Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T23:13:00.451Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - The Ancillary Consequences of SORN

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 June 2021

By
Kelly Socia
Edited by
Wayne Logan  and
J. J. Prescott
Wayne Logan
Affiliation:
Florida State University School of Law
J. J. Prescott
Affiliation:
University of Michigan Law School
Get access

Summary

Chapter 6 explores the broad range of ancillary consequences that stem from registration and notification laws. These consequences disrupt nearly every facet of daily life for registrants, their families, and their communities. The chapter begins with the most acutely felt consequences – the difficulty registrants experience finding jobs and housing. Since locating employment and housing is critical to successful reentry, the negative effects of SORN laws on both inhibit registrants’ ability to reintegrate. These difficulties have also led to the spatial clustering (“ghettoization”) of registrants. Other consequences include increased vigilantism by the public and decreased property values near registrant residences. All these consequences may lead to negative secondary effects on nonsexual criminal behavior and mental health outcomes, and in turn may affect the wellbeing of the family members of registrants and the overall community. Importantly, these wide-ranging consequences may also have hydraulic effects on charging and reporting decisions. Ultimately, this chapter concludes that SORN laws’ wide-reaching deleterious effects, and their high implementation costs, outweigh their supposed benefits. As a result, it maintains that SORN laws must be tailored to higher-risk offenders and that community notification must be curtailed.

Keywords

unintended and ancillary consequenceshousing difficultiesemployment difficultiesvigilantismreal estate valuessex offender familiesstate and local budgetshydraulic effectssex offender plea bargainingsex offender recidivismsex offense reportingpolicy reformcollateral consequences
Type
Chapter
Information
Sex Offender Registration and Community Notification Laws
An Empirical Evaluation
 , pp. 78 - 101
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agan, A. Y. & Prescott, J.J. (2014). Sex offender law and the geography of victimization. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 11(4), 786–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin, A. (2019). Mapping Sex Offenders and Treatment Centers in Relation to Social Disorganization (119). [Master’s Thesis, University of New Haven]. Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons.Google Scholar
Anderson-Facile, D. (2009). Basic challenges to prisoner reentry. Sociology Compass, 3, 183–195. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00198.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apel, R. & Sweeten, G. (2010). The impact of incarceration on employment during the transition to adulthood. Social Problems, 57(3), 448–479. DOI: 10.1525/sp.2010.57.3.448.Google Scholar
Bailey, D. J. S. & Klein, J. L. (2018). Ashamed and alone: Comparing offender and family member experiences with the sex offender registry. Criminal Justice Review, 43(4), 440–457. DOI: 10.1177/0734016818756486.Google Scholar
Bain, B. & German, E. (2006, September 26). How a Cluster Grew so Large: Low Rents, Willing Landlords and Politics Play Roles. Newsday. http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=SPN.SP04&docId=CJ151896742&source=gale&srcprod=SP04&userGroupName=albanyu&version=1.0.Google Scholar
Boroff, D. (2018, January 2). Vigilante pleads guilty to beating three sex offenders, implores others not to take law into own hands. N.Y. Daily News. www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/man-beat-sex-offenders-admits-vigilante-justice-wrong-article-1.3733638.Google Scholar
Brennan, D. & Gallagher, C. (2016). Man threatened to cut off penis of man he wrongly thought was a sex offender. The Journal. www.thejournal.ie/innocent-man-kidnapped-3154544-Dec2016/.Google Scholar
Town of Brookhaven, New York. (2008, June 10). Brookhaven Child Protection Act Passes with 7–0 Vote. Brookhaven, NY. www.brookhaven.org/PressRoom/tabid/56/newsid970/363/Brookhaven-Child-Protection-Act-Passes-with-7–0-Vote/Default.aspx.Google Scholar
Burchfield, K. B. & Mingus, W. (2008). Not in my neighborhood: Assessing registered sex offenders’ experiences with local social capital and social control. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(3), 356–374. DOI: 10.1177/0093854807311375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cann, D. & Isom Scott, D. A. (2019). Sex offender residence restrictions and homelessness: A critical look at South Carolina. Criminal Justice Policy Review, Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1177/0887403419862334.Google Scholar
Casady, T. (2009). A police chief’s viewpoint: Geographic aspects of sex offender residency restrictions. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20(1), 16–20. DOI: 10.1177/0887403408327692.Google Scholar
