Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-12T07:16:40.837Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Quantum dots

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

David K. Ferry ,
Stephen M. Goodnick  and
Jonathan Bird
David K. Ferry
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Stephen M. Goodnick
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Jonathan Bird
Affiliation:
State University of New York, Buffalo
Get access

Summary

The focus of this chapter is a discussion of transport in quantum dots, which are quasi-zero-dimensional nanostructure systems whose electronic states are completely quantized. The confinement of carrier motion in these structures is imposed in all three spatial directions, resulting in a discrete spectrum of energy levels much the same as in an atom or molecule. We can therefore think of quantum dots as artificial atoms, which in principle can be engineered to have a particular energy level spectrum. As in atomic systems, the electronic states in quantum dots are sensitive to the presence of multiple electrons due to the Coulomb interaction between electrons. Rich transport phenomena are therefore observed in these structures, not only because of quantum confinement and the resonant structure associated with this confinement, but also due to the granular nature of electric charge.

In contrast to quantum wells and wires, quantum dots can be sufficiently small that the introduction of even a single electron is sufficient to dramatically change the transport properties due to the charging energy associated with this extra electron. One of the main consequences of this charging energy is to give rise to a Coulomb blockade of transport, where conductance oscillations are observed with the addition or subtraction of a single electron from a quantum dot, which we discuss in detail in Sections 6.1 and 6.2.

Type
Chapter
Information
Transport in Nanostructures , pp. 299 - 412
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Cheng, D. K., Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd edition (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1989), pp. 172–4.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. D., Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd edition (New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1975), p. 133.Google Scholar
Macucci, M., Hess, K., and Iafrate, G.. Phys. Rev. B 48, 17354 (1993).CrossRef
Gorter, C., Physica 17, 777 (1951).CrossRef
Darmois, E., J. Phys. Radium 17, 210 (1956).CrossRef
Neugebauer, C. A. and Webb, M. B., J. Appl. Phys. 33, 74 (1962).CrossRef
Giaever, I. and Zeller, H. R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 20, 1504 (1968).CrossRef
Lambe, J. and Jaklevic, R. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 1371 (1969).CrossRef
Cavicchi, R. E. and Silsbee, R. H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1453 (1984); Phys. Rev. B37, 706 (1987).CrossRef
Kulik, I. O. and Shekhter, R. I., Sov. Phys. JETP 41, 308 (1975).
Averin, D. V. and Likharev, K. K., in the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Superconducting Quantum Devices (SQUID), Berlin, 1985, eds. Hahlbohm, H.-D. and Lubbig, H. (Berlin, W. de Gruyter, 1985), p. 197; Averin, D. V. and Likharev, K. K., J. Low Temp. Phys. 62, 345 (1986).
Ben-Jacob, E., Gefen, Y., Mullen, K., and Schuss, Z., in the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Superconducting Quantum Devices (SQUID), Berlin, 1985, eds. Hahlbohm, H.-D. and Lubbig, H. (Berlin, W. de Gruyter, 1985), p. 203; Ben-Jacob, E., Bergman, D. L., Matkowsky, B. J., and Schuss, Z., Phys. Rev. B34, 1572 (1986).
Kuzmin, L. S. and Likharev, K. K., JETP Lett. 45, 495 (1987).
Barner, J. B. and Ruggiero, S. T, Phys. Rev, Lett. 59, 807 (1987).CrossRef
Bentum, P. J. M., Smokers, R. T. M., and Kempen, H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2543 (1988).CrossRef
Wilkins, R., Ben-Jacob, E., and Jaklevic, R. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 801 (1989).CrossRef
Fulton, T. A. and Dolan, G. J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987).CrossRef
Thelander, C., Martensson, T., Bjork, M. T., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2052 (2003).CrossRef
Wasshuber, C., Computational Single-Electronics (Berlin, Springer, 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beenakker, C. W. J., Phys. Rev. B 44, 1646 (1991).CrossRef
Scott-Thomas, J. H. F., Field, S. B., Kastner, M. A., Smith, H. I., and Antoniadis, D. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 583 (1989).CrossRef
Glazman, L. I. and Shekhter, R. I., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1, 5811 (1989).
