Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:14:18.009Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section II - Integration of Abortion into Graduate Medical Education

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2021

Uta Landy
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Philip D Darney
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Jody Steinauer
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Advancing Women's Health Through Medical Education
A Systems Approach in Family Planning and Abortion
, pp. 101 - 172
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Jones, R, Witwer, E, Jerman, J. Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 200: early pregnancy loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(5):e197e207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeling, R, Tews, L, Dudley, S. Abortion training in U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residency programs, 1998. Fam Plann Perspect. 2000;32(6):268271, 320.Google Scholar
Eastwood, KL, Kacmar, JE, Steinauer, J, Weitzen, S, Boardman, LA. Abortion training in United States obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):303308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Pomerantz, T, Simonson, K, Learman, LA, Landy, U. Abortion training in US obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(1):86.e81–86.e86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liauw, J, Dineley, B, Gerster, K, Hill, N, Costescu, D. Abortion training in Canadian obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Contraception. 2016;94(5):478482.Google Scholar
Kennth, J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Abortion and Family Planning. https://ryanprogram.org/. Accessed 2019.Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Fulton, MC, Simonson, KH, Landy, U. The benefits of family planning training: a 10-year review of the Ryan Residency Training Program. Contraception. 2013;88(2):275280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AMA Freida Residency Database of ACGME Accredited Programs.Google Scholar
Maternity and gynecologic care. Recommended Core Educational Guidelines for Family Practice Residents. American Academy of Family Physicians. Am Fam Physician. 1998;58(1):275277.Google Scholar
Recommended curriculum guidelines for family medicine residents: women’s health and gynecologic care. American Academy of Family Physicians; 2018.Google Scholar
Position statement: midwives as abortion providers. American College of Nurse-Midwives; 2018.Google Scholar
Summit, AK, Gold, M. The effects of abortion training on family medicine residents’ clinical experience. Fam Med. 2017;49(1):2227.Google ScholarPubMed
Turk, JK, Preskill, F, Landy, U, Rocca, CH, Steinauer, JE. Availability and characteristics of abortion training in US ob-gyn residency programs: a national survey. Contraception. 2014;89(4):271277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacIsaac, L, Vickery, Z. Routine training is not enough: structured training in family planning and abortion improves residents’ competency scores and intentions to provide abortion after graduation more than ad hoc training. Contraception. 2012;85(3):294298.Google Scholar
Levi, A, Goodman, S, Weitz, T, et al. Training in aspiration abortion care: an observational cohort study of achieving procedural competence. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;88:5359.Google Scholar
Dermish, A, Turok, DK, Jacobson, J, Murphy, PA, Saltzman, HM, Sanders, JN. Evaluation of an intervention designed to improve the management of difficult IUD insertions by advanced practice clinicians. Contraception. 2016;93(6):533538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patil, E, Darney, B, Orme-Evans, K,et al. Aspiration abortion with immediate intrauterine device insertion: comparing outcomes of advanced practice clinicians and physicians. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2016;61(3):325330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenberg, S, Nothnagle, M. An “invaluable skill”: reflections on abortion training and postresidency practice. Fam Med. 2018;50(9):691693.Google Scholar
Kenneth, J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Abortion and Family Planning, unpublished evaluation data from 1999–2009; 2013.Google Scholar
Steinauer, J, Landy, U, Filippone, H, Laube, D, Darney, PD, Jackson, RA. Predictors of abortion provision among practicing obstetrician-gynecologists: a national survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(1):39.e31–36.Google Scholar
Romero, D, Maldonado, L, Fuentes, L, Prine, L. Association of reproductive health training on intention to provide services after residency: the family physician resident survey. Fam Med. 2015;47(1):2230.Google ScholarPubMed
Steinauer, JE, Landy, U, Jackson, RA, Darney, PD. The effect of training on the provision of elective abortion: a survey of five residency programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(5):11611163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, A, Dehlendorf, C, Biggs, MA, McNeil, S, Goodman, S. Postgraduate experiences with an advanced reproductive health and abortion training and leadership program. Fam Med. 2017;49(9):706713.Google Scholar
Greenberg, M, Herbitter, C, Gawinski, BA, Fletcher, J, Gold, M. Barriers and enablers to becoming abortion providers: the reproductive health program. Fam Med. 2012;44(7):493500.Google Scholar
Turk, JK, Preskill, F, Landy, U, Koenemann, K, Steinauer, J. Abortion provision among obstetrician-gynecologists who trained at Ryan Programs. Paper presented at the National Abortion Federation annual meeting; 2017.Google Scholar
Darney, PD, Landy, U, MacPherson, S, Sweet, RL. Abortion training in U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Fam Plann Perspect. 1987;19(4):158162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kenneth, J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Abortion and Family Planning, unpublished evaluation data; 2019Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Hawkins, M, Turk, JK, Darney, P, Preskill, F, Landy, U. Opting out of abortion training: benefits of partial participation in a dedicated family planning rotation for ob-gyn residents. Contraception. 2013;87(1):8892.Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Preskill, F, Devaskar, S, Freedman, L, Landy, U. Impact of partial participation in integrated family planning training on medical knowledge, patient communication and professionalism. Contraception. 2014;89(4):278285.Google Scholar