Caudill, S. B., Affuso, E., & Yang, M. (2015). Registered sex offenders and house prices: A hedonic analysis. Urban Studies, 52(13), 2425–2440. DOI:10.1177/0042098014547368.Google Scholar
Claiborne, W. (1997, March 27). Registration Laws Unleashing Public Fury on Sex Offenders; Police in California City Acknowledge Underestimating Response. Washington Post, p. A03.Google Scholar
Colorado Department of Public Safety. (2004). Report on Safety Issues Raised by Living Arrangements for and Location of Sex Offenders in the Community. http://dcj.state.co.us/odvsom/sex_offender/SO_Pdfs/FullSLAFinal.pdf.Google Scholar
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2018). Register as a Sex Offender. Mass.gov. www.mass.gov/how-to/register-as-a-sex-offender.Google Scholar
Corrigan, R. (2006). Making meaning of Megan’s law. Law & Social Inquiry, 31(2), 267–312. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4469.2006.00012.x.Google Scholar
Craun, S. W. & Simmons, C. A. (2012). Taking a seat at the table: Sexual assault survivors’ views of sex offender registries. Victims & Offenders, 7(3), 312–326. DOI: 10.1080/15564886.2012.685217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CSOM. (2007). Managing the Challenges of Sex Offender Reentry. www.csom.org/pubs/reentry_brief.pdf.Google Scholar
Cubellis, M. A., Evans, D. N., & Fera, A. G. (2019) Sex offender stigma: An exploration of vigilantism against sex offenders. Deviant Behavior 40(2), 225–239. DOI: 10.1080/01639625.2017.1420459.Google Scholar
Cubellis, M. A., Walfield, S. M., & Harris, A. J. (2018). Collateral consequences and effectiveness of sex offender registration and notification: Law enforcement perspectives. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(4), 1080–1106. DOI: 10.1177/0306624X16667574.Google Scholar
Daskal, J. C. (2013). Pre-crime restraints: The explosion of targeted, noncustodial prevention. Cornell Law Review, 99(2), 327–386.Google Scholar
Denniston, S. E. (2016). The Relationship between Juvenile Sex Offender Registration and Depression in Adulthood (1883). [Doctoral Dissertation, Walden University]. Criminology and Criminology Justice Commons.Google Scholar
Dum, C. P. (2016). Exiled in America: Life on the Margins in a Residential Motel. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dum, C. P., Socia, K. M., & Rydberg, J. (2017). Public support for emergency shelter housing interventions concerning stigmatized populations: Results from a randomized experiment. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(3), 835–877. DOI: 10.1111/1745-9133.12311.Google Scholar
Edwards, W. & Hensley, C. (2001). Contextualizing sex offender management legislation and policy: Evaluating the problem of latent consequences in community notification laws. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(1), 83–101. DOI: 10.1177/0306624X01451006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbogen, E. B., Patry, M., & Scalora, M. J. (2003). The impact of community notification laws on sex offender treatment attitudes. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26(2), 207–219. DOI: 10.1016/S0160-2527(03)00016-5.Google Scholar
Farkas, M. A. & Miller, G. (2007). Reentry and reintegration: Challenges faced by the families of convicted sex offenders. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 20(2), 88–92. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2007.20.2.88.Google Scholar
Frankel, A. (2019). Pushed out and locked in: The catch-22 for New York’s disabled, homeless sex offender registrants. The Yale Law Journal Forum, 279–324.Google Scholar
Freeman, N. J., Sandler, J. C., & Socia, K. M. (2009). A time-series analysis on the impact of sex offender registration and community notification on plea bargaining rates. Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law, and Society, 22(2), 153–165. DOI: 10.1080/14786010902975424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, C. (2017, May 30). Woman defends wrongly identifying man as sex offender. The Irish Times. www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/woman-defends-wrongly-identifying-man-as-sex-offender-1.3101998.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. (2017, September 22). Two arrested after vigilantes targeting sex offender mistakenly destroy neighbour’s car. Eastern Daily Press. www.edp24.co.uk/news/crime/two-arrested-after-vigilantes-targeting-sex-offender-mistakenly-destroy-neighbour-s-car-1–5206765.Google Scholar
Goldman, R. (2009). Dense Population of Sex Offenders in Fla. Case Is Alarmingly Typical. ABC World News with Diane Sawyer (Vol. 2012).Google Scholar
Greenfield, L. A. (1997). Sex Offenses and Offenders: An Analysis of Data on Rape and Sexual Assault. U.S. Department of Justice: Bureau of Justice Statistics. www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=163392.Google Scholar
