Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:48:10.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 9 - Democracy Unfinished: African Americans Writing “Africa”

from Part IV - International, Black, and Radical Visions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2022

Eve Dunbar
Affiliation:
Vassar College, New York
Ayesha K. Hardison
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Get access

Summary

While “Africa” historically figured as a fulcrum in African American literature for interrogating Blacks’ sociopolitical status in America, by the 1930s this relation had distinctly sharpened. Black American responses to the Italo–Ethiopian War (1935–36) and to Marcus Garvey’s failed populist “Back to Africa” campaign demonstrate how the 1930s marked a crucible in Black radical thought: civil and economic rights took on a global cast; colonialism and imperialism were read as patterned acts of aggression against Black and brown people; and US segregation emerged as yet another name for and variation on fascism. By the 1930s, Black Leftists almost obsessively attended to the racialized failures and frustrations of this historical moment in an effort to imagine and articulate new, pragmatic, and at times revolutionary strategies for addressing the Negro problem on a domestic and a global scale. The 1930s are bookmarked by attempts to both historicize Blackness and Black achievements on a micro and macro scale and concurrently imagine a way forward toward democracy.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

“10,000 Protest Mussolini’s War in East Africa: Seek to Halt Duce’s March.” New York Amsterdam News (September 28, 1935): 3.Google Scholar
Arent, Arthur. “‘Ethiopia: The First ‘Living Newspaper.’” Educational Theatre Journal (20th Century American Theatre Issue) 20, no. 1 (March 1968): 1531.Google Scholar
Baraka, Amiri. “Afrikan Revolution,” “It’s Nation Time,” and “Black Art.” In The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka Reader, ed. William J. Harris, 243–247; 240–242; 219–220. 1991. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Bennett, Gwendolyn. “Heritage.” In The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, eds. Gates, Henry Louis and McKay, Nellie Y., 12271228. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.Google Scholar
Chandler, Nahum Dimitri. Toward an African Future—Of the Limit of World. London: Living Commons Collective, 2013.Google Scholar
“Chicago Aroused by War Threats: 3,500 at One Meeting on Ethiopian Crisis.” New York Amsterdam News (July 31, 1935): 3.Google Scholar
“Chicago Cops Arrest 300 in Ethiopian Parade: Attack 10,000 Anti-Fascists.” New York Amsterdam News (September 7, 1935).Google Scholar
Clarke, John Henrik. “African-American Historians and the Reclaiming of African History.Présence Africaine 110 (2e Trimestre 1979): 2948.Google Scholar
Cronon, E. David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association. 1955. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1960, 5961.Google Scholar
Cullen, Countee. “Heritage.” In The Book of American Negro Poetry, ed. Johnson, James Weldon, 221. 1922. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1969.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. 1920. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1999.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept. 1940. Franklin Center, PA: The Franklin Library, 1980.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Folk: Then and Now. Intro. William J. Moses. 1946. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B.Africa and the American Negro Intelligentsia,” Présence Africaine 5 (December 1955–January 1956): 3451.Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B., and De Augustine Reid, Ira, “Africa and World Freedom,” Phylon 4 Supplement: Freedom in the Modern World: Four Broadcasts by the People’s College of Atlanta University (2nd Qtr, 1943): 812.Google Scholar
Edwards, Brent Hayes. The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation, and the Rise of Black Internationalism Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
“Ethiopian Radio Broadcast Is Heard in the United States: Bayen, Selassie’s ‘Kin’ Heard in World Hook-Up.” Baltimore Afro-American (September 14, 1935): 10.Google Scholar
Fuller, Hoyt. “Contemporary Negro Fiction,” Southwest Review 50, no. 4 (Autumn 1965): 321335.Google Scholar
Fuller, HoytTowards a Black Aesthetic.” In Within the Circle: An Anthology of African American Literary Criticism from the Harlem Renaissance to the Present, ed. Mitchell, Angelyn, 199206. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Garvey, Marcus. “Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World.” In The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey or Africa for the Africans, ed. Jacques-Garvey, Amy, 135143. New York: Atheneum, 1969.Google Scholar
