Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T02:17:04.899Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2020

Omar Shahabudin McDoom
Omar Shahabudin McDoom
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Path to Genocide in Rwanda
Security, Opportunity, and Authority in an Ethnocratic State
 , pp. 389 - 406
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, R. N., Globerman, J., Larson, E. B., and Loyle, C. E. (2008). Transforming Men into Killers: Attitudes Leading to Hands-on Violence during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Global Public Health, 3(3), 291–307.Google Scholar
African Rights (1994). Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. London: African Rights.Google Scholar
Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., and Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1958). The Nature of Prejudice (abridged ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
André, C., and Platteau, J. P. (1998). Land Relations under Unbearable Stress: Rwanda Caught in the Malthusian Trap. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 34(1), 1–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ansoms, A. (2009). Re-Engineering Rural Society: The Visions and Ambitions of the Rwandan Elite. African Affairs, 108(431), 289–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. NY: Viking.Google Scholar
Asch, S. E., and Guetzkow, H. (1951). Effects of Group Pressure upon the Modification and Distortion of Judgments. In Guetzkow, H. (ed.), Groups, Leadership, and Men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie, 222–236.Google Scholar
Avocats Sans Frontières. (2007). Monitoring des juridictions Gacaca: Phase de jugement, Rapport Analytique 2, Octobre 2005–Septembre 2006.Google Scholar
Barnett, M. N. (2002). Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bates, R. H. (1974). Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 6(4), 457–484.Google Scholar
Baum, S. K. (2008). The Psychology of Genocide: Perpetrators, Bystanders, and Rescuers. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, Z. (2000). Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R., and Campbell, K. (1999). The Intrinsic Appeal of Evil: Sadism, Sensational Thrills, and Threatened Egotism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 210–221.Google Scholar
Benford, R. D., and Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639.Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its Causes, Consequences, and Control. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Bertrand, J. (2000). Rwanda, le piège de l’histoire: L’Opposition démocratique avant le génocide (1990–1994). Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Besançon, M. L. (2005). Relative Resources: Inequality in Ethnic Wars, Revolutions, and Genocides. Journal of Peace Research, 42(4), 393–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beswick, D. (2011). Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK Relationship 1994–2011. Third World Quarterly, 32(10), 1911–1930.Google Scholar
Bhavnani, R., and Lavery, J. (2011). Transnational Ethnic Ties and the Incidence of Minority Rule in Rwanda and Burundi (1959–2003). Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 17(3), 231–256.Google Scholar
Boersema, J. R. (2009). Genocide in een Rwandees dorp. In Berenschot, W. and Schijf, H. (eds.) Etnisch Geweld: Groepsconflict in de schaduw van de staat. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Bonneux, L. (1994). Rwanda: A Case of Demographic Entrapment. Lancet, 344(8938), 1689–1690.Google Scholar
Booh-Booh, J.-R. (2005). Le patron de Dallaire Parle: Révélations sur les dérives d’un général de L’ONU au Rwanda: Paris: Éditions Duboiris.Google Scholar
Boone, C. (2003). Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. New York, NY; Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Booth, D., and Golooba-Mutebi, F. (2012). Developmental Patrimonialism? The Case of Rwanda. African Affairs, 111(444), 379–403.Google Scholar
Bormann, N.-C., Cederman, L.-E, Girardin, L., Hunziker, P., Rüegger, S., and Vogt, M. (2015). Integrating Data on Ethnicity, Geography, and Conflict: The Ethnic Power Relations Data Set Family. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1327–1342.Google Scholar
Braeckmann, C. (1994). Rwanda: Histoire d’un génocide. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Brass, P. R. (ed.) (1996). Riots and Pogroms. New York, NY: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bratton, M., and van de Walle, N. (1997). Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brehm, H. N. (2017). Subnational Determinants of Killing in Rwanda. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 55(1), 5–31.Google Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (1999). The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browder, G. C. (2003). Perpetrator Character and Motivation: An Emerging Consensus? Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 17(3), 480–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, C. R. (1992). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York, NY: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R., and Laitin, D. D. (1998). Ethnic and Nationalist Violence. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 423–452.Google Scholar
