholar
Wegner, Phillip. 2021. “Global IoT Spending to Grow 24% in 2021, Led by Investments in IoT Software and IoT Security.” IoT Analytics. https://iot-analytics.com/2021-global-iot-spending-grow-24-percent/Google Scholar
Weil, David N. 2007. “Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 122(3): 12651306.Google Scholar
Weil, David N. 2014. “Chapter 3 – Health and Economic Growth.” Handbook of Economic Growth 2: 623682.Google Scholar
Westby, Jody R. 2015. “Governance of Cybersecurity: 2015 Report.” Georgia Tech Information Security Center.Google Scholar
WHO Regional Office for Africa. 2018. Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018: Universal Health Coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO African Region. Brazzaville.Google Scholar
WHO Regional Office for Africa. 2019. Preventing and Responding to HIV Drug-Resistance in the African Region: Regional Action Plan 2019–2023. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/preventing-and-responding-hiv-drug-resistance-african-region-regional-action-plan-2019Google Scholar
Wijkman, Anders, and Afifi, Mona. 2002. “Technology Leapfrogging and the Digital Divide.” Ainability A. https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~jfc/mattkam/tased/wijkman2002.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wille, John. 2017. “Home-Grown Technology Firms Help Drive eGovernment Expansion in East Africa.” World Bank. http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/home-grown-technology-firms-help-drive-egovernment-expansion-east-africaGoogle Scholar
Wood, Johnny. 2018. “Morocco Will Soon Unveil Africa’s First High-Speed Rail Link.” World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/morocco-high-speed-rail-link/Google Scholar
World Bank. 2010. Kenya Economic Update. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Africa Region. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/KENYAEXTN/Resources/KEU-Dec_2010_with_cover_e-version.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2015a. “Medium and High-Tech Exports (% Manufactured Exports).” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.MNF.TECH.ZS.UN?locations=ZAGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2015b. “Physicians (per 1,000 People) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2016a. Financial Services in Côte d’Ivoire: Banks Set Aside in Favor of Mobile Money. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/cotedivoire/publication/financial-services-in-cote-divoire-banks-set-aside-in-favor-of-mobile-moneyGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2016b. “Access to Electricity (% of Population).” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZSGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2016c. “Mobile Cellular Subscriptions (per 100 People).” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2Google Scholar
World Bank. 2017a. “People Using Safely Managed Drinking Water Services, Urban (% of Urban Population) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.UR.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2017b. “People Using Safely Managed Sanitation Services, Urban (% of Urban Population) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SMSS.UR.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2017c. “People Using at Least Basic Sanitation Services (% of Population) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2017d. “People Using at Least Basic Drinking Water Services (% of Population) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2017e. South Africa Economic Update: Innovation for Productivity and Inclusiveness. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. (https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/pdf/10.1596/28439)Google Scholar
World Bank. 2017–2018. “Individuals Using the Internet (% of population).” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/it.net.user.zsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2018d. Doing Business 2019: Economy Profile: Rwanda. Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. http://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/r/rwanda/RWA.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019a. “Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019b. “Mortality Rate, Infant (per 1,000 Live Births) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019c. “Prevalence of HIV, Total (% of Population Ages 15–49) – Botswana.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZSGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019d. “Access to Electricity, Rural (% of Rural Population) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019e. “Mortality Rate, Adult, Female (per 1,000 Female Adults – Sub-Saharan Africa, World).” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.AMRT.FE?locations=ZG-1W&most_recent_value_desc=falseGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019f. “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019g. “Immunization, Measles (% of Children Ages 12–23 Months) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.IMM.MEAS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019h. “Antiretroviral Therapy Coverage (% of People Living with HIV) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.HIV.ARTC.ZS?locations=ZG&most_recent_value_desc=falseGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019i. “Prevalence of HIV, Total (% of Population Ages 15–49) – Sub-Saharan Africa.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.AIDS.ZS?locations=ZGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019j. “Access to Electricity (% of population) – Kenya.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=KEGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2019k. “Digital Development Partnership: Annual Review 2019 – Making Sure That No One Is Left Behind in the Digital Age.” https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/848061587152231518/pdf/Digital-Development-Partnership-Annual-Review-2019-Making-Sure-That-No-One-Is-Left-Behind-in-the-Digital-Age.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2020b. “Individuals Using the Internet (% of Population) – Morocco.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=MAGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2020c. “Mobile Cellular Subscriptions (per 200 People) – Nigeria.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2?locations=NGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2021a. “Africa’s Scientific Solutions and Innovation in the Fight against COVID-19.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2021/07/14/africa-s-scientific-solutions-and-innovation-in-the-fight-against-covid-19Google Scholar