Houten, H. and Beenakker, C. W. J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1893 (1989).CrossRef
Meirav, U., Kastner, M. A., and Wind, S. J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 771 (1990).CrossRef
Kastner, M. A., Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 849 (1992).CrossRef
Delsing, P., in Single Charge Tunneling: Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures, eds. Grabert, H. and Devoret, Michel H., NATO ASI Series B 294 (New York, Plenum Press, 1992), pp. 249–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooij, J. E. and Schon, G., in Single Charge Tunneling: Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures, eds. Graben, H. and Devoret, Michel H., NATO ASI Series B 294 (New York, Plenum Press, 1992), pp. 275–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geerligs, L. J., Anderegg, V. F., Holweg, P. A. M., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2691 (1990); Geerligs, L. J. and Mooij, J. E., in Granular Nanoelectronics, eds. Ferry, D. K., Barker, J. R., and Jacoboni, C., NATO ASI Series B 251 (New York, Plenum Press, 1991), pp. 393–412; Geerligs, L., in Physics of Nanostructures, eds. Davies, J. H. and Long, A. R. (London, Institute of Physics Publishing, Ltd., 1992), pp. 171–204.
Kouwenhoven, L. P., Johnson, A. T., Vaart, N. C., Harmans, C. J. P. M., and Foxon, C. T., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1626 (1991).CrossRef
Pothier, H., Lafarge, P., Urbina, C., Esteve, D., and Devoret, M. H., Europhys. Lett. 17, 249 (1992); Esteve, D., in Single Charge Tunneling: Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures, eds. Grabert, H. and Devoret, Michel H., NATO ASI Series B 294 (New York, Plenum Press, 1992), pp. 109–37.
Averin, D. V., Korotkov, A. N., and Likharev, K. K., Phys. Rev. B 44, 6199 (1991).CrossRef
Bardeen, J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 57 (1961).CrossRef
Cohen, M. N., Falicov, L. M., and Phillips, J. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 316 (1962).CrossRef
Duke, C. B., Tunneling in Solids, Chapter 7, Solid State Physics10, eds. Seitz, F., Turnbull, D., and Ehrenreich, H. (Academic Press, New York, 1969).Google Scholar
Averin, D. V. and Likharev, K. K., “Single electronics: a correlated transfer of single electrons and cooper pairs in systems of small tunnel junctions,” in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, eds. Altshuler, B. L., Lee, P. A., and Webb, R. A. (Oxford, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991), pp. 173–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, G.-L. and Nazarov, Yu. V., “Charge tunneling rates in ultrasmall junctions,” in Single Charge Tunneling: Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures, eds. Grabert, H. and Devoret, Michel H., NATO ASI Series B 294 (New York, Plenum Press, 1992), pp. 21–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likharev, K. K., IBM J. Res. Develop. 32, 144 (1988).CrossRef
Kohn, W. and Luttinger, J. M., Phys. Rev. 108, 590 (1957).CrossRef
Ben-Jacob, E., Gefen, Y., Mullen, K., and Schuss, Z., Phys. Rev. B 37, 7400 (1988).CrossRef
Ziel, A., Noise in Solid State Devices and Circuits (New York, Wiley, 1986).Google Scholar
Averin, D. V. and Odintsov, A. A., Phys. Lett. A 140, 251 (1989).CrossRef
Averin, D. V. and Nazarov, Yu. V., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2446 (1990); Averin, D. V. and Nazarov, Yu. V., in Single Charge Tunneling: Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures, eds. Grabert, H. and Devoret, Michel H., NATO ASI Series B 294 (New York, Plenum Press, 1992), pp. 217–47.
Geerligs, L. J., Averin, D. V., and Mooij, J. E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3037 (1990).CrossRef
Eiles, T. M., Zimmerli, G., Jensen, H. D., and Martinis, J. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 148 (1992).CrossRef
Clank, D. C., Pasquier, C., Meirav, U., et al., Z. Phys. B85, 375 (1991); Pasquier, C., Meirav, U., Williams, F. I. B., Glattli, D. C., Jin, Y., and Etienne, B., Phys. Rev. Lett, 70, 69 (1993).CrossRef
Jacak, L., Hawrylak, P. and Wojs, A., Quantum Dots (Springer, Berlin, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korotkov, A. N., Averin, D. V., and Likharev, K. K., Physica B 165/166, 927 (1990).CrossRef
Kouwenhoven, L. P., Marcus, C. M., McEuen, P. L., et al., in Mesoscopic Electron Transport, eds. Sohn, L. L., Schön, G., and Kouwenhoven, L. P. (Dordrecht, Kluwer Series E 345, 1997) pp. 105–214.