Griffin, V. W. & Evans, M. (2019). The duality of stigmatization: an examination of differences in collateral consequences for black and white sex offenders. Justice Quarterly, Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2019.1666906.Google Scholar
Grossi, L. M. (2017). Sexual offenders, violent offenders, and community reentry: Challenges and treatment considerations. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 59–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2017.04.005.Google Scholar
Grubesic, T. H. (2010). Sex offender clusters. Applied Geography, 30(1), 2–18. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.06.002.Google Scholar
Grubesic, T. H. & Murray, A. T. (2008). Sex offender residency and spatial equity. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 1(3), 175–192. DOI: 10.1007/s12061-008-9013-5.Google Scholar
Grubesic, T. H. & Murray, A. T. (2010). Methods to support policy evaluation of sex offender laws. Papers in Regional Science, 89(3), 669–684. DOI: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2009.00270.x.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J. & Socia, K. M. (2016). What’s in a name? Evaluating the effects of the “Sex Offender” label on public opinions and beliefs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(7), 660–678. DOI: 10.1177/1079063214564391.Google Scholar
Harris, A. J., Walfield, S. M., Shields, R. T., & Letourneau, E. J. (2016). Collateral consequences of juvenile sex offender registration and notification: Results from a survey of treatment providers. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(8), 770–790. DOI: 10.1177/1079063215574004.Google Scholar
Harrison, J. (2016, April 15). 10 Years after sex offender murders, questions linger about registry. Bangon Daily News. https://bangordailynews.com/2016/04/15/news/state/10-years-after-sex-offender-murders-questions-linger-about-mainesregistry/?ref=relatedBox.Google Scholar
Hlavka, H. R. & Uggen, C. (2008). Does stigmatizing sex offenders drive down reporting rates? Perverse effects and unintended consequences. Northern Kentucky Law Review, 35(4), 347–369.Google Scholar
Holzer, H., Raphael, S., & Stoll, M. A. (2003). Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders. Washington, DC: www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/410855_holzer.pdf.Google Scholar
Horn, A. E. (2019). Wrongful collateral consequences. George Washington Law Review, 87(2), 315–372.Google Scholar
Imhoff, R. (2015). Punitive Attitudes Against Pedophiles or Persons With Sexual Interest in Children: Does the Label Matter? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1): 35–44. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0439-3.Google Scholar
Jacobs and Gottlieb (2020). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0093854820942285Google Scholar
Justice Policy Institute. (2008). Registering Harm: How Sex Offense Registries Fail Youth and Communities. www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/walsh_act.pdf.Google Scholar
Johnston, J. (2016). Fearing vigilantes, judge protects privacy of Alberta sex offender. CNC News. www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/fearing-vigilantes-judge-protects-privacy-of-alberta-sex-offender-1.3847897.Google Scholar
Kemshall, H., Wood, J., Westwood, S., Stout, B., Wilkinson, B., Kelly, G., & Mackenzie, G. (2010). Child Sex Offender Review (CSOR) Public Disclosure Pilots: A Process Evaluation. Great Britain Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=259713.Google Scholar
Kilgannon, C. (2007, February 17). Suffolk County to Keep Sex Offenders on the Move. New York Times, p. 3.Google Scholar
Kilgannon, C. (2008, January 24). Fears Anew in an Area Rife With Sex Offenders. New York Times, p. B3.Google Scholar
Kirk, J. (2015, April 27). Welcome to Pariahville: The American City Where Sex Offenders Live. GQ, Online Edition. www.gq.com/story/sex-offender-community.Google Scholar
Koeppel, B. (2018, May 4). Sex Crimes and Criminal Justice. Washington Spectator. https://washingtonspectator.org/koeppel-sex-crimes-and-criminal-justice/.Google Scholar
Kunstler, N. & Tsai, J. (2020). Understanding Landlord Perspectives on Applicants with Sex Offenses. Housing, Care and Support, 23(1), 27–34. DOI: 10.1108/HCS-10-2019-0022.Google Scholar
Larsen, J. E., Lowrey, K. J., & Coleman, J. W. (2003). The effect of proximity to a registered sex offender’s residence on single-family house selling price. Appraisal Journal, 71(3), 253–265.Google Scholar
Letourneau, E. J., Armstrong, K. S., Bandyopadhyay, D., & Sinha, D. (2013). Sex offender registration and notification policy increases juvenile plea bargains. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 25(2), 189–207. DOI: 10.1177/1079063212455667.Google Scholar
Letourneau, E. J., Bandyopadhyay, D., Sinha, D., & Armstrong, K. (2009). Effects of sex offender registration policies on juvenile justice decision making. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21(2), 149–165. DOI: 10.79063208328678.Google Scholar