Buckley-Zistel, S. (2006). Dividing and Uniting: The Use of Citizenship Discourses in Conflict and Reconciliation in Rwanda. Global Society, 20(1), 101–113.Google Scholar
Buhaug, H., Cederman, L.-E., and Gleditsch, K. S. (2013). Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Burnet, J. E. (2012). Genocide Lives in Us: Women, Memory, and Silence in Rwanda. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Campioni, M., and Noack, P. (eds.) (2012). Rwanda Fast Forward: Social, Economic, Military and Reconciliation Prospects. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canetti, E. (2000). Crowds and Power. London: Phoenix.Google Scholar
Carlsmith, J. M., and Festinger, L. (1959). Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203–210.Google Scholar
Chalk, F. R., and Jonassohn, K. (1990). The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chari, T. (2010). Representation or Misrepresentation? The New York Times’s Framing of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide. African Identities, 8(4), 333–349.Google Scholar
Chirot, D., and McCauley, C. (2010). Why Not Kill Them All? The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chossudovsky, M. (1996). Economic Genocide in Rwanda. Economic and Political Weekly, 31(15), 938–941.Google Scholar
Chrétien, J.-P. (ed.) (1995). Rwanda: Les Médias Du Génocide. Paris: Éditions Karthala.Google Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., and Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cincotta, R. P., Engelman, R., Anastasion, D. (2003). The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Population Action International.Google Scholar
Clapham, C. (1998). Rwanda: The Perils of Peacemaking. Journal of Peace Research, 35(2), 193–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, P. (2005). Justice without Lawyers: The Gacaca Courts and Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda. Oxford: University of Oxford (PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Clark, P., and Kaufman, Z. D. (eds.) (2009). After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (2007). One-Hundred Days of Silence: America and the Rwanda Genocide. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4).Google Scholar
Costalli, S., and Ruggeri, A. (2015). Indignation, Ideologies, and Armed Mobilization: Civil War in Italy, 1943–45. International Security, 40(2), 119–157.Google Scholar
Dallaire, R., and Beardsley, B. (2004). Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. New York, NY: Carroll & Graf.Google Scholar
Des Forges, A. (1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Deutsch, K. (1966). Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin.Google Scholar
Downes, A. B. (2007). Draining the Sea by Filling the Graves: Investigating the Effectiveness of Indiscriminate Violence as a Counterinsurgency Strategy. Civil Wars, 9(4), 420–444.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1960). The Division of Labor in Society (2nd ed.). Glencoe, IL,: Free Press.Google Scholar
Easterly, W., and Levine, R. (1997). Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1203–1250.Google Scholar
Emizet, K. N. F. (2000). The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law. Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(2), 163–202.Google Scholar
Englebert, P. (2009). Africa: Unity, Sovereignty, and Sorrow. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Englebert, P. (2000). State Legitimacy and Development in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Faludi, S. (1999). Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man. New York, NY: W. Morrow and Co.Google Scholar
Fearon, J., and Laitin, D. (1996). Explaining Interethnic Cooperation. The American Political Science Review, 90(4), 715–735.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. D. (2003). Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195–222.Google Scholar
Fein, H. (1993). Genocide, a Sociological Perspective. London; Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL, Row.Google Scholar
Festinger, L., Newcomb, T., and Pepitone, A. (1952). Some Consequences of Deindividuation in a Group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(2), 382–389.Google Scholar
de Figueiredo, R. J. P., and Weingast, B. R. (1999). The Rationality of Fear: Political Opportunism and Ethnic Conflict. In Snyder, J. and Walter, B. F. (eds.), Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 261–302.Google Scholar
Ford, R. E. (1995). The Population-Environment Nexus and Vulnerability Assessment in Africa. Geo-Journal, 35(2), 207–216.Google Scholar
Fujii, L. A. (2006). Killing Neighbours: Social Dimensions of Genocide in Rwanda. Washington, DC: George Washington University (PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Fujii, L. A. (2009). Killing Neighbors: Webs of Violence in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, L. A. (2013). The Puzzle of Extra-Lethal Violence. Perspectives on Politics, 11(2), 410–426.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2013). What Is Governance? Governance, 26(3), 347–368.Google Scholar