Turk, JK, Landy, U, Chien, J, Steinauer, JE. Sources of support for and resistance to abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(2):156.e151–156.e156.Google Scholar
Nothnagle, M, Prine, L, Goodman, S. Benefits of comprehensive reproductive health education in family medicine residency. Fam Med. 2008;40(3):204207.Google Scholar

References

Jerman, JJ, Rachel, K, Onda, T. Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014 and Changes since 2008. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016. www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-us-abortion-patients-2014Google Scholar
Arthur, JH, Fiala, C. The FSRH guideline on conscientious objection disrespects patient rights and endangers their health. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2018;44(2):145.Google Scholar
Foster, DG. The TurnAway Study. San Francisco: Advancing Standards in Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco; 2019. www.ansirh.org/research/turnaway-studyGoogle Scholar
Induced abortion in the United States. Fact sheet. 2019. www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar
Clinical Policy Guidelines for Abortion Care. Washington, DC: National Abortion Federation; 2018.Google Scholar
Levy, BS, Ness, DL, Weinberger, SE. Consensus guidelines for facilities performing outpatient procedures: evidence over ideology. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(2):255260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mercier, RJ, Buchbinder, M, Bryant, A. TRAP laws and the invisible labor of US abortion providers. Crit Public Health. 2016;26(1):7787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guiahi, M, Teal, S, Kenton, K, DeCesare, J, Steinauer, J. Family planning training at Catholic and other religious hospitals: a national survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 222(3):273.e1273.e9.Google Scholar
Upadhyay, UD, Grossman, D. Telemedicine for medication abortion. Contraception. 2019;100(5):351353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, E, Chong, E, Winikoff, B, et al. TelAbortion: evaluation of a direct to patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States. Contraception. 2019;100(3):173177.Google Scholar
Society of Family Planning. Clinical Guidance.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Abortion care. In National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019.Google Scholar
Vayssiere, C, Gaudineau, A, Attali, L, et al. Elective abortion: clinical practice guidelines from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;222:95101.Google Scholar
Zeldovich, V, Rocca, CH, Langton, C, Landy, U, Ly, ES, Freedman, LR. Abortion policies in United States teaching hospitals: formal and informal parameters beyond the law. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(6):12961305.Google Scholar
ACOG Obstetric Care Consensus No. 3 summary: periviable birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(5):1123–1125.Google Scholar
ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: second-trimester abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(6):1394–1406.Google Scholar
White, KO, Jones, HE, Lavelanet, A, et al. First-trimester aspiration abortion practices: a survey of United States abortion providers. Contraception. 2019;99(1):1015.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Practice guidelines for moderate procedural sedation and analgesia 2018: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(3):437–479.Google Scholar
Aksel, S, Lang, L, Steinauer, JE, et al. Safety of deep sedation without intubation for second-trimester dilation and evacuation. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(1):171178.Google Scholar
Roberts, SC, Gould, H, Kimport, K, Weitz, TA, Foster Greene, D. Out-of-pocket costs and insurance coverage for abortion in the United States. Womens Health Issues. 2014;24(2):e211–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mainey, L, Taylor, A, Baird, K, O’Mullan, C. Disclosure of domestic violence and sexual assault within the context of abortion: meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative studies protocol. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):257.Google Scholar
Chor, J, Lyman, P, Ruth, J, Patel, A, Gilliam, M. Integrating doulas into first-trimester abortion care: physician, clinic staff, and doula experiences. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2018;63(1):5357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 200 summary: early pregnancy loss. ObstetGynecol. 2018;132(5):1311–1313.Google Scholar
Wilcox, AJ, Weinberg, CR, O’Connor, JF, et al. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(4):189194.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Chen, C, Wang, L, Chen, D, Guang, W, French, J. Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study. Fertil Steril. 2003;79(3):577584.Google Scholar
Zinaman, MJ, Clegg, ED, Brown, CC, O’Connor, J, Selevan, SG. Estimates of human fertility and pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 1996;65(3):503509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, RK, Jerman, J. Abortion Incidence and service availability in the United States, 2014. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2017;49(1):1727.Google Scholar
Curtin, S, Abma, J, Ventura, S, Henshaw, S. Pregnancy rates for U.S. women continue to drop. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;(136):1–8.Google Scholar
Harris, LH, Dalton, VK, Johnson, TRB. Surgical management of early pregnancy failure: history, politics, and safe, cost-effective care. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(5):445.e1–5.Google Scholar