“God Save Ethiopia: Christian Principles Mocked by Italian Dictator in Dealings with Ethiopia.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition (August 2, 1935): A10.Google Scholar
Haile Selassie, Man of the Year.” Time Magazine XXVII, no. 1 (January 6, 1936).Google Scholar
Hall, Prince. 1787 Petition www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h59.html (accessed June 1, 2021).Google Scholar
Hill, Robert A., and Kent Rasmussen, R.. “Afterword.” In Black Empire, eds. Hill, Robert A. and Kent Rassmussen, R, 259310. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Hill, Robert A.Introduction.” In Ethiopian Stories, compiled and ed. Hill, Robert A., 150. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Hughes, Langston. “The Negro Speaks of Rivers.” In The Book of American Negro Poetry, ed. Johnson, James Weldon, 241. 1922. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1969.Google Scholar
Hughes, LangstonThe Negro.” In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, ed. Rampersad, Arnold, 24. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.Google Scholar
Karem, Jeff. Purloined Islands: Caribbean–U.S. Crosscurrents in Literature and Culture, 1880–1959. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Larsen, Nella. “Quicksand.” In Quicksand and Passing, ed. McDowell, Deborah, 1135. 1928. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Locke, Alain. “The New Negro.” In The New Negro: Voices of the Harlem Renaissance, ed. Locke, Alain, intro. Arnold Rampersad, 318. 1925. New York: Touchstone, 1997.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. Critique of Black Reason, trans. Du Bois, Laurent. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Moses, William J.Introduction.” In Du Bois, W. E. B., Black Folk: Then and Now, xxvxxix. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
“Mussolini Tells Italian Soldiers Not to Fain Love.” Baltimore Afro-American (November 9, 1935): 13.Google Scholar
Ottley, Roi. New World A-Coming: Inside Black America. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Pankhurst, Richard. “Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia: A History of Their Discussion, from the League of Nations to the United Nations (1936–1949).” Northeast African Studies, New Series 6, no. 1/2 (1999): 83140.Google Scholar
“Pro-Ethiopian Sentiment Gains Strength in U.S.” New York Amsterdam News (July 13, 1935): 3.Google Scholar
“Rice Quits in Row over WPA Drama: Resigns as Regional Director of Theatre Project in ‘Ethiopia’ Dispute.” New York Times (January 24, 1936): 15.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. Radio Address April 7, 1932. www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/collections/utterancesfdr.html (accessed June 1, 2021).Google Scholar
Schuyler, George. “Views & Reviews,” Pittsburgh Courier (March 2, 1935): 10.Google Scholar
Schuyler, GeorgeThe Ethiopian Murder Mystery: A Story of Love and International Intrigue.” In Ethiopian Stories, compiled and ed. Hill, Robert A., 51122. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Schuyler, GeorgeRevolt in Ethiopia.” In Ethiopian Stories, compiled and ed. Hill, Robert A., 123227. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Schuyler, GeorgeBlack Internationale: Story of Black Genius Against the World.” In Black Empire, eds. Hill, Robert A. and Kent Rassmussen, R, 1142. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Schuyler, GeorgeBlack Empire.” In Black Empire, eds. Hill, Robert A. and Kent Rassmussen, R., 143258. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Silverman, Kenneth. “Four New Letters by Phillis Wheatley.” Early American Literature 8, no. 3 (Winter 1974): 257271.Google Scholar
Smethurst, James Edward. The Black Arts Movement: Literature Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Stephens, Ronald J.Garveyism in Idlewild, 1927–1936.” Journal of Black Studies 34, no. 4 (March 2004): 462488.Google Scholar
The Black Arts Movement, 1960–1970.” In Norton Anthology of African American Literature, eds. Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. and McKay, Nellie Y., 17911806. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997.Google Scholar
Wheatley, Phillis. “Letter to Samuel Hopkins, February 9, 1774.” In The Poems of Phillis Wheatley, revised ed. and intro. Jason, Julian D., Jr., 202. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Wheatley, PhillisLetter to Samson Occom, February 11, 1774.” In The Poems of Phillis Wheatley, revised ed. and intro. Jason, Julian D., Jr., 203. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Wright, Richard. Black Power. New York: Harpers & Brothers, 1954.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×