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research 6(3), 167–191.Google Scholar
Gasana, J. K. (2002a). Remember Rwanda? World Watch, 15(5), 24–33.Google Scholar
Gasana, J. K. (2002b). Rwanda: Du parti-état à l’état-Garnison. Paris: L’harmattan.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1975). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Gerlach, C. (2006). Extremely Violent Societies: An Alternative to the Concept of Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 455–471.Google Scholar
Gerring, J. (1997). Ideology: A Definitional Analysis. Political Research Quarterly, 50(4), 957–994.Google Scholar
Goldhagen, D. J. (1997). Hitler’s Willing Executioners : Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. London: Abacus.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J. A. (1991). Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goldstone, J. A. (2002). Population and Security: How Demographic Change Can Lead to Violent Conflict. Journal of International Affairs, 56(1), 3–21.Google Scholar
Gould, R. V. (1991). Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871. American Sociological Review, 56(6), 716–729.Google Scholar
Gourevitch, P. (2004). We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. New York, NY: Holtzbrinck Publishers.Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda (1994). Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat au 15 Août 1991: Résultats définitifs. Kigali: Commission Nationale De RécensementGoogle Scholar
Government of Rwanda (2001). Dénombrement des victimes du génocide. Kigali: Ministère de l’Administration Locale et des affaires socialesGoogle Scholar
Government of Rwanda (2005). Final Report on Data Collection of the National Service of the Gacaca Jurisdictions. Kigali:Google Scholar
Government of Rwanda (2008). Récensement des rescapés du genocide de 1994: Rapport final. Kigali: Institut National de la Statistique du Rwanda.Google Scholar
Gready, P. (2010). ‘You’re Either with Us or Against Us’: Civil Society and Policy Making in Post-Genocide Rwanda. African Affairs, 109(437), 637–657.Google Scholar
Green, D. P., and Seher, R. L. (2003). What Role Does Prejudice Play in Ethnic Conflict? Annual Review of Political Science, 6, 509–531.Google Scholar
Grigorian, A., and Kaufman, S. J. (2007). Hate Narratives and Ethnic Conflict. International Security, 31(4), 180–191.Google Scholar
Guichaoua, A. (1992). Le problème des réfugiés Rwandais et des populations Banyarwanda dans la région des Grands Lacs Africains. Geneva: United Nations High Commission for Refugees.Google Scholar
Guichaoua, A. (2005). Rwanda 1994: Les politiques du génocide à Butare. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Guichaoua, A. (2015). From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Gulseth, H. (2004). The Use of Propaganda in the Rwandan Genocide: A Study of R.T.L.M. Oslo: University of Oslo (Master’s thesis).Google Scholar
Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, T. R., and Harff, B. (1988). Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945. International Studies Quarterly, 32(3), 359–371.Google Scholar
Habyarimana, J., Humphreys, M., Posner, D. N., and Weinstein, J. M. (2007). Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision? American Political Science Review, 101(4), 709–725.Google Scholar
Hagan, J., and Rymond-Richmond, W. (2008). The Collective Dynamics of Racial Dehumanization and Genocidal Victimization in Darfur. American Sociological Review, 73(6), 875–902.Google Scholar
Haney, C., Banks, C., and Zimbardo, P. (2001). Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison. International Journal of Criminology & Penology, 1(1), 69–97.Google Scholar
Harff, B. (2003). No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955. The American Political Science Review, 97(1), 57–73.Google Scholar
Hatzfeld, J. (2005a). Into the Quick of Life: The Rwandan Genocide: The Survivors Speak: A Report. London: Serpent’s Tail.Google Scholar
Hatzfeld, J. (2005b). A Time for Machetes: The Rwandan Genocide: The Killers Speak: A Report. London: Serpent’s Tail.Google Scholar
Hayman, R. (2009). Going in the “Right” Direction? Promotion of Democracy in Rwanda since 1990. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 5(1), 51–75.Google Scholar
Herbst, J. I. (2000). States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hewstone, M., and Swart, H. (2011). Fifty-Odd Years of Inter-Group Contact: From Hypothesis to Integrated Theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 374–386.Google Scholar
Hinton, A. L. (2004). Why Did They Kill?: Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide: Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. (1994). The Dark Side of the Force: Western Economic Association International 1993 Presidential Address. Economic Inquiry, 32(1), 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, D. L. (2002). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, I. L. (2002). Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (1996). Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Humphreys, M., and Weinstein, J. M. (2008). Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 436–455.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P. (2002). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. London: Free Press.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, B. (2010). Peasants, Power and Ethnicity: A Bottom-up Perspective on Rwanda’s Political Transition. African Affairs, 109(435), 273–292.Google Scholar