Dalton, VK, Harris, LH, Gold, KJ, et al. Provider knowledge, attitudes, and treatment preferences for early pregnancy failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(6):531.e18.Google Scholar
Nanda, K, Peloggia, A, Grimes, D, Lopez, L, Nanda, G. Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD003518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jauniaux, E, Johns, J, Burton, GJ. The role of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing and investigating early pregnancy failure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;25(6):613624.Google Scholar
Nothnagle, M, Sicilia, JM, Forman, S, et al. Required procedural training in family medicine residency: a consensus statement. Fam Med. 2008;40(4):248252.Google Scholar
Darney, BG, Weaver, MR, Stevens, N, Kimball, J, Prager, SW. The family medicine residency training initiative in miscarriage management: impact on practice in Washington State. Fam Med. 2013;45(2):102108.Google Scholar
Quinley, KE, Chong, D, Prager, S, Wills, CP, Nagdev, A, Kennedy, S. Manual uterine aspiration: adding to the emergency physician stabilization toolkit. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72(1):8692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinariwala, M, Quinley, KE, Datner, EM, Schreiber, CA. Manual vacuum aspiration in the emergency department for management of early pregnancy failure. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(1):244247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, A, Fuentes, L, Douglas-Durham, E, Grossman, D. Barriers to and facilitators of moving miscarriage management out of the operating room. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2015;47(3):141149.Google Scholar
Darney, BG, Weaver, MR, VanDerhei, D, Stevens, NG, Prager, SW. “One of those areas that people avoid”: a qualitative study of implementation in miscarriage management. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:123.Google Scholar
Darney, BG, VanDerhei, D, Weaver, MR, Stevens, NG, Prager, SW. “We have to what?”: lessons learned about engaging support staff in an interprofessional intervention to implement MVA for management of spontaneous abortion. Contraception. 2013;88(2):221225.Google Scholar
Dalton, VK, Harris, L, Weisman, CS, Guire, K, Castleman, L, Lebovic, D. Patient preferences, satisfaction, and resource use in office evacuation of early pregnancy failure. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(1):103110.Google Scholar
Rocconi, RP, Chiang, S, Richter, HE, Straughn, JM. Management strategies for abnormal early pregnancy: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Reprod Med. 2005;50(7):486490.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, PD, Remsburg, RE. A time and cost analysis of the management of incomplete abortion with manual vacuum aspiration. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1994;45(3):261267.Google Scholar
Marx, J, Hockberger, R, Walls, R. (Eds.). Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2014.Google Scholar
Wittels, KA, Pelletier, AJ, Brown, DFM, Camargo, CA. United States emergency department visits for vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, 1993–2003. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(5):523.e1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ACEP Clinical Policies Committee and Clinical Policies Subcommittee on Early Pregnancy. American College of Emergency Physicians. Clinical policy: critical issues in the initial evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department in early pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41(1):123133.Google Scholar
Tangsiriwatthana, T, Sangkomkamhang, US, Lumbiganon, P, Laopaiboon, M. Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(9):CD005056.Google Scholar
Renner, R-M, Nichols, MD, Jensen, JT, Li, H, Edelman, AB. Paracervical block for pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(5):10301037.Google Scholar
Schreiber, CA, Creinin, MD, Atrio, J, Sonalkar, S, Ratcliffe, SJ, Barnhart, KT. Mifepristone pretreatment for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):21612170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, D, O’Brien, MA, Freemantle, N, Wolf, FM, Mazmanian, P, Taylor-Vaisey, A. Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA. 1999;282(9):867874.Google Scholar
Grol, R, Grimshaw, J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients’ care. Lancet. 2003;362(9391):12251230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dopson, S, FitzGerald, L, Ferlie, E, Gabbay, J, Locock, L. No magic targets! Changing clinical practice to become more evidence based. Health Care Manage Rev. 2010;35(1):212.Google Scholar
Miscarriage Care Initiative. Reproductive Health Access Project. www.reproductiveaccess.org/programs/mci/. Accessed August 12, 2019.Google Scholar
Early Pregnancy Loss. Innovating education in reproductive health. www.innovating-education.org/category/early-pregnancy-loss/. Accessed August 12, 2019.Google Scholar

References

Sedgh, G, Bearak, J, Singh, S, et al. Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends. Lancet. 2016;388(10041):258267. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4Google Scholar
Foster, AM, Arnott, G, Hobstetter, M. Community-based distribution of misoprostol for early abortion: evaluation of a program along the Thailand-Burma border. Contraception. 2017;96(4):242247. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.06.006Google Scholar
Darney, BG, Weaver, MR, VanDerhei, D, Stevens, NG, Prager, SW. “One of those areas that people avoid”: a qualitative study of implementation in miscarriage management. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:123. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-123Google Scholar
Darney, BG, Weaver, MR, Stevens, N, Kimball, J, Prager, SW. The family medicine residency training initiative in miscarriage management: impact on practice in Washington State. Fam Med. 2013;45(2):102108.Google Scholar
Schreiber, CA, Creinin, MD, Atrio, J, Sonalkar, S, Ratcliffe, SJ, Barnhart, KT. Mifepristone pretreatment for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(23):21612170. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1715726CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, JN, Moran, LA, Mullholand, M, Torres, E, Turok, DK. Video counseling about emergency contraception: an observational study. Contraception. 2019;100(1):5464. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2019.02.014Google Scholar