Letourneau, E. J., Levenson, J. S., Bandyopadhyay, D., Armstrong, K. S., & Sinha, D. (2010). The effects of sex offender registration and notification on judicial decisions. Criminal Justice Review, 35(3), 295–317. DOI: 10.1177/0734016809360330.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S. (2008). Collateral consequences of sex offender residence restrictions. Criminal Justice Studies, 21(2), 153–166. DOI: 10.1080/14786010802159822.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y. N., Fortney, T., & Baker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7(1), 137–161. DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levenson, J. S. & Cotter, L. P. (2005). The effect of Megan’s law on sex offender reintegration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 49–66. DOI: 10.1177/1043986204271676.Google Scholar
Levenson, J. S. & Tewksbury, R. (2009). Collateral damage: Family members of registered sex offenders. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(1–2), 54–68. DOI: 10.1007/s12103–008-9055-x.Google Scholar
Linden, L. L. & Rockoff, J. E. (2008). Estimates of the impact of crime risk on property values from Megan’s law. American Economic Review, 98(3), 1103–1127. DOI: 10.1257/aer.98.3.1103.Google Scholar
Logan, W. A. (2015). Database Infamia: Exit from the sex offender registries. Wisconsin Law Review, 2015(2), 219–246.Google Scholar
Logan, W. A. & Ferguson, A. G. (2016). Policing criminal justice data. Minnesota Law Review, 101, 541–616.Google Scholar
Lowe, G. & Willis, G. (2019). “Sex Offender” Versus “Person”: The Influence of Labels on Willingness to Volunteer With People Who Have Sexually Abused. Sexual Abuse, Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1177/1079063219841904.Google Scholar
Mack, E. & Grubesic, A. (2010). Sex offenders and residential location: A predictive-analytical framework. Environment and Planning A, 42(8), 1925–1942. https://doi.org/10.1068/a42370.Google Scholar
Makin, D. A., Walker, A. M., & Campbell, C. M. (2018). Paying to be punished: A statutory analysis of sex offender registration fees. Criminal Justice Ethics, 37(3), 215–237.Google Scholar
Malesky, A. & Keim, J. (2001). Mental health professionals’ perspectives on sex offender registry web sites. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 13(1), 53–63.Google Scholar
Manson, W. (2015). “Keeping children safe”: The child sex offender disclosure scheme in Scotland. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 21(1), 43–55.Google Scholar
Matson, S. & Lieb, R. (1996). Community Notification in Washington State: 1996 Survey of Law Enforcement. Washington State Institute for Public Policy. www.wsipp.wa.gov/rptfiles/sle.pdf.Google Scholar
McCoy, C. (1984). Determinate sentencing, plea bargaining bans, and hydraulic discretion in California. Justice System Journal, 9(3), 256–275.Google Scholar
Mercado, C. C., Alvarez, S., & Levenson, J. S. (2008). The impact of specialized sex offender legislation on community reentry. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20(2), 188–205. DOI: 10.1177/1079063208317540.Google Scholar
Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2007). Residential Proximity & Sex Offender Recidivism in Minnesota. www.doc.state.mn.us/documents/04-07SexOffenderReport-Proximity.pdf.Google Scholar
Mogulescu, K. & Goodmark, L. (2020). Surveillance and Entanglement: How Mandatory Sex Offender Registration Impacts Criminalised Survivors of Human Trafficking. Anti-Trafficking Review, 14, 125–130.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. K. (2008). Spatial Implications of Municipal Sex Offender Residency Restrictions in Bay County, Florida, 2005–2007. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO. www.nwmissouri.edu/LIBRARY/theses/MorganJenniferK/jmorgan_thesis.pdf.Google Scholar
Morris, S. (2013, November 28). Vigilante jailed for killing man he mistakenly thought was paedophile. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/28/vigilante-lee-james-life-murdering-bijan-ebrahimi.Google Scholar
Mustaine, E. E. & Tewksbury, R. (2008). Registered sex offenders, residence, and the influence of race. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 6(1), 65–82. doi:10. 1300/J222v06n01_05.Google Scholar
Mustaine, E. E. & Tewksbury, R. (2011). Residential relegation of registered sex offenders. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(1), 44–57. DOI: 10.1007/s12103-010-9102-2.Google Scholar
Mustaine, E. E., Tewksbury, R., & Stengel, K. M. (2006). Social disorganization and residential locations of registered sex offenders: Is this a collateral consequence? Deviant Behavior, 27, 329–350.DOI: 10.1080/01639620600605606.Google Scholar
Navarro, J. C. & Rabe-Hemp, C. (2018). The financial impact of registered sex offenders on home sale prices: A case study of Mclean county, Illinois. International Journal. of Rural Criminology, 4(1), 87–109.Google Scholar