Ingelaere, B. (2017). Inside Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Seeking Justice after Genocide. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
International Committee for the Red Cross. (2003). Internal Document: Detained Population Registered by the I.C.R.C., January 15th 2003. Kigali.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, J., and Pechenina, A. (2012). Environmental Degradation and Genocide, 1958–2007. Ethnopolitics, 11(2), 141–158.Google Scholar
Jackson, R. H., and Rosberg, C. G. (1982). Why Africa’s Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood. World Politics, 35(1), 1–24.Google Scholar
Jones, B. D. (2001). Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Kabagema, E. (2001). Carnage d’une nation: Génocide et massacres au Rwanda 1994. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Kagame, A. (1975). Un abrégé de l’ethno-histoire du Rwanda (Vol. II). Butare: Éditions Universitaires du Rwanda.Google Scholar
Kahl, C. H. (1998). Population Growth, Environmental Degradation, and State-Sponsored Violence: The Case of Kenya, 1991–93. International Security, 23(2), 80–119.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kaplan, R. (1994, February). How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation, Tribalism, and Disease Are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of Our Planet. The Atlantic Monthly.Google Scholar
Katz, J. (1988). Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. J. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. J. (2006). Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence. International Security, 30(4), 45–86.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. J. (2011). Symbols, Frames, and Violence: Studying Ethnic War in the Philippines. International Studies Quarterly, 55(4), 937–958.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S. J. (2015). Nationalist Passions. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Keane, F. (1995). Season of Blood: A Rwandan Journey. London; New York, NY: Viking.Google Scholar
Keen, D. (2005). Conflict & Collusion in Sierra Leone. Oxford: James Currey; New York, NY; Palgrave MacmillanGoogle Scholar
Keltner, D., and Lerner, J. (2010). Emotion. In Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., and Lindzey, G. (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (5th ed.; Vol.I): Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 317–352.Google Scholar
Khan, S. M. (2000). The Shallow Graves of Rwanda. London; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kiernan, B. (2009). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur: New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kimonyo, J.-P. (2000). Revue critique des interprétations du conflit Rwandais (Cahiers 1). Butare: Université Nationale du Rwanda, Centre de gestion des conflits.Google Scholar
Kimonyo, J.-P. (2016). Rwanda’s Popular Genocide: A Perfect Storm. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Kotb, M., Mbonyingabo, C. D., and Scull, N. C. (2016). Transforming Ordinary People into Killers: A Psychosocial Examination of Hutu Participation in the Tutsi Genocide. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(4), 334–344.Google Scholar
Krain, M. (1997). State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(3), 331–360.Google Scholar
Kuperman, A. J. (1996). The Other Lesson of Rwanda: Mediators Sometimes Do More Damage Than Good. SAIS Review, 16(1), 221–240.Google Scholar
Kuperman, A. J. (2001). The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Lake, D. A., and Rothchild, D. S. (1998). The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Leader Maynard, J. (2014). Rethinking the Role of Ideology in Mass Atrocities. Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(5), 821–841.Google Scholar
Le Bon, G. (1896). The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. London: T. F. Unwin.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. (1970). Rwanda and Burundi. London: Pall Mall Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. (1972). Political Clientelism and Ethnicity in Tropical Africa: Competing Solidarities in Nation-Building. American Political Science Review 66(1), 68–90.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. (2007). Rwanda: The State of Research. Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, www.massviolence.orgGoogle Scholar
Levene, M. (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State (Vol. I): The Meaning of Genocide. London; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Li, D. (2004). Echoes of Violence: Considerations on Radio and Genocide in Rwanda. Journal of Genocide Research, 6(1), 9–27.Google Scholar
Lieberson, S. (1981). An Asymmetrical Approach to Segregation. In Peach, C., Robinson, V., and Smith, S. (eds.), Ethnic Segregation in Cities. London: Croom Helm, 61–82.Google Scholar
Longman, T. (1995). Genocide and Socio-Political Change: Massacres in Two Rwandan Villages. African Issues, 23(2), 18–21.Google Scholar