World Bank. 2021b. “Research and Development Expenditure (% of GDP) – Egypt, Arab Rep.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=EGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2021c. “Unemployment, Youth Total (% of Total Labor Force Ages 15–24) (Modeled ILO Estimate) – Egypt, Arab Rep.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.ZS?locations=EGGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2021. “Widespread Informality Likely to Slow Recovery from COVID-19 in Developing Economies.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/05/11/widespread-informality-likely-to-slow-recovery-from-covid-19-in-developing-economies.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2021d. “World Bank’s Response to COVID-19 (Coronavirus) in Africa.” https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/06/02/world-banks-response-to-covid-19-coronavirus-in-africaGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2017a. “The Future of Jobs and Skills in Africa.” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2017b. The Global Human Capital Report 2017. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Human_Capital_Report_2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2017c. “An Agenda for Leaders to Shape the Future of Education, Gender and Work.” https://www.weforum.org/whitepapers/realizing-human-potential-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolutionGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2017d. “The Future of Jobs and Skills in the Middle East and North Africa: Preparing the Region for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_FOJ_MENA.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2017e. “Meet the 100 Arab Start-Ups Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” https://widgets.weforum.org/mena-startups-2017/Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2018a. “The Future of Jobs Report 2018.” www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_FOJ_Africa.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2018b. Insight Report. Advanced Drone Operations Toolkit: Accelerating the Drone Revolution. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Advanced_Drone_Operations_Toolkit.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2018c. Shaping the Future of Construction: Future Scenarios and Implications for the Industry. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Future_Scenarios_Implications_Industry_report_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2018d. The Digital Arab World: Understanding and Embracing Regional Changes in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Digital_Arab_World_White_Paper_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2018e. “Sub-Saharan Africa.” The Global Competitiveness Report. http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2018/sub-saharan-africa/Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2019a. Insight Report. Health and Healthcare in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Global Future Council on the Future of Health and Healthcare 2016–2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF__Shaping_the_Future_of_Health_Council_Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2019b. “Mapping Global Transformations: Fourth Industrial Revolution.” https://toplink.weforum.org/knowledge/insight/a1Gb0000001RIhBEAW/explore/summaryGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2019c. “Meet the 100 Start-Ups Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” https://widgets.weforum.org/arabstartups/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2020a. “The Future of Jobs Report 2020.” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2020b. “Global Competitiveness Report Special Edition 2020: How Countries Are Performing on the Road to Recovery. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2020.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2020c. “Global Technology Governance Report 2020.” http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Technology_Governance_2020.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum. 2020d. “Recession and Automation Changes Our Future of Work, But There Are Jobs Coming, Report Says.” https://www.weforum.org/press/2020/10/recession-and-automation-changes-our-future-of-work-but-there-are-jobs-coming-report-says-52c5162fce/Google Scholar
World Economic Forum and Accenture. 2017. Digital Transformation Initiative: Aviation, Travel, and Tourism Industry. http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/wef-dti-aviation-travel-and-tourism-white-paper.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Economic Forum and Kearney, A. T.. 2018. Readiness for the Future of Production Report 2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/FOP_Readiness_Report_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. 2014. The Health of the People: What Works. The African Regional Health Report 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2016. Atlas of African Health Statistics 2016: Health Situation Analysis of the African Region. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2017a. “What Needs to Be Done to Solve the Shortage of Health Workers in the African Region.” www.afro.who.int/news/what-needs-be-done-solve-shortage-health-workers-african-region.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2017b. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for Substandard and Falsified Medical Products. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2019a. “Ten Threats to Global Health in 2019.” https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2019b. World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2020a. “COVID-19 Spurs Health Innovation in Africa.” https://www.afro.who.int/news/covid-19-spurs-health-innovation-africaGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. 2020b. “Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511131Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2020c. “World Malaria Report 2020.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2021a. “Risk of Major Measles Outbreaks as Countries Delay Vaccination Drives.” https://www.afro.who.int/news/risk-major-measles-outbreaks-countries-delay-vaccination-drivesGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. 2021b. “The Global Health Observatory: Out-of-Pocket Expenditure as Percentage of Current Health Expenditure (CHE) (%).” https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/out-of-pocket-expenditure-as-percentage-of-current-health-expenditure-(che)-(-)Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2021c. World Health Statistics 2021: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/342703/9789240027053-eng.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. 2021d. Global Progress Report on HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2021. Accountability for the Global Health Sector Strategies 2016–2021: Actions for Impact. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2021e. “What Is Africa’s Vaccine Production Capacity?” WHO Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/news/what-africas-vaccine-production-capacityGoogle Scholar
WTO. 2021. “Adapting to the Digital Trade Era: Challenges and Opportunities.” https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/adtera_e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wyche, Susan, and Olson, Jennifer. 2018. “Kenyan Women’s Rural Realities, Mobile Internet Access, and ‘Africa Rising.’” Information Technologies & International Development (Special Section) 14: 3347.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2018. “Tunisia, China Sign Deal on Developing Digital Economy.” China Daily. www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201807/04/WS5b3c6a4fa3103349141e0a7f.htmlGoogle Scholar
Yarrow, Noah. 2017. “Education in Tunisia: Technology as a Tool to Support School Improvement.” The World Bank Blog. blogs.worldbank.org/arabvoices/tunisia-technology-support-school-improvementGoogle Scholar
Yawson, Freda. 2021. “Challenges and Opportunities in the Innovation Ecosystem. Economic and Social Research Council, UK Ai, Growth Research Programme, ODI, ACET.” https://acetforafrica.org/acet/wp-content/uploads/publications/2021/03/ACET-ODI-%E2%80%93-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-the-Innovation-Ecosystem.pdfGoogle Scholar
Yazgan, Sekip, and Yalcinkaya, Omer. 2018. “The Effects of Research and Development (R&D) Investments on Sustainable Economic Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries (1996–2015).” Review of Economic Perspectives 18(1): 323.Google Scholar
Yeboah, Stephen. 2018. “Fourth Industrial Revolution in Africa: It’s the Energy.” BBN Times. https://www.bbntimes.com/en/politics/society/fourth-industrial-revolution-in-africa-it-s-the-energyGoogle Scholar
Yeboah-Boateng, O. Ezer, Osei-Owusu, Alexander, and Henten, Anders. 2017. “ICT Developments in Africa – Infrastructures, Applications and Policies.” Telecommunications Policy 41(7–8): 533716.Google Scholar
Yli-Huumo, Jesse, Ko, Deokyoon, Choi, Sujin, Park, Sooyong, and Smolander, Kari. 2016. “Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology? A Systematic Review.” PLoS ONE 11(10): e0163477. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163477Google Scholar
Yusuf, A. K. 2012. “An Appraisal of Research in Nigeria’s University Sector.” JORIND 10(2): 321330.Google Scholar
Zaari Jabiri, Adil. 2017. “Technologie spatiale: Le Maroc désormais dans la cour des grands.” MAP Express. www.mapexpress.ma/actualite/opinions-et-debats/technologie-spatiale-le-maroc-desormais-dans-la-cour-des-grands-2Google Scholar
Zeufack, Albert G., Calderon, Cesar, Kambou, Gerard, et al. 2020. “An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future.” Africa’s Pulse, No. 21, Spring 2020. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33541Google Scholar
Zheng, Zibin, Xie, Shaoan, Dai, Hong-Ning, Chen, Xiangping, and Wang, Huaimin. 2018. “Blockchain Challenges and Opportunities: A Survey.” International Journal of Web and Grid Services 14(4): 352375.Google Scholar
Zhu, Yiqing, and Li, Nan. 2021. “Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies for Emergency Management in the Built Environments: A State-of-the-Art Review.” Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2(1): 110. doi: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.11.004Google Scholar
Zoltán, Kolozsváry. 2019. “The Relationship between Materials Science and the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” Acta Materialia Transylvanica 2(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.33924/amt-2019-01-01Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Landry Signé, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Africa's Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Online publication: 08 June 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009200004.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Landry Signé, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Africa's Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Online publication: 08 June 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009200004.014
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Landry Signé, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Africa's Fourth Industrial Revolution
  • Online publication: 08 June 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009200004.014
Available formats
×