Navarro, J. C. & Ruther, M. (2018). A Geospatial Analysis Between the Sale Prices of Single-Family Properties and the Presence of Registered Sex Offenders in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Urban Studies, 1–15.Google Scholar
Nobles, M. R., Levenson, J. S., & Youstin, T. J. (2012). Effectiveness of residence restrictions in preventing sex offender recidivism. Crime & Delinquency, 58(4), 491–513.Google Scholar
Paul, B., Shafer, B. J., & Linz, D. (2001). Government regulation of “Adult” businesses through zoning and anti-nudity ordinances: Debunking the legal myth of negative secondary effects. Communication Law & Policy, 6(2), 355–391. DOI: 10.1207/S15326926CLP0602_4.Google Scholar
Petteruti, A. & Walsh, N. (2008). Registering Harm: How Sex Offense Registries Fail Youth and Communities. Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute. www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/walsh_act.pdf.Google Scholar
Pettit, B. & Lyons, C. J. (2007). Status and the stigma of incarceration: The labor-market effects of incarceration, by race, class, and criminal involvement. In Bushway, S., Stoll, M. A., & Weiman, D. F. (eds.), Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-industrial America (pp. 203–226). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Pope, J. C. (2008). Fear of crime and housing prices: Household reactions to sex offender registries. Journal of Urban Economics, 64(3), 601–614. DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2008.07.001.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.J. (2016). Portmanteau ascendant: Post-release regulations and sex offender recidivism. Connecticut Law Review, 48(4), 1035–1078.Google Scholar
Prescott, J.J. & Rockoff, J. E. (2011). Do sex offender registration and notification laws affect criminal behavior? Journal of Law and Economics, 54(1), 161–206.Google Scholar
Robbers, M. L. P. (2009). Lifers on the outside: Sex offenders and disintegrative shaming. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(1), 5–28. DOI: 10.1177/0306624x07312953.Google Scholar
Rolfe, S. M., Tewksbury, R., & Schroeder, R. D. (2017). Homeless shelters’ policies on sex offenders: Is this another collateral consequence? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(16), 1833–1849. DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16638463.Google Scholar
Rydberg, J. (2018). Employment and Housing Challenges Experienced by Sex Offenders during Reentry on Parole. Corrections, 3(1): 15–37. DOI: 10.1080/23774657.2017.1369373.Google Scholar
Sabol, W. J. (2007). Local labor-market conditions and post-prison employment experiences of offenders released from Ohio state prisons. In Bushway, S., Stoll, M. A., & Weiman, D. F. (eds.), Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-industrial America (pp. 257–303). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Salmon, T. (2010). Sex Offender Registry: Report of the Vermont State Auditor. State of Vermont: Office of the State Auditor. https://auditor.vermont.gov/sites/auditor/files/files/reports/performance-audits/Final_SOR_report.pdf.Google Scholar
Sandler, J. C., Letourneau, E., Vandiver, D. M., Shields, R. T., & Chaffin, M. (2017). Juvenile Sexual crime reporting rates are not influenced by juvenile sex offender registration policies. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 23(2), 131–140.DOI: 10.1037/law0000118.Google Scholar
Savage, J. & Winsor, C. (2018). Sex offender residence restrictions and sex crimes against children: A comprehensive review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 43, 13–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2018.08.002.Google Scholar
Schiavone, S. K. & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). Public perception of sex offender social policies and the impact on sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53(6), 679–695. DOI: 10.1177/0306624x08323454.Google Scholar
Shim, J. (2014, August 13). Listed for Life. Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/08/sex-offender-registry-laws-by-state-mapped.html.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. (2011a). The policy implications of residence restrictions on sex offender housing in Upstate NY. Criminology & Public Policy, 10(2), 351–389. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745–9133.2011.00713.x.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. (2011b). Residence Restriction Legislation, Sex Crime Rates, and the Spatial Distribution of Sex Offender Residences (Publication No. 3454528). [Doctorate Dissertation]. University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY. Proquest Dissertations Publishing.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. (2013a). Residence restrictions and the association with registered sex offender clustering. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(4), 441–472. DOI: 10.1177/0887403412445613.