Longman, T. (2004). Placing Genocide in Context: Research Priorities for the Rwandan Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research, 6(1), 29–45.Google Scholar
Longman, T. (2010). Christianity and Genocide in Rwanda. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Luft, A. (2015). Toward a Dynamic Theory of Action at the Micro Level of Genocide: Killing, Desistance, and Saving in 1994 Rwanda. Sociological Theory, 33(2), 148–172.Google Scholar
Lynch, M. (2007). The Social Psychology of Genocidal Violence. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Convention, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. (1996). Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, M. (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Mann, M. (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maquet, J. J. P. (1961). The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda; a Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom. London: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marchal, L. (2001). Rwanda: La descente aux enfers. Brussels: Éditions Labor.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. G., Gurr, T. R., and Harff, B. (2017). Political Instability Task Force State Failure Problem Set: Internal Wars and Failures of Governance, 1955–2016.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. G., Gurr, T. R., and Jaggers, K. (2018). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2017.Google Scholar
Marwell, G., Oliver, P. E., and Prahl, R. (1988). Social Networks and Collective Action: A Theory of the Critical Mass III. American Journal of Sociology, 94(3), 502–534.Google Scholar
McDoom, O. S. (2010). War and Genocide in Africa’s Great Lakes since Independence. In Moses, D. B. A. D. (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McDoom, O.S. (2011). Rwanda’s Exit Pathway from Violence: A Strategic Assessment. World Development Report 2011: Background Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
McDoom, O.S. (2012). The Psychology of Threat in Intergroup Conflict: Emotions, Rationality, and Opportunity in the Rwandan Genocide. International Security, 37 (2), 119–155.Google Scholar
McDoom, O.S. (2013a). Antisocial Capital: A Profile of Rwandan Genocide Perpetrators’ Social Networks. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58 (5), 865–893.Google Scholar
McDoom, O.S. (2013b). Who Killed in Rwanda’s Genocide? Micro-space, Social Influence and Individual Participation in Intergroup Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 50(4), 453–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDoom, O.S. (2014). Predicting Violence within Genocide: A Model of Elite Competition and Ethnic Segregation from Rwanda. Political Geography, 42, 34–45.Google Scholar
Melson, R. (1992). Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago, IL; London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Melvern, L. (2006). Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide (rev. ed.). London; New York, NY: Verso.Google Scholar
Messick, D. M., and Mackie, D. M. (1989). Intergroup Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 40(1), 45–81.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, S. (2012). The Origins of Ethnolinguistic Diversity. American Economic Review, 102(4), 1508–1539.Google Scholar
Midlarsky, M. I. (2005). The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century: Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mildt, D. D. (1996). In the Name of the People: Perpetrators of Genocide in the Reflection of Their Post-War Prosecution in West Germany: The ‘Euthanasia’ and ‘Aktion Reinhard’ Trial Cases. The Hague; London: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378.Google Scholar
Milgram, S. (1964). Group Pressure and Action against a Person. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69(2), 137–143.Google Scholar
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority; an Experimental View. New York, NY: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Mironko, C. (2004). Social and Political Mechanisms of Mass Murder: An Analysis of the Perpetrators in the Rwandan Genocide. New Haven, C.T.: Yale (PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Mitchell, N. J. (2004). Agents of Atrocity: Leaders, Followers, and the Violation of Human Rights in Civil War. New York, NY; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. C., Morrison, D. G., and Paden, J. N. (1989). Black Africa: A Comparative Handbook (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Moller, H. (1968). Youth as a Force in the Modern World. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 10(3), 237–260.Google Scholar
Mukagasana, Y., and May, P. (1997). La mort ne veut pas de moi. Paris: Fixot.Google Scholar
Myrdal, G. (1967). The Soft State in Underdeveloped Countries. UCLA Law Review, 15(4), 1118–1134.Google Scholar
Nahimana, F. (1979). Les principautés Hutus du Rwanda septentrional. Paper presented at the Colloque de Bujumbura sur la Civilisation Ancienne des Peuples des Grands Lacs, Burundi.Google Scholar
