Preface

Summary

String theory is one of the most exciting and challenging areas of modern theoretical physics. It was developed in the late 1960s for the purpose of describing the strong nuclear force. Problems were encountered that prevented this program from attaining complete success. In particular, it was realized that the spectrum of a fundamental string contains an undesired massless spin-two particle. Quantum chromodynamics eventually proved to be the correct theory for describing the strong force and the properties of hadrons. New doors opened for string theory when in 1974 it was proposed to identify the massless spin-two particle in the string's spectrum with the graviton, the quantum of gravitation. String theory became then the most promising candidate for a quantum theory of gravity unified with the other forces and has developed into one of the most fascinating theories of high-energy physics.

The understanding of string theory has evolved enormously over the years thanks to the efforts of many very clever people. In some periods progress was much more rapid than in others. In particular, the theory has experienced two major revolutions. The one in the mid-1980s led to the subject achieving widespread acceptance. In the mid-1990s a second superstring revolution took place that featured the discovery of nonperturbative dualities that provided convincing evidence of the uniqueness of the underlying theory. It also led to the recognition of an eleven-dimensional manifestation, called M-theory.