Sanders, JN, Turok, DK, Royer, PA, Thompson, IS, Gawron, LM, Storck, KE. One-year continuation of copper or levonorgestrel intrauterine devices initiated at the time of emergency contraception. Contraception. 2017;96(2):99105. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.05.012Google Scholar
Turok, DK, Sanders, JN, Thompson, IS, Royer, PA, Eggebroten, J, Gawron, LM. Preference for and efficacy of oral levonorgestrel for emergency contraception with concomitant placement of a levonorgestrel IUD: a prospective cohort study. Contraception. 2016;93(6):526532. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.01.009Google Scholar
Turok, DK, Jacobson, JC, Dermish, AI, et al. Emergency contraception with a copper IUD or oral levonorgestrel: an observational study of 1-year pregnancy rates. Contraception. 2014;89(3):222228. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.11.010Google Scholar
Turok, DK, Gurtcheff, SE, Handley, E, et al. A survey of women obtaining emergency contraception: are they interested in using the copper IUD? Contraception. 2011;83(5):441446. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.08.011Google Scholar
Turok, DK, Gero, A, Simmons, R, Kaiser, J, Stoddard, GJ, Sexsmith, CD, Gawron, LM, Sanders, JN. The Levonorgestrel vs. Copper Intrauterine Device for Emergency Contraception: a Non-inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 28;384(4):335344. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.06.001Google Scholar
Sanders, JN, Myers, K, Gawron, LM, Simmons, RG, Turok, DK. Contraceptive method use during the community-wide HER Salt Lake Contraceptive Initiative. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(4):550556. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304299.Google Scholar
Geist, C, Aiken, AR, Sanders, JN, et al. Beyond intent: exploring the association of contraceptive choice with questions about Pregnancy Attitudes, Timing and How important is pregnancy prevention (PATH) questions. Contraception. 2019;99(1):2226. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.08.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, JN, Higgins, JA, Adkins, DE, Stoddard, GJ, Gawron, LM, Turok, DK. The impact of sexual satisfaction, functioning, and perceived contraceptive effects on sex life on IUD and implant continuation at 1 year. Womens Health Issues. 2018;28(5):401407. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2018.06.003Google Scholar
Everett, BG, Sanders, JN, Myers, K, Geist, C, Turok, DK. One in three: challenging heteronormative assumptions in family planning health centers. Contraception. 2018;98(4):270274. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.06.007Google Scholar
Higgins, JA, Sanders, JN, Palta, M, Turok, DK. Women’s sexual function, satisfaction, and perceptions after starting long-acting reversible contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(5):11431151. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001655Google Scholar
Simmons, RG, Sanders, JN, Geist, C, Gawron, L, Myers, K, Turok, DK. Predictors of contraceptive switching and discontinuation within the first 6 months of use among Highly Effective Reversible Contraceptive Initiative Salt Lake study participants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(4):376 e1e12. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.022Google Scholar
Ross, LJ, Solinger, R. Reproductive Justice: An Introduction. Oakland: University of California Press; 2017.Google Scholar
Committee on Ethics. Committee Opinion No. 695: sterilization of women: ethical issues and considerations. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(4):e109–e16. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002023Google Scholar
Roberts, D. Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. New York: Pantheon; 1997.Google Scholar
Moaddab, A, McCullough, LB, Chervenak, FA, et al. Health care justice and its implications for current policy of a mandatory waiting period for elective tubal sterilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(6):736739. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.03.049Google Scholar
Darney, PD. New kinds of injustice for women? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(6):693694. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.021Google Scholar

References

Guiahi, M, Westhoff, CL, Summers, S, Kenton, K. Training at a faith-based institution matters for obstetrics and gynecology residents: results from a regional survey. J Grad Med Educ. 2013;5(2):244251.Google Scholar
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Review Committee for Obstetrics and Gynecology Clarifications of Program Requirements. ww.Acgme.Org/Portals/0/Pfassets/Programresources/220_Obgyn_Abortion_Training_Clarification.Pdf. Accessed July 23, 2019.Google Scholar
Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 612: abortion training and education. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(5):10551059.Google Scholar
Guiahi, M. Catholic health care and women’s health. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131(3):534537.Google Scholar
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services. 2018. www.usccb.org/about/doctrine/ethical-and-religious-directives/upload/ethical-religious-directives-catholic-health-service-sixth-edition-2016-06.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2019.Google Scholar
Uttley, L. Growth of Catholic hospitals and health systems: 2016 update of the Miscarriage of Medicine Report. 2016. http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/816571/27061007/1465224862580/MW_Update-2016-MiscarrOfMedicine-report.pdf?token=rf3rsQaaCVCzLV9hKOIHuFcaWiU%3D. Accessed June 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Thorne, NB, Soderborg, TK, Glover, JJ, Hoffecker, L, Guiahi, M. Reproductive health care in Catholic facilities: a scoping review. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):105115.Google Scholar