Nduwayo, L. (2002). Giti et le génocide Rwandais. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. (1988). The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860–1960. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Newbury, D. (1994). Ecology and the Politics of Genocide: Rwanda 1994. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 22(4), 32–35.Google Scholar
Newbury, C. (1998). Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda. Africa Today, 45(1), 7–24.Google Scholar
Newman, L. S., and Erber, R. (2002). Understanding Genocide: The Social Psychology of the Holocaust. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ohlsson, L. (1999). Environment Scarcity and Conflict: A Study of Malthusian Concern Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg (PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Olson, J. (1995). Behind the Recent Tragedy in Rwanda. GeoJournal, 35(2), 217–222.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E., and Ahn, T. K. (2009). The Meaning of Social Capital and Its Link to Collective Action. In Svendsen, G. T. Svendsen, G. L. H. (eds.), Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 17–35.Google Scholar
Paluck, E. L., Green, S. A., and Green, D. P. (2019). The Contact Hypothesis Re-Evaluated. Behavioural Public Policy, 3(2), 129–158.Google Scholar
Paris, R. (1997). Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security, 22(2), 54–89.Google Scholar
Perliger, A., and Pedazhur, A. (2011). Social Network Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence. PS: Political Science & Politics, 44(1), 45–50.Google Scholar
Penal Reform International (2005). Integrated Report on Gacaca Research and Monitoring: Pilot Phase January 2002–December 2004. London; Kigali: Penal Reform International.Google Scholar
Petersen, R. D. (2002). Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pfaffenberger, B. (1994). The Structure of Protracted Conflict: The Case of Sri Lanka. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 20(2), 121–147.Google Scholar
Posen, B. R. (1993). The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict. Survival, 35 (1), 27–47.Google Scholar
Pottier, J. (2002). Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, C. J. (2011). Barbaric Civilization: A Critical Sociology of Genocide. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Power, S. (2002). A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Prunier, G. (1998). The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (rev. ed). London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Prunier, G. (2005). From Genocide to Continental War: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. A., Norman, J., and McSweeney, K., (2002). The Global Distribution of Cultivable Lands: Current Patterns and Sensitivity to Possible Climate Change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11(5), 377–392.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1993). The Law of Peoples. Critical Inquiry, 20(1), 36–68.Google Scholar
Rever, J. (2018). In Praise of Blood. Toronto: Penguin Random House Canada.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (1985). Pouvoir et droit au Rwanda: Droit public et évolution Politique, 1916–1973. Butare: Institut National de Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (1994). L’Afrique des grands lacs en crise: Rwanda, Burundi, 1988–1994. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (1996). Rwanda: Genocide and Beyond. Journal of Refugee Studies, 9 (3), 240–251.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (2004). Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship. African Affairs, 103(411), 177–210.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, F. (2013). Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, P. (1998). Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford; Portsmouth, N.H.: International African Institute in association with James Currey; Heinemann.Google Scholar
Roeder, P. (2003). Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization (ELF) Indices, 1961 and 1985. La Jolla, CA: University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Roessler, P. G. (2005). Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda. Comparative Politics, 37(2), 207–227.Google Scholar
Ross, M. H. (2007). Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ross, L. and Nisbett, R. E. (2011). The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. London: Pinter & Martin.Google Scholar
Rummel, R. J. (2018). Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900: New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rusatira, L. (2005). Rwanda, le droit à l’espoir. Paris: L’harmattan.Google Scholar
Ruzibiza, A. J., and Vidal, C. (2005). Rwanda, L’histoire Secrète. Paris: Éditions du Panama.Google Scholar
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Scarritt, J. R., and Mozaffar, S. (1999). The Specification of Ethnic Cleavages and Ethnopolitical Groups for the Analysis of Democratic Competition in Contemporary Africa. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 5(1), 82–117.Google Scholar