McEuen, P. L., Foxman, E. B., Meirav, U., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1926 (1991).CrossRef
McEuen, P. L., Foxman, E. B., Kinaret, J., et al., Phys. Rev. B 45, 11419 (1992).CrossRef
Foxman, E. B., McEuen, P. L., Meirav, U., et al., Phys. Rev. B 47, 10020 (1993).CrossRef
Ashoori, R. C., Störmer, H. L., Weiner, J. S., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3088 (1992).CrossRef
Ashoori, R. C., Störmer, H. L., Weiner, J. S., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 613 (1993).CrossRef
Zhitenev, N. B., Ashoori, R. C., Pfeiffer, L. N., and West, K. W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2308 (1997).CrossRef
Tarucha, S., Austing, D. G., Honda, T., Hage, R. J., and Kouwenhoven, L. P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3613 (1996).CrossRef
For a review, see: Kouwenhoven, L. P., Austing, D. G., and Tarucha, S., Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 701 (2001).
Macucci, M., Hess, K., and Iafrate, G. J., Phys. Rev. B48 17354 (1993); Macucci, M., Hess, K., and Iafrate, G. J., J. Appl Phys. 77, 3267 (1995).
Zeng, Y. H., Goodman, B., and Serota, R. A., Phys. Rev. B 47, 15660 (1993).CrossRef
Wojs, A. and Hawrylak, P., Phys. Rev. B 53, 10841 (1996).CrossRef
Stopa, M., Phys. Rev. B 54, 13767 (1996).CrossRef
Heiss, W. D. and Nazmitdinov, R. G., Phys. Lett. A 222, 309 (1996).CrossRef
Ezaki, T., Mori, N., and Hamaguchi, C., Phys. Rev. B 56, 6428 (1997).CrossRef
Angelucci, A. and Tagliacozzo, A., Phys. Rev. B 56, 7088 (1997).CrossRef
Nagaraja, S., Matagne, P., Thean, V.-Y., et al., Phys. Rev. B 56, 15752 (1997).CrossRef
Steffens, O., Rössler, U., and Suhrke, M., Europhys. Lett. 42, 529 (1998).CrossRef
Lee, I.-H., Rao, V., Martin, R. M., and Leburton, J.-P., Phys. Rev. B 57 9035 (1998).CrossRef
Harting, J., Mulken, O., and Borrmann, P., Phys. Rev. B 62, 10207 (2000).CrossRef
Fock, V., Z. Phys. 47, 446 (1928).CrossRef
Darwin, C. G., Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 27, 86 (1930).CrossRef
Patel, S. R., Stewart, D. R., Marcus, C. M., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5900 (1998).CrossRef
Stewart, D. R., Sprinzak, D., Marcus, C. M., Duruöz, C. I., and Harris, J. S., Science 278, 1784 (1997).CrossRef
Potok, R. M., Folk, J. A., Marcus, C. M., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 016802 (2003).CrossRef
Johnson, A. T., Kouwenhoven, L. P., Jong, W., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1592 (1992).CrossRef
Weis, J., Haug, R. J., Klitzing, K. v., and Ploog, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4019 (1993).CrossRef
Weinmann, D., Häusler, W., and Kramer, B., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 984 (1995).CrossRef
Ciorga, M., Sachrajda, A. S., Hawrylak, P., et al., Phys. Rev. B 61, R16315 (2000).CrossRef
Ciorga, M., Wensauer, A., Pioro-Ladrière, M., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 256804 (2002).CrossRef
Kyriakidis, J., Pioro-Ladrière, M., Ciorga, M., Sachrajda, A. S., and Hawrylak, P., Phys. Rev. B 66, 035320 (2002).CrossRef
Pioro-Ladrière, M., Ciorga, M., Lapointe, J., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 026803 (2003).CrossRef
Korkusiński, M., Hawrylak, P., Ciorga, M., Pioro-Ladrière, M., and Sachrajda, A. S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 206806 (2004).CrossRef
Kouwenhoven, L. P., Oosterkamp, T. H., Danoesastro, M. W. S., et al., Science 278, 1788 (1997).CrossRef
Tarucha, S., Austing, D. G., Tokura, Y., Wiel, W., and Kouwenhoven, L. P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2485 (2000).CrossRef
Fujisawa, T., Tokura, Y., and Hirayama, Y., Phys. Rev. B 63, 081304 (2001).CrossRef
Fujisawa, T., Austing, D. G., Tokura, Y., Hirayama, Y., and Tarucha, S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 236802 (2002).CrossRef
Fujisawa, T., Austing, D. G., Tokura, Y., Hirayama, Y., and Tarucha, S., Nature 419, 278 (2002).CrossRef
Haas, W. J., Boer, J. H., and Berg, G. J., Physica 1, 1115 (1934).CrossRef
Kondo, J., Prog. Theor. Phys. 32, 37 (1964).CrossRef
See Chapter 18 of Mattuck, R. D.A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem, 2nd edition (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1976).