Turk, JK, Landy, U, Chien, J, Steinauer, JE. Sources of support for and resistance to abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. American J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(2):P156.E1–156.E6.Google Scholar
Guiahi, M, Teal, S, Kenton, K, Decesare, J, Steinauer, J. Family planning training at Catholic and other religious hospitals: a national survey. American J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(3):273.e1273.e9.Google Scholar
MacKay, HT, MacKay, AP. Abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in the United States, 1991–1992. Fam Plann Perspect. 1995;27(3):112115.Google Scholar
Almeling, R, Tews, L, Dudley, S. Abortion training in U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residency programs, 1998. Fam Plann Perspect. 2000;32(6):268271, 320.Google Scholar
Eastwood, KL, Kacmar, JE, Steinauer, J, Weitzen, S, Boardman, LA. Abortion training in United States obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):303308.Google Scholar
Steinauer, JE, Turk, JK, Pomerantz, T, Simonson, K, Learman, LA, Landy, U. Abortion training in US obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(1):86 e81–86 e86.Google Scholar
American Medical Association FREIDA™, the AMA Residency & Fellowship Database® 2015; https://freida.ama-assn.org/Freida/#/. Accessed March 7, 2019.Google Scholar
Guiahi, M, Wilson, C, Claymore, E, Simonson, K, Steinauer, J. Influence of a values clarification workshop on residents training at Catholic Hospital programs. Contracept X. 20212021 Jan 20;3:100054.Google Scholar
Guiahi, M, Hoover, J, Swartz, M, Teal, S. Impact of Catholic hospital affiliation during obstetrics and gynecology residency on the provision of family planning. J Grad Med Educ. 2017;9(4):440446.Google Scholar
Guiahi, M, Cortland, C, Graham, MJ, et al. Addressing ob/gyn family planning educational objectives at a faith-based institution using the TEACH program. Contraception. 2011;83(4):367372.Google Scholar
Wollschlager, K, White, K. A contraception simulation lab developed for ob/gyn residents in Catholic hospitals. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;12:58S.Google Scholar
Fennimore, R, Guiahi, M, Gottesfeld, M, Ricciotti, H. Enhancing family planning training at a Catholic obgyn residency program. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:56S.Google Scholar

References

Haslegrave, M, Olatunbosun, O. Incorporating sexual and reproductive health care in the medical curriculum in developing countries. Reprod Health Matters. 2003;11(21):4958. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(03)02177-3Google Scholar
Singh, S, Remez, L, Sedgh, G, Kwok, L, Onda, T. Abortion Worldwide 2017: Uneven Progress and Unequal Access. Washington, DC: Guttmacher Institute; 2018.Google Scholar
Zane, S, Creanga, AA, Berg, CJ, et al. Abortion-related mortality in the United States: 1998–2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(2):258265. doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000945Google Scholar
Ganatra, B, Gerdts, C, Rossier, C, et al. Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet. 2017;390(10110):23722381. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31794-4Google Scholar
Singh, S, Maddow-Zimet, I. Facility-based treatment for medical complications resulting from unsafe pregnancy termination in the developing world, 2012: a review of evidence from 26 countries. BJOG. 2016;123(9):14891498. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13552Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Preventing Unsafe Abortion: Evidence Brief. Geneva: World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research.Google Scholar
Benagiano, G, Pera, A. Decreasing the need for abortion: challenges and constraints. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000;70(1):3548. doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00228-9Google Scholar
Dickson-Tetteh, K, Billings, DL. Abortion care services provided by registered midwives in South Africa. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2002;28(3):144150.Google Scholar
Stanhope, K, Rochat, R, Fink, L, Richardson, K, Brack, C, Comeau, D. Physician opinions concerning legal abortion in Bogota, Colombia. Cult Health Sex. 2017;19(8):873887. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1269365Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO; 2012. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70914/9789241548434_eng.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Shearer, JC, Walker, DG, Vlassoff, M. Costs of post-abortion care in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;108(2):165169. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.08.037Google Scholar
WFME Global Standards for Quality Improvement: Basic Medical Education. London: World Federation for Medical Education; 2015.Google Scholar
Frenk, J, Chen, L, Bhutta, ZA, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet. 2010;376(9756):19231958. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61854-5Google Scholar
Mihciokur, S, Akin, A, Dogan, BG, Ozvaris, SB. The unmet need for safe abortion in Turkey: a role for medical abortion and training of medical students. Reprod Health Matters. 2015;22(44 Suppl 1):2635. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(14)43790-xGoogle Scholar
O’Grady, K, Doran, K, O’Tuathaigh, CM. Attitudes towards abortion in graduate and non-graduate entrants to medical school in Ireland. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2016;42(3):201207. doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2015-101244Google Scholar
Provenzano-Castro, B, Oizerovich, S, Stray-Pedersen, B. Future healthcare professionals’ knowledge about the Argentinean abortion law. Int J Med Educ. 2016;7:95101. doi:10.5116/ijme.56e0.74beGoogle Scholar
Al-Amoudi, SM, Al-Harbi, AA, Al-Sayegh, NY, et al. Health rights knowledge among medical school students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176714. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjostrom, S, Essen, B, Gemzell-Danielsson, K, Klingberg-Allvin, M. Medical students are afraid to include abortion in their future practices: in-depth interviews in Maharastra, India. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16:8. doi:10.1186/s12909-016-0532-5Google Scholar