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. (2013b). Too close for comfort: Registered sex offenders spatial clustering and recidivistic sex crime arrest rates. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 25(6), 531–556. DOI: 10.1177/1079063212469061.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. (2016). Examining the concentration of registered sex offenders in Upstate New York census tracts. Crime & Delinquency, 62(6), 748–776. DOI: 10.1177/00111287145 26563.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. & Harris, A. J. (2016). Evaluating public perceptions of the risk presented by registered sex offenders: Evidence of crime control theater? Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 22(4), 375–385. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Socia, K. M. & Rydberg, J. (2016). Sex offender legislation and policy. In Blomberg, T. G., Mestre Brancale, J., Beaver, K. M., & Bales, W. D. (eds.), Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy (pp. 187–202). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Socia, K. M. & Stamatel, J. P. (2012). Neighborhood Characteristics and the Social Control of Registered Sex Offenders. Crime & Delinquency, 58(4), 565–587. DOI: 10.1177/001112871142011.Google Scholar
Soloducha, A. (2017). “Creep catcher” arrested after confronting wrong man in Lloydminister. CBC News. www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/creep-catcher-arrested-after-confronting-wrong-man-in-lloydminster-1.4227752.Google Scholar
Solomon, A. L., Johnson, K. D., Travis, J., & McBride, E. C. (2004). From Prison to Work: The Employment Dimensions of Prisoner Reentry. Urban Institute. www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411097.Google Scholar
Tewksbury, R. & Lees, M. (2006). Perceptions of sex offender registration: Collateral consequences and community experiences. Sociological Spectrum, 26(3), 309–334. DOI: 10.1080/02732170500524246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tewksbury, R. & Levenson, J. S. (2009). Stress experiences of family members of registered sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 27(4), 611–626. DOI: 10.1002/bsl.878.Google Scholar
Tewksbury, R. & Mustaine, E. E. (2007). Collateral consequences and community re-entry for registered sex offenders with child victims: Are the challenges even greater? Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46 (1–2), 113–131. DOI: 10.1080/10509670802071550.Google Scholar
Tewksbury, R. & Zgoba, K. M. (2010). Perceptions and coping with punishment: How registered sex offenders respond to stress, Internet restrictions, and the collateral consequences of registration. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(4), 537–551. DOI: 10.1177/0306624x09339180.Google Scholar
The Associated Press. (2010, June 22). Sex offender confinement costing states too much. CBS News. www.cbsnews.com/news/sex-offender-confinement-costing-states-too-much/.Google Scholar
Travis, J. (2005). But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.Google Scholar
Wang, J. N. (2014). Paying the piper: The cost of compliance with the federal sex offender registration and notification act. New York Law Review, 59, 681–705.Google Scholar
Wang, X., Pei, F., Wu, S., & Dillard, R. (2020). Neighborhood Characteristics of Registered Sex Offender Residential Locations: Evidence from the State of Ohio, Journal of the Society for Social Work & Research. https://doi.org/10.1086/707310.Google Scholar
Warford, A. (2015). Mistake on Driver’s License Labeled Man as Sex Offender. Action News JAX. www.actionnewsjax.com/news/local/mistake-drivers-license-labeled-man-sex-offender/29710847.Google Scholar
Whitting, L., Day, A., & Powell, M. (2016). Police officer perspectives on the implementation of a sex offender community notification scheme. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 18(4), 261–272. DOI: 10.1177/1461355716668539.Google Scholar
Williams, A.J. (2018). The Role of Social Disorganization Theory in Explaining Where Sex Offenders Reside: Do Some Neighborhoods Get More than Their Fair Share? (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas at Dallas). University of Texas at Dallas: Eugene McDermott Library.Google Scholar
Williams, M. (2018). The Sex Offender Housing Dilemma: Community Activism, Safety, and Social Justice. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Younglove, J. A. & Vitello, C. J. (2003). Community notification provisions of “Megan’s Law” from a therapeutic jurisprudence perspective: A case study. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 21(1), 25–38.Google Scholar
Zgoba, K. M., Witt, P., Dalessandro, M., & Veysey, B. (2008). Megan’s Law: Assessing the Practical and Monetary Efficiency. The Research & Evaluation Unit Office of Policy and Planning New Jersey Department of Corrections. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/225370.pdf.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×