Wilson, K. G., Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 773 (1975).CrossRef
Anderson, P. W., Phys. Rev. 124, 41 (1961).CrossRef
Haldane, F. D. M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 416 (1978).CrossRef
Glazman, L. I. and Raikh, M. E., JETP Lett. 47, 452 (1988).
Ng, T. K. and Lee, P. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1768 (1988).CrossRef
Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Shtrikman, H., Mahalu, D., et al., Nature 391, 156 (1998).CrossRef
Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Gores, J., Kastner, M. A., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5225 (1998).CrossRef
Wiel, W. G., Franceschi, S., Elzerman, J. M., et al., Science 281, 540 (1998).
Costi, T. A., Hewson, A. C., and Zlatic, V., J. Phys. : Condens. Matter 6, 2519 (1994).CrossRef
Kawabata, A., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60, 3222 (1991).CrossRef
Meir, Y., Wingreen, N. S., and Lee, P. A., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2601 (1993).CrossRef
Cronenwett, S. M., Oosterkamp, T. H., and Kouwenhoven, L. P., Science 281, 540 (1998).CrossRef
Schmid, J., Weis, J., Eberl, K., and Klitzing, K., Physica B 182, 256–258 (1998).
Simmel, F., Blick, R. H., Kotthaus, J. P., Wegscheider, W., and Bichler, M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 804 (1999).CrossRef
Schmid, J., Weis, J., Eberl, K., and Klitzing, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5824 (2000).CrossRef
Sasaki, S., Franceschi, S., Elzerman, J. M., et al., Nature 40F5, 764 (2000).CrossRef
Nygard, J., Cobden, D. H., and Lindelof, P. E., Nature 408, 342 (2000).CrossRef
Pustilnik, M., Avishai, Y., and Kikoin, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1756 (2000).CrossRef
Eto, M. and Nazarov, Y. V., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1306 (2000).CrossRef
Eto, M. and Nazarov, Y. V., Phys. Rev. B 66, 153319 (2002).CrossRef
Pustilink, M. and Glazman, L. I., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 216601 (2001).CrossRef
Hofstetter, W. and Schoeller, H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 016803 (2002).CrossRef
Wiel, W. G., Franceschi, S., Elzerman, J. M., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 126803 (2002).CrossRef
Buitelaar, M. R., Bachtold, A., Nussbaumer, T., Iqbal, M., and Schönenberger, C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 156801 (2002).CrossRef
Liang, W., Shores, M. P., Bockrath, M., Long, J. R., and Park, H., Nature 417, 725 (2002).CrossRef
Park, J., Pasupathy, A. N., Goldsmith, J. I., et al., Nature 417, 722 (2002).CrossRef
Jarillo-Herrero, P., Kong, J., Zant, H. S. J., et al., Nature 434, 484 (2005).CrossRef
Wiel, W. G., Franceschi, S., Elzerman, J. M., et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 1 (2003).CrossRef
Fujisawa, T., Hayashi, T., and Sasaki, S., Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 759 (2006).CrossRef
Hofmann, F., Heinzel, T., Wharam, D. A., et al., Phys. Rev. B 51, 13872 (1995).CrossRef
Pothier, H., Lafarge, P., Urbina, C., Esteve, D., and Devoret, M. H., Europhys. Lett. 17, 249 (1992).CrossRef
Ruzin, I. M., Chandrasekhar, V., Levin, E. I., and Glazman, L. I., Phys. Rev. B 45, 13469 (1992).CrossRef
Dixon, D. C., Kouwenhoven, L. P., McEuen, P. L., et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 12625 (1996).CrossRef
Vaart, N. C., Godijn, S. F., Nazarov, Y u. V., Harmans, C. J. P. M., and Mooij, J. E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4702 (1995).CrossRef
Kemerink, M. and Molenkamp, L. W., Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1012 (1994).CrossRef
Molenkamp, L. W., Flensberg, K., and Kemerink, M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4282 (1995).CrossRef
Waugh, F. R., Berry, M. J., Mar, D. J., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 705 (1995).CrossRef
Waugh, F. R., Berry, M. J., Crouch, C. H., et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 1413 (1996).CrossRef
Livermore, C., Crouch, C. H., Westervelt, R. M., Campman, K. L., and Gossard, A. C., Science 274, 1332 (1996).CrossRef
Lent, C. S., Tougaw, P. D., Porod, W., and Bernstein, G. H., Nanotechnology4, 49 (1993);Lent, C. S. and Tougaw, P. D., Proc. IEEE85, 541 (1997).