Luleci, NE, Kaya, E, Aslan, E, Senkal, ES, Cicek, ZN. Marmara University medical students’ perception on sexual violence against women and induced abortion in Turkey. Balkan Med J. 2016;33(2):173180. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medeiros, RDd, Azevedo, GDd, Oliveira, EAAd, et al. Opinião de estudantes dos cursos de Direito e Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte sobre o aborto no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 2012;34:1621.Google Scholar
Kumar, R, Malik, S, Qureshi, A, et al. Comparative analysis of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about induced abortions among medical and non-medical students of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2002;52(10):492494.Google Scholar
Tocce, K, Sheeder, J, Vontver, L. Failure to achieve the association of professors in gynecology and obstetrics objectives for abortion in third-year medical student curriculum. J Reprod Med. 2011;56(11–12):474478.Google Scholar
Cessford, TA, Norman, WV. Making a case for abortion curriculum reform: a knowledge-assessment survey of undergraduate medical students. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011;33(6):580. doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34905-2Google Scholar
Fernandes, KG, Camargo, RP, Duarte, GA, et al. Knowledge of medical abortion among Brazilian medical students. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;118(Suppl 1):S10S14. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.05.004Google Scholar
Fayers, T, Crowley, T, Jenkins, JM, Cahill, DJ. Medical student awareness of sexual health is poor. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14(6):386389. doi:10.1258/095646203765371268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veazey, K, Nieuwoudt, C, Gavito, C, Tocce, K. Student perceptions of reproductive health education in US medical schools: a qualitative analysis of students taking family planning electives. Med Educ Online. 2015;20:28973. doi:10.3402/meo.v20.28973Google Scholar
Smith, KG, Gilliam, ML, Leboeuf, M, Neustadt, A, Stulberg, D. Perceived benefits and barriers to family planning education among third year medical students. Med Educ Online. 2008;13:4. doi:10.3885/meo.2008.Res00250Google Scholar
Hogmark, S, Klingberg-Allvin, M, Gemzell-Danielsson, K, Ohlsson, H, Essen, B. Medical students’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards contraceptive use and counselling: a cross-sectional survey in Maharashtra, India. BMJ Open. 2013;3(12):e003739. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003739Google Scholar
Suphanchaimat, R, Boonthai, N, Tangthasana, S, Putthasri, W, Tangcharoensathien, V, Chaturachinda, K. A survey of manual vacuum aspiration’s experiences among the new medical graduates in Thailand. Reprod Health. 2013;10:49. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-49Google Scholar
Espey, E, Ogburn, T, Chavez, A, Qualls, C, Leyba, M. Abortion education in medical schools: a national survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(2):640643. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.09.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinauer, J, LaRochelle, F, Rowh, M, Backus, L, Sandahl, Y, Foster, A. First impressions: what are preclinical medical students in the US and Canada learning about sexual and reproductive health? Contraception. 2009;80(1):7480. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.12.015Google Scholar
Tey, NP, Yew, SY, Low, WY, et al. Medical students’ attitudes toward abortion education: Malaysian perspective. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052116Google Scholar
Biggs, MA, Casas, L, Ramm, A, Baba, CF, Correa, SV, Grossman, D. Future health providers’ willingness to provide abortion services following decriminalisation of abortion in Chile: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e030797. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030797Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, JM, Krause, KE, Yermak, D, et al. The first survey of attitudes of medical students in Ireland towards termination of pregnancy. J Med Ethics. 2014;40(10):710713. doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101608Google Scholar
Joffe, C. The crisis in abortion provision and pro-choice medical activism in the 1990s. In Abortion Wars: A Half Century of Struggle, 1950–2000. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1998:320334.Google Scholar
Evans, ML, Backus, LV. Medical students for choice: creating tomorrow’s abortion providers. Contraception. 2011;83(5):391393. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.019Google Scholar
O’Shea, M. Education in abortion care in Ireland: Medical Students for Choice (MSFC) taking a lead. TSMJ. 2017;35(41).Google Scholar
Espey, E, Ogburn, T, Leeman, L, Nguyen, T, Gill, G. Abortion education in the medical curriculum: a survey of student attitudes. Contraception. 2008;77(3):205208. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.11.011Google Scholar
Steele, R. Medical students’ attitudes to abortion: a comparison between Queen’s University Belfast and the University of Oslo. J Med Ethics. 2009;35(6):390394. doi:10.1136/jme.2008.026344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guiahi, M, Maguire, K, Ripp, ZT, Goodman, RW, Kenton, K. Perceptions of family planning and abortion education at a faith-based medical school. Contraception. 2011;84(5):520524. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.003Google Scholar
Burton, R. UK medical students should be taught how to manage unwanted pregnancy. BMJ. 2018;362:k3800. doi:10.1136/bmj.k3800Google Scholar
Undergraduate Training in O&G. London: Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists; 2020. rcog.org.uk/en/careers-training/specialty-training-curriculum/undergraduate-training-in-og/Google Scholar
Obeso, V, Brown, D, Aiyer, M, et al. (Eds.). Core Entrustable Professional Activities for Entering Residency: Toolkits for the 13 Core EPAs. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2017.Google Scholar