Schelling, T. C. (2006). Micromotives and Macrobehavior (new ed.). New York, NY; London: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Scherrer, C. P. (2002). Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence, and Regional War. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scull, N. C., Mbonyingabo, C. D., and Kotb, M. (2016) Transforming Ordinary People into Killers: A Psychosocial Examination of Hutu Participation in the Tutsi Genocide. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 22(4), 334–344.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., and Jervis, R. (2003). Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sémelin, J. (2005). Purifier et détruire: Usages politiques des massacres et génocides. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. (2015). War and Genocide: Organised Killing in Modern Society. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Sherif, M. (1988). The Robbers Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation (1st Wesleyan ed.). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Shesterinina, A. (2016). Collective Threat Framing and Mobilization in Civil War. American Political Science Review, 110(3), 411–427.Google Scholar
Sibomana, A. (1999). Hope for Rwanda: Conversations with Laure Guilbert and Hervé Deguine. London; Sterling, V.A.: Pluto Press; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.Google Scholar
Silva-Leander, S. (2008). On the Danger and Necessity of Democratisation: Trade-Offs between Short-Term Stability and Long-Term Peace in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Third World Quarterly, 29(8), 1601–1620.Google Scholar
Simmel, G. (1971). Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. In Levine, D. N. (ed.), Heritage of Sociology. Chicago, IL; London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T. (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smeulers, A. and Hoex, L. Studying the Microdynamics of the Rwandan Genocide. British Journal of Criminology 50(3), 435–454.Google Scholar
Snow, D., Zurcher, L., and Ekland-Olson, S. (1980). Social Networks and Social-Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment. American Sociological Review, 45(5), 787–801.Google Scholar
Snyder, J. L. (2000). From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York, NY; London: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Staub, E. (1989). The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Staub, E. (2003). The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, F. (2002). Horizontal Inequalities: A Neglected Dimension of Development. Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper Series, (81).Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2001). Contested Meanings and Conflicting Imperatives: A Conceptual Analysis of Genocide. Journal of Genocide Research, 3(3), 349–375.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2004). How Many Perpetrators Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? An Estimate. Journal of Genocide Research, 6(1), 85–98.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2006). The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2007). What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda’s ‘Radio Machete’. Politics and Society, 35(4), 609–637.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2012). Retreating from the Brink: Theorizing Mass Violence and the Dynamics of Restraint. Perspectives on Politics, 10(2), 343–362.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2015). Making and Unmaking Nations: War, Leadership, and Genocide in Modern Africa. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Straus, S. (2019). The Limits of a Genocide Lens: Violence against Rwandans in the 1990s. Journal of Genocide Research, (21) 4, 1–21.Google Scholar
Straus, S., and Waldorf, L. (eds.) (2011). Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Sumner, W. G. (2007). Folkways: A Study of Mores, Manners, Customs and Morals. New York, NY: Cosimo.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social-Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1–39.Google Scholar
Tambiah, S. J. (1996). Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, S. (2011). Towards a Pattern in Mass Violence Participation? An Analysis of Rwandan Perpetrators’ Accounts from the 1994 Genocide. Global Crime, 12(4), 266–289.Google Scholar
Thompson, A. (2007). The Media and the Rwanda Genocide. London; Ann Arbour, M.I.: Pluto Press; Kampala: Foundation Publishers; Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.Google Scholar
Thomson, S. (2013). Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Postgenocide Rwanda. Madison; WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. (2003). The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tönnies, F. (1940). Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft Und Gesellschaft). New York, NY: American Book Company.Google Scholar
Turner, T. (2007). The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality. New York, NY; London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
United Nations (2010). Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003. Geneva: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council (1994a). Resolution 912 New York, NY.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council (1994b). Resolution 918. New York, NY.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council (1994c). Resolution 925. New York, NY.Google Scholar