Orlov, A. O., Amlani, I., Bernstein, G. H., Lent, C. S., and Snider, G. L., Science 277, 928 (1997).CrossRef
Amlani, I., Orlov, A. O., Toth, G., et al., Science 284, 289 (1999).CrossRef
Orlov, A. O., Amlani, I., Toth, G., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2875 (1999).CrossRef
Orlov, A. O., Amlani, I., Kummamuru, R. K., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 295 (2000).CrossRef
Kummamuru, R. K., Timler, J., Toth, G., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1332 (2002).CrossRef
Gardelis, S., Smith, C. G., Cooper, J., et al., Phys. Rev. B 67, 033302 (2003).CrossRef
Imre, A., Csaba, G., Ji, L., et al., Science 311, 205 (2006).CrossRef
See Chapter 6 of Ferry, David K., Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction for Device Physicists and Electrical Engineers, 2nd Edition (Bristol, Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001).
Blick, R. H., Haug, R. J., Weis, J., et al., Phys. Rev. B 53, 7899 (1996).CrossRef
Blick, R. H., Pfannkuche, D., Haug, R. J., Klitzing, K. V., and Eberl, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4032 (1998).CrossRef
Blick, R. H., Weide, D. W., Haug, R. J., and Eberl, K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 689 (1998).CrossRef
Holleitner, A. W., Decker, C. R., Qin, H., Eberl, K., and Blick, R. H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 256802 (2001).CrossRef
Holleitner, A. W., Blick, R. H., Huttel, A. K., Eberl, K., and Kotthaus, J. P., Science 297, 70 (2001).CrossRef
Hayashi, T., Fujisawa, T., Cheong, H. D., Jeong, Y. H., and Hirayama, Y., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 226804 (2003).CrossRef
Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B., and Laloe, F., Quantum Mechanics, Vol. 1 (New York, Wiley, 1977).Google Scholar
Oosterkamp, T. H., Fujisawa, T., Wiel, W. G., et al., Nature 395, 873 (1998).CrossRef
Kouwenhoven, L. P., Jauhar, S., Orenstein, J., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 3443 (1994).CrossRef
Loss, D. and DiVincenzo, D. P., Phys. Rev. A57, 120 (1998); DiVincenzo, D. P. and Loss, D., Superlatt. Microstruct. 23, 419 (1998); Burkard, G., Loss, D., and DiVincenzo, D. P., Phys. Rev. B59, 2070 (1999); and Burkard, G. and Loss, D., in Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation, eds. Awschalom, D. D., Loss, D., and Samarth, N. (Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2002), pp. 229–76.
Field, M., Smith, C. G., Pepper, M., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1311 (1993).CrossRef
Field, M., Smith, C. G., Pepper, M., et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 6, L273 (1994).