Gonzalez Velez, AC. “The health exception”: a means of expanding access to legal abortion. Reprod Health Matters. 2012;20(40):2229. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(12)40668-1Google Scholar
ABIM Foundation, ACP-ASIM Foundation, European Federation of Internal Medicine. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):243246. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012Google Scholar
Pomerantz, T, Turk, J, Simonson, K, Steinauer, J, Landy, U. Integrated training for residents in family planning and abortion – do medical students benefit? Involvement in Ryan Residency Program Family Planning and Abortion Training. Poster presentation. 2014.Google Scholar

References

Hsiao, CJ, Cherry, DK, Beatty, PC, Rechtsteiner, EA. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2007 summary. Natl Health Stat Report. 2010:(27)1–32.Google Scholar
White, KO, Jones, HE, Lavelanet, A, et al. First-trimester aspiration abortion practices: a survey of United States abortion providers. Contraception. 2019;99:1015.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The safety and quality of abortion care in the United States. http://nationalacademies.org. Accessed November 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Carek, PJ, Anim, T, Conry, C, et al. Residency training in family medicine: a history of innovation and program support. Fam Med. 2017;49:275281.Google Scholar
Rubin, SE, Godfrey, EM, Shapiro, M, Gold, M. Urban female patients’ perceptions of the family medicine clinic as a site for abortion care. Contraception. 2009;80:174179.Google Scholar
Wu, JP, Godfrey, EM, Prine, L, Andersen, KL, MacNaughton, H, Gold, M. Women’s satisfaction with abortion care in academic family medicine centers. Fam Med. 2015;47:98106.Google ScholarPubMed
Force, T, Green, L, Graham, R, et al. Task Force 1. Report of the Task Force on Patient Expectations, Core Values, Reintegration, and the New Model of Family Medicine. Ann Fam Med. 2004;2:S33S50.Google Scholar
National Association of Community Health Centers. Community Health Center Chartbook. www.nachc.org. Accessed November 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Jones, RK, Jerman, J. Abortion incidence and service availability, In the United States, 2014. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2017;49:1727.Google Scholar
Schaff, EA. Mifepristone: ten years later. Contraception. 2010;81:17.Google Scholar
Nothnagle, M, Sicilia, JM, Forman, S, et al. Required procedural training in family medicine residency: a consensus statement. Fam Med. 2008;40(4):248252.Google Scholar
Brahmi, D, Dehlendorf, C, Engel, D, Grumbach, K, Joffe, C, Gold, M. A descriptive analysis of abortion training in family medicine residency programs. Fam Med. 2007;39:399403.Google Scholar
Nothnagle, M. Benefits of a learner-centred abortion curriculum for family medicine residents. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2008;34:107110.Google Scholar
Training in Early Abortion for Comprehensive Healthcare. Early Abortion Training Workbook. www.teachtraining.org. Accessed November 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Clark, W, Panton, T, Hann, L, Gold, M. Medication abortion employing routine sequential measurements of serum hCG and sonography only when indicated. Contraception. 2007;75:131135.Google Scholar
Costescu, D, Guilbert, E, Bernardin, J, et al. Medical abortion. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2016;38:366389.Google Scholar
Dehlendorf, C, Levy, K, Kelley, A, Grumbach, K, Steinauer, J. Women’s preferences for contraceptive counseling and decision making. Contraception. 2013;88:250256.Google Scholar
Carvajal, DN, Gioia, D, Mudafort, ER, Brown, PB, Barnet, B. How can primary care physicians best support contraceptive decision making? a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of Baltimore Latinas. Womens Health Issues. 2017;27:158166.Google Scholar
Rubin, SE, Fletcher, J, Stein, T, Segall-Gutierrez, P, Gold, M. Determinants of intrauterine contraception provision among US family physicians: a national survey of knowledge, attitudes and practice. Contraception. 2011;83:472478.Google Scholar
Dehlendorf, C, Brahmi, D, Engel, D, Grumbach, K, Joffe, C, Gold, M. Integrating abortion training into family medicine residency programs. Fam Med. 2007;39:337342.Google Scholar
Steinauer, J, Dehlendorf, C, Grumbach, K, Landy, U, Darney, P. Multi-specialty family planning training: collaborating to meet the needs of women. Contraception. 2012;86(3):188190.Google Scholar
Romero, D, Maldonado, L, Fuentes, L, Prine, L. Association of reproductive health training on intention to provide services after residency: the family physician resident survey. Fam Med. 2015;47:2230.Google Scholar
Goodman, S, Shih, G, Hawkins, M, et al. A long-term evaluation of a required reproductive health training rotation with opt-out provisions for family medicine residents. Fam Med. 2013;45:180186.Google Scholar
Kumar, V, Herbitter, C, Karasz, A, Gold, M. Being in the room: reflections on pregnancy options counseling during abortion training. Fam Med. 2010;42:4146.Google Scholar
Herbitter, C, Greenberg, M, Fletcher, J, Query, C, Dalby, J, Gold, M. Family planning training in US family medicine residencies. Fam Med. 2011;43:574581.Google Scholar
Darney, BG, Weaver, MR, Stevens, N, Kimball, J, Prager, SW. The family medicine residency training initiative in miscarriage management: impact on practice in Washington State. Fam Med. 2013;45:102108.Google Scholar
Herbitter, C, Bennett, A, Schubert, FD, Bennett, IM, Gold, M. Management of Early Pregnancy Failure and Induced Abortion by Family Medicine Educators. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2013;26(6):751758.Google Scholar
Schubert, FD, Akse, S, Bennett, AH, Glassman, NR, Gold, M. A review of contraception and abortion content in family medicine textbooks. Fam Med. 2015;47:524528.Google Scholar