Urdal, H. (2006). A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence. International Studies Quarterly, 50(3), 607–629.Google Scholar
Uvin, P. (1996). Tragedy in Rwanda: The Political Ecology of Conflict. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 38(3), 7–29.Google Scholar
Uvin, P. (1998). Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Uvin, P. (2001). Reading the Rwandan Genocide. International Studies Review, 3(3), 75–99.Google Scholar
Valentino, B. (2004). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Valentino, B., Huth, P., and Balch-Lindsay, D. (2004). ‘Draining the Sea’: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare. International Organization, 58(2), 375–407.Google Scholar
Vansina, J. (2004). Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Varshney, A. (2001). Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond. World Politics, 53(3), 362–398.Google Scholar
Verpoorten, M. (2005). The Death Toll of the Rwandan Genocide: A Detailed Analysis for Gikongoro Province. Population, 4(60), 331–367.Google Scholar
Verpoorten, M. (2012a). The Intensity of the Rwandan Genocide: Measures from the Gacaca Records. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 18(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Verpoorten, M. (2012b). Leave None to Claim the Land: A Malthusian Catastrophe in Rwanda? Journal of Peace Research, 49(4), 547–563.Google Scholar
Verpoorten, M. (2014). Why Claim That 200,000 Tutsi Died in the Genocide Is Wrong. African Arguments: www.africanarguments.orgGoogle Scholar
Verschave, F.-X. (1994). Complicité de génocide?: La politique de la France au Rwanda. Paris: Éditions La Découverte.Google Scholar
Verwimp, P. (2003a). The Political Economy of Coffee, Dictatorship, and Genocide. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(2), 161–181.Google Scholar
Verwimp, P. (2003). Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(4), 423–442.Google Scholar
Verwimp, P. (2004). Death and Survival During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Population Studies: A Journal of Demography, 58(2), 233–245.Google Scholar
Verwimp, P. (2005). An Economic Profile of Peasant Perpetrators of Genocide: Micro-Level Evidence from Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics, 77(2), 297–323.Google Scholar
Vogt, M., Bormann, N.-C., Rüegger, S., Cederman, L.-E, Hunziker, P., and Girardin, L. (2015). Integrating Data on Ethnicity, Geography, and Conflict: The Ethnic Power Relations Data Set Family. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(7), 1327–1342.Google Scholar
Wagner, M. D. (1998). All the Bourgmestre’s Men: Making Sense of Genocide in Rwanda. Africa Today, 45(1), 25–36.Google Scholar
Waldorf, L. (2006). Mass Justice for Mass Atrocities: Re-Thinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice. Temple Law Review, 79(1), 1–87.Google Scholar
Walker, I. and Smith, H. J. (2002). Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Waller, J. (2002). Becoming Evil How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing. Oxford; New York, NY: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Walzer, M. (2006). Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (4th ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books; London: Perseus.Google Scholar
Wayman, F. and Tago, A. (2010). Explaining the Onset of Mass Killing, 1949–87. Journal of Peace Research, 47(1), 3–13.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (ed.) (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weisband, E. (2017). The Macabresque: Human Violation and Hate in Genocide, Mass Atrocity and Enemy-Making. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weitz, E. D. (2005). A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation. Princeton, NJ; Woodstock: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, T. A. (2017). The Complexity of Evil: Modelling Perpetration in Genocide. Marburg: University of Marburg (PhD thesis).Google Scholar
Winter, J. (2003). Under Cover of War: The Armenian Genocide in the Context of Total War. In Gellately, R. and Kiernan, B. (eds.), The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 189–214.Google Scholar
Wood, E. J. (2008). The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 539–561.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2003). African Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Wucherpfennig, J., Weidmann, N. B., Girardin, L., Cederman, L.-E., and Wimmer, A. (2011). Politically Relevant Ethnic Groups across Space and Time: Introducing the GeoEPR Dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science 28(5), 423–437.Google Scholar
Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2014). Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1947–1994.Google Scholar
Zakaria, F. (2001, October 15). Why Do They Hate Us? The Politics of Rage. Newsweek, 22–40.Google Scholar
Zartman, I. W. (1995). Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse. In Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Zimbardo, P. G. (2007). The Lucifer Effect: How Good People Turn Evil. London: Rider.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×