Sprinzak, D., Ji, Y., Heiblum, M., Mahalu, D., and Shtrikhman, H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 176805 (2002).CrossRef
Elzerman, J. M., Hanson, R., Greidanus, J. S., et al., Phys. Rev. B 67, 161308 (2003).CrossRef
Hanson, R., Witkamp, B., Beveren, L. H. W., Elzerman, J. M., and Kouwenhoven, L. P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 196802 (2003).CrossRef
Elzerman, J. M., Hanson, R., Beveren, L. H. W., et al., Nature 430, 431 (2004).CrossRef
Hanson, R., Beveren, L. H. W., Vink, I. T., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 196802 (2005).CrossRef
Meunier, T., Vink, I. T., Beveren, L. H. W., et al., Phys. Rev. B 74, 195303 (2006).CrossRef
Hanson, R., Kouwenhoven, L. P., Petta, J. R., Tarucha, S., and Vandersypen, L. M. K., Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1217 (2007).CrossRef
Schleser, R., Ruh, E., Ihn, T., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2005 (2004).CrossRef
Gustavvson, S., Leturcq, R., Simovic, B., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 076605 (2006).CrossRef
Fujisawa, T., Hayashi, T., Hirayama, Y., Cheong, H. D., and Jeong, Y. H., Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2343 (2004).CrossRef
Gustavsson, S., Studer, M., Leturcq, R., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 206804 (2007).CrossRef
Petta, J. R., Johnson, A. C., Marcus, C. M., Hanson, M. P., and Gossard, A. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 186802 (2004).CrossRef
Johnson, A. C., Marcus, C. M., Hanson, M. P., and Gossard, A. C., Phys. Rev. B 71, 115333 (2005).CrossRef
Johnson, A. C., Petta, J. R., Taylor, J. M., et al., Nature 456, 925 (2005).CrossRef
Petta, J. R., Johnson, A. C., Yacoby, A., et al., Phys. Rev. B 72, 161301 (2005).CrossRef
Johnson, A. C., Petta, J. R., Marcus, C. M., Hanson, M. P., and Gossard, A. C., Phys. Rev. B 72, 165308 (2005).CrossRef
Petta, J. R., Johnson, A. C., Taylor, J. M., et al., Science 309, 2180 (2005).CrossRef
Laird, E. A., Petta, J. R., Johnson, A. C., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 056801 (2006).CrossRef
Koppens, F. H. L., Buizert, C., Tielrooij, K. J., et al., Nature 442, 766 (2006).CrossRef
Ono, K., Austing, D. G., Tokura, Y., and Tarucha, S., Science 297, 1313 (2002).CrossRef
Lin, J. J. and Bird, J. P., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, R501 (2002).
Adair, R. K., Bockelman, C. K., and Peterson, R. E., Phys. Rev. 76, 308 (1949).CrossRef
Fano, U. and Rau, A. R. P., in Atomic Collisions and Spectra (Orlando, Academic Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Cerdeira, F., Fjeldy, T. A., and Cardona, M., Phys. Rev. B 8, 4734 (1973).CrossRef
Faist, J., Capasso, F., Sirtori, C., West, K. W., and Pfeiffer, L. N., Nature 390, 589 (1997).CrossRef
Kobayashi, K., Aikawa, H., Katsumoto, S., and Iye, Y., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 256806 (2002).CrossRef
Kobayashi, K., Aikawa, H., Katsumoto, S., and Iye, Y., Phys. Rev. B 68, 235304 (2003).CrossRef
Kobayashi, K., Aikawa, H., Sano, A., Katsumoto, S., and Iye, Y., Phys. Rev. B 70, 035319 (2004).CrossRef
Sato, M., Aikawa, H., Kobayashi, K., Katsumoto, S., and Iye, Y., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 066801 (2005).CrossRef
Fano, U., Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961).CrossRef
Lin, J. J. and Bird, J. P., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, R501 (2002).
Fuhrer, A., Brusheim, P., Ihn, T., et al., Phys. Rev. B 73, 205326 (2006).CrossRef
Clerk, A. A., Waintal, X., and Brouwer, P. W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4636 (2001).CrossRef
Kim, J., Kim, J.-R., Lee, J.-O., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 166403 (2003).CrossRef
Kida, M., Mihara, T., Miyamoto, K., et al., IPAP Conf. Series 5, 61–64 (2004).
Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Gores, J., Kastner, M. A., et al., Nature 391, 156 (1998).CrossRef
Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Gores, J., Kastner, M. A., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5225 (1998).CrossRef
Gores, J., Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Heemeyer, S., et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 2188 (2000).CrossRef
Zachzria, I. G., Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Granger, G., et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 155311 (2001).CrossRef
Johnson, A. C., Marcus, C. M., Hanson, M. P., and Gossard, A. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 106803 (2004).CrossRef
Yacoby, A., Heiblum, M., Mahalu, D., Shtrikman, H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4047 (1995).CrossRef
Schuster, R., Buks, E., Heiblum, M., et al., Nature 385, 417 (1997).CrossRef
Hackenbroich, G., Phys. Rep. 343, 463 (2001).CrossRef
Katsumoto, S., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19, 233201 (2007).
Sigrist, M., Fuhrer, A., Ihn, T., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 066802 (2004).CrossRef
Sigrist, M., Ihn, T., Ensslin, K., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 036804 (2006).CrossRef
Stöckmann, H.-J., Quantum Chaos – an Introduction (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y.-H., Barth, M., Stöckmann, H.-J., and Bird, J. P., Phys. Rev. B 65, 165317 (2002).CrossRef
Evans, D. V. and Porter, R., J. Eng. Math. 35, 149 (1999).CrossRef
Chen, Y. F., Huang, K. F., and Lan, Y. P., Phys. Rev. E 66, 046215 (2002).CrossRef
Bird, J. P., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 11, R413 (1999).
Marcus, C. M., Rimberg, A. J., Westervelt, R. M., Hopkins, P. F., and Gossard, A. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 506 (1992).CrossRef
Jalabert, R. A., Baranger, H. U., and Stone, A. D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2442 (1990).CrossRef
Keller, M. W., Millo, O., Mittal, A., Prober, D. E., and Sacks, R. N., Surf. Sci. 305, 501 (1994).CrossRef
Berry, M. J., Katine, J. A., Marcus, C. M., Westervelt, R. M., and Gossard, A. C., Surf. Sci. 305, 495 (1994).CrossRef
Bird, J. P., Ishibashi, K., Aoyagi, Y., Sugano, T., and Ochiai, Y., Phys. Rev. B 50, 18678 (1994).CrossRef
Baranger, H. U., Jalabert, R. A., and Stone, A. D., Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3876 (1993).CrossRef
Chang, A. M., Baranger, H. U., Pfeiffer, L. N., and West, K. W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2111 (1994).CrossRef
Bird, J. P., Akis, R., Ferry, D. K., et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 583 (2003).CrossRef
Ferry, D. K., Akis, R., and Bird, J. P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 026803 (2004).CrossRef
Zurek, W. H., Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 715 (2003).CrossRef
Zurek, W. H., Phys. Rev. D 24, 1516 (1981).CrossRef
Ketzmerick, R., Phys. Rev. B 54, 10841 (1996).CrossRef
Akis, R., Ferry, D. K., and Bird, J. P., Phys. Rev. B 54, 17705 (1996).CrossRef
Akis, R., Ferry, D. K., and Bird, J. P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 123 (1997).CrossRef
Akis, R., Bird, J. P., and Ferry, D. K., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 129 (2002).CrossRef
Gutzwiller, M. C., Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics (New York, Springer, 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, J. P., Akis, R., Ferry, D. K., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4691 (1999).CrossRef
Micolich, A. P., Taylor, R. P., Newbury, R., et al., J. Phys. Condens.: Matter 10, 1339 (1998).CrossRef
Sachrajda, A. S., Ketzmerick, R., Gould, C., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1948 (1998).CrossRef
Takagaki, Y., Elhassan, M., Shailos, A., et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 10255 (2000).CrossRef
Moura, A. P. S., Lai, Y.-C., Akis, R., Bird, J. P., and Ferry, D. K., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 236804 (2002).CrossRef
Davis, M. J. and Heller, E. J., J. Chem. Phys. 75, 246–254 (1981).CrossRef
Bohigas, O., Tomsovic, S., and Ullmo, D., Phys. Rep. 223, 43 (1993).CrossRef
Tomsovic, S., ed., Tunneling in Complex Systems (Singapore, World Scientific, 1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomsovic, S., Phys. Scr. T90, 162 (2001).CrossRef
Elhassan, M., Akis, R., Bird, J. P., et al., Phys. Rev. B 70, 205341 (2004).CrossRef
Brunner, R., Meisels, R., Kuchar, F., et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 204101 (2007).CrossRef

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×