US Food and Drug Administration. Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies | REMS. www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/risk-evaluation-and-mitigation-strategies-rems. Accessed November 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Raymond, EG, Blanchard, K, Blumenthal, PD, et al. sixteen years of overregulation: time to unburden Mifeprex. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:790794.Google Scholar

References

Kaplan, L. The Story of Jane: The Legendary Underground Feminist Abortion Service. New York: Random House; 1995.Google Scholar
National Abortion Federation. The Role of Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, and Nurse-Midwives in Providing Abortion: Strategies for Expanding Abortion Access. Washington, DC: National Abortion Federation; 1997.Google Scholar
Freedman, MA, Jillson, DA, Coffin, RR, et al. (1986). Comparison of complications rates in first trimester abortions performed by physician assistants and physicians. Am J Pub Health. 76:550554.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018.Google Scholar
The Policy Surveillance Program, a Law Atlas Project. State abortion laws. http://lawatlas.org/page/abortion-law-project. Accessed July 27, 2019.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (IOM)Legalized Abortion and the Public HealthWashington, DC: National Academy Press; 1975.Google Scholar
National Abortion Federation. Who Will Provide Abortions? Ensuring Availability of Qualified Practitioners (Recommendations from a National Symposium). Washington, DC: National Abortion Federation; 1990.Google Scholar
National Abortion Federation. Role of CNMs, NPs, and PAs in Abortion Care. https://5aa1b2xfmfh2e2mk03kk8rsx-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/CNM_NP_PA_org_statements.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Taylor, D, Safriet, B, Dempsey, G, Kruse, B, Jackson, C. Providing Abortion Care: A Professional Toolkit for Nurse-Midwives, Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants.  http://apctoolkit.org/wp-content/themes/apctoolkit/index.html. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
International Confederation of Midwives. Midwives’ provision of abortion-related services. Position statement. www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/files/statement-files/2019/06/midwives-provision-of-abortion-related-services-eng-letterhead.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2019.Google Scholar
International Confederation of Midwives. Essential Competencies for Midwifery Practice. Koninginnegracth, The Netherlands: International Confederation of Midwives; 2019.Google Scholar
Taylor, D, Safriet, B, Kruse, B, Dempsey, G, Summers, L. Welcome to the Abortion Provider Toolkit. UCSF Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health. 2018. http://aptoolkit.org/. Accessed July 7, 2019.Google Scholar
Guttmacher Institute. State Policies on Abortion Rights. Washington, DC: Guttmacher Center for Population Research Innovation and Dissemination. www.guttmacher.org/united-states/abortion/state-policies-abortion. Accessed June 15, 2019.Google Scholar
National Council of State Boards of Nursing. APRN Consensus Model. www.ncsbn.org/aprn-consensus.htm. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
National Council of State Boards of Nursing. APRN Compact. www.ncsbn.org/aprn-compact.htm. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Sofer, D. VA grants most APRNs full practice authority. Am. J Nurs. 2017;117(3):14.Google Scholar
American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA). PA Scope of Practice. Issue brief. 2017. www.aapa.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Issue-brief_Scope-of-Practice_0117-1.pdf. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Barnard, S, Kim, C, Park, MH, Ngo, TD. Doctors or mid-level providers of abortion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD011242.Google Scholar
Weitz, TA, Taylor, D, Desai, S, et al. Safety of aspiration abortion performed by nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, and physician assistants under a California legal waiver. Am J Public Health. 2013;103:454461.Google Scholar
Cappiello, J, Coplon, L, Carpenter, H. A systematic review of sexual and reproductive health care content in nursing curricula. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2017;46:e157e167.Google Scholar
Simmonds, K, Foster, AM, Zurek, M. From the outside in: a unique model for stimulating curricula reform in nursing educationJ Nurs Educ. 2009;48(10):583587.Google Scholar
Foster, AM, Polis, C, Allee, MK, Simmonds, K, Zurek, M, Brown, A. Abortion education in nurse practitioner, physician assistant and certified nurse-midwifery programs: a national survey. Contraception. 2006;73(4): 408414.Google Scholar
Nurses for Sexual and Reproductive Health (NSRH). Welcome to the ACE Elective! http://nsrh.org/Abortion-Care-Education-(ACE). Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Nurses for Sexual and Reproductive Health (NSRH). http://nsrh.org/. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Taylor, A, Hathaway, A, Luneau, M, McKenna, F, Cappiello, J. Four narratives on abortion training in Mexico City. Womens Healthcare. 2016;4(4):7881.Google Scholar
Freedman, MA, Jillson, DA, Coffin, RR, Novick, LF. Comparison of complication rates in first trimester abortions performed by physician assistants and physiciansAm J Public Health. 1986;76.5:550554.Google Scholar
National Abortion Federation (NAF). https://prochoice.org/. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Reproductive Health Access Project (RHAP). www.reproductiveaccess.org/. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
The Early Abortion Training Workbook. San Francisco: Advancing New Standards on Reproductive Health (ANSIRH). www.ansirh.org/publications/training/early-abortion-training-workbook. Accessed July 30, 2019.Google Scholar
Freedman, L, Levi, A. How clinicians develop confidence in their competence in performing aspiration abortion. Qual Health Res. 2014;24:7889.Google Scholar
Barnes, H, Richards, MR, McHugh, MD, Martsolf, G. Rural and nonrural primary care physician practices increasingly rely on nurse practitioners. Health Aff (Millwood). 2018;37(